C A N AD A D EP A R EN T O F T M M I N ES

I on Loota Coar u s fi rm s . . L ow Dm n l l rarm a. AI . M G E O L O G I C AL S U R V E Y - R. W. B acon. Duncroe.

-o - F - - ” O w b o f

( i m m anent. au ras

T h “Fen d e FL e ges Carboniferous lora of St. John, N ew Brunsw ick

C . Stopes

OTTAWA Govnm m i r Pant-m ac 8 m m 91 4 ns 1 No . ta

e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

CHAPTER “.

Botanical deecriptionof the speciu

CHAPTER I l l

e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e I L L USTRATI ONS.

e . Figura l . Calam ites p

ites Suck wi Bron i rt. Cola-m o , gna

Figure 4 .

Plate IV . h llitee acic awson u ui Asterop y ularis, D ( A. eq

Plato V .

Figure s. ton wson Psilophy elegans, Da n n Annu aria atifo ia awso Kidsto A. Plate VI . l I l (D )

Fi ure 1 1 . g

Fi ure 12 . g

Plate VII .

' Fi tne 1 4 . g a M ni ie Figure 15 . PecOpteri ilto , Art sp

Figure 1 6 .

Figure 1 7.

ris r i a ndi te m a nats wson s. rotu Plate VIII . Sphenop g . Da

i - r n ta awson . di Sphenopteris ma g a . D 8 rotun

folio, Andre)

n v da s . m 1 . e o teris a i awson . ane Plate IX . Figure 2 Sph p l . D p S

- ~ n . no teris v a ida a o . 8 artem Plate . Fi ure 22 . e ws s X g Sph p l , D p é i ieiacfolioidee. Cr p n)

teris va ida awson . Sphenop l . D sp S . attem

li r is s endens awso n . . O goca p pl . D ap O

Fi ure 25 . g — F re 26. Di lotbm erna sub f oatu Plate XI . igu p ur rn, Dawson sp 7 . Fi ures 2 2 29 . c um o Plate XII g , 8, Pe opteris pl ss, Artie

Fi ure 30. Aletbo teris lonchitic Sc heirns g p a, hlot p n Fi ure 1 . et i Plate XIII . g 3 Al hopteris lo chit ca, Schlotheim sp “ " n - F 32 . Fra m e ns igures , 33 g ts of discsspa type of Ale

e e e e e e e e e e e e

Figure 34 . Meg alopteris Dawsoni. H artt

Neuro n . teris Plate XIV p heteropbylla , Bro gniart N

p olym orphzi , Dawson)

Plate x v . Figure 36 . - Neuro teris Selw i awson N . Sc b ni p yn. D hle s , Stur?)

Fig ure 38. sin e innu e of euro teris Dawson A gl p l N p eriana . sp clo N Neuroptena sp. Cy pteris( ephropteris) v aria. Dawson)

Plate XVI .

e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

at . Rhaco teria Bussea tur Pl e XVII p na, S C v n yclopteria aria. Dawso is F 45. Pte rmost us b urc us S . igure r pe rob if at topee. T e . 1 59 , yp

i 6 Pl ate XVII I . F gure 4 .

Dicrauophyll um glabrum , Dawsonsp

e Plat XIX . n Cardiocarpo Cram pu. H artt

Figure 50. Cordaites Robbii C . borassil olius?) 161

nci is m ato . Cordaites ri a Ger r s Pl XX p p l . a p

F re . s s igu 52 s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

i u . Co i ate . F 53 rdaites rinc is Ge rm Pl XXI g re p pal , s: sp

F 54 . C nhus de nic igure ordaia t vo us. Dawsonsp Co nthus devonic wsons rdaia us, Da p .

Fi . oc r n gure 56 Cardi a po cornutum Dawson, and Neurop

e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

a . Cordaianthus devoni Pl te XXII cus, Dawsonsp 9 M en r ed 5 . la g seeds of Cardiocarponcorn

g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g

i ur 60 . Cardioc r oncornut w aie . F e um a son. Pl XXIII g ap , D v i

’ sons dw as han riting type ol Peoopteria preciosa.

Fi ure 62. ardb cu oncornutum wson g p p . Da

Fi ure 61 as g

Originsl ol apecimen figured by Dawson as

Plate XXV . ’ - Fi ure 67. Drawin ol e s ecimw ol S oran ites n g g p p g acum i

n Neuropteris beterophylla, Bro gniart

Neuropteris eriana, Dawson

ris us e Rhacopte B s sna, Stur

Pterispm ostrobus bifurcatus, sp. nov

ncornu wson Cardioesrpo tum , Da TH E “FERN L EDGES CARB NI ER RA F O FOU S FLO O ST . JOHN ,

NEW BRUNSWI CK .

CH APT ER I .

I NTR ODUCTION .

“ T he fossil plants of the St . John FernL edges inthe L ittle River group occupy a unique positioninthe annals of palaeon h e tology ow ing to t e ext nsive, and som etim es heated discus sionthey have aroused ever since(so long ago as 1 861 ) Sir William Dawsonbeganto describe them as representatives of a Devonian flora. Sir William Dawson from tim e to tim e nam ed and illus trated the m ajority of the species described from the beds ( see ‘ 6 1 Dawson 1 8 1 , 1 862 , 1 863 , 1 87 , 1 881 , At this ear ly date com paratively few figures of European and other Am erican w P alaeoz oic fossil plants ere available for his use, and so it is not surprising that Sir William m ade new species from m ost of n n the specim ens. As a co seque ce, j udging to d ay by the list ri he a it o e e es e of species desc bed from t loc l y , n rec iv th im pression tt e er or is an is e and that the L i l Riv fl a olat d a peculiar one. Whether this im pressionrem ains after anim partial exam ination of the a s can e er e e e at the n us on the resen f ct , b tt b d cid d co cl i of p t paper . — en e r . ew ld ri d I n quite rec t y ars, D Matth an o f en and colleague of Sir William D anson— has beenpublishing revisions and additions to this interesting flora, and latterly he has

‘ ’ The date following the author s nam e is a sufi cient kev to enable the reader to find the com eta bib liogra p ic reference i nthe list of papers q uoted at the end of the wor h 2 m aintained that the plants are of Silurian ago. Could this clai m he substantiated it would m ake this fossil flora of unpetal are i r n leled interest, for not only S lu ianpla ts extrem ely rare, but those that hav e com e to hand have all beenof a very frag m entary and unsatisfactory nature, so that palaeontologists have

' but little reliable inform ationabout the plants of that epoch . e n s e e I t is not, how ever, only to pala o tologi ts that th qu stion r i of the age of these beds is a c itical one. L ocal strat graphy is e a e ades r m ens n w r still undeterm ind , fter d c of a gu t a d o k inthe

field . s e nere e Nothwithstanding thi doubl i t st in the b ds, there still is wanting a m onograph onthe plants them selves - a m ono graph with m odern illustrations which shall disentangle the r t se un ues n L ittle River plants f om ho of q tioned Devo ian age, and illustrate the various form s in such a m anner that any er the w r palaeobotanist inw hatev part of o ld he lives, m ay be f ina positionto j udge the facts or him self . The feeling prevails am ong palaeobotanists ingeneral that n er i ri inhis paper on Devonian a d U pp S lu anFlora, Dawson r described tw o quite distinct flo as, though in his m onograph s they are inextricably m ixed . Tri feeling is correct, and of ’ D ewsons specim ens one set represents a tr ue Devoni anflora r w ose of the a ts r e S and the othe as com p d pl n f om th t. John

L ittle River group .

99 . Whitcav es inhis ddr W i So long ago as 1 8 , Dr a ess( h teav es, i n s n in 1 899 , p . 21 6) quoted Dr . K dsto as ayi g anunpublished r n the w r nthe report a thorough evisio of o k (o St . John. flora) especially in the light of subsequent collections and possible is er m re er e reser ed s e m ens seem s m s d cov y of o p f ctly p v p ci , o ”t et er series fi re desirable, and also that a b t of gu s be published . r a w e I s a not m t t I nthe p esent p per , hil h ll o i m enionof the b ec t r geological bearing of the su j , f om tim e to tim e, I am , as a n n e palaeobotanist , subm itting a accou t of th fossil flora of the “ " L ittle River or FernL edg es beds of St . John. I t should be noticed further that the present w ork is definitely and deliber “ ” n e r ately confined to a account of th Fern L edges flo a, and, t w n t is he n e beyond casual m enion, it ill o d cuss t questio of th identity of these beds with others (those of H ortonand Rivers

dale, for exam ple) , though it should here be pointed out that 3

' it seem s evident from other workers reports that the Riversdale

resen he sam e e a a e. T he beds probably rep t t g ologic l g St . John th er e an d beds are by far e rich pala obot ically , an from them a e st fine fossil flora is availabl for udy . I t need scarcely be i an r m as an t stated now that the fossl pl ts f o G pe d o her places, er he S w hich w ere described togeth w ith t t. Johnplants inSir ’ e r not en e n William Dawsons m m oir, a e m tiond i m y present u e are un u e e nan report , beca se th y do bt dly D vo i , and represent e s anentirely distinct d po it .

SH ORT H I STORI CAL NOTES ON P RE VI OUS WORK H B DS ON TH E ST . JO N E .

T he controversial subject of the age of these deposits has been brought before the public on so m any occasions that I nt the is r the w r one shall not enter too fully i o h to y of o k d onthem . A com paratively recent and adm irable paper by White ( 1 902) gives a very readable sum m ary of the state of affairs up till that r ew nse e e enD . a has i r a s tim e. Since th M tth v al pl c urged the claim s of the plants to be considered Silurian, a claim so startling o sts the resen w r resu to palaeontol gi that p t o k lted , as a definite s h e ene u attem pt to ift all t e vid c thoro ghly and im partially .

f had een ser e Dr . esn r A ew plants b ob v d by G e , Dr . Robb, n bu e and others inthe St . Joh beds, t th y w ere not m ade use of “ and the FernL edges flora m ay be said to have beendiscovered 1 shortly prior to 861 by Mr. G . F. Matthew and Prof. H artt (see ' H artt s L ife by Rathbun, 1 878) who sent their plants to Sir f r e n William Daw son o id ntificatio and desc ription. All the ’ inform ation given in Dawsons earlier work cam e either from e r e H artt, who studi d the beds elabo at ly as can be seen from h the h e is detailed account of sectionof t e F rnL edges, published ’ l e I - in Bai y s report ( see I artt, 1 865) and re printed alm ost ’ v erbasim inSir . awsons a ian e 2nd W D Ac d G ology , Edition, or “ am e r m Dr . a ew . I n1 861 . 1 2 c f o M tth , (p 6 ) Dawsonwrote, of n the pla ts described in this paper, only a few have beendis e covered by m yself . Th greater part are from the c”ollection . n r . . a ew . of M G F M tth of St Joh , New Brunsw ick . H artt lanne a m n ra onthe p d o og ph flora him self (see H artt, 1 865, p . “ f r he s I is m n 133) o say , t y inte tion, after having m ade y et m ore are ul e am na ns the c f x i tio of rocks of the Little River Group, to describe and fi ure them in a Mono ra h of the Fiora g g p and auna the e nan P F of D vo i eriod inthe vicinity of Saint John, c a er e " whi h p p I hop are long to have ready for publication. T s a er ne er hi p p v appeared , but it is, probably, inm anuscript, the source of several quotations from H artt in the works of aw n D so which I found it im possibl e to locate. At about this

im e Mr . now t ( Dr.) G . F. Matthew, who had beenworking for s m e nth o tim e o e beds, published a paper onthe relations of the Li e r ttl Rive group to the rocks inthe vicinity of St. John a e (M tth w, Thus, sent by Hartt and Matthew, the plants from the FernLedges went to Sir William Dawsonat the im e he w t as studying the Perry , Gaspe, and New York

plants which are undoubtedly Devonian. H e put all these collec ns e e tio tog th r and described them as of a single period , and so his on c fusionwas not readily detected , for, am ong the plants i nhis DevonianFlora are a num ber that truly are Devonian. But w n these ere ot from St . John. That at first, at any rate, he w as him self a little uneasy about som e of the St . Johnplants is clear from several rem arks he m akes after his identifications of

s es. 1 h peci Though by 1862 vol . 8, p . 303) e said “ e n h n s Th e a . re r D vo ian ge . (of t e St Joh beds) I ga d as establi h ed e r ss s a enin onne n the un n rm a e by th i fo il , t k c xio with co fo b”l super-position of the Low er Carboniferous conglom erate ; and though his suspicions w ere lulled into allowing him to say “ he n ser n he T fossiliferous portion of the .St. Joh ies prese ts t

richest local flora of the Devonianperiod ever discovered . I t f e r ar xcels, in num ber of genera and species, the L owe Car nife m bo rous flora as it exists inBritish Am erica, and is co par

- able with that of the Middle Coal m easures, from which , how

ever , it differs very rem arkably in the relative developm ent of ' di eren n fi t genera, as well as in the species represe ting those “ genera y et a page or two onhe writes Calom iles cannaeform is B rongniart. T his species, presenting the characters which it

- not e ts h e . it has xhibi int e coal m easures, occurs inthe l dges . , e er I believe, beenfound previously inrocks older thanth Low ” “ ' usi r n Carboniferous. Againhe says, SphenoptsrssH om i ngho , B o e a r gniart. One of the ferns from th slates near St . John ppea s to ni i theL er be ide t cal with the above spec es, w hich belongs to ow 5

