El Sueño Y El Recuerdo En High Plains Drifter: Incertidumbre Y Reflectáforas Revista De Humanidades: Tecnológico De Monterrey, Núm

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El Sueño Y El Recuerdo En High Plains Drifter: Incertidumbre Y Reflectáforas Revista De Humanidades: Tecnológico De Monterrey, Núm Revista de Humanidades: Tecnológico de Monterrey ISSN: 1405-4167 [email protected] Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey México Lema, Rose El sueño y el recuerdo en High Plains Drifter: incertidumbre y reflectáforas Revista de Humanidades: Tecnológico de Monterrey, núm. 19, otoño, 2005, pp. 193-213 Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Monterrey, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=38401909 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto El sueno y el recuerdo en High Plains Drifter: incertidumbre y reflectaforas Rose Lema UAM-Iztapalapa El artículo presenta una lectura, el análisis y la interpretación de tres episodios de High Plains Drifter (Clint Eastwood, 1972), que tienen que ver con lo sobrenatural como valor prominente de la película. El primer episodio corresponde al genérico y las tumbas; el segundo, al sueño; el tercero, al recuerdo. Se toman en cuenta tanto la dinámica sonora como la visual, así como la zona interfásica en que se generan. Sin sobrevalorar a una u otra, ya que se conciben como procesos que el realizador combina, administrándolos y relativizándolos organizadamente. Se interpretan los episodios y las nociones teóricas, mediante la noción de reflectáfora, proveniente de las teorías del caos y la complejidad. This article presents the analysis and the interpretation of three episodes in High Plains Drifter (Clint Eastwood 1972), which have to do with the supernatural as a prominent value of the film. The first episode concerns the generic and the tombs; the second, the dream; the third, the souvenir. The sound and the visual dynamics are both considered, as well as the interface zone in which they are generated. Without overestimating one or the other, because they are conceived as processes which the director combines, administrating and relativizing them organizedly. The episodes and the theoretic notions are interpreted, by means of the reflectaphore, which proceeds from the chaos and complexity theories. 194 Rose Lema Con un fractal, siempre se mira aún más profundamente y todo continúa siendo fractal; es una vía hacia una mayor consciencia de la unidad. David Hockney Cuando, de noche, el ojo se encuentra situado entre la luz y el ojo de un gato, este ojo se le aparece como fuego. Leonardo de Vinci Introducción na de las lecturas que sugiere High Plains Drifter (HPD) concierne U al ámbito de lo sobrenatural, que analizo a lo largo de tres secuencias, en que lo espectral cobra un valor prominente: la primera corresponde al genérico y las tumbas; la segunda, al sueño; la última, al recuerdo. Durante el análisis, tomo en cuenta tanto la dinámica sonora como la visual, así como el movimiento interfásico en que se generan. Sin sobrevalorar a una u otra, ya que las concibo como procesos que el realizador combina, administrándolos y relativizándolos organizadamente –según una dosis calculada–, para ir rindiendo la semiosis de su obra. Como los tres episodios remiten a imágenes virtuales o actuales, que se entrelazan entre sí tanto en el interior de cada episodio como hacia su exterior, acudo, para estudiar esta dinámica, así como para interpretar el filme, a la noción de reflectáfora, proveniente de la teoría del caos. Siguiendo a Briggs y Peat, una reflectáfora1 es el movimiento y conversión de una imagen, mental o visual, en otra; pero que guarda, en un nuevo espacio y en un nuevo momento, algunos rasgos, imaginarios o actuales, de su aspecto anterior, casi reiterándolos, autosimilarmente. Ampliando a Briggs y Peat, la noción de “imagen” la aplico también al campo de lo aural, basándome en reflexiones de Deleuze (1985) y de Deleuze y Guattari (2000). La reflectáfora es un fenómeno que se encuentra siempre en proceso de devenir, en movimiento incesante. Por esta razón, la idea se presta fácilmente al El sueño y el recuerdo en High Plains Drifter: incertidumbre y... 195 análisis de cine y de los medios en moción. Es un elemento dinámico que se va metamorfoseando a medida que avanza. Según estos caotistas, “la reflectáfora funda su efecto sobre la creación de una tensión entre las multitudes de elementos y diferencias que la constituyen” (Briggs y Peat, 1991, p. 196). Durante el análisis, iré mostrando cómo se pueden matizar las reflectáforas y, cuando me refiera al concepto de tiempo, me remitiré a las modelizaciones deleuzianas concernientes a la ‘imagen-cristal’, ‘la imagen-sueño’ y ‘la imagen-recuerdo’ (Deleuze, 1985). De este modo, empleo un método de análisis de discurso audiovisual, que entrelaza dos visiones complejas provenientes de innovaciones en el campo de la teoría postmoderna, la reflectáfora, por un lado, y la imagen-cristal, por el otro. Resaltaré la importancia de una y otra, sin jerarquizarlas cualitativamente, sin medrar en ningún momento la