DOCSLIB.ORG

Historical Geography of Sindh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historical Geography of Sindh HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SINDH BY Prof. M. B. PITHAWALA. F.G.S., M.R.A.S. Research Certificate, University of London Reproduced By Sani H. Panhwar (2018) FEW WORDS FROM COMPILER. This book contains three different articles By: Prof. M, B. Pithawalla, F.G.S., M.R.A.S. completed between 1936 & 1939. 1. "A Geographical Analysis of the Lower Indus Basin (Sindh)" — Part I. 2. "Historical geography of Sindh. Part II."— Prehistoric and Early Historic Periods. 3. "Historical Geography of Sindh Part III" — Historic Period A.D. I. I am reproducing this material hoping the younger generation will benefit from Prof. Pithawalla's work. Sani H. Panhwar November 17, 2018 A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LOWER INDUS BASIN (SINDH). BY PROF. MANECK B. PITHAWAI,A, B.A., B.Sc., L.C.P., F.G.S., Research Certificate, University of London. Received July 20, 1936. (Communicated by Prof. D. N. Wadia, M.A., V.R.G.S.,) CHAPTER I.—PHYSIOGRAPHY. I. The Region as a Whole. Boundaries.—The region, mainly characterized by the growth of the Indus delta, occupies the lower valley of the river. It covers 52,994 sq. miles including the Khairpur State. It is bounded on the west by the Kirthar Range (misnamed Hala), along with a chain of minor hill ranges as far as Cape Monze, and on the east delimited by the Rajputana Desert. The Arabian Sea forms its southern boundary, while to the north it extends upto the foot of the Suleiman Range and the extreme apex of the delta—a narrow neck of the Indus Valley, between the mountains on the right and the sand-hills on the left. (See Plates 1 and 16.) Two of these boundaries—the northern and the eastern—are only political and not physiographic, as they are to be extended into the neighboring States. It is expected that when the physiographic divisions of the rest of India are made, these boundaries will be definitely settled on physio-graphic lines. Distinguishing Features.—The following are the outstanding features of the Lower Indus Basin:— (1) The area includes the old valley of the Indus, which has reached its base-level of erosion and in which aggradation is more or less complete. It is in continuation of the Khadar alluvium of the Indus in the upper region. (2) The rocks within the region are mainly Tertiary, thrown into anticlinal folds, which are being continually eroded by sub-aerial agencies. Historical Geography of Sindh; Copyright © www.sanipanhwar.com 1 (3) There is an extraordinarily large number of thermal springs, some of which show a temperature as high as 126° F. and evolve sulphuretted hydrogen gas. Although there are some extinct volcanic cones noticeable in Makran and Baluchistan, no volcanic eruption has taken place in the region within historic times. The surrounding mountains being young and highly folded, are still in unsettled equilibrium and so earthquakes are not uncommon. (4) The vagaries of the Indus River and its tributaries in the upper region (the Punjab) have also affected this area to a considerable extent. Due to these hydrographical changes, as also to the fact that a whole river, called the Hakra, has dried up, a large portion of the alluvial plain has been converted into a desert, entrenched with old river beds, which remain dry during the greater part of the year, due to the scanty precipitation in Sindh. Drought and famine have been frequent in certain parts of it. (5) Climatically, the region is said to be "between the two monsoons" —the S.W. from the Indian Ocean and the N.'E. or "retreating" monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains,—and escapes the influence of both. The average annual rainfall is only 6 inches. (6) But what is lost by the region during the two seasons is, however, regained for it by the Indus, the main artery of Sindh, in the form of inundations, caused twice a year, by the spring and summer melting of the snows on the Himalayan heights and by rainfall during the monsoon season. Variations of diurnal