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Revista Română De Materiale / Romanian Journal of Materials 2016, 46 (2),160 -166

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Revista Română De Materiale / Romanian Journal of Materials 2016, 46 (2),160 -166 160 Revista Română de Materiale / Romanian Journal of Materials 2016, 46 (2),160 -166 MORTAR DE TENCUIALĂ CU PROPRIETĂŢI ANTIBACTERIENE ŞI ANTIFUNGICE PLASTERING MORTAR WITH ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES CLAUDIU ACIU1, CECILIA ROMAN2, DANA - ADRIANA ILUŢIU - VARVARA1, CARMEN PUIA3, OANA CADAR2 1Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2INCDO-INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 3University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania This study was focused on the development Acest studiu s-a axat pe realizarea de mortare of plastering mortars with good antibacterial and antifungal de tencuială cu bune proprietăţi antibacteriene şi properties and adequate physical and mechanical antifungice şi caracteristici fizice şi mecanice adecvate characteristics regarding the mechanical strengths (CS IV), privind rezistenţele mecanice (CS IV), o bună aderenţă la good adhesion to the substrate and low water absorption by substrat şi absorbţie redusă de apă prin capilaritate (W2). capillarity (W2). As testing microorganisms, four bacterial Au fost folosite suspensii (densitate 106 celule/ml) de patru (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus specii de bacterii (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungal species Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) şi două (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum) as specii de fungi (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium suspensions with density 106 cells/ml were used. In order to chrysogenum). Pentru efect antibacterian şi antifungic la obtain antibacterial and antifungal effect on mortar surface, suprafaţa mortarelor sunt necesare concentraţii mai mari de concentrations of more than 5% Ag/ZnO nanopowders (0.05 5% nanopulberi de Ag/ZnO (0.05 % gr.). Ca urmare, wt.%) are required. As a result, the obtained plastering mortarele de tencuială obţinute pot fi folosite pentru mortars can be used for inhibiting the growth of pathogens inhibarea creşterii agenților patogeni de interes pentru of environmental and hygienic concern. mediu şi igienă. Keywords: mortar, zinc oxide, silver, antibacterial and antifungal properties 1. Introduction materials or filters used in air-conditioning systems [1]. Hospitals, pharmaceutical production units, The quality of the indoor environment is a nursing homes, food factories and shops require determining factor for health, given that people disinfection to destroy pathogenic microbes and spend most of their lives inside buildings. Microbes other bacteria of public health [3-7]. and allergens, the absence of oxygen, inadequate In order to obtain antimicrobial concrete, temperature and humidity, mould, dust, improper mortar and coating systems, both organic and lighting, ventilation and air currents, noise, the inorganic agents have been used: antimicrobial presence of building materials that contain noxious phenol derivatives for concrete-based floors and agents and generate toxic emissions, the wall coverings [8, 9], polypropylene fibers treated functioning of equipment, and particularly pollution with a combination of biocide and fungicide agents severely affect the health of people [1, 2]. for concrete built agricultural premises for the Colonization of walls by different inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus niger, microorganisms (microalgae, fungi, lichens and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [6], mosses) can be observed even several months isothiazoline and carbamate for mortars [10]. A after a building is constructed. These concentration of 1% zeolite with silver and copper microorganisms may spread to the surface of ions relative to the cement weight is necessary for interior building materials under certain conditions the inhibition of the growth of Thiobacilli and a of temperature, humidity (water flow and/or high variety of pathogens including Escherichia coli, relative humidity) and sunshine [2, 3]. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas Microorganism growth and spread is a major aeruginosa [11], different concentrations of silver concern in various places, which require a high copper zeolites in mortars for inhibiting the growth level of hygiene as medical products, packaging of various pathogens of environmental concern Autor corespondent/Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] C. Aciu, C. Roman, D – A. Iluțiu – Varvara, C. Puia, O. Cadar / Mortar de tencuială cu proprietăți antibacteriene și antifungice 161 (Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, 2. Materials and methods Salmonella enterica or Staphylococcus aureus) [12]. 