capacidad explicativa de una u otra, combinándolas. El método parte de una descripción de ‘opsignos’ o signos ópticos y de ‘sonsignos’ o signos sonoros (Deleuze, 1985, pp. 38-61). Cabe destacar que Deleuze inventa estos signos, inspirándose en Peirce, pero ampliando la visión del reconocido semiotista estadounidense al introducir el concepto de un tiempo no lineal. Asimismo, Deleuze marca el paso en que lo aural, con pleno derecho, establece su autonomía y cobra tanta importancia como lo visual, sin supeditarse a éste y abandonando su estatus de mero componente secundario. A los intercambios verbales, los considero como parte de los sonsignos y, como el caudal entre interlocutores es particularmente bajo en esta película, constato su descentramiento, cuando se juega en el amplio espacio ‘rizomático’ de los sonsignos (Deleuze y Guattari, 2000). El genérico y las tumbas En lo tocante a la actividad descriptiva, que llevo a cabo en el análisis de los tres episodios, regreso a ampliar la noción de reflectáfora de los caotistas, que sitúo en un fractal de espesor incalculable y que me remite, caleidoscópicamente, a tres fractales teóricos, los cuales se escalonan en un nivel de espesor menos complejo y menos acaparador que el de la reflectáfora, pero que resultan útiles en ciertos momentos del análisis descriptivo. El primero contiene elementos de la sociocrítica más reciente que, en su recorrido audiovisual (Clerc y Carcaud-Macaire, 2004), toma en cuenta tanto el paratexto (genéricos, 196 Rose Lema carteles, cortos, anuncios, expectativas y reacciones del público y de la crítica, etc.) como las secuencias que conforman aquello que, reductoriamente, se suele llamar la película, mostrando de este modo la combinación significativa entre los clásicos elementos de paratexto y texto, que se han ido ampliando de lo meramente gráfico a las demás dimensiones del lenguaje. El segundo fractal al que me referiré es el constituido por el análisis ‘multimodal’ que permite analizar tanto las imágenes auditivas como las visuales y que practican los teóricos de la semiótica social crítica, como van Leeuwen (2005). Esto también me permite ampliar el análisis hacia los elementos aurales en tanto que elementos no secundarios, sino meramente combinatorios, sin pretender establecer la centralidad de lo visual ante lo aural o viceversa. Sin embargo, no se ha prestado la multimodalidad a deambular entre los objetos culturales en movimiento2 con tanta soltura como la que ofrece la reflectáfora, –la cual posee su propia movilidad y trabaja con materiales dinámicos3. El tercer fractal que deseo mencionar, porque me ha ido conduciendo hacia el ‘placer del texto’ fílmico, es el de la corriente caleidoscópica de los análisis de filmes4 que manifiesta, con elegante insistencia, la idea de que un análisis fílmico debe llevarse a cabo con los cinco sentidos atentos a la cinta bajo estudio, desmenuzando detalles que pueden parecer banales, pero que suelen dar el toque de creatividad al proceso analítico. Descripción de miniaturas, de rarezas aparentemente insignificantes, de puntos de extravío, que hacen explotar la significación no lineal de una secuencia fílmica. La combinación de las tres posturas teóricas anteriores resulta ampliadora a la vez que tiende hacia un análisis relativamente holístico. Los tres fractales que constituyen se conjugan en un enjambre en el interior del fractal5, más abierto, dinámico y fluido, menos técnico y literal, el de la reflectáfora que, por su naturaleza caótica, revela generosamente la complejidad fílmica. Pasemos, entonces, al análisis del episodio correspondiente al genérico6 y a las tumbas. Eastwood cincela con maestría el relato audiovisual del genérico, porque establece la atmósfera general de HPD. Con el genérico, se desliza una música electrónica, metálica y lancinante que sugiere el fluir de una ululación no humana, ‘it drifts’. Una figura de jinete cabalgando con maestría se forma lentamente entre la fluidez y vagueza El sueño y el recuerdo en High Plains Drifter: incertidumbre y... 197 onírica del paisaje, cual fantasma ‘it drifts’. El genérico remite asismismo a otra oscilación, pues consta de letras naranja rojizo estridente, que van en fuente copperplate. Agudo detalle que rompe con el playbill, caracterizador del género Western, y que interna al espectador en un mundo que varía, it drifts. En un nuevo movimiento, que marca el final del genérico, se vislumbra, sobre un poste, el nombre de la población, Lago. Comunidad que, efectivamente, se refleja al borde de una gran supeficie lacustre7. Reflectáforas escriturales que concurren para vehicular el devenir incesante entre lo materialmente perceptible y lo imaginario y a irnos instalando en la interfaz dinámica que los confunde. Mientras los paisajes se ocultan, desocultan y varían, estimulando las habilidades perceptivas del espectador, la música punzante se va desmetalizando, añadiéndosele acordes graves de maderas y una voz, ya humana, pero que sigue ululando, reflejo cálido que desplaza, fractalmente, a los fríos sonidos metálicos.
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