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Canada's Arctic Agenda SPECIAL REPORT SPECIAL REPORT Canada'sCanada’ sArctic Arctic Agenda: Agenda: IntoInto the the Vortex Vortex Edited by John Higginbotham and Jennifer Spence Edited by John Higginbotham and Jennifer Spence SPECIAL REPORT Canada’s Arctic Agenda: Into the Vortex Edited by John Higginbotham and Jennifer Spence About CIGI Credits Managing Director and General Counsel Aaron Shull We are the Centre for International Governance Innovation: Publisher Carol Bonnett an independent, non-partisan think tank with an objective and Publications Editors Susan Bubak and Lynn Schellenberg uniquely global perspective. Our research, opinions and public Graphic Designers Brooklynn Schwartz and Melodie Wakefield voice make a difference in today’s world by bringing clarity and innovative thinking to global policy making. By working across disciplines and in partnership with the best peers and experts, we are the benchmark for influential research and trusted analysis. Our research initiatives focus on governance of the global economy, global security and politics, and international law in collaboration with a range of strategic partners and have received support from the Government of Canada, the Government of Ontario, as well as founder Jim Balsillie. À propos du CIGI Au Centre pour l'innovation dans la gouvernance internationale (CIGI), nous formons un groupe de réflexion indépendant et non partisan doté d’un point de vue objectif et unique de portée mondiale. Nos recherches, nos avis et nos interventions publiques ont des effets réels sur le monde d'aujourd’hui car ils apportent de la clarté et une réflexion novatrice pour l’élaboration des politiques à l’échelle internationale. En raison des travaux accomplis en collaboration et en partenariat avec des pairs et des spécialistes interdisciplinaires des plus compétents, nous sommes devenus une référence grâce à l’influence de nos recherches et à la fiabilité de nos analyses. Nos projets de recherche ont trait à la gouvernance dans les domaines suivants : l’économie mondiale, la sécurité et les politiques internationales, et le droit international. Nous comptons sur la collaboration de nombreux partenaires stratégiques et avons reçu le soutien des gouvernements du Canada et de l’Ontario ainsi que du fondateur du CIGI, Jim Balsillie. Cover photo: Envisat satellite image of the Northern Sea Route (Wikimedia Commons). Gradient overlaid. Photo and image credits: Icebreaker in Saint Petersburg/Wikimedia Commons (p. 32), Operation Nanook/Wikimedia Commons (p. 83), Xue Long icebreaker/Wikimedia Commons (p. 102), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en. All other images by iStock. Copyright © 2019 by the Centre for International Governance Innovation The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Centre for International Governance Innovation or its Board of Directors. For publications enquiries, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution — Non-commercial — No Derivatives License. To view this license, visit (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). For re-use or distribution, please include this copyright notice. Printed in Canada on Forest Stewardship Council® certified paper containing 30% post-consumer fiber. Centre for International Governance Innovation and CIGI are registered trademarks. 67 Erb Street West Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 6C2 www.cigionline.org Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations . v Preface . 1 John Higginbotham and Jennifer Spence 1. Nation to Neighbour . 7 Tony Penikett 2. Canada’s Northern Economic Development Paradigm and Its Failures 15 Heather Exner-Pirot 3. Northern Canada after Climate Equilibrium . 23 Christopher Burn 4. The Russian Northern Sea Route and a Canadian Arctic Seaway . 33 Kells Boland 5. Common Ground for Canada and Quebec in the Arctic . 43 Mathieu Landriault 6. Interviews with the Jane Glassco Northern Fellows . 51 Jennifer Spence Introduction . 51 Sheila-Siila Watt-Cloutier Education Policy in the North . 53 Angela Nuliayok Rudolph Mental Health and Well-being Policies in the North . 57 Kristen Tanche Canadian Policing and Judicial Systems in the North . 61 Melaina Sheldon 7. Global Arctic Leadership in an Era of Cooperation and Competition . 67 P. Whitney Lackenbauer 8. Canadian Arctic Maritime Sovereignty During the Trudeau Years . 75 Suzanne Lalonde 9. Canada and NATO in the Arctic: Responding to Russia? . 85 Rob Huebert 10. Canada, the United States and Arctic Security . 93 Andrea Charron 11. China and the Canadian Arctic . 103 Michael Byers and Emma Lodge 12. Resilience, Environment and Economic Development in the Canadian Arctic . 