’ o t Carboniferous of Europe. P cc p m s deeum as sp. nov . ’ ' ’ ’ es This Fernso closely r em bles P ecoptsrts Scrli s and P . loaclutica that 1 should have beendisposed to refer it to one or other of these species see p. 47following , for notes about thecharacters onwhich he separates it . It is needless to m ultiply quotations from rem arks of the kind, one m ore will sufli ce, from the 1871 “ m onograph , page 51 , where Dawson says, I n the species of n Nm optem , the Devonianflora approaches very early to that of the Carboniferous, several of the species being closely allied " e to com m on, coal form ation ferns. But h does not notice

the . that al l the species of Neuropteris are from St Johnbeds, and none from the Gaspe or Perry beds (w hich we now know to e ne e be true Devonian) , a circum stanc that alo would serv to e put a m odernpalaeobotanist onhis guard about th St . John

As carly ss 1866 Geinits pointed outthat the insects desc ribed by Scudder as Devonianwere onthe sam e slab as a fram ent ’ “ of P ecoptens plumosa ; he said welches Vorkom m en dafil r s re endil rfte ass eser e er der e n en rm a n p ch , d di Schi f St”i kohl fo tio selbst, nicht der Dev onform ation, angehhrt. But the contro v ersy did not take a serious aspect till thirty years later w hen n e u . d Mr . H . e er on inth C a adianS rvey , Dr R . W . Ella an Fl tch ne r u er the o hand , and Dr . Am i onthe othe , p blished sev al articles invarious journals (see literature at end of this paper) ’ ' e re i h f r 1 h and m ad ports nt e Survey Reports o 897, 98, 99 . T e ' subject w as treated in Whiteav es ( 1899) Vice- presidential

address to the Am erican Associationof Science, and m ention

m ade of a report on the plants sent by D r . Kidston to the

a an w e e inion M r. i Can di Survey , as ll as of th op of David Wh te n hi n n. i v of Washi gto Quot g from this report,W tea es ( 1899 p . 2 16) ’ he gives t follow ing abstracts of Dr . R . Kidsto ns opinions “ - the questionof the age of the Riversdale series is inseparably connected with the question”of the age of the plant beds of he es n St. John, New Brunswick . T speci co tained in the

Riversdale series ar e also m et w ith inthe St . Johnplant beds ”, w ere w e er a ea er e s e n h , ho v , gr t num b r of p cies has bee discovered . “ I not w s e re ews a h do i h to xp ss m y vi as to the ge of t e St . John e s t r n r w e n plant b d oo st o gly , but f om hat 1 hav bee able to learn from A study of the literature of the subject and anexam ination 6

these i of specim ens from beds, t appcars to me that thsy possess a flora of a m uch hi her horisonthanthat assi ned to thsm snd g g , ” e are t r a that inreality th y m os p ob bly Upper Carboniferous. “ e e be em I t m ust , how v r, rem bered that since Sir William

h w r e - Dawson wrote is o k on th Pro Carboniferous flora, very m uch has beendone inEurope to work out the sones of the Coal e Measure flow , and car ful and accurate figures have been published .ich did not exist at the tim e he was carrying out " his investigations. “ A thorough revisionof the work , especially inthe light of subsequent collections and possible discovery of m ore perfectly reser e s e m ens seem s m s es ra e and a so a a p v d p ci o t d”i bl , l th t ’ better series of figures be published . Kidstcns report is again

e the e see . q uoted inth Sum m ary Report of Surv y ( 0 M , Dawson, “ r and the opinionof M . David White is also given. That the plant bearing beds near St . John, N .B . , are not Middle re us eensu se b Devonianas had p vio ly b ppo d , ut Carboniferous, and that they are the exact equivalent of the Riversdale series " of Nova Scotia. (p . 202A) . n he I n1899 inhis accou t of t Coal Flora of Missouri , David “ 1 s u es ur se er e White says (p . 29) My t di , d ing v al y ars, of the

floras of the Devonianand Carboniferous, particularly the fossil e e ser e so e re a plants of th Pottsvill ies, rev al clos a l tionship and so great a proportionof identical species at once inthe latter

“ ' " n n e es a u . n New series a d inthe f . l dg bo t St Joh , Brunswick , the only locality of supposed Devonianage at w hich - Mega p fo e e n r r teri e has been und, as to l av o oom fo doubt as to the n ts n r the . an . On he Carbo ife ous age of St Joh pl t other hand, representatives of other characteristically Carboniferous genera n r he t St. s Neu teri s so com m onint beds a Joh , uch as op , Alcthop ' ' s t s w fans, Odontopten , and P ecop eri , hich m ake the flora of that locality so unique and unparalleled am ong the floras of other e nan a es a e ne er een s ere at an er D vo i loc liti ”, h v v b di cov d y oth D e e w vonianlocality . T his vi w as further expressed in 1 900, his account of the Pottsville flora inw hic”h he finds so m uch " . ncom m onwith the St . John FernLedges plants. er Anem phatic article by M r . Fletch ( 1900, p . 235) followed

“ ‘ e h e r this , and again p t d t e vi ws of the st atigraphers as

a. Re h n exem plified by hii . and Dr . Ell garding is co clusions one should notice, as does Mr. White ( 1902 , p . that the region under discuu ion is highly folded , m etam orphic, and e extensively cover d by drift and forest . Reference should be m ade to the paper inScience by Mr. White ( 1902 , p . 232) where anadm irable short sum mary of the whole controv ersy will he ’ s e w st e found . Dr . Am i evid nce, hi rongly supported th ’ is u e in palaeobotanist s conclusions, q ot d another section of t he present paper ( see p . The work of Sm ith and White ( 1905) onthe Perry basinfurther assisted inclearing up som e of the confusioninw hich the Devonianand supposed Devonian beds had got, but in 1906 Dr . G . F. Matthew started to revise the ra the Fern e es nd u ne m re s n flo of L dg , a took p o c o the po itio that the flora was Devonian. A series of papers by him followed , to which references is frequently m ade in the course of the present work . Then, in 19 10, he published a paper on the

' - geolo fcal age of the L ittle Rive; group . I n hand writing he e n corrected his papers before sending th m to m e, changi g “ ”“ " h Devonian to Silurian, and inhis paper inthe Bulletinof t e e et e N w Brunswick Natural H istory Soci y (Matthew , h e lists all the Little River or Fern Ledg s flora as Silurian. “ I n1908 inhis Revue des Travaux de Paleontologie Végé ” ’ e . 4 r iew e tale M . Zeill r ( 1908 , p 3 5) ev ing Matth w s 1906 papers “ i u res orm es . s nt s érem said , Les a t f ( o ) nguli ent voisins de ” “ certains de leurs congénércs houillers (p . Onas peut q ue souhaiter de voir des recherches sérieuses se poursuivre ’ tant sur la flore q ue sur la faune de ces couches d fige ainsi con r r t o t oversé, leu a tribution eu Dév nienm oyen cadrant m al il ” , au le r nnaltre e le a es neral do flor f t eco , av c f ci ge la e.

r. te in e er en e i M Whi a l tt to Sci c (Wh te, 19 1 1) protested ' n . t ew s n us ns agai against Dr Ma th co cl io , and reviewed the data inhi s a er acin the ernLe e ra in h p p pl g F dg s flo t e Silurian. The m ost recent published expression of opinion is that Jonm ans 191 1 inhis m r an re s of g ( ) i po t t vi ionof the Calam ites, “ w ere he n . 4 h says ina foot ote to p 37 , Matthew rechnet diese

ra sum e n. Sic ist e re n Kar Flo D vo j doch i bonisch .

As I am n u m co cl ding y present work, I learnby letter from o nié e er adem e Prof . P to of th B g Ak i , Berlin, that he saw the “ McGill Un ers ec ns m e iv ity coll tio o years ago, and that schon die sine gewiss carbonischss Alter hat.

TH E PLANT-CONTAINING BEDS— TH EIR CH ARAC

TER, DISTRIBUTION,

“ ” The classic locality for the L ittle River Fern Ledges fossil l ‘ p ants of S . John, is the point onthe shore betweenhlgh and low water at L ancaster , a mils west of the suburb of Carleton by St . John, New Brunswick. The same strata are repeated the along shore to Duck cove, where I fonnd the m ost proliflc “ " e w b ds no to lie, for the original sections at the FernL edges both are l early worksd out, and have beencovered to a con siderable extent by the drlfting sand and gravel of the shore. r The sam e series also outcrops to the east of St. Johnha bour where som e plants are to be found if they are carefully sought for, but the extent of alterationinthe shales is m uch greater ere h , and the fossils are seldom sufficiently well preserved to r he fi . epay col lection, except m erely for identificationint eld Further west, the beds are reported inland, outcropping sgain at s e e su a Mu quash harbour , thence running across th p nin l to Lepreau harbour w here they outcrop onthe southeasternbead land b r of the har our . Along the shore here, fossil plants a e to be bu found, t these specim ens also have but little value beyond One indicating the identity of the beds inwhich they occur . m ay take it that practically all the plants of im portance to the “ ” pd aeobotanist originated from the Fern L edges section of ar n e ur er C leto , or from one of the num erous beds a littl f th n u ( 1 to 1 36 m iles) round the coast tow ard , and j ust beyo d , D ck

‘ ’ 51 Sir William Dawson in his Acadian Geology, page 6, quotes the detailed account of the Fern L edges section from ’ Dr . Prof . H artt s work (see H artt , 1866) and quite recently Matthew has added to t his som e observations of his ownand h a ur e anada see of Mr . W . J . Wilson, of t e Geologic l S v y of C ( r ew a so in his Matthew , 1906, p . 101 et. D . Matth l , paper discussing the geological age oi the L ittle River group the n ins a ( Matthew , I OI OC, p . 68) states that o ly two bas th t canwithout questionhe referred to the Little River beds. are: “ the first which has for its centre the outer harbour of St. John, the se”cond extends from Musquash H arbour to Lepreau H ar car nce liks bour . The beds at l c preau are in gcneral app a

an . See l n l 910 those of St. John, and yield identical pl ts ( Wi so . , ers ser a n p . This was confirm ed also by m y p onal ob v tio , c ene so that inspeaking of the whole basinI shall , for onveni c “ ” e erm em the FernLed e series. sak , t th g s The FernLedges series consists of alternations of sandstones e san nes few and shalcs. I nthe com pact . heavy gr y dsto , only s fossils, and these principally fragm ents of woody tum ps. are to re or e be found . I nthe num erous beds of fine g y blackish shal , is c ns era a ere which is lam inated , and inmany places o id bly lt d , a ss be a o rich flora of debris occurs . Undue stress h enl id n the slaty aspect of this shale by the stratigraphers ( see flora urs Matthew , 1910 C) . The Fern Ledges occ in us these m ore or less altered shades, in vario beds ranging ee i c ess from a couple of inches to a couple of f t in th kn . ' ' en Mr. Hartt s description, whencom bined with Matthew s rec t t additions to the details of this sec ion, gives an exhaustive r e record of a series of these beds, and the plants they espectiv ly ” contain. I am greatly indebted to Dr . G. F . Matthew for o e n n c m ing with m e ontwo excursions n ar St. Johnand poi ti g

r e n. out the featu es of interest and recalling d lightful rem inisce es, and also for giving m e local inform ation about further excur in sions the neighbourhood . I n he w e er n a t course of m y field work, ho v , I fou d th t , as a e r r collecting ground , th original section w as p actically w o ked r e out. M r . McI ntosh, the cu ator of th Natural H istory

use m . M u , St John, very kindly showed m e a bed a little further on at e in l Duck cov w hich he had found rich p ant fossils. T is r h h fo m ed t e centre of m y work, and extending m y field of era ns r m the n op tio f o it to beds , at, and just beyo d Duck cove I s en m m e - p t uch ti collecting, and found e. series of plant con nn tai i g bands far m ore num erous thanthose reported by Prof . H or artt Dr . Matthew . The beds here dip at an angle of ° a 30 are us con enen for w r i n bout to and th v i t o k g on, while e are e th y w ll raised above the tide, and thus are superior to the 1 0

’ ori inal ern e r g F L dges f om the collector s point of view . There are se era m n r u s in h v l i o fa lt these beds, w hich tend to repeat t e ser es e i , but venallowing for this there cannot be less than20

an s an- b d of pl t containing shales, of various thicknesses , m ost em n n of th co taini g a great variety of plants. At the m e co m encem ent of m y w ork, guided by the publish d a uns the e t cco t of F rn Ledge section, I had anticipated , or, a eas f r l t, hoped o , evidence that these various bands represented nes in a w er zo geological sense . It soonbecam e evident , ho ev , a is not h s e a th t this t e case. It is, of course, not im pos ibl th t extensive and careful w ork over the whole outcrop m ay reveal e n e m em bl i en is e a ra e d fi it ages na definite sequ ce, but that l bo t and tim e consum ing w ork which m ust be left for som e future

en sias . At ec e thu t present , I m ay state that the fossils I coll t d at ern e es so r u e F L dg itself and along the coast , were dist ib t d as to give no encouragem ent to the idea that the various bands re resene e ee h e a l s p t d tru zones. Nor ind d do t e d t i s of thi sectiongivenby H artt w hentheir contents is looked into (see p . 1 16

The general appearance of the fine shale bands alterna n th e r a ti g with e sandstones, is that of a deltaic d posit , p ob bly a the r m t m outh of a great river or at its entry into a lake, o it ig ht be, the bend of a lag oon(the rem arkable lack of m arine fossils inthe neighbourhood renders som e such view very probable) . T he deposit appears to have collected rapidly (geologically er speaking) probably in a sheltered lagoon or w ide riv , and w as not m ixed w ith the coarse and current- bedded m a er erences in the t ial of an ex posed shore . The diff species of the plants brought dow nfrom tim e to tim e in the current of the river canbe readily accounted for by slight changes inthe e in f eren ar s course of the water , or by flood fi ects di f t p t its rse w We a e in the ern of cou . (See p. 1 18 follo ing) . h v F d one Ledge flora the rem ains of the inland flora of the period , an which had travelled down stream as debris for som e distancs e re e n en r re na ura a s m e b fo b i g tom bed . It is, the efo , t l th t o es re n era e tim es one, and som etim es another speci should p po d t in the various beds now appear ing in consecutive order ; but ca for the sequence of these plant rem ains depended on lo l , e in ca n tuitous accid nts, and do not appear to be an di tio of appreciable differences of geological tim e.