and seasonal temperatures are also great. (7) The growing and advancing delta is a characteristic feature, a large part of the existing deltaic lands being reclaimed during historic times. Small and large towns, which once stood on the numerous successive mouths of the Indus in highly prosperous olden times, are now completely thrown inland in a barren state and replaced by the present rock-bounded harbor of Karachi. (8) Although there are no good mineral resources in the province of Sindh, its chief asset is its rich alluvial soil, which requires little tillage or manuring, for yielding crops of grain as well as fodder throughout the year. (9) Parts of the sandy desert are overspread with natron-producing lakes called Dhands, which are characteristic of the Thar Desert. Salt and sand are continuously blown in from the Rann of Cutch by the agency of wind, and there are rich deposits of common salt (NaCl) and other salts found buried under sand-hills. Historical Geography of Sindh; Copyright © www.sanipanhwar.com 2 (10) Rain in the Thar Parkar area is not altogether absent; on the contrary in years of cyclonic storms, there is excessive precipitation. The result is that the so-called desert land is, for the time being, turned into grassland, giving rise to herd life and migration of population in intermittent seasons. (11) Earthquakes and cyclones are not unknown:— The Basin is very near the earthquake zone passing through the Northern Highlands. In 962 A.D. the Indus River deserted Aror and even towns like Bahmanabad were destroyed. 1819—Extensive changes took place in the Rann of Cutch,1 affecting Sindh. From 1845 to 1861 not less than 7 earthquake shocks were recorded.2 15th October 1896.—Shahbandar to Khanjuand through Thar Parkar. 14th January 1903.—Thar Parkar and Shahjanbad District. Fissures in Badin and Moghulbin Taluka; eruption of warm water and muds of 12 hours' duration. Geyser- like blow-holes left, 15-20 feet in diameter and 8-10 feet deep. May 1905.—Dead fish washed off Clifton. A layer 5-15 feet thick and several miles long. Cyclones also occur at times: (e. g.) (1) 13th May 1902. (2) 13th June 1902. Wind velocity estimated to be 100 miles per hour. Tide rose 7' 2" on 16th June 1902. (3) 1903 Tidal wave. — Shahbandar Taluka. A tidal wave rose near the town of Sindree, situated where a branch of the Indus joins the Rann, which was permanently submerged on the occasion, a number of small cones, six or eight feet in height, burst up from the ground and continued, for many days, to emit bubbles of air and mud from their summits. Scenery.—The scenery of Western Sindh is that of low undulating plains, the relief being mainly dependent upon 1 Mew. Geol. Sur. Ind., 1926, Vol. XLVI, Pt. 2, 1926. 2 Bease George, The Sindh Directory, Bombay Gazette Press, 1862. Historical Geography of Sindh; Copyright © www.sanipanhwar.com 3 (1) the folded structure of the rocks, (2) the soft and jointed nature of the rocks, with consequent rapid weathering, (3) the erosion due to wind-currents combined with high aridity and scanty rainfall, (4) low dips of strata. The windward sides of the hills are generally eroded and steeply scarped, while the leeward sides are smooth and gently sloping. There are, here and there, synclinal hills and anticlinal valleys. Detached hills with low dips are common in the plains; while massive wall-like cliffs and precipices are found in the mountainous parts. Along the coast-line and in the interior of Eastern Sindh there are transverse and longitudinal sand-hills, which are characteristic of the Thar Desert. Most of the streams in Sindh have their beds dry during the greater part of the year. The main artery of the Indus itself is as shifting as any other alluvial river, and as it is a highly aggrading stream in these parts, the main valley is nearly flat, having long before reached its base level of erosion. The hard rocks in it are covered over with river alluvium, which has been accumulating since the Pleistocene period. Origin of the Indus Plain.