2.1. Plastering mortar specimens Nanoparticles seem to be a suitable option The main materials used were white for antimicrobial additives due to their small sizes Portland cement 52.5, sand with particle sizes of and high surface to volume ratio, which allows 0-1 mm, water, and Ag-doped ZnO nanopowder them to interact closely with microbial membranes (doping component in an amount of 0.05 wt.%) [13]. Up to now, researchers have focused their synthetized by coprecipitation method described in attention on the use of some metal oxides (TiO2 a previous publication [25]. The study was carried [14], SiO2 [14], MgO [15], CaO [16], CeO2 [17]) and out on three plastering mortar compositions: ZnO [14-18]) because these show bacteriostatic, Composition 1, M1 (standard) – unitary antimicrobial or biocide action [19] and lower mortar based on white Portland cement 52.5 with toxicity compared to other additives, as well as 1:4 binder/sand ratio (particle size 0-1 mm) and good heat resistance. water. In addition to the above mentioned metal Composition 2, M2 – the components of oxides, ZnO nanoparticles stand out due to their the standard composition were supplemented with important characteristics: chemical and physical a 5% Ag/ZnO nanopowder addition relative to the stability, high catalyzing capacity, antibacterial cement amount. activity (against gram-negative bacteria such as Composition 3, M3 – the standard Bacillus subtillis, Esherichia coli and Pseudomonas composition was supplemented with a 10% fluorescens and gram-positive bacteria such as Ag/ZnO nanopowder addition relative to the Staphylococcus aureus) [20, 21], as well as intense cement amount. ultraviolet and infrared absorption. ZnO has a The compositions of the mortars are shown broad range of applications, e.g., in catalytic, in Table 1. luminescent and electronic devices, pigments and The mortars were prepared according to components for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic SR EN 1015-2:2001 [27]. The raw materials were industries [22-24]. weighed, homogenized in dry state, and ZnO powders doped with small silver subsequently mixed with water in the mixer. quantity have good antimicrobial properties, so that Physical-mechanical determinations were these powders have been used as pigments with performed after 28 days on prismatic specimens of antimicrobial properties for indoor and outdoor 160mm x 40mm x 40mm, cast, compacted by painting [25]. Furthermore, chemical coprecipitation vibration and stored during of this period according is an attractive method for preparing nanoparticles to standards SR EN 998-1:2011 [28], SR EN 1015- due to the good stoichiometric control, 2:2001 [27] and SR EN 1015-11:2002 [29]. homogeneous mixing on the atomic scale and The consistency of standard mortar was production of ultra-fine particles with narrow size determined with the flow table (Tecnotest, Italy), in distribution in relatively short processing time at conformity with SR EN 1015-3:2001 [30], meeting low temperatures [26]. the requirement of SR EN 1015-2:2001 [27] This paper presents the development of ecological according to which for fresh mortar with an plastering mortars with antibacterial and antifungal apparent density higher than 1200 kg/m3, the flow properties. The study is focused on the obtaining of value is 175 ± 10 mm. To obtain the same plastering mortar with good adhesion to the consistency for the plastering mortars with Ag/ZnO substrate, low water absorption by capillarity, good nanopowder addition, it was necessary to increase mechanical, antibacterial and antifungal the amount of water by 3.33% and 8.88%, characteristics. The antibacterial and antifungal respectively, parallel with the increase of the effects of those plastering mortars were amount of nanopowder in composition with the investigated, using Escherichia coli and consequence of a longer setting time. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative) The apparent density of hardened mortar bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus was determined according to the SR EN 1015- faecalis (gram-positive) bacteria and two fungal 10:2002 standard [31], the mortar prisms hardened species (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium for 28 days being were dried at constant mass and chrysogenum). weighed. Table 1 Studied mortars compositions / Compoziţiile mortarelor studiate. Components / Componenți Mortar indicative / Ag/ZnO nanopowder / Nanopulbere Sand 0-1 mm / Cement / Ciment Water / Apă Indicativ mortar Ag/ZnO Nisip 0-1 mm (g) (%) (g) (ml) (g) M1 540 0 0 450 2160 M2 540 5 27 465 2160 M3 540 10 54 490 2160 162 C. Aciu, C. Roman, D – A. Iluțiu – Varvara, C. Puia, O. Cadar / Plastering mortar with antibacterial and antifungal properties The mechanical flexural and compressive nutrient agar no. 2 (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) and strengths
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