I 2

s e object is im partially represented . I wi h , th refore, to m ake a definite stand against the practice, and prefer to publish photo graphs which are entirely untouched . I m ay here take the h opportunity of thanking M r . Ardley of t e McGill University Museum for his kindness in taking the two photos of Alsthop teris onpl . X11 and XIII, and of acknowledging the care and skill

w c . he hi h Mr . H G. H erring , of t British Museum , devoted to the ffi di cult task of photographing all the other specim ens illustrated .

MA E I A SED FOR TH E RESEN K . T R L U P T WOR

' The m ajority of Sir William Dawsons types are now inthe

M cGill University collection. On two occasions in Montreal , ex t I am ined he collections there, and have had the im m ense advantage of having nearly all the St. Johnspecim ens lent to r m e inLondon, where I could wo k with all the various specim ens o e from difi erent collections beside m e t gether . T o th Deanof the Science Faculty and the Governors of McGill University, I am greatly indebted for this inestim able assistance in m y w r e o k . I am thus not only able to giv photographs of m ost h has een b e of t e actual types, but it b possi le to study at l ngth ’ e Sir William Dawsons m aterial , and to place his specim ens sid by side with the Europeanones w ith w hich I have com pared a ser ce in ar s— e er them . This was of speci l vi P i w h re I took ov h the m ore debatable types for consultationwith M . Zeiller , t e

e e w m distinguish d palaeobotanist of the Ecol des Mines, to ho I am deeply indebted for help and for his rem arkable kindness w hile I w as inParis studying the specim ens inhis collections .

I nthe St. John Natural H istory Museum there is also a h valuable collectionof St. Johnplants, including several of t e n Si n ntosh specim ens worked o by r William Dawso . Mr . M cI ,

- the curator of the Museum of the Natural H istory Society , gave m e every facility for seeing the specim ens inhis keeping e n o e w hil I w as inSt. John, a d also lent m e a num ber of the m r interesting and im portant to bring to Londonfor m y com para tive study . Several of these specim ens are figured in the present paper , and for their use I am also greatly indebted . I nSt. Johnalso , Dr . Matthew kindly showed m e as m uch of his collectionas w as available. H e w as kindness itself, and 1 3

t w n on placed all he could a m y disposal , as ell as goi g with m e two excursions inthe neighbourhood . I nthe Geological Depart u r he m ent of the British Muse m , w here I wo ked out t results, a there are several sm all collections of St. Johnplants which h d beensent by Sir William Dawsonfrom tim e to tim e. Am ong these are som e of his m issing types, w hich are photographed in e the present paper. Th re is also a larger collectionof St. John w plants m ade by Mr . Wilson. Of all these I was allo ed to m ake full use, and I am greatly indebted to Dr . Sm ith Wood f the for ward, the keeper o Geological Departm ent, not only this, but for perm issionto use the work room for the housing and study of all the borrowed collections, as well as for m any personal kindnesses and help inobtaining books for the Mus ~um r r w w re f Lib a y hich e wanted or m y work.

While I had beeninOttawa the preceding winter, I had S e seen the Geological urv y collection m ade by M Wilson. From this the Director kindly allowed m e to have inLondon the specim ens I required for study . I nadditionto these collections now inthe various m useum s rs nam ed, I collected pe onally inthe field inthe sum m er of 1 91 1 , and gained a general know ledge of the distributionof the fossils i he s nt bed , as w ell as a num ber of specim ens which also cam e to London. Therefore, I have beenprivileged to have oppor tanitics and m aterial for com parative study of these plants w hich have not been available for any of the other writers on the su ec a d is w n ese ex ce na ac es ff rded bj t , nit o i g to th ptio l f iliti a o m e that I feel som e confi dence in the general results of th e r present w o k . CH APTER I I . AN CAL ESCRI P T ON F BOT I D I O THE SPECI ES .

I nthe following account m any literary and nom enclatorial references are given, all indeed which it is thought could be r necessary to any one wo king onthe subj ect . But as so m any volum inous and exhaustive m onographs have been published e er r h r onth Carbonif ous flora f om all pants of t e wo ld, I thought it needless to expand the present work by m aking reference to ev ery single entry inthe enorm ous literature on the Carbon iferous relating to those species of the St. Johnbeds w hich are already w ell known from other parts of the world . I n such cases I give a reference to standard works w here com pletesy nony m ies are to be found . Neither have I added the references to ’ places where the m ere nam es of Dawsons species have been quoted , as, for instance, frequently by Schim per in his text ' book , and Kidstoninthe British Museum Cate I e of Palaeo ’ ' e . n cr c l oic plants, wh re Dawsons nam es a , te un iti ally accepted . s o n h My object is to h rte t e present work as m uch as possible, without om itting anything really usel ui .

G nus A e C LAMIT ES, Sue/cow .

T nt ‘ 1 7 . Calawi mes Suckow H ist com 84 m e . Aca . elect. P , , d heodoro alatinae, 70 l 5 “355 ‘

e r - e o u Larg , t ee lik f rm s of Eq isetum like appearance . T he casts and im pressions of the stem s w ith their alternating ribs e n the es rec n ar am e and es n wn oss s. For o g old t og iz d b t k o f il anaccount he enus see n s of t g , Jo gm an , 191 1 , p . 42 et seq . , and

1 . Kidston, 1 9 1 , p . 93, et seq The nerna ana m s em s r s ea es and c nes is i t l to y of t”, oot , l v , o ’ “ now known, see Scott s Studies for reference to the im portant w r s nthe re he u o k o structu of t gro p .

' T i ook no inthe ri is t tish useum so uo m . B M , and I q te fro Dr Kidston, 1 1 1 hgab 9 0 P 15

Cam rr ns Sucx ow r, Brow niart.

Plate u, figure 2 .

t. fen , p. 1 24, plate XI V ,

urn. l. . om . Jo Geo Soc ,

B n ro gniart, Dawson, Acadian Geology . 20d

47, 48. C Soc. anada,

his in ee of the parts inthe case of the three datea ' u abo t w M . Zeiller is ubtfuL m ay be useful .

Volum e 1

Bee. b eol . Soc. n 1 6 . y G L o . Jan, 1832 .

Rec. b Geol . Soc . L on. 27Feb 1 833 . y b Rec . eol Soc. Lon 14 J n. 1 y G a , 834 .

a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

o o o o o o o o o o o 16

So m een r en uch has b w itt by m any authors (see Seward,

1 898 . 374 for re eren e to the , p f c work of Kidston, Zeil ler, and others) onthese difi cult and poorly preserved species of Calam im that it w ill serve no useful purpose for m e to elaborate the m a er m re r l ar as inthe re en r tt ; o pa ticu ly c t wo k by Dr. Jongm ans ( 191 1) we have anadm irable and exhaustive treatm ent of the r h whole g oup of t e Calamites. Of the species cannaefom is as a “ ‘ ’ e Jonm ans 191 1 . 1 76 r e ese n whol g ( p ) w it s Di Art ist . . v o Schlotheim sehr schlecht karakteriaiert es nicht au ent e enist was Sc e sch id , hloth im darunter verstandenhat, und dass die E em are e e B x pl , w lch rongniart dasu rechnet , fast alle schlecht er a en n er su an eren es er definierten rm en h lt si d od ”d , b s Fo e g bracht w erden kOnnen. After further illustrating the — “ unsatisfactory nature of the s pecies he continues I ch glaube, es e a am n dass d sh lb beste ist , such 0 . cannaeform is aus der ‘ ’ Liste der Arten z u streichenod”er wenigstens keine Exem plare m e hr als solchen z u bestim m en. The specim endescribed in1 871 by Sir William Dawsonas

C. n ca naeform is is No. 3336 inthe McGill U niversity collection

(see fig . 2, pl . II of the present paper) . It is the best specim m h of this type that I have seeninthe St. Johnbeds, and shows t e

e . en charact rs of C Suckowi (see Jongm ans, 1 91 1 , p . 165) well ough e ent re n r a to m ak the id ification liable. Dawso ecognised th t h this plant w as t e sam e as the Carboniferous form s, for he wrote “ I have exam ined a num ber of additional specim ens representing m h this species, fro t e Devonianof New Brunswick , but cannot find any characters separating it from the specim ens found in ” n the Carboniferous . Recently Dr . Matthew has go e into the subject of these specim ens with great care, and he records series of detailed m easurem ents (Matthew , 1 906, pp . and a com parisons with Carboniferous form s from Joggins , Nov n en h r in Scotia. H e finds that in odes of the sam e l gth t e ibs “ the latter are som ew hat narrower , but he concludes that the planof structure of these stem s, so wi dely difi ereat in age, is sim ilar. e nn I nsom e bands of shale at Duck cove, ther are i um erable “ " specim ens of Calamites of this and other species. They generally occur together and are less com m only m ingled with 17

CALAI I I TES sp.

Plate 1 , figure 1 ; Plate 111 , figure 3.

m ites transitionis wson Cala , Da , Canad . Nat vol . 6, p. 1 68, cut fig . 5 (sam e as n m te transitionis Geo e awso r . o . l . ala i s , pp rt, D , Qua t J urn Geo Soc. ,

'

Ge ert awso c . Ed 1 2 opp , D A adian Geol . , (Th1s 1s the eam e cut ss 1nGeol Hist pl fig

called C . radiatus ) ca m u p 1 n l

g Sl hir eol. San Re 1. 1{ i pg G ' w n y ala m ites a so eol . H ist. 77 fi ig rom C radiatus. D , G p , Z a 1

Ed. sam e cut as T b serobiculoides M thew rans. Asteroca m ites . at , Roy . Soc., ser . 2, io1 12 1 1 pl 1 fi Mgtthew Trans. Soc. . o eazzmse 15» . , Roy . , ser 2, v l . 1 2,

pl . 11

ala h culoides t hew u N t. Asteroe mites sa o i , M a t , B ll . a Hist . Soc , New

6 . 247. Brunswi ck, vol , p

the resen r r s I nplate 111 fig . 3 of p t pape , is illust ated a peci re n 1 1 m en sim il ar to that figu d by Dawso , 87 , pl . IV fig . 4 1 , he M cGill U n ers l e n w hich is now in t iv ity co l ctio , No. 3335 .

e sam e c n No. 9 Another specim eninth ollectio , 333 , is ona m uch “

is is s nin . 1 . th resen larger scale. Th how fig pl I of e p t paper. n It does not appear to have bee illustrated before, and bears a “ ” n r . a n label Calam ites radiatus, do o Sir W D wso . They both show clearly insom e parts the w ay the ribs appear to runstraight rad s w n through the node. C. iatu as evide tly the nam e adopted w n er his c ie a ns n by Sir W. Da so aft h f public tio o these fossil “ an h d a eare and a nam e a i e inhis Ge c pl ts a pp ”d, th t is ppl d ologi al s o n the sam e . 7 as w H i t ry of Pla ts to block (p 7) as called C . “ transi tioni s in AcadianGeology , p . 537, fig . 1 86, and inwhich the ribs are shown as running straight from node to node, and not alternating as is the case in Calam i tes. Were it possible s a the r s ran n s w a in fully to establi h th t ib i thi y these pl ants, it t ' woul d indi cate hat the plant is Asteroealam ites scrobta datus, 20 Schlotheim ( see Schlotheim 1 8 , p . 402 , pl . XX fig . The w w specim ens, ho ever, fail to sho this im portant character con elusively , though , as figures 1 and 3 show, there is at first sight c es e ew w n m u h to sugg t th vi that e are deali g with A. m atricul atus. If the ribs be follow ed carefully through the nodes it will be seen a m e a erna e and m e a e n th t so lt t so pp ar to ru straight .

Dr . Jo m w the ng ans, who sa specim ens.was em phatic against their 18

ro inclusioninA. ae bi culatus and infavor of distortionand crush n s i g as the explanationof the apparent positionof the rib ; and, as he has recently com pleted anexhaustive com parative study See ns 1 of the group ( Jongm a . 191 , p. 34) his authority carries

w . r . w 1 12 he great eight D Matthe ( 1906, p . ) recognises t like am se uses to Aslerocal ites, but parates the St. Johnplants under

' s the slightly changed nam e scrobicul otde . The evidence from the St. Johnspecim ens is still too scanty and im perfect to form h r s e ‘ t e basis fo a pecific det rm ination.

Cones or Cam u m ns .

' C am osr acar s sp.

Plate 111 , figure 4 .

re r fi As the is a em arkable scarcity of cones inthis ora, I thought it w orth illustrating the small Calam ite cones inthe e St. John Natural H istory Museum collections kindly l nt m e e h for the purpose. The specim nis slightly sm aller thant e cone of which Dr. Matthew ( 1906, p . 1 28, pl . V, fig . 4) gives anoutl ine e n s c s sketch and id ntifies as a ew pecies, alling it Palaeo tachya

I cannot bring m yself to identify specifically such incom plete en fragm ts.

Room or Gam m a.

us naar m s m D Pr n a ea us, awson.

vo 1 8 Journ. Geol . Soc l .

Pl . , p. 82, fig .

' 1 n r dis lans wson 1 9 0. Pi n a a a ula ta p , D , M tthew, Bull . Nat. Hist. 80 0 New

v o 6 2 . Brunswick , l . , p. 7

' ‘ l w m m a ELONGAI A , Dawson. n n n oss . 7 . Pi ular ia lo wso e 18 1 n a a Pl . on Sil . C e g te . D , F D v . U pp. ur anada,

l . . e . . Geo Surv R p , p 33, pl . VII , 91 Pi nm daria elonate wson 1 0. g , Da , Matt ew , Bull . Nat. H ist. Soc New runswick vo B , l . 6, p. 247.

