Thoracic Cage Deformities in the Early Diagnosis of the Marfan Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease

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Thoracic Cage Deformities in the Early Diagnosis of the Marfan Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease CASE RER)R-ES • Thoracic cage deformities in the early diagnosis of the Marfan syndrome and cardiovascular disease TIMOTHY P. OBARSKI, DO WILLIAM A. SCHIAVONE, DO The Marfan syndrome is fre- 1896.2 The genetic pattern is one of autosomal quently complicated by cardiovascular ab- dominant trait with incomplete penetrance, normalities. Of these, aortic dissection and making the phenotypic presentation variable. aortic valve regurgitation are the most life- The prevalence of this disorder is estimated threatening. The most noticeable abnor- to be 4 to 6 persons per 100,000,3 with no ra- malities of the Marfan syndrome—the cial or ethnic predisposition. Diagnostic crite- skeletal abnormalities—may be subtle and ria for the Marfan syndrome are broad and limited. Presented here are five reports of each criterion has degrees of abnormality; there- cases of the Marfan syndrome. All patients fore, if only the more severe cases are included had potentially lethal cardiovascular com- in this estimate, the estimate may be too low. plications. Either the syndrome had not The diagnosis of the Marfan syndrome is been previously diagnosed or the patient based on the presence of two or more charac- had not been adequately monitored de- teristic familial, ocular, cardiovascular, or skele- spite the the presence of thoracic cage de- tal features. The skeletal abnormalities of doli- formities present from youth. The purpose chostenomelia (increased limb length), in- of this report is to heighten recognition of creased joint laxity, increased floor-to-pelvis the association of thoracic cage deformi- measurement, and arachnodactyly are easily ties with the Marfan syndrome to permit recognized signs of the Marfan syndrome. Pec- early diagnosis of the associated cardio- tus excavatum, pectus carinatum, and thoracic vascular complications. Surgical manage- scoliosis may also be present. These manifes- ment of these complications can favorably tations may occur early in life and can be clues alter the natural history of the Marfan syn- to early diagnosis. The case reports of five pa- drome. tients with the Marfan syndrome are presented here. All had thoracic cage abnormalities pre- The Marfan syndrome is a hereditary disor- sent from youth, and all eluded diagnosis or der of the connective tissue first described in careful monitoring until cardiovascular com- plications arose. The cases are presented to heighten recognition of the association of tho- From the Department of Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. Dr Obarski is a fellow in racic abnormalities with the Marfan syn- cardiology. Dr Schiavone is a staff cardiologist in Ak- drome. ron, Ohio and an assistant professor of medicine at the Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Report of cases Rootstown. Case 1 Reprint requests to Timothy P. Obarski, DO, Depart- ment of Cardiology, Riverside Methodist Hospital, 3535 A 36-year-old woman saw her primary physician Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43214. and complained of shortness of breath and cough- 446 • JAOA • Vol 90 • No 5 • May 1990 Case report • Obarski and Schiavone Figure 1. Left: Chest prominence (arrow). Right: Lateral chest x-ray film shows protrusion of left rib cage (arrow) (case 1). ing. She was known to have had a cardiac murmur patient successfully underwent surgical placement for 11 years. When antibiotic therapy failed to re- of an aortic-valved conduit with reimplantation of lieve her symptoms, she was referred to the Cleve- the left coronary artery. Reimplantation of the land Clinic. Examination revealed pistol-shot right coronary artery was not surgically possible. pulses, a vibrating systolic murmur, and a diastolic murmur of aortic valve regurgitation. Also noted Case 3 was a left parasternal chest prominence (Fig 1). A 26-year-old woman had a strong family history A chest x-ray film and an echocardiogram revealed of the Marfan syndrome. Nevertheless, the condi- a markedly dilated aortic root. The patient under- tion was not so diagnosed until she had an acute went successful repair of the ascending aorta with aortic dissection. She was found to have a systolic an aortic-valved conduit with reimplantation of the ejection murmur, multiple systolic clicks, joint lax- coronary arteries. ity, arachnodactyly, and a prominent pectus cari- natum (Fig 3). Echocardiograms revealed a dilated Case 2 aortic root and an aortic dissection distal to the A 39-year-old man with a diagnosis of the Marfan left subclavian artery. The patient underwent suc- syndrome had had a cardiac murmur since birth. cessful surgical repair of the aneurysm and dissec- The patient had not received regular medical care. tion. At age 29, acute aortic valve regurgitation devel- oped and required aortic valve replacement. Ten Case 4 years later, he presented at our clinic with symp- A 32-year-old man had the Marfan syndrome di- toms of congestive heart failure. He was tall and agnosed at age 12. The diagnosis