—To understand the nature of this Indus basin, it is necessary to know its origin. Although the Indus has been considered to be an antecedent river, having existed long before the Himalayas come into being, the formation of the Indo- Gangetic depression is, without doubt, connected with the upheaval of these mountains during the Tertiary epoch. Resting upon the three or four primitive nuclei or fragments of an ancient land-mass, the land of Asia embraced the folded mountain belt from Asia Minor to the East Indies, across Persia, Tibet and China and grew, in the end, into the largest continent in the world. The conception of the crust of the earth floating on the molten magma underneath is assumed by many geologists. In the gigantic process of building the continents by means of the drifting and fusing of ancient landmasses with the mountain chains, there are local depressions and isolations noticeable. Discussing the structure of the whole continent of Asia, Prof. J. W. Gregory asserts, " During the process of deformation of the earth, the great mass of Africa acted as the hinterland or back-land, which pressing northward against Southern Europe, crumpled it against the Northern forelands and that in Asia the direction was reversed, because the great mass which acted there as the driving hinterland, lay to the North and the great depression in the crust lay to the South.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scope for Reallocation of River Waters for Agriculture in the Indus Basin Z
    Scope for Reallocation of River Waters for Agriculture in the Indus Basin Z. Habib To cite this version: Z. Habib. Scope for Reallocation of River Waters for Agriculture in the Indus Basin. Environmental Sciences. Spécialité Sciences de l‘eau, ENGREF Paris, 2004. English. tel-02583835 HAL Id: tel-02583835 https://hal.inrae.fr/tel-02583835 Submitted on 14 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Cemagref / d'Irstea ouverte archive : CemOA Recherches Coordonnées sur les Systèmes Irrigués RReecchheerrcchheess CCoooorrddoonnnnééeess ssuurr lleess SSyyssttèèmmeess IIrrrriigguuééss ECOLE NATIONALE DU GENIE RURAL, DES EAUX ET DES FORÊTS N° attribué par la bibliothèque /__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/__/ THESE présentée par Zaigham Habib pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l'ENGREF en Spécialité: Sciences de l’eau Cemagref / Scope for Reallocation of River Waters for d'Irstea Agriculture in the Indus Basin ouverte archive à l'Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et Forêts : Centre de Paris CemOA soutenue publiquement 23 septembre 2004 devant
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Surveys in Lower Sindh: Preliminary Results of the 2009 Season
    Journal of Asian Civilizations -1- Archaeological Surveys in Lower Sindh: Preliminary Results of the 2009 Season Paolo Biagi ABSTRACT In January-February 2009 archaeological surveys were conducted in three different regions of Lower Sindh, from Ranikot, in the north, to the Makli Hills, in the south. They resulted in the discovery of many sites and flint spots within a territory the archaeology of which was previously poorly known. This paper is aimed at the description of these finds, their cultural attribution and, whenever possible, absolute chronology. Particular attention has been paid to the radiocarbon chronology of the sites located on the rocky outcrops that rise from the alluvial plain of the Indus delta, a few of which indicate that seafaring along the northern shores of the Arabian Sea was already active at least since the very beginning of the seventh millennium uncal BP. 1. PREFACE This paper is a preliminary report of the surveys carried out in January and February 2009 in Lower Sindh, between Ranikot, in the north, and the Makli Hills, in the south. The scope of the surveys, which were part of a joint venture by Ca’ Foscari University, Venice (I) and Sindh University, Jamshoro (PK), was to discover new archaeological sites in a territory insufficiently explored, and define their cultural attribution and absolute chronology by radiocarbon dating. Although some parts of the above region had already been surveyed by other authors (see, for instance, MAJUMDAR, 1934; COUSENS, 1998; FRANKE-VOGT, 1999; FLAM, 2006), our attention focused mainly on territories never accurately investigated before. The surveys were conducted by systematic walking in the three main, well- defined areas described in the following chapters (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Folkloristic Understandings of Nation-Building in Pakistan