‘ Whil e this was inthe hands of the rinter I reeeived n i Renier i which he statce a he th nks . th t m m osas and C. undulatss occur in

20

H e mentions, however, that it is closely related to A ens are lik radiala, so that his specim probably e those of the species ’ “ " 2 . figured bs wson, 186 It is evident that Dawsons species es e contains at least two typ of foliag , so that , were the specim ens e be ne e ar better pres rved it would c ss y to revise his term inology , but from such m aterial as is available it is im possible to m ake conclusive determ inations.

- A. grondis Sterah . sp f)

vol . 6 . 1 , 68, 6g . mm la, Dawson, Quart. J

539, fi 188A.

U . Sifi1r. Cand pp a a,

n i Wh te awso a Potts ille Form n. D , D v d i , v

a thew . . Dawson, M t , Trans Roy Soc nd 123 vi 1 2 a 3. , ,-5 Wm : 113m Soc

6, p. 247.

er a nd The specim ens appear v y sm ll a unsatisfactory, and it r n w e er h m e s be e . is doubtful h th t e na hould tai ed T he fig . 3 ’ s . e n e resem ance of Matthew pl vi b ars co siderabl bl to A. grandi s c e (see Jongm ans, 191 1 , p . 224 ) with whi h M . Zeill r considers

nc . e t n an s it should be i luded I hav no see y pecim ens, and, therefore, retainthe nam e tem porarily, but without the intention

t. e 1 further to establish i Mr . David Whit ( 900, p . identi fies som e very sm all specim ens of Aslerophyllites from Pottsville ’ ns St. n e es n es with Dawso Joh sp ci , and ot the likeness to A .

Am aornr nu rss sp.

[ c Annnlaria radiate f l

Plate IV , fig ure 5.

S ilur. Canada

' thew at , Bull. Nat. am . Soc. 21

The only specim ens which 1 have seenare very consider se e ably altered , and poorly pre rved , and it app ars to me that it is the slight distortionof the specim ens which m ake them appear “ in ” quite distinct form and habit . f 6 th ' en er The specim en igured inpl . I V, fig . of e pl t pap ‘ ’ ’ is the type of the species team and is the original 0 . Dawsons

fig . 60. pl . V inhis 1871 m onograph . It is now No. 3340 in ra h the McGill University collection, and illust tes t e doubtful e e e nature of the species. i t appears possibl that th sp cim ens u be m belong to A. radi ate and reference sho ld ade to Jongm ans n ( 191 1 , p . 262) for the synonym y and descriptio of that species.

S . Genus ANNULARIA, ternberg

‘

na b orwelt. asc. 2 . 1 82 1 . A slana. Sternerg. Versuch . P1 . V , f , p 32.

This genus of Calam iteanfoliage was defined in 1 828 by “ - e e Brongniart (Prodrom e p. 1 65) as follows Tig grel , articulée,

o a o nu e des e es. e ram eaux. pposes naissant d ssus f uill F uilles r verticillées planes, ls plus souvent obtuses, t aversées par une " de lo ur seule nervure, soudées entre elles aleur hu e, nge inégale. n he s see on ns 191 1 For re en a u t en J m a . a c t cco t of g u g , , p 235 et seq .

ns Anx m au a uw or m oxn , Zenker sp.

Plate V , figure 7.

Stuggart, p. 308,

Beschreib .

figs. 21 1 , 212 (for

The specim en illustrated by fig . 7, pl . V of the present r De ar paper is inthe B itish Museum Geological p tm m t, V . 4 1 74 , “ ' n i r . ns ni 1 and was obtained nM Wilso collectio 900. The speci m enwas too dull to photograph as it was, so that I had slightly tov arnish it before the photograph w as taken. The species has not beendescribed from the St. Johnbeds previously, and ingeneral es the E appearance it closely resem bl uropean form . It also e - coincides with it inthe sise of th leaflets (5 8 m m . inlength and i 2 inwidth) , inthe num ber of free leaflets na whorl ( about a e es dem o) , and in the whorl of l av from which the hrsm hes served to show clearly the sim ple m ediannerve which is char acteristic of the species, but it is suggested inone or two of the leaflets. The m atrix is not like the fine black slaty shales which e an is m sand prov ide m ost of t. . pl ts, but ore y, approaching the sandstones betweenthe shale beds. There is with the sm ci “ " m enno record stating in which had of the Fern Ledges it

of No va Scotia, and Mr . David White ( 1809 and 1900) lists it

of the States .

M anu al s sr m ar a (Schlothei m ) Wa d.

W Pm at. . . . 1 860. Am w laria sulfate, ood, . Acad. N Sci Phih dekihia, p 236 l m .

n t o . m . Loom“Matthew, Trans. R y

pl . Vi i , fig. l .

- Annulari a sh Schlotheim , J Anleit. Bestinrn. Karbon — - West s . 193 for com e e li . let pfiana n .uropa , pp 288 250, gs 203 ( p

e een escr e n e ure hv Th plant has b d ib d recently , a d w ll fig d er e n Dr. Matthew und the nam A . longifolia Brongniart, a d to his descriptions I have only to add that the greater sise of his leaves thanthose of the specim ens com m only figured of this i e e species, s probably m er ly d pendent onthe age and condition

e . is m a be e of th plant H plant y a local vari ty , but the use of “ " the word m utation insuch a connexioncannot be supported onany grounds.

’ s 191 1 . aces B n Jongm an ( , p 238) pl ro gniart s species, Annul ’ ’ aria lonmyolia (including Lesq uereux s Am ericanrepresentati ves the as escr e a s S r of form ) d ib d l o by chim pe , Gainits, Renault,

‘ Zittel and m any other writers, inAnnulana stella ta Schlotheim . Re erence s o a be m a e the e ns e s f h uld lso d to xte iv ynonym y, and

escr n Mr . a e 1 d iptio by D vid Whit ( 899 , p . 1 59) of the species r a f om the Co l Measures of Missour i where it is abundant . 23

N s A NUL A RI A u nroau ( Daw on) Kidston.

- ‘ l A. m uo arl

Plate Vi fi es 0 at . gur 1 , l l , 12; Pl e VII, 13.

m -on . . . 81 vol . 18 I a , Quart Journ Geol , sl

na m . 538 fi . m M a a. p . g ,

Si a Foss. Pl . DevonUpp. lur . C nada ,

vol .

t Soc C a m l . Mat hew Trans. Roy . anad ,

and 3.

( cf. l 9 1

The nam es of the various species of foliage belonging to Annu a s r e fi cu lcri are till in conside abl confusion, and it is dif lt to a m ke determ inations of exact species . Consequently , I keep ’ ’ Dawsons nam e for the sm all , com pact species of Annulano w e hich is com m oninthe St. Johndeposits. The charact ristic

- a e ce s s . pp aran of thi i illustrated inpl . VI , figures 10 1 2 , pl VII , 3 he re e e fig . 1 , int p sent pap r . Fi gure l o, pl . VI , is th original of ’ fi he g . 51 in Dawsons ( 1871 ) pl . V, and is now No. 334 7 in t M c i n e n G ll U iversity coll ction. Another , in the sam e collectio N n ( o. 3348) is m uch like that illustrated in1862 , and inthe cut o “ " . 538 in A an eo b the p cadi G logy , ut it is not certainthat it is o na r r i ese us a s C . . e resen ig l of th ill t tion ( f pl VI , fig . 1 1 inth p t

a er . An er s c e . 1 2 p p ) oth pe im n, No 3332 , is illustrated in fig. , pl . VI , and this also show s a portionof a cone which m ay be ' c m are a ns . o p d with D wso pl V, fig . 53 . A ur e ex e f th r am pl of the foliag e whorls is seenin fig . 1 3,

. inthe resen r pl VI , p t pape , from No. V 4 148 in the British u Muse m . I n s Cana thi dianform , particularly noticeable inthe speci m en s ra e in I illu t t d pl . V , fig . 1 1 , the width of the leaves is slightly rea er anis u e c g t th q it typi al of A . stellata but this is a very 24 trifling difi erenc a nd l > ~ ongm ans who saw the specim ens al l e er in the h u an n e tog th m Museum , whe he visited m e w hil I w as conc u r l ding m y w o k, expressed him self as confident that the an s be i rea er pl t hould included nA . stellata . The slightly g t w the e e idth of l aves, and th fact that the Canadianspecim ens are not w ell enough preserved or com plete enough to m ake e r en e s th i id tity absolutely certain, induces m e to enter th m till ' un er a n d D wso s nam e.

Gen S r n rt us PH ENOPH YLLU M , B o gnia

1 828. S hen h llum o m e . . p p y Brongniart, Prodro , p 68

Founded for delicate stem s bearing w horls of wedge- shaped

ea es th m . l v , e genus is new best knownfrom its internal anato y ’ Reference should he m ade to Scott s studies for the s r c re ese f ess Jonm ans t u tu of th plants, and or the im pr ions to g ,

1 91 1 . 3 a , p 67 t seq .

Sr nsmor m rnw u m u mm y , Dawson

n C Nat vol . 6 Daw so , anad . , ,

Geo] .

F. i eol . . 2 . 540 antiquum , Dawson, AcadianG , Ed , p , g

' 187 ‘ 1 S n. U . Sil ur M amtt uum awson { . Devo M W q , D , pp d l kl 3 & . . . 32 p e . Geol Surv Rep" p , p ,

so n eo gist. rom 1 905 Daw , G l . (f

S heno h ll um a m wson atthew p p y ntiquu , Da , M na Ca a o 1 29 . 11 1 fi . 3. d , v l 1 2, p. , I ,

1 910. S heno ew ull . Nat. H ist. Soc. p phyllum antiquum , swee n, atth , B .

New o . Brunswick , v l . 6, p. 247

“ As w h s s e e nan re re Da son( 1 871 p . 32) said , T i ol D vo i p

Dr . sentativ e of its genus appears to have been very rare. a ew 1 m s on the rar the M tth ( 906 p . 1 29) also re ark ity of an w e e er pl t , and states that he has no specim ens hich ar b tt ' an Sir en we are still in th William Dawsons. Consequ tly, f as possessionof very im perfect knowledge of the species , or, Schi he a no m per pointed out in his tex t book ( vol . I) , t di g sis in th . 1 . of e Canadian plant is incom plete . T he fig 6 pl V ’ Dawsons paper ( 1 871 ) shows three whorls of leaves of spheno 25

- nce but w e a . T e r phyll um like general appeara , ithout d t il h i salient character appears to be the sm all size of the leaves w hi ch “ ” - n n n m eas re are less thanone fourth of an inch lo g, a d o ly u ’ n wso e e of ar 3m m in the illustratio . Da ns nlargem nt a p t of

‘ ' ' - in i l i if t t tl ew . a e o ne leaf show ing the w e, s l ep i ll by Matth I h v f en w c not seenthis original , nor ound a ny other specim hi h I n could recognize as Sph m ph y ll um . n h . u Dawso Potonié ( 1899 p . 1 83 ) rcm m ks t at S anti qu m of

m b is s er ea e . is very like S. cu neifoliu , ut m uch m all l v d

r Spunnor m nw u cvx nrr onw n (Sternberg) Zeille .

. XX ch . l 1 823. M alaria Sternberg Versu , Fasc. 2, p 33, p VI ,

nce foes . tcrr . bouill . ra V égét. F ,

ser 3 Trans. Roy . Soc. Canada , ,

r m inus t Trans. Ro . lal um va . , Ma thew, y

95 fi s. , ) . . pl. VI , g

onm nei Karbonfi . gternb . J ans A l t g , , p

J n m 4 ns ers a r e a o g ans ( 1 9 1 1 , p . 37 ) co id th t it is p obabl th t " . m m oli m . ax i e m S ge a of Matthew is S . cuneif u v s fraga foli u

S rnber . th m n w w ew om te g With S . Schlo ei , ith hich Matth c

r s . f . t . t pa e it, he thinks it has nothing to do O S la um and S l a um n ti var . m i us , Matthew , Jongm ans says they geh ren w ahrsche " er r bu inlich z u S . cuneifoli um St nbe g , t they are really too fragm entary to m ake it worth while to enter into detailed n fic e re neres n e se ide ti ations, though th y a i t ti g , b cau any speci of e r m ens Sphenophyllum are so v ry ra e inthese deposits .

L YCOPODIAL ES .

e LEP I DODEN DRON sp. foliag twigs.

= [ L ycopodi tes M atthewi Dawson] .

‘ L m d w at o ites Maahetm a son Cana N vol . 6 1 . 8 y p , D , d p 1 7 , fig . o t n co di es atthewi awso uart . ourn. eol . . 1 y p M , D , Q J Soc . vol . 8

n e awson Aca ia ol Ed . 2 . 54 2 , d G , , p , n P . n i . Sil D Devo Upp. ur

35, pl . V1 11 s ' n Matt w ew wso ge ull. Nat. H ist. Soc. N Da , , B T he specim ens on w hich this species w as founded w ere e cee n m n i se x di gly i ute scraps, and n 1871 (p. 35) Dawsonhim lf “ says Additional specim ens show this to have been a m ore w d an oo y pl t thanI had at first supposed , and pom ibly branch Iets m e na ta of so s”lender Lepidodendronof the type of L . acum i of Goeppert . T hese fragm ents are of greater interest from the St. Johnbeds thanthey w ould be from a deposit inw hich L e idodendron ere r r few p is abundant , because th a e so ve y s e m e p ci ens of any kind of the Lycopodiales. They are quit n e erm na r c the i d t i ble specifically , but they afi o d eviden e of e s en e xi t c of Lepidodendrons inthe deposit (see p .

c or on r om an

‘ r Leaves of Sigillana or L epidodend on.