was based on skele- thin with a markedly straightened dorsal spine sig- tal and ocular abnormalities. There was no family nifying loss of the normal dorsal kyphosis (Fig 2). history of the disorder. The patient was clinically A murmur consistent with aortic valve regurgita- well until age 32 when he was seen at the Cleve- tion was noted. A chest x-ray film revealed marked land Clinic with aortic valve endocarditis and aor- thoracic lordosis, cardiomegaly, and a normal- tic valve regurgitation. An echocardiogram re- appearing aorta. An echocardiogram showed aor- vealed an aortic root measuring 5.8 cm in diame- tic root dilation and aortic valve regurgitation. The ter. The patient had a murmur characteristic of Case report • Obarski and Schiavone JAOA • Vol 90 • No 5 • May 1990 • 447 Figure 3. Left: Prominent pectus carinatum. Right: Posteroanterior chest x-ray film shows widening of the ascending and descending aortas consistent with ascending aortic aneurysm and descending aortic dissection (case 3). aortic valve regurgitation, pectus excavatum (Fig The patient had had three first-trimester sponta- 4), ectopia lentis, and a high arched palate. There neous abortions and chondromalacia patellae. She were no arachnodactyly or dolichostenomelia. He denied chest trauma but was concerned about the underwent successful surgical repair with aortic- pain because her father had had surgery for a tho- valved conduit with reimplantation of the coronary racic aortic aneurysm. The findings of the cardiac arteries. examination were normal; however, skeletal ex- amination revealed dolichostenomelia, arachnodac- Case 5 tyly, torus palatinus, and pectus excavatum. She A 37-year-old woman with intermittent, sharp had seen numerous physicians but had never had chest pain was seen at the Cleveland Clinic. She her condition diagnosed as the Marfan syndrome. had been told as a child that she had a cardiac mur- Despite a chest x-ray film that revealed a normal- mur but there had been no further investigation. appearing heart and aorta, an echocardiogram 448 • JAOA • Vol 90 • No 5 • May 1990 Case report • Obarski and Schiavone Figure 5. Two-dimensional echocardiogram. Anterior and posterior walls of the aortic root (arrows) dilated to 4.1 cm at level of sinuses of Valsalva (case 5). hoor r SS 15:58:35 -ND CLINIC CFL 26-532-3 FALSE Figure 4. Lateral chest x-ray film shows sternal de- pression (arrows) consistent with pectus excavatum (case 4). showed a dilated ascending aorta (Fig 5) at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva. The patient now under- goes a yearly echocardiogram to assess the aortic root size. Discussion Thoracic cage abnormalities can be an early Figure 6. Transesophageal echocardiogram. Note true clue to the diagnosis of the Marfan syndrome. and false lumens of this aortic dissection. Blood flows from true to false lumen. Classic skeletal signs include dolichostenome- lia, arachnodactyly, and increased floor-to- pelvis measurement. Pectus carinatum, includ- Marfan syndrome and are the primary reason ing unilateral pectus carinatum, pectus exca- that these patients life expectancy is halved.4 vatum, loss of the normal dorsal kyphotic Cardiovascular abnormalities in patients curve, and scoliosis, can also indicate this syn- with the Marfan syndrome are many, 3,5-9 but drome. A high index of suspicion of the Mar- the most life-threatening—and the cause of fan syndrome in patients with skeletal abnor- death in 29% to 43% of these patients°"1—is malities can lead to early detection of its dissection of the ascending aorta. Dilation of cardiovascular complications. These complica- the aorta or annulo-aortic ectasia2 progresses tions are responsible for more than 95% of the gradually over years, but dissection with aor- discernible causes of death in patients with the tic valve regurgitation seldom occurs with an Case report • Obarski and Schiavone JAOA • Vol 90 • No 5 • May 1990 • 449 aorta smaller than 6 cm in diameter. Medical longement des os avec un certain degre damincissement. Bul- letin de la Societe Medicale des Hopitaux de Paris 1896;13:220- and surgical intervention can favorably alter 227. the natural history of this syndrome.13 3. Pyeritz RE, McKusick VA: The Marfan syndrome: Diagnosis Physical examination is often not sufficient and management. N Engl J Med 1979;300:772-777. to detect cardiovascular abnormalities. A chest 4. Murdoch JL, Walker BA, Halpren BL, et al: Life expectancy and causes of death in the Marfan syndrome. N Engl J Med x-ray film is helpful in assessing heart size and 1972;286:804-808. aortic diameter, but an echocardiogram is 5. Salle V: Uebereinen fall von angeborener abnormei Grosse more precise.6 The addition of color flow Dop- du Extermitaten mit einem an akromegalie erinnernden symp- tomen komplex. Jahrb Kinderheilkd 1912;75:540-550. pler and transesophageal echocardiography 6. Come PC, Fortuin NJ, White RI Jr, et al: Echocardiographic (Fig 6) to conventional echocardiography fur- assessment of cardiovascular abnormalities in the Marfan syn- ther improves the specificity for the diagnosis drome: Comparison with clinical findings and roentgenogra- of aortic dissection.14 phic estimation of aortic root size.
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