    Folkloristic Understandings of Nation-Building in Pakistan Ideas, Issues and Questions of Nation-Building in Pakistan Research Cooperation between the Hanns Seidel Foundation Pakistan and the Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Islamabad, 2020 Folkloristic Understandings of Nation-Building in Pakistan Edited by Sarah Holz Ideas, Issues and Questions of Nation-Building in Pakistan Research Cooperation between Hanns Seidel Foundation, Islamabad Office and Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Acknowledgements Thank you to Hanns Seidel Foundation, Islamabad Office for the generous and continued support for empirical research in Pakistan, in particular: Kristóf Duwaerts, Omer Ali, Sumaira Ihsan, Aisha Farzana and Ahsen Masood. This volume would not have been possible without the hard work and dedication of a large number of people. Sara Gurchani, who worked as the research assistant of the collaboration in 2018 and 2019, provided invaluable administrative, organisational and editorial support for this endeavour. A big thank you the HSF grant holders of 2018 who were not only doing their own work but who were also actively engaged in the organisation of the international workshop and the lecture series: Ibrahim Ahmed, Fateh Ali, Babar Rahman and in particular Adil Pasha and Mohsinullah. Thank you to all the support staff who were working behind the scenes to ensure a smooth functioning of all events. A special thanks goes to Shafaq Shafique and Muhammad Latif sahib who handled most of the coordination. Thank you, Usman Shah for the copy editing. The research collaboration would not be possible without the work of the QAU faculty members in the year 2018, Dr. Saadia Abid, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Seepage of Water from the River Indus and Occurrence of Fresh Ground Water in Sindh
    SEEPAGE OF WATER FROM THE RIVER INDUS AND OCCURRENCE OF FRESH GROUND WATER IN SINDH BY M.H. PANHWAR I was involved with investigation of ground water in the Province of Sindh since 1953, with the first assignment as Agricultural Engineer in Sindh. My previous experience in various areas of Sindh had revealed that in many cases even at shallow depths of a few meters, ground water was brackish in the Indus plains of Sindh. The easiest solution for the initial ground water survey was to take samples out from the existing dug and lined wells which were about 10 meters deep and also from hand pumps of same depth used for domestic purposes. Such wells and hand pumps existed in each one of some 20,000 sizeable villages in the Indus Alluvial Plains. A representative survey of about 2,000 such water sources showed that ground water in the close vicinity of the river Indus was invariably fresh, in the first 280 miles of its run in Sindh from Kashmore to Hyderabad, but was slightly brackish on the down streams side up to the point, where it discharged into the Arabian sea. This general rule did not apply to whole Sindh as there were areas, even 40 miles away from the river Indus, which also had fresh water. I therefore thought that the river Indus which has been changing courses periodically had passed through such areas in the recent centuries and seepage from it has left fresh water there. It appeared that, if I could get correct information on the courses of the river Indus in the past, the occurrence and the quality of ground water could probably be known comparatively more reliably.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Pacca Fort Hyderabad ISSN (P) 2521-5027
    ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL.2, NO.4, DEC, 2018 83 ISSN (e) 2520-7393 History of Pacca Fort Hyderabad ISSN (p) 2521-5027 Koshalya Bai Punhani Architect/Assistant Curator 1, Sindhu Chandio Assistant Curator 2 1 Culture Tourism and Archaeology Department Govt: of Sindh 2 Culture Tourism and Archaeology Department Govt: of Sindh Abstract: This article is to discussed about the history of Pacca Fort Hyderabad. Hyderabad is much Famous due to Pacca Qilla, Pacca Fort is the property of mirs. It shows the experts, arts, science of the rich culture of Sindh. The whole article is based on history, era, structure and the main historical buildings in the fort which were built at that time. Every line showing according to the historic perspectives of Sindh. Keywords: History, Pacca Qilla, Culture. 1. HISTORY OF HYDERABAD 1.1 Introduction Hyderabad is known for its historical and cultural background. It is second largest popular city in Sindh and 8th largest city in Pakistan. It is situated at 25”23’ North Latitude and 68”25’ East longitude. The history of this city’s rise and fall is fascinating. In historical accounts some historians have termed this city with sweet name of “Patala”. Some famous writers have termed it as “NairoonKot” while others have made it “ Bairoon”.However, at present it is known as Hyderabad since many years. Corresponding author Email address: [email protected] K.B. PUNHANI et.al: HISTORY OF PACCA FORT HYDERABAD 84 1.2 Patala 1.2.1 Meanings of Patala Experts of Linguistics believe that the name Patala has been derived from word “Patal” which is kind of a flower.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Minimum Water Flow Requirements of Chambal River
    Assessment of minimum water flow requirements of Chambal River in the context of Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) conservation Study Report April 2011 Assessmentofminimumwaterflowrequirements ofChambalRiverinthecontextofGharial(Gavialis gangeticus)andGangeticDolphin(Platanista gangetica)conservation StudyReport April2011 Contributors:SyedAinulHussain,R.K.Shrama,NiladriDasguptaandAngshumanRaha. CONTENTS Executivesummary 1 1. Background 3 2. Introduction 3 3. TheChambalriver 3 4. Existingandproposedwaterrelatedprojects 5 5. TheNationalChambalSanctuary 8 6. Thegharial(Gavialisgangeticus) 8 7. TheGangeticdolphin(Platanistagangetica) 9 8. Objectivesofassessment 10 9. Methodsofassessment 12 10. Results 13 11. Discussion 20 12. References 22 13. AppendixI–IV 26 AssessmentofminimumwaterflowrequirementsofChambalRiver ʹͲͳͳ EXECUTIVESUMMARY The Chambal River originates from the summit of Janapav hill of the Vindhyan range at an altitudeof854mabovethemslat22027’Nand75037’EinMhow,districtIndore,Madhya Pradesh.Theriverhasacourseof965kmuptoitsconfluencewiththeYamunaRiverinthe EtawahdistrictofUttarPradesh.ItisoneofthelastremnantriversinthegreaterGangesRiver system, which has retained significant conservation values. It harbours the largest gharial population of the world and high density of the Gangetic dolphin per river km. Apart from these,themajorfaunaoftheRiverincludesthemuggercrocodile,smoothͲcoatedotter,seven speciesoffreshwaterturtles,and78speciesofwetlandbirds.Themajorterrestrialfaunaofthe
    [Show full text]
  • List of Stations
    Sr # Code Division Name of Retail Outlet Site Category City / District / Area Address 1 101535 Karachi AHMED SERVICE STATION N/V CF KARACHI EAST DADABHOY NOROJI ROAD AKASHMIR ROAD 2 101536 Karachi CHAND SUPER SERVICE N/V CF KARACHI WEST PSO RETAIL DEALERSST/1-A BLOCK 17F 3 101537 Karachi GLOBAL PETROLEUM SERVICE N/V CF KARACHI EAST PLOT NO. 234SECTOR NO.3, 4 101538 Karachi FAISAL SERVICE STATION N/V CF KARACHI WEST ST 1-A BLOCK 6FEDERAL B AREADISTT K 5 101540 Karachi RAANA GASOLINE N/V CF KARACHI WEST SERVICE STATIONPSO RETAIL DEALERAPWA SCHOOL LIAQA 6 101543 Karachi SHAHGHAZI P/S N/V DFA MALIR SURVEY#81,45/ 46 KM SUPER HIGHWAY 7 101544 Karachi GARDEN PETROL SERVICE N/V CF KARACHI SOUTH OPP FATIMA JINNAHGIRLS HIGH SCHOOLN 8 101545 Karachi RAZA PETROL SERVICE N/V CF KARACHI SOUTH 282/2 LAWRENCE ROADKARACHIDISTT KARACHI-SOUTH 9 101548 Karachi FANCY SERVICE STATION N/V CF KARACHI WEST ST-1A BLOCK 10FEDERAL B AREADISTT KARACHI WEST 10 101550 Karachi SIDDIQI SERVIC STATION S/S DFB KARACHI EAST RASHID MINHAS ROADKARACHIDISTT KARACHI EAST 11 101555 Karachi EASTERN SERIVCE STN N/V DFA KARACHI WEST D-201 SITEDIST KARACHI-WEST 12 101562 Karachi AL-YASIN FILL STN N/V DFA KARACHI WEST ST-1/2 15-A/1 NORTHKAR TOWNSHIP KAR WEST 13 101563 Karachi DUREJI FILLING STATION S/S DFA LASBELA KM-4/5 HUB-DUREJI RDPATHRO HUBLASBE 14 101566 Karachi R C D FILLING STATION N/V DFA LASBELA HUB CHOWKI LASBELADISTT LASBELA 15 101573 Karachi FAROOQ SERVICE CENTRE N/V CF KARACHI WEST N SIDDIQ ALI KHAN ROADCHOWRANGI NO-3NAZIMABADDISTT 16 101577 Karachi METRO SERVICE STATION