1871 . C rd n n m m e on. U . y u s . (leaves 'i a ’ D v pp p p ' g cm Geolwirv fi pPz m l ffifigs M

Although Dawsondescribed these specim ens as the leaves ' Si l na s w c m us of of gil a , he used the old nam e Cyperite , hi h t , urse i 1 co , be abandoned now . I n his m onograph , n 1 87 . he

r r r err . eco ded specim ens both from St. John, and f om P y The

a er . are ut Sm and e 1905 . 70 l tt (fig 38 pl . III) p by ith Whit ( p )

in . c e the species L epiophloeum r hombi cum D a , of w hi h th y give the r n r com plete synonym y . T he fragm ents f om St. Joh a e m erely portions of uncharacterised leaves w hich cannot be associ a s e e ted with any definite form of tem . It is unlik ly that th y belong to the sam e species as the Perry leaves .

e . ur H s r seum I nthe collections of th St JohnNat al i to y Mu , b n fi a specim enshows tw o nicely rib ed leaves like that i g . 36 ' e e ne . s ss b e rm pl . III . of Dawsons m onograph It i im po i l to d t i w hether they are the leaves of Lepidodendronor Sigi llar ia .

“ n. L s rm onss naonsp. in Bergeria conditio

w r S n not r m [ Lepidodendron Gaspianum Da son (f om t. Joh , f o Perry)!

a . . eol . Soc v ol . D wson, Quart Journ G

awson art J eol . Soc. vol . D , Qu G

28 dem onstrate how im possible it is to diagnose a true species from “ ws it . All that Da onsays of it is Ribs narrow , about a quarter

n w . of ani ch in idth Leaf scars transversely acum inate, sm all . n m enis s r My o ly speci a m all f agm ent , showing three or four r s and i n a few the sc rs rese ib , w th o ly of a p rved . The m ost perfect leaf-s cars are shaped m uch like 5 half- clo”sed eye; but the c e is n e m n a c n . sp i o ly ast , a d very im perfect (Dawson,

1862 , p . The actual specim en is j ust suffi ciently preserved to show

‘ a rea“ w a i ll th t it y as Sig ana , but is specifically indeterm inable .

It is, however, of som e interest and im portance because it is the only representative of this group of plants w hich are so com m on inm any deposits containing a sim ilar flora inother pf rts of the w orld .

‘ STI GMAR I A ncom ss Brongm afl

’ - 1820 . I m (olef in S ber l . XI I tern ersuch asc . . 22 and M es, g , V , F 1 , p p ,

' M . l . 8 P s 6111 . Mus . d Hist. Nat , vo , ari ,

l . Bron i n . ourn. eo gnart, Dawso , Quart J G

Ed. Bro n wson ca ian eol . ng iart, Da , A d G

‘ e n C n I w so oss P e on. S ur . a a a , F . l . D v Upp. il d ,

l . 1 1 1 fi . 32 . . p _ g

n t Soc . New H is . Baw so atth w ull . Nat. , M e , B

6, p. 2 18 .

e P o . 231 . i r . Brongna t, S lants v l 2 , p

ut. Bel e t. na . Brongniart. Kidston, V égé bouill . H ai g

com plete sy nonym y ) .

ar e r s ti m ar ia n e es w roo ets L g oot of S g , i som instanc ith tl a ac e r enaceous tt h d, occur , though rarely, inthe sandstones o ar s a e ne — n een h l ar St. John only tw o or three specim ens havi g b r es the found . T hey are not distinguishable fro”m som e va ieti of m - Stig ari a ficoi des of the Coal m easures (Dawsonp. 309 , I did not observe any further exam ples of plants i nsi tu inthese ’ e s e e cr ns. d po its, so hav to d pend entirely onDawsons des iptio ns he rec r I n1871 Dawson(p. 22) nam es the pla t which o d ‘ i r e es v -i h ed a 1 862 , but does not add any furthe data. H giv , “ h “owin s s — Are es ar e s nc out com m ent , t e fo g diagno i ol l g , di ti t , " surrounded by a circular rim or m argin; bark irregularly rugose.

’ T he plate illustrates a sm all piece of Stigm ana w hich has no 29 characters distinctive enough to separate it from Stigm aria “ " ficoides w hich is an aggregate species founded sim ply to accom m odate tem porarily the roots of Lepidodendrons and

Sigillarias.

' L YCOPODI AL I S . ( i )

Genus PSILOPH YT ON , Dawson.

h P s n ourn eol . Soc. . 5 . 78. ilo u t. vo p yton, Dawso , Q ar J . G . l 1 , p 4

The genus w as founded by Dawson for Devonianplants

r e er d r c . r f om Gaspe with a delicate, sl nd , an b anhing habit T hei nature has been m uch discussed , and though they have been r th 4 ecognised widely in various fossil floras, Na orst ( 189 r S nd er . 1 2 a e S e m s u p ) g es with ch nk, ol La bach a oth “ " “ palaeobotan”ists that the value of this genus is beinache e nu“ s he - a s e gl ich and coniders that of t se c lled peci s, only

Psilophytonpri nceps show s anything like distinctive characters . It is m ost probable that very m any of the fragm ents called “ ” Psilophyton are m acerated rachises of ferns or of Lycopods. “ ” Weiss in1889 m aintained that the genus P si lop Man of ’ Dawsonw as already covered by Goeppert s Drepanophycus in

B ut he - l i 1 852 . ow ing to t nona ga nature of the plants com he n posing it, suggested Drepanophytum to include Psilophyto ’ n s e aw pri cep and other form s. T o W iss positionD son( 1 889) ec o n e r si took obj ti n, pointi g out that th prio ity of P lophyton “ ” n r c stood , as Drepanophycus w as a enti ely unsuitable generi na e f the d w as er o m or Canadianplants, an that if it to be alt ed t Drepanophytum this latter genus would then date only from

1 e n . 889 , w hil Psilophyto itself had stood from 1 859 Sm ith and White ( 1905) and Sew ar d ( 191 0) both give critical acc e ounts of the genus to w hich reference should be m ad . It appears evident that the only plants in the genus w hich h ave an n n r y claim to be considered as i depe dent organism s, a e of

e n . The S . ns ec ns la e a D vonia age t Joh p im e can y littl cl”im to ‘ “ a e en i p rm an t identity . N ev erthe ess, though the genus s so

' ‘ t d ' 5 btful , it is perhaps convenient to retain o designate som e of the fragm ents that have beenso m uch discussed inpalaeo

botanical literature. 30

P l e - nenem a m r{w o a Dawson.

Plate V, figure 9.

wson t. ourn. l . 18 815 Da , Quar J Gao Boa , vol . , p .

30; and pl . XV fig . 42 w ed fi 1 89 Da son, AcadianGaol . 2, p. 543, g .

wson oss. Pl . on. U . Sil ur . Can Da . F Dev pp ada,

40 X ”1 23. , pl . , .

fi . 1 rom 1 905 wson Geom] . . Pl . . 66 2 , , p , g (f

1908 Soc. Canada,

s 80 0 . Cana a Tran. Roy . d ,

ll . Nat. l est Sil ur . Fl . u O d , B

248.

ew Fl Li ttle . rou Revi . R G p,

4 , p. 1 0.

n e to an n u It is difficult , if ot im possibl , say ythi g of lti m ate v alu e about the diverse fragm ents of im pressi ons which have beendescribed as a species of Psilophyton under the e m res i ns and specific nam e slogans. The obscurity of th i p s o the consequent lack of botani cal determ ination m ake their ’ n n w s r na fi ures descriptio purely nom i al . Da son o igi l g s an re ( 1862 , pl . XI V . figs. 29 , 30) of the type of thi pl t a “ e in is Aca an w ell known, for th y have been repeated h di ”“ ” and recen Geology, Geological H istory of Plants, tly by 1 o rs u e and cur n Couffon ( 909) and the . The slender , t ft d vi g segm ents (whether stem s or leaves is uncertain) form the princi pal feature of the plant because the fructifications assigned to n 1 71 4 1 it are extrem ely doubtful . Sir William Daw so in 8 ( p. ) “ wrote My recent discoveries as to the fructification of P si! ophyton render it probable that the little clusters of leaf- like

’ b es ro n e Ann ana odi f m St. Joh w hich I referred to th species ul

- c aeum i nata are really the spore cases of this species. A on ' 1 elusioninwhich he is tacitly follow ed by Couflon ( 909 , p.94 ) . No e en ew a d s u vid ce insupport of this vi is avail ble, an it ho ld ese be noted that Matthew ( 191 0 A, p . 83) has allocated th

’ fruits to the plant called Aldhoptens di screpans by Dawson. f 4 r the (re . p . 8 and p . 73 present work) . On the othe hand , fruit that Matthew allies with Psilophyton elegans appears no r I n i i s a bette accredited . h s plate V f g . 2 he illustrates a l b 3! bearing som e curved branches of Psi lophytonand a frui t stalk

e - es bifurcating to bear two capsul or seed like bodi . (C) . There is no evidence beyond association that these fragm ents belong r ew w e his to each other, and whenD . Matth kindly sho ed m originals it becam e evident that he had drawnhis figures inthe r ns ra ns s ace ecause the fructifi w ay they are f om co ide tio of p , b ' e n cationand the veg tative parts are o difi erent slabs of m atrix . f n Furtherm ore, I think it very likely that his ructificatio C

. e r ens the e r n fig . 2 , and fig 5 pl . V . ar f agm t of f rtile b a ch I

l . . and w c resum a el a illustrate (p XIII , fig hi h p bly b ongs to pteridosperm (see p . The bifurcations of several of the less tufted specim ens of “ ” this species suggest that it belonged to one of the L y copodi e neac, and it is not unlikely that som e at any rate of the fragm nts w ere pieces of ultim ate twigs and branchlets of a sm all- leaved

Lepidodendron, that was partly m acerated . It is also m ore thanlikely that other and difi ercnt m acerated scraps have been “ " n u the s en e i cl ded in pecies . From a specim enkindly l t m by he S N e t t. John atural History Society, I am abl to illustrate

th ce . e appearan of a sm all characteristic fragm ent (see pl V,

fig .

r ru cau s AND nanm osrsnuau s .

n Ge u E r . s SPH ENOPT RIS, B onqniart

‘

. Fsectio s 1 822 dicila , n, Sphm optsna, Brongniart, Cla s . v égét. foss. , p. 233 . '

1 828 . S ns m e phenopu , Brongniart, P rodro , p. 50.

The genus does not approx im ate to a true one ina m odern sense and it includes a num ber of form s w hich are certainly not erns at but f all , Pteridosperm s . It is m ade to include the im pressions of vegetative fronds of fern- like appearance of w hich the rac s c r hi m ay di hotom ise o branch pinnately, and the pinnules are sm a the am n enera e and ll , l i ae g lly lob d , the veins di ctom ise, r nnin r m a u g f o m idrib at anangle. The form s included inthe enus ar eac au r an g v y with h tho , d m any other genera, such as Di lothmsma H h ll l p , m op y itcs, O fgocarpi a, etc. , have been

' se ara e rom e s m e m es nc u e in p t d f typ s o ti i l d d Sphm optsu s. M A Srm om ars H A IN AT , Dam on.

' r n Sphcnopte i s rotu difolto, Andra. )

Plate VI I I , figures 1 8, 19, 20 and text fig . 1 .

n n S n t i o wso i . 9 phe op cris nom not , Da , Acad a 551 , fig 1 20 .

- nd o n ra orwelt. n 1869 . S “ rotu oli A Pfiam Rhei l . 37 W d , d , V q p ,

1 1 . s awson oss. Pl . e on. U Sil . 87 “ D , F D v , v 52, w am H eol . ist. Pl . 73 G , p. , fig 23D

' S h n or- nata awson KidstoninAm i ttawa Naturalist p c optens n pi , D , , O ,

vol . 14 , p. 100 . n ds n S hm o lcris no inato awso Ki ton i Am i Trans. No a p p m , D , , v 0 1 d 9 Scoti a Inst. Sou, vol . 1 , pp. 68 an 16 . n atthew l est Si u S t r ic lur . Fl . phm opa m aw, M , O d B ll lr l 6 Nat. H ist. Soc. New Brunswic , vo . , p. 248

’ for s ec e I have retained Dawsons nam e thi sp i s, but recog ’ nise that it m ay have to yield to Andre s because the figures published by Dawsonin1 862 were of very sm all fragm ents and

r he s. they do not suffi ciently characte ise t specie But, onthe ’

the e . D oth er hand , there is no doubt about typ I n aw sons

r r er re 1 1 . X . i late desc iptionhe gives a larg figu ( 87 , pl VI f g . 1 84 ) rs of a specim enw hich is now inthe M cGill U nive ity collection, ’

s h . N o. 331 7, labelled inDaw ons w riting as t e type A photo

h s ni fi . l . of the resen a grap of thi is give n g 1 8, p VIII p t p per . A ’ second specim en of Daw sons show s the form of the pinnules

r fi . ese rather m o e clearly (see g . 1 9 , pl . VIII) T h photographs ’ should be com pared with Andre s ( 1 869 plate XI I ) whenthe f r great h zeness betweenthem will be at once appa ent . Unfortu er nately , ow ing to the graphitization and slight alt ationof the e of he C anadian specim ens, the finer branch s t veins are de e b e n c f h stroy d, ut inthos pinnules i w hi h any o t e veining is n re f w w preserved, it agrees e ti ly ( so ar as it goes) ith that sho n ’ in n r s e e n e r r infig . 2a A d e plat XII . Th pla t app a s to be fai ly com m onin the St. Johnbeds, and there are specim ens inthe collectionof the N atural H istory Society of St. John, and also h s in t e British Museum . One of these (v . 4087 of the Briti h

Ge cal e ar m e is own in . V o Museum ologi D p t nt) sh pl I II , fig . 20, f 33

r the present paper, and illustrates a la ger portionof the leaf than ' those inDawsons collection, showing the pinnae attached to a rachis. ’ s s e Dawsons description wa very short (p . 52) Thi r

' 8 rm sem bles the last species ( . H ocni ngho ) ingeneral form , but n or n - v e n is larger, with the pinnules rou d rou d ovate, di id d i to o e three or fiv e rounded l bes, and united by a broad base to th ” “ " e s t broadly winged petiole. Th broadly winged petiole i no

' '

n ( . o s showninthe draw g fig 184 pl . XVI , Dawson, 1871 ) n r, a esen ine er he s im e or far as I cansee, is it pr t ith t type pec n any e other I have exam ined . I nth final tips of som e of the pinnae, he s c fl en he ase w c t sm all pinnules are lightly on u t at t b , to hi h ’ b e Dawsons rem ark m ay possi ly ref r .

e es Anenlargm ent of som of the pinnul and their venation, f r n e c rac e of t e d so ar as it is p eserved , i dicates th ha t r he l aflets, an

e is . shows their sim ple round d form , w hich their salient feature

F. l . S heno is m r a ta D aw son. Enla r e m e nt of ig p ptm a gin . g pinnules. a. ty pical mnnule

the most com pletely preserved venationof a pinnule.