111 Heather N. Nicol and Justin Barnes v Baffin Island, Canada Acronyms and Abbreviations ACA Arctic Circle Assembly AEC Arctic Economic Council ANPF Arctic and Northern Policy Framework BSP Beaufort Sea Partnership CADIZ Canadian Air Identification Zone CIGI Centre for International Governance Innovation CIRRICQ Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur les relations internationals du Canada et du Québec CJOC Canadian Joint Operations Command CLCS Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf DCASS Documents on Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security ECS extended continental shelf GIUK Greenland, Iceland and the United Kingdom IMO International Maritime Organization LNG liquefied natural gas LOSC Law of the Sea Convention MMG Mineral and Metals Group NAA North American Arctic NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NEP Northeast Passage NORAD North American Aerospace Defense Command NORDREG Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations NSR Northern Sea Route NWP Northwest Passage NWS North Warning System NWT Northwest Territories OPP Oceans Protection Plan RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police SDWG Sustainable Development Working Group UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea USNORTHCOM United States Northern Command vii Glacier lagoon in Greenland Preface John Higginbotham and Jennifer Spence Four years ago, the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), with the active support of Carleton University and the Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs (now Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada), drew together a group of Canadian Arctic experts to discuss the way ahead under the newly elected federal government of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau . There was a spirit of openness and possibility in the room, as ideas were exchanged about where a new government could take us with a fresh perspective and a broad range of opportunities and challenges to explore in Canada’s North . The preceding experience had been generally favourable . Canada had just completed its term as chair of the Arctic Council, and the previous government under Prime Minister Stephen Harper had launched promising domestic projects in several areas, while maintaining key continuities in Canadian Arctic policy . Moreover, President Barack Obama had demonstrated the United States’ new interest in the Arctic, largely through the lens of climate change, and cooperation rather than conflict was the leitmotif of international Arctic diplomacy, despite Russian activities in Crimea . A collection of short, action-oriented essays and interviews was published by CIGI under the title North of 60: Toward a Renewed Canadian Arctic Agenda, which presented the fruits of our group’s discussions on a wide range of Arctic issues (Higginbotham and Spence 2016) . Now, in 2019, CIGI has again brought together leading Arctic thinkers to examine key elements of Canadian Arctic and Northern policy . These experts reflect on the progress that has been made in Arctic policies and programs during the intervening years and consider the impact of powerful forces of change and division, both within Canada and abroad . 1 Canada’s Arctic Agenda: Into the Vortex We are also pleased to include a collection of interviews with Jane Glassco Northern Fellows . These thoughtful Indigenous women from across Canada’s North share their perspectives and ideas on the policy issues that require urgent attention to ensure the prosperity of their Northern communities . The contributors obviously speak for themselves, but some generalizations can be ventured . The Trudeau government came to power in 2015 with a national progressive agenda focused on climate change, environmental regulation, Indigenous reconciliation, infrastructure development and open, consultative governance . In the North, these broad government priorities are being advanced through the development of a new Arctic and Northern policy framework; however, at time of writing, after more than two years of discussion and consultation with Northern governments, Indigenous organizations, community members and experts, this policy framework has not yet been released, and its implementation will depend on the results of a federal election slated for October 2019 . Canada’s North continues to struggle with diverse social, economic and environmental challenges . Opinions vary about what sustainable development means in the North and how it can be achieved . The direction that the federal government supports remains uncertain, and articulating a clear path is key to moving forward . Climate change continues to diminish the ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and alter the marine and terrestrial environments in Canada’s North at alarming speed . This heightens tensions between those who seek to expand the carbon economy northward and those
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