    [Show full text]
  • 132Kv Gadap Grid Station and 132Kv Transmission Line Maymar to Gadap Grid Station
    Environmental Impact Assessment of 132kV Gadap Grid Station and 132kV Transmission Line Maymar to Gadap Grid Station Final Report July, 2014 global environmental management services 2nd Floor, Aiwan-e-Sanat, ST-4/2, Sector 23, Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi Ph: (92-21) 35113804-5; Fax: (92-21) 35113806; Email: [email protected] EIA FOR K-ELECTRIC KARACHI, SINDH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report discusses the Environmental and Socio-economic impact assessment of the proposed linked projects for electricity power supply infrastructure. The project consists of addition of 132 kV Grid having capacity of 40MVA at existing 66kV Gadap Grid Station. This power will be served from Maymar Grid Station through Single Circuit Overhead and Underground transmission line. Underground cable will loop out from Maymar Grid Station along the main road till Northern By-Pass Road at an approximate length of 1 km. That point forward, through PLDP, Overhead transmission network will begin and end at the Gadap Grid Station which is about 20 km in length. The project is proposed to fulfill the electricity requirements of the city by improvement of transmission networks. PROPONENT INTRODUCTION K-Electric Limited formerly known as Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited (KESC) is at present the only vertically-integrated power utility in Pakistan that manages the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity to the city of Karachi. The Company covers a vast area of over 6,500 square kilometers and supplies electricity to all the industrial, commercial, agricultural and residential areas that come under its network, comprising over 2.2 million customers in Karachi and in the nearby towns of Dhabeji and Gharo in Sindh and Hub, Uthal, Vindar and Bela in Balochistan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Land of Five Rivers and Sindh by David Ross
    THE LAND OFOFOF THE FIVE RIVERS AND SINDH. BY DAVID ROSS, C.I.E., F.R.G.S. London 1883 Reproduced by: Sani Hussain Panhwar The land of the five rivers and Sindh; Copyright © www.panhwar.com 1 TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE MOST HONORABLE GEORGE FREDERICK SAMUEL MARQUIS OF RIPON, K.G., P.C., G.M.S.I., G.M.I.E., VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, THESE SKETCHES OF THE PUNJAB AND SINDH ARE With His Excellency’s Most Gracious Permission DEDICATED. The land of the five rivers and Sindh; Copyright © www.panhwar.com 2 PREFACE. My object in publishing these “Sketches” is to furnish travelers passing through Sindh and the Punjab with a short historical and descriptive account of the country and places of interest between Karachi, Multan, Lahore, Peshawar, and Delhi. I mainly confine my remarks to the more prominent cities and towns adjoining the railway system. Objects of antiquarian interest and the principal arts and manufactures in the different localities are briefly noticed. I have alluded to the independent adjoining States, and I have added outlines of the routes to Kashmir, the various hill sanitaria, and of the marches which may be made in the interior of the Western Himalayas. In order to give a distinct and definite idea as to the situation of the different localities mentioned, their position with reference to the various railway stations is given as far as possible. The names of the railway stations and principal places described head each article or paragraph, and in the margin are shown the minor places or objects of interest in the vicinity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ca' Foscari and Pakistan Thirty Years of Archaeological Surveys And