Though it is not possible to affirm positively that this piant en c the E e r is id ti al with urop an8 . otundifolia because of the loss the ner e ns in the Cana an s of fi v i di pecim ens, y et there seem s e u a e are the s e littl do bt th t th y am , and M . Zeill er ex pressed m se fin n the ea es es hi lf as di g gr t t liken s betweenthem . 34

- nt u na wson Brannonra s va , Da , sp.

- mi ae s l Sphenoplsris srte ai folioide , Crépinl.

x u 23 and teat . . M ix , fig\m 2l . Plate , flg m 22, fig 2

8W alnut ) . Vés fou (M C3) 8 319 1 , p. ,

nimus. Od td¢ . P Pl. evon. U ill" . 1871 . c (A ) , D D B m Goa ofi fi u m

W W ab ides Cre ininMourlon eol . el . 60. 1881 . W / , p G B g , p Stur Carbono flora Bohatalarer Schichten l 886. A . , ,

“. w Y ’ ” c M M Zeiller A Flore fa . Valen W M W . ,

s . : and 3 . m nea, pl . x i v, p

ws Ge l . Hist. Pi . . 73 fi . 238 . 1388. acada Da M om o , p , g - " lo sr valids Dam in Matthew 8ll . 1 l 1910. Animus. ( Tri myl pl is) . ur fl ' e B nswiek . ist. Soc. N ru vol . 248 Bull . Nat. , 6, p ’ er Doeum . l étude c i ,

n a o . Arehsso m is solids awso tthew Trans. R 101 1 . W ( n ) , D , M , y series 4 C“anada. 3. vol . . p

as son T he St. Johnspecim enw originally described by Daw “ 1 ollows z— Tr nna e r m r s ns the ( 1862 p . 3 9) as f ipi t ; p i a y divi io of nnae re er rachls stout and wrinkled . Pi gularly alternate. Low on pinnules nearly as broad as l g , deeply and obtusely lobed , n h re narrowed , and decurre t at t e base, gularly dim inishing in w h o n d th size and breadth to ard t e p i t , an e last pinnules narrow ly

n uen he term i l. s obovate and co fl t with t na pinnule. Nerve " se c om us. delicate, veral tim es di hot o

h he M . Zeiller, who has ad t advantage of dealing with r e e s ec m ens an h s larger and m o e com pl t p i th t e Canadian one , h n was r a ua r nn thinks that t e fro d p ob bly q d ipi ate, and as he 132 the n is c ara e h notes ( 1888 p . ) fro d h ct rised by t e lower pin h nules being pinnatifid, and t e upper sim ple. This is seenin n e am es and s ra e in re fur ther Ca adian x pl is illu t t d figu 22 pl . X he esen a er and m re c ear erlm in 2 of t pr t p p , o l ly p ps text fig . .

30

in ere s M . Zeillcr Paris, and th com paring it w ith specim ens inhi c c fine ollection, whi h confirmm entirely his opinionthat it was en c inall c ara ers i t id ti al its h ct w th he Europeanspecies . It will ' we s s be noticed , ho ver, that Daw ons name and description e th rren nam e n ears e ant datc e cu t by m a y y , and m ust , th refore .

take precedence . s I nEurope the pecies is well known, particularly from the detailed descriptioninZeiller and it is a characteristic e Westphaliantyp .

Genus CROSSOT H ECA, Zeiller .

s lh e er nn. Sci . vol . 16 t. scr . 1 C Z ill A 0 . . 1883 . ros o ees, , , Bo , p 80

’ ' nc Senss om m s os i s o us Bro or C aossorn a ( ) H s na i ngm t sp.

H om inha usi ronniart H ist. v ét. oss. 1820 . g , B g , ég f . p. 199 ,

onniart wson ourn ! Br g , Da , Quart. J . Geo

’ e n n ile n t l l artt i a s . Br i a R . 35 g r , B y ep , p 1 ro B wson. Geol

n l- e awso oss Pl . D , .

l XV fi . 1 52, p l . g 85 . Ero t er m ngniar , Reni . Docu

e e Kidston. Véuét. houill . B ig .

o s n m . p. 42 (f r y ony y )

T he only published illustration of this im portant species a he u e r m fi ure a from the StJ ohnbeda, i t m in t f ag ent g dby D w son,

“ n c . 5 su tte he or a n 1 . fi 18 . m t s a im e 1 87 , pl XVI , g I b i d igi l of thi p

h er h o ssib wa - ille w o cons ed t a l s . H oe i n to M . Ze r, id t it p y S fl g m as re n e e m n b e housi but that such a speci enw ally i d t r i a l . When h he r e e see n s e in St. John, I ad t p ivil g of i g om of Dr . ’ Matthew s ow n collection am ong w hich w ere large r fragm ents whi ch seem ed to show som e of the characteristic features of thi s

s b s s r . well knownplant clearly enough to e ta li h it p esence . I t is “ " e s es is as aw sonsai verv evident , how ever , that th peci , D d , rare i nthe St. Johnbeds. he s e a h e I nhis account of t Pott vill , D vid W it ( 1900 p. 879)

‘ app lies the nam e Sphenopteri s asplem oi des Sternb . to this species s r e in som e s b s n w hich he record as very ar bed , ut a havi g “ generally a wide range inthe. thic”k sections of the Potts ville S r inthe SouthernAppalachianregion. im ilar fo m s occur also 37

th e in e Missouri Low r Coal Measures, and White ( 1899 p . 37. “ 40) describes some species which belong perhaps to that group

’ ' of Sph”enoptcrids represented by Sphm optens H oeni nghaum r e e B ong . I nEurop the plant is on of the m ost interesting of the Lower Coal Measure fiora principally because of the dis cove he r e e es ries of t inte nal structure of its st m s, l av , and fracti ca s fi tions. The stem are indeed the com m onest of all the plants etr in he we e e nod n p ified t Lo r Coal M asur ules i England , and though im pressions of the foliage are scarce out of proportionto he r enc he r fi r e s e o t f equ y of t pet i ed f agm nt of th plant , it is ne of the m ost im portant of Westphalian species and aflords in itself conclusive evidence of the Carboniferous age of the beds containing it .

nus r Ge DI PLOT H MEMA, Sl u .

ol h ma ur ’ 1 877. Dipi me , St , Culm J lora 2, p. 226 .

' s n son s D i rnornu u a sunr uncaw , Da w p.

Pla t fi . Plate X, fig . 25 ; te XI . fig . 26, and ext g 3 .

i n ro Geinit te inko m B ngniart, z , S hlfor . M i“;

- sub urcotus awson Aca ian eol . 5 . 5 . j , D , d G , p 2 , fig

b- u wson oss e I su roat . . von. J us, Da , F Pl D pp. Silur .

Surv . e . 53 l . XVI fi 1260 R p , p , P , g o - hmcma Z obefi i . m fl , 5tur C arb nH . b ehatz larer

hioh ten l . XXpg fi . 1l , p p g ” - ub rem w n eo . Pl . h iim s u ima a so ! H ist . m ro ‘ N . fl e G 2 fi . 22 v p vi [ D , p . g - i w ull t. H ist S r a Soc . sub [ u e h atthc , B Na . New

W ick vol . 6 248. , , p

’ s m a er a w as of a V e r ra m entar na tur s Daw son t i l y f g y e, a w he r w o f his e s e m en ill be seen from t d a ing typ p ci ( 1871 , pl . I e s in h cGi XV , fig . Th original of this i t e M ll University ’ c ec nd a e as the e n wso n oll tion, No. D , a is l bell d typ i Da s ow n w r n o o ra of s s ec m enis s w nin iti g. A ph t g ph thi p i ho m y pl . X, 2 cr en b aw 1 7 fig. 5. All the des iptiongiv y D son ( 8 1 , p . 53) is “ S m n e or heno teri s u- rca t i ilar i gen ral f m to Sp p f us Brong . , "

r a er and acu e s ns the innac. Fro h but with b o d t divi io of p m t e ’ fragm entary rem ains at Daw sons disposal this w as indeed all b e r r that there w as to be said , ut the pinnul s a e ve y characteri stic and e he r n r asily recogni sed , and now t o igi al desc iption can be supplem ented from a fine specim en in the Geological Survey

e n. c c s M r . . s A r o s oll tion , found by W . J Wil o photog aph f thi specim enis giveninm y plate XI , fig . 26 , where the characteristic form of the leaf is clearly seen, with the dichotom ous branching h r of t e frond, and the two side b anches standing at a w ide angle

er ence. An ne s e c of div g outli k t h of this leaf (text fig . 3)

Outline sketch from mena nt- Fi . 3. i lO ths s sci o g p p m am of mli hi ' i mmd M W m g W M m z ' ents l and l A s that the; oint latiirartsinnuls is toward; and arallel amo j p g w o su hu . ‘ ’

m illustrates this ina m ore diagra m atic fashion. I nthis figure the axis a is seento dichotanise suddenly and the branches then hear first pinnules which turndownwards inthe directionof the n s be m a e e ween s r and rachis. Com pariso hould d b t thi figu e ’ those illustrating Potonié s ( 1 904 , lief 2) account of Paim otopteri s 39

c e f urcata, the losely allied sp cies so com m on in the European

Coal Measures. Such a com parison w ill render it im m ediately obvious that the Canadian plant and the Europeanfurcata are very sim ilar form s, but the greater breadth of the pinnules and their esser n ena ninthe orm er m a e em l i d t tio f k th distinct species. o n we er on re erence e r I f u d , ho v , f to th p incipal published ’ re rcatus in ein figu s of H . fu , that G itz ( 1 855) account he illustrates a specim enidentical with the Canadianform ; this w ill be seen

nhis 4 fi . 9 w c s ow s h i plate 2 , g , hi h h both t e m ethod of branching r of nn e s and the broad fo m the pi ul s. Thi plant of his obv iously s u n t a e een nc u e in the ec e r ho ld o h v b i l d d sp i s fu catus proper . I nhis r en cc un the s e es Kidsto ec t a o t of p ci n( 1901 , p . 1 9) gives s he s non m S teri s urcota d a li t of t y y y of phenop f Brongniart, an H eno h lli tes u t nc u es in m rca us Geini . 4 . 1 0 i l d it y p y f tz , pl 2 , fig ,

es fi . 9 un er the s e e but exclud g d am nam , so that it is evident he also recognised the departure of that specim enfrom the type ' An er of Brongniart s species. oth specim en I have noticed fi e am ong those gured inEurop , and w hich are really identical ne a with the Canadianform , is o of those figured as Di plothmem ’

5 . i fi . 1 4 . . 3 Zobehi by Stur in188 , viz h s g , pl XXIX H is fig . 1

i e ex e of D . s onthe sam e plate s a tru am pl . Z obeln Goepp p n as he describes, but fig . 14 does not tally with the origi al 3 s I l m eno figured by Geoppert ( l 836, pl . XXXVI , fig. ) a y phyl li tes Zobelii . r e for Consequently, the Canadian nam e takes p ecedenc d es these three specim ens, viz . that of Dawson an the ex am pl e i r er is oub indicated inthe w orks of G ints and Stu . Th e no d t

c n in Eur e w H . that this form , w hich has been o fused op ith n c ose a e and m a e enbe furcatus, is ex ceedi gly l ly lli d to it , it y v

r e . I is ow e er an eas m erely an environm ental va i ty t , h v , ily in he re s a e recognisable variety and m ust , therefore, t p sent t t T he r as w e as a s ec es . m of palaeontology , take rank as p i fo , ll c c ac er s c the West halian H . furcatus, is parti ularly har t i ti of p es and is s ec a horizon in the European Coal Measur , it of p i l

c m m ninthe St. n e . interest, therefore, to find it o o Joh b ds

PI A G e ert. Genus OL I GOCAR , o pp

n n lief 2 . 3. F. a H se 184 1 . m Goeppert, Gstt. em , , p 40

o a en n ws n s . . Ou oca m s suo x s, Da o p ; com b nom .

- 0 . Brongniarti Stur] .

Plate X, figure 24 , and text fig . 4 .

Upp. Silur . Canada ,

w n r n his Daw son( 1 871 , pl . XVI , fig . 1 80) dre o ly a po tio of type specim en, and from the drawings it would indeed be im in possible to separate the plant from that illustrated fig . 1 84 S ns w er the ( . m arginata) . I n the actual specim e , ho ev , both form of the pinnules and the venation differ sumciently to se parate the two onreliable grounds . e 15 inthe McGill Un ers T h type specim en is No. 33 iv ity “ ” ’ ws n own r n . collection, and is labelled as T ype inDa o s w iti g An T his is photographed in the present work, pl . X, fig. 24 . e e r m nu e e nlargem ent of som e pinnules, showing th i i t ly tooth d

ns is enin ex . 4 . m arginand the character of their vei , giv t t fig

how F. 4 . to s ig N ote Com parisonof these illustrations with the figures published by Stur ( 1885) and Zeiller ( 1886) w ill render it evident that the le on see the Canadianplant is the sam e species . M . Zeil r ing original specim enexpressed him self as being inno doubt as to ' the identity of Dawsons type and the Europeanform described by him self from Valenciennes . 41

he m e e T available C anadianm aterial is sterile . It is inco pl t n agreem ent w ith the detailed descriptiongiven by Zeiller . O “ the rac s and e enonthe ner nnu es and e ns the e es hi v ” fi pi l v i , p tit ponctuations éparses m entioned by Zeiller are clearly to be seen nthe s ec m en see en ec nse o p i ( text fig . 4) and canev be r og i d he o r a n int phot g ph if a ha d lens is used . ’ ’ As Dawsons nam e w as givensix years earlier thanStur s the plant should rightly go by the specifi c nam e splendem though “ it m ight ve”ry w ell be held that the species w as not recognisably ’ e in 1 r n illustrat d 1 87 , and that , therefore, Stur s is the desc iptio n o ak e r or . T n m rt t t p i ity his poi t , which will afi ect a form i po a t

in .n C eas e se m s oal M ures, I m ust leav to tho o t ? - c te e. r a u at rm in The e being , however, no doubt bo t e none th of the actual type specim en, and apparently r S r about it being the sam e thing as Oligocarpia Brongnia ti tu , e I call th Canadianspecim enOligocarpia splendens.

Genus O T E B rt. PEC P RIS, rongmh

s nP is Bron . . 233 . 1 822. Filicitc sectio ecopter , gniart. Class Végét. Foss p ’ 828 e t m Bronn Pro rom e 1 . 1 eop e , g iart, d , p. 54 . “ ” The genus Pecopteri s i s another com pound group of frond r ns e n w r a im p essio r sem bli g fernfoliage, m any of w hich ere p ob bly e r ers Pteridosp rm s. Species com prised inthis genus by som e w it

re n - a n a give independent generic nam es by others. The m i characters of the form - genus are - the fronds are tripinnate or ua nna e he uent q dripi t , t lam ina short , the pinnules distinct or confl w ith rather parallel edges and attached by their w hol e base . he b is he e ff ne r T m idri w ell m arked , t lateral v ins com ing o a ly

t. r n es or . a ight a gl , sim ple, or f ked

ECO E I S urr o rtie s . P PT R M w , A , p Pl ate — text d 5 an . VII , figure 1 4 1 7, fig s. 6 ‘

1825. Fitted i ntediluv 4 I fro m M l V “ ltom , Artis, A Phy tology , p. 1 , p . X ( t 1 838 edi ion) .

‘ CXIV .

P . Foss . e e l Go pp rt) ,

S . l . 1. ur . 56 XVl l v Rep , p , p ,

- Pl . Sehatz larer Schichten, p. 108,

- l . 4 . L X. p L I X, figs. 1 , pl

‘ e N S e ote p. 1 6. 42

' " 1 888 . S ens ‘ n eo om awso l . ist. P 1 p D , G H L, 1) 72, fig 22 from W editioni ‘

1 910. fCo m ilosa and P . C othita ? dens t p p ( v ) iTolia , Dawson, M a thew, lgi ew Brunswick N , vol . 6, pp. 248,

' or n m Fcom n of P . K lete s o Miltom see ids p y y y ton, 1 9 1 1 , p. 60 .

T he two fragm ents of foliage described as Callipteri s pilosa and eco teris dens i a r s e P p ifol cannot retain ank a s par ate species, for they can be m atched ondifferent portions of a single leaf w r e e s hen one has la g r specim n with w hich to com pare them . ’ The type specim en of Daw sons species Caltipl eri s pi losa is inthe British Museum collection (V 693) and w as sent by h eu im to the Mus m as anexchange in1 884 . T he specim enis not he he labelled as t type, but com parisonof t specim en w ith ’ ws s 1 . in e o r Da on figure 89, P1 XVI , his 1 871 report , l aves n oom to doubt that his drawing was m ade from it . ( Cf. fig . 1 4 , pl . VI I t e T s c m e has m r n e a e in he present pap r . ) hi spe i n” a s all p i t d l b l ’ “ “ aw sons S heno leris ilosa we b Brian St. of D” with p p p follo d y , 44 w John inhis handwriting . A second specim en( V 80) ith “ ” anideal ical sm all printed label has the Spheno struck through “ ” l a r O s . os a e and 00 115 writtenover it . ther specim en of C pi i th t m w c is s w n n e S . JohnNatural H istory Museu , one of hi h ho

e n a . infig . 1 5, pl . VII , of th prese t p per a his As regards P . densifoli a of Daw son. T he origin l of is the e fig . 1 95, pl . XVII , in the 1 871 m onograph , w hich typ s h e c ec n be ed as pecim en, is in t e M cGill U niv rsity oll tio la ll “ ” T Sir ra s is enin ype I by W . Dawson. A photog ph of thi giv r nse a m y pl . VII , fig . 16 . It m ay be at first diffi cult to ecog i th t re this is really the specim enfrom w hich Daw sondrew his figu , “ ” he but the tw o pinnules m arked X are those he figured. T " e i e e fi 1 now in the nal of th s cond illustration (his g . 90) is

Br in o ec on of St. itish Museum , V 688. It w as sent a c ll ti ’ n n 1 in Si m awsons Joh pla ts in 884 , and is labelled r Willia D “ writing as Type This is anex ceedingly obscure and highly V I inthe a l be s n m . 17 l . I gr phitized exam ple, as wi l ee fro fig , p , r s im present paper . Indeed, from the photog aph it is alm o t

. 96 possible to recognise that it is really the original of his fig 1 , n s e and his pl . XVII , but the com pariso of the actual pecim n ec ens drawing prove that that is the case . Not one of these sp im as o n is ina really satisfactory state of preservation, and it w ly

M

' I n1874 (p . 496) Schim per com m ented onDawsons plant

La fig . 196 de la mem e planche (XVII) cites par Dawson

’ m e pu d t se rapporter au P u em ld a! But as will be rccog ' nis n ed o com parisonwith the photographs , Dawsons drawing did not really bring out the true features of the plant , and the en n m d tations of the m argi infig . 1 96 are very uch exaggerated .

I nhis account of the Pottsville, David White ( 1900) quotes

the . er beds H e gives no description of eith , however , and does not appear to have noticed their sim ilarity . Speaking of S t — “ phenop eris pilosa Dawson(p . White says z The speci m ens, including the types, from the upper portionof the Pottsv ille in e Washing tonCounty, Arkansas , described by L sq uereux (Coal ’ Flora, vol . III, p . 762 , pl . 0 11 , figs. 1 , I s) as Sphencptens com ' m ents, appear to present the identical specific characters seenin ’ exam ples of Spheaoptm s pilosa from the m ailed m iddle " Devonian beds at St. John, New Brunswick . As I have n ' ot seen any of the actual specim ens of Lesquereux s species, 1 cannot express any Opinion on this conclusion beyond the

’ Dawsons descriptions and figures of his specim ens— the value of w hich the photographs accom panying the present paper ena e one bl to form anim partial judgm ent .

Pneom ars r nouosa, Arti e sp.

fi fi . Plate XI I , g ures 27, 28, 29 , and text g . 7

Artis Antedfluvian o . 1 7 l . X , Phytol gy , p , p VII

P lum osa Bronniart H ist. v e . oss. . 348 l . CXX m p , g , g f , p , p I

n . . 18 Quart. Jour . Geol . Soc . vol ,

‘ - i 1868. P eco tsns (A ) senslam H artt in awson, Aca an eol . , p W , D d G Foss n P t M Pl Devo 1871 . ee pw Am dues m inim flart nDam n, . fi in C l eol Surv Be 65 l XVI I I fi s 207 ana p tp , p g 45 F 1888. PW W M BsrttJnDawson, GeoL I I h t I " p 73, u 28K

(in1906 0dition) .

- at His 1910. Pam pasis Aspfltm convicts, H artt, Matthew, Bull . N . t. evi swiik voL Bnm w m

“ Enlar sm snt of nnulss from stJ ohns seim ea. Fd. gi M M . g fi p

“ 49 T s e es was Dawson( 1 871 , p . ) says: his p ci founded upon

d Mr . H a few fragm ents from Carlton, an artt subsequently discovered m ore perfect specim ens , which seem ed to him to indicate that the species is really a P ecopleris. I n this con and m i e s e es r m elusion I acquiesced , o tt d thi sp ci f o the list in

ue e er n . AcadianGeology . Subseq ntly, how v , I fou d , on com ’ r c paring the specim ens inM . H artt s ollectionwith those I had ere wo s e es f r previously obtained , that th are t p ci , o one of w hich ' ” I retainthe nam e Neuroptens em ulate . As will be seenfrom “ " his illustrations of this species he w as handicapped by having s e m r ec r m ens t uch v ry sm all and i pe f t f ag t wi h which to deal .

Two hand specim ens of a few pinnules t. tea from different parts of a leaf m ay appear suffi ciently unlike each other to j ustify h na n t e foundation of two species to co t i them , when, had a m ore com plete specim enof the leaf beenavailable it would at

once be seenthat they both cam e from it , only from different

' “ ” ls els of the frond . Eventhe m ore perfect specim ens Dawson r on a er ere rea e m a ns had to wo k l t w lly v ry s ll portio of the leaf , l be seen n eren e as wi l o ref ce to m y plat XII , figs . 27, 28, 29 , w here are photop aphed the specim ens now inMcGill University 40

collection, No. 8316, givenby Sir W . Dawson. The suggestion

- that the St. John beds contained the well known European Pecoptcris plum m was m ade long ago by Geinits whenhe rem arkedthat the supposed DevonianM cts were ona specim en “ containing P ecopteris plasm a welches Vorkomm en dafnr

n 1 selbst, nicht der Devo form ation, angehdrt. Dawson( 882, p . 1 1 5) did not reply to this till 1 882, when, however, be m erely reiterates his ownview that the plant com es from beds that he had pm ved to be Devoniam m d thongh he acknowledges that the plant is like P . plum es , he continues to consider the two

I took the Canadianspecim ens to Paris and there, through the kindness of M . Zeiller, was able point by poh t to com pare them witb true specim ens of P . plumoca. I ndiflerent parts of the leaves of this Europeanspecies the Cansdianones could be m atched entirely, and there seem s not the sm allest doubt that ‘ the plants from St. Johnare sim ply P ecoptsns plus-ces . Anim portant work onthe species was published by Kidston

to which reference should be m ade. H e notes how variable the frond is, and illustrates a num ber of the diflerent form s takenby the leaflets. Seward ( 1910, p . also gives a val uable abridged account of the plant .

The species is widely distributed inthe Westphalian, and is particularly com m oninthe Middle Coal Measures of Britain.

Genus AL ET H OPTERI S, Stem berg .

- er Fl . . u i . ld h ta Stem b a welt 1828. A op i s, g, Versuch V r , p

This genus is founded for the im pressions of com pound fernlike foliage. The leaves are large and tripinnate, the pinnules sim ple and undivided, thick , and usually oblong , and insertedonthe rachis with a broad base, generally decurrent onthe h lower side and som etim es confluent from leaflet to leaflet. T e m diannerve is well - m arked and extends the whole length of the pinnule, and on the lower side of the pinnule is generally

o wi e le e the m id rib at a d ang , and nm ning straight to the edg or dichotom ising once; they are general ly fine and close together . 47

Fertile m en ern- e s n have never b seg ts with f lik pora gia een found, which suggested to Star that the plant was not a true fern. No seeds have beenfound inorganic connexionwith any part of the foliage, but im pressions are constantly associated favour of the presum ptionthat Trigonocarpum is the seed of ' Alcihoptsns, while it has been established that the internal anatom y of the petioles was that of a Medullom . The plant, therefore, certainly belongs to the recently founded group of

Pteridospermae. (See Oliver and Scott ,

Anm om ars com m as , Schlotheim sp.

‘ - l Alcthopam s discrepam , Dawson.]

n u 30 Plate XI l l 31 32 33 Plate X I fi 40 Plate Plats x . fig re ; , , , ; VII , gure ;

7a . XXII , figure 5 ; text 0g . 8

’ 1804. Cf. P vel Leachilss, Schlotheim Flora Vorwelt, p 55,

iii!fig . 22 .

P H 6t. Fon. . 27 ‘ ht. Vé 5 l . W ' g p , p m I V fip l - L

’ m m flartt inw ley s ne ort . 1 30 and w m p , p

rou n Acadian olo . 2 . 1 92 1 . 1808. A i a s s Dawso Ge 55 fi d s t , , gy , p , g 1 8" m ' ” Can g.“ u s - g ada, Geolr M pr x v a u ms co Valen

- 1 888. Alabama is lonchaica, Schlotheim sp. Zeiller, T ext of sam e, p. 225 . ‘ l i scre Gcol H ist fi m 1888. Ald wptens d pam , Dawson, . 73, g . 28 I (fro 1 n 905 editio ) . i r ans a n Kidston in Am i wa Nat 1900. Alahoptm d sc ep , D wso , , Otta

vol . 14, p. 1 00.

Bull . Nat. H ist.