    150 Years of Oriental Studies at Ca’ Foscari edited by Laura De Giorgi and Federico Greselin Ca’ Foscari and Pakistan Thirty Years of Archaeological Surveys and Excavations in Sindh and Las Bela (Balochistan) Paolo Biagi (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Abstract This paper regards the research carried out by the Italian Archaeological Mission in Sindh and Las Bela province of Balochistan (Pakistan). Until the mid ’80s the prehistory of the two regions was known mainly from the impressive urban remains of the Bronze Age Indus Civilisation and the Pal- aeolithic assemblages discovered at the top of the limestone terraces that estend south of Rohri in Up- per Sindh. Very little was known of other periods, their radiocarbon chronology, and the Arabian Sea coastal zone. Our knowledge radically changed thanks to the discoveries made during the last three decades by the Italian Archaeological Mission. Thanks to the results achieved in these years, the key role played by the north-western regions of the Indian Subcontinent in prehistory greatly improved. Summary 1 Introduction. – 2 Archaeological Results. – 3 Discussion. – 3.1 The Chert Outcrops. – 3.2 The Late (Upper) Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites. – 3.3 The Shell Middens of Las Bela Coast. – 3.4 The Indus Delta Country. – 4 Conclusion. Keywords Sindh. Las Bela. Indus delta. Prehistoric sites. Radiocarbon chronology. 1 Introduction Due to its location midway between the Iranian uplands, in the west, and the Thar or Great Indian Desert, in the east, the Indus Valley and Sindh have always played a unique role in the prehistory of south Asia, and the Indian Subcontinent in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • PERSIANS, PORTS, and PEPPER the Red Sea Trade in Late Antiquity
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
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Administration of the Local Boards in the Bombay
    1 Reports on the Administration of the Local ~oards in the Bombay Presidency including :sind ior the year 1932--33. GOVERNMENT OF BOl\IBAY. GENERAL DEPARTMENT. · ' · Resolution No. P. 52. \..__ Bombay Castle, 4th April 1934. Read reportS. from the Commissioner in Sind, the Commissioners, Northern Division, -Central Division and Southern Division, on the adminiRtration of Local Boards in their -respective charges during the year 1932--33. · REsoLUTION.-Number of Local Boarils.--The number of Local Boards remained the same. · · _ - 2. ·Area and p:>pulation.-The increase or decrease in the figlires of population of Local Boards in Sind as compared with those of the preceding year is due to rectification of errors by reference to the census report of 1931. 3: Oonstitutwn.-The constitution of the Local Boards remained unchanged. 4. Electwns.-In the Central and Northern Divisions no triennial elections were held during the year under report. The general electionS of all the Boards in Sind and in the Southern Division were held during this year with the results shown in Appendix A.* Interest in the elections varied from district to district and from taluka to ~luka. In some places elections were very keenly contested, while in others they excited little public interest. · In Sind the number of con­ stituencies which were uncontested was large in proportion to the total number _of seats. Of 156 constituencies in .eight District· Boards in only 49 were there contests. -' 5. Meetings.-The Taluka Local Boatds of Shahdadpur, Sinjhoro and Moro in Sind, Igatpuri and Man in the Central Division, Dahanu and Murbad in the Northern Division and Dharwar, Karajgi, Shiggaon and Gadag in Southern Division, failed to comply with the provisions of section 35 (1) of the Bombay Local Boards Act, 1923, as they did not hold the requisite nUll\ber of quarterly general' meetings.
    [Show full text]