' . l fimde Paléont.,

' Bee note p. 15. 68

I nthe flrst place, Canadianspecim ens were described as ' " ho s s . Pseoptsris (Ald ptcfl ) decurrem p nov . by Dawson, but ' er escr t on he e t - inall Dawsons lat d ip i s us d he nam e discsspam . f No reference wss m ade to A. decurrm o Artis, so it is probable

’ “ Society s Journal ( 1808) Dawsonsays I desire to change the ‘ ’ t l s nam e P ecop sns (A ethopfsn ) decurrm , of m y last paper, into — P . dim m , a species from the coal of Pennsylvania having

The St. Johnplants appear to agree inevery particular ' ' with specim ens of the well-known Alctlwpteris loschstsco e Schl . as com parisonwith th illustrations provided inti. .s paper with those of the Europeanexam ples will prove. There are, c e however, several points about w hi h som e com m nt m ay be

one by several writers, Kidston, White, and Matthew, for s instance, all quote it . As Dr . Kidstonidentified som e pecim ens a o under the nam e A. di erep m from som e Canadiandeposits he (see BidstoninAm i , 1 900, p . I enquired of him why had kept the nam e di screpans for a species that seem ed to m e to

' “ by letter saying of Dawsons 1 871 pl . XVIII , fig . 204 , I can ' see no diflerence in form or arrangem ent of m idrib from A.

n n 205 m ight be anything . The enlarged drawing of the ervatio , e e 2o4s far is n as s nonm fram ent sp cially ”, is too d ta t how y of A . ns e r n n discu pa , but h declined to exp ess an opi io as to “ " w e r heth r A . disc epans and A. lonchitico were the sam e thing . e r Onth othe hand , Dr . Matthew of St. Johnvigorously supports not only the distim tionbetweenthe two species, but the fact “ ” that the discrepam form is”a good z one fossil indicative of the “ " “ Silurian beds ( Devonian of Dawson) of the St. JohnFern

Ledges . After going thoroughly into the m atter, it appears to ’ m e that Dr . Matthew s criterionof distinctionbetweenthe two “ ” species is m erely the fact that in discrepans there is always a sm all space betweenthe decurrent wing of one pinnule and the b e he ? r upper lad of t next be it, coupled with anasym m etric

' - disposal of the mid rib such as is clearly seeninthe diagram , “ text fig . 8. Matthew ( 1910A, p . 84) says : I have never found 49 the innules coanect tbere is alwa s a sbort bare s ace ontbe p ” , y p rachis . H e

point .

Now it will here per haps be best to quote verbatim Sir ’ w William Dawsons original account, hich is the m ost com plete he a e and su e the a nosi for his a er efer g v , which ppli d di g s l t r “ n 802 . B nna e. nnle t r ences. (Dawso , 1 , p ipi t Pi u s ra he loosely placed on the secondary rachis, but m uscled by their h dccarreru lower sides, w hich form a sort of m arginto t e rschis. Midrib of each pinnule springing from its upper m argin and 50

proceeding obliquely to the middle. Nerves very flne and oncc n e b . forked . Term i al leaflet road T his f rnso closely resem q ‘ ’ Psccplsfi s Seflis and P Jenchitica thst l should have beendis~ ‘ l th e posed to refer ft to one or othc . species, but for the ‘ i l cr ' characters above stated , w . sh pp u to be constant . P . ' ' " h Serftt is abundant inthe M t l o nifr rous of northernNew

Br ns i and P . M ittenis the 1 most ( w wm onFem r u w ck, th ough l o g lm o out the whole thickness of the . g C al Measures ; but in

u nd a t m . J n c neither locality does the fernfo oh oc ur . Onthis ' ' i f rl i’ r v m .r i l account I think it probable that tl s real y t nct. I n ’ c rr m Murchinsos s Slluria zad Edition p . s ( m ' ' w ! ici ' s e Dale is fig ured as P . lonchtttcs , a canjudg from i the enravin m e iden v 1) the w e : 0 e es . Lo g g”, ay b tical sp ci cal o w f r . ity , St. John. It will be seenho ar f m g m atic about its D n W i separation from A. landmine awso as n this original w countof his StJ ohnplant. The specim enfigured by Murchison f is am ong his Carboniferous ossils, so it is obviom from the concludh g sentence of Dawson, quoted above, that he was inclined to believ e his plant the sam e as the Carboniferous form . I t will be seenfrom the abov e descriptionthat the principal character on which stres s is now laid by Dr . Matthew, vis. , - r the di s continuance of the decu rent bases, is absolutely opposed ’ to one of the m ainfeatures giveninDawsons diagnom of the es type, via, the connexionbetweenthe decurrent lower sid “ " to form a sort of m arginto the rachis. Those who would “ ” uphold the diflerence of discreposs from los chiti ca and its

e are n . character as a St. Johnl on fossil , thus placed i a dilem m a They m ust either give up the last rem aining character by which “ ” s they separate di screpaas from the Coal Measures form . whenthey m ust m erge it with lonehitica ; or they m ust reject the decurrent continuous bases descriMd and figured by Dawson e and look onth m as fantasm al . But the v al ueleasness of this point as a character onwhich to base specific distinctionis im m ediately apparent onturning ' over the principal figures of the European A . b uchfttca (for 2 references see Kidston, 191 1 , p . 0 ) where both varieties are about equally num erous . Furtherm ore, in large specim ens, in e r e can e.g . th Pa k collections, on find the continuous and

52

n Matthew ( 1910A p . 85) says : I several exam ples which I have seen, this rachis becom es entirely devoid of pinnules and n r r extends into a lo g slende peduncle, ga nished at distant inter vals by groups of the bracts of Sporanoifes acum inatus Dn.

’ We thus seem to have this fossil connected to Ald hoptcns dis ” “ crepans as its fruiting portion. Matthew goes onto state on the surfaces where they occur the pinnules of Afethopferis e di screpant! ar invariably present . s WhenI was inSt. JohnDr . Matthew kindly how ed m e the n original specim ens from w hich he drew these co clusions, and m uch as I regret to add this to the m any points onwhich we

. e disagree, I m ust state that w hile it w em s possibl that Spores

’ e mfcs acumi nafus were attached to slend r stalks, I saw no abso lute proof of this and no evidence at all conclusive that any — — slender stalks let alone Sportsm an-bearing stalks were organi “ ” cally a part of A . discrepaas. n n er . w u I nm y fig 46 pl . XVIII, is she a slab of a m b of r m inute fragm ents such as are com m only found togethe , and “ ” there, separate fine stalks , leaflets of A. di ecrepans, and ' near er Sporanaifes ocurm nafa (see p . 73 following) are all each oth e e e be inspace, but organically disconnected . Which I b li v to n their true relatio . acumi nata n ne sm Dr . Matthew considers that S . co tai d all but m the m a a seeds . This is possible (see p . 74 ) fro terial av il h able it is difficult to determ ine whether this is t e case . If it e e the n m er he es vi a: were so, it hardly s em s lik ly that u b giv , 3 “ ” seeds , will be found to be enclosed inthis 5. lobed cupule. ‘ rm nata be the An alternative proposition, that S. acu m ay m ale fructificstionof som e pteridosperm has, at any rate, nearly as m uch to recom m end it as the form er view .

s 1909 . 427 sa s its To returnto Alethopteri . Scott ( , p ) y of “ n w e ence ha e foliage im pressions, there is o good vid t t th y c belonged to stem s of the fam ily of Medulloseae, ofwhich the stru " e a ra e the e en e tural characters are known. Dr . Scott l bo t s vid c “ h r n from petrified m aterial , and (p . 456) continues t e p esum ptio isentirely infavour of this seed ( Tfi gonocarpum ) being the fra cti ' rm e ficationof the Alsthoptsrie (proba”bly A . lonehittca) which fo d m s the foliage of M edulloea anglicn. Trigonocarpu is a genu of

- s. T h es r stony, cycad like three ribbed seed e speci va y , but all 53

‘ n are unusually large, T . P arkinsom , for insta ce, m easuring as e f m uch as 5 cm inlength . This m akes it im possibl or the m inute “ n - n valves of Sporangifes, w hich m easure o ly 4 5 m m i length to be the cupule of any of the Trigonocarpum s. Consequently , inconsiderationof the sound evidence infavour of the view that

Trigonocorpum is the seed of Alethopferis , it is im possible to

' im agine Sporanmtee inany form inthe role of fem ale fructifi e cationof the group . If, therefore, Dr. Matth w should be right e a n w about th Spor ngifes segm ents co taining seeds , that ould tend to disprove his presum ptionthat they belong to Alefhop “ ” - he r feris discrepane. Onthe other hand, if is ight about their h n association with t e plant , then they can o ly represent the e m ale fructifications. Th y do not seem to bear any resem blance to the m ale organs of any other Pteridosperm of which these parts are known, so that it is difi cult to express anopinionon e re e r th subject . I , therefo , describe th m sepa ately under ’ a e e r n D wsons nam ( see p . 73) with th rese vatio that association i t (a m ost dangerous criterion in m any cases) with A. loach ica ina num ber of slabs m ay suggest the possibility that they its m ale organs.

Germ s MEGAL OPT ER I S, Dawson.

18 - n em . m n . Sil . 71 N i M awso F. Pl . evo e pt s ( ) , D , D Upp ur ,

c8urv . M p , p - 1 5. nta er i n An rews e eol. hio 87 ” s awso R Sur . t. 2 . 4 1 . co in , D , d p G v O , p , p 5

The genus is characterised by sim ple pinnate fronds, irregu larl - e y branching, with long, strap like, decurr nt pinnules. The ner a r teri s d the v tionresem bles that of a Neu op , an veins dicho tom ine several tim es on their curved course to the m argin. “ i e Wh t ( 1 899 , p . 1 29) says of the genus Megaloptsris, w hile possibly less ancient than certain of the early Callipteridioid N uro l e p erie species, m ay , nevertheless, be taken as anexam ple " the - of archaic com posite type of Neuro Alethopteroid fernlife.

Mans e'ranrs Da H artt in w wsom , Dawson.

Plate XIII , figure 34.

i st 54

Har t awson . t , D , Geol Bk t. PL, p. 76, fig . 26

a hew ull . N H ist. M tt , B at. 800 .

n A a an I Ge . his c di ology , p 551 , where this species was first l s S pub i hed , ir William Dawson quotes the description from

H ar . a m rat e tt It is co pa iv ly full description, m uch m ore com

' plete thanthe casual m entionof a new Ncuroptcns which is given ’ by H artt inBailey s report and which appears to be all that H artt

ct a e m se a the n. I n a u lly publish d hi lf bout pla t this report , H artt m entions his intentionto publish a m onograph onthese S fossil beds of t. John, but died without accom plishing that ’ see fe inRath r ( his li buns pape , It is, therefore, probable that Sir William Dawsonin1 868 was quoting from the m anu f ’ script o H artt s proj ected work. The plant was later defined ( 1871 ) and further described an d illustrated by Dawson, who notes that the m ode of branch ing of the long pinnules is diflerent from that of a truc Neurop

r - u ic, and he suggests the sub genus M cgalopteris which was ad e e en opt d as th g eric nam e by later writers . A photograph

the M ill s e nN . of cG p cim e , o 8326, is showninthe present paper,

. fi . 34 . is h n pl XIII , g Th shows at b t e branchi g 05 of two large, alm ost equal pinnules each with a stout m id—rib from which the veins s ra ofi ina curved on p y directi to the sim ple m argin. The appearance of large irregular dentation is sim ply due to the n r e e of the en. An b ok dge specim drews ( 1875, p . 4 1 5) describes several species of Megab pteris from the base of the Coal Measures n “ i hi . H . 4 1 O o e states (p 6) The Ohio species are of rare interest, not n for t o ly he beauty of the plants, but because they are found, not inthe e n n h D vo ian, but i t e Coal Measures. Betweenthem and any Ohio Devonianrocks are the Maxville lim estone (equiv al en t of the Chester , Illinois, group) and the Lower Carbon ” ’ if us e ero Waverl y sandstone group. Andrews specim ens are also of particular value, as som e are sufficiently com plete to show the branching character of the fronds (this is reproduced in Zeiller , 1 900, p . 1 1 1 , text fig .

It should be noticed that Dr. Matthew m ade the discovery of this genus by Andrews inOhio, the basis for anargum ent to ' - bolster up his view that the St. Johns pl ants are pro Carbon if . W e erous But as Mr . a D vid hit pod out ( 1 002 , p . 233) 55

w e n n be e the Ohio beds are now ll k ow to of Pottsvi ll age, and the genus has not yet beenfound inany earlier deposit .

I nhis w count of the Pottsville of the U nited States, David

1 . r a new s es M . u White ( 900, p 887) reco ds peci pl mosa, which he “ “ M . Dem descri bes as closely resem bling ons, and he states The c l t species of the rare genus M oo op eris, including the Megalop ' was Dawsons e r e rom St. n New Br n c a ear d sc ib d f Joh , u”swi k , pp to be characteristic of the Pottsville form ation. Seward and r Leslie ( 1908, p . 1 14) conside that this is very like a South African

e and Leslie, ex cept inth cross connections between the veins, which are not present inthe Canadianfossil . Dawsonhim self ' noticed a resem blance betweenGlosscptsns and his Canadian plant, but there does not appear to be any evidence that the i is an n a n r superficial sim larity i dic tio of a p ofound affinity .

Arbor ( 1905, p . 807) records a fragm ent which Dr . Kidston ’ ’ suggests should be com pared with Dawsons Mm lcptcne. This “ - is from the so called Culm (Upper Carboniferous) of Devon, but is too incom plcte to be of v alue in a com parison of the

genus is one of the m ost characteristic m d easily recognised of J nthe er is one of the St. ohn lants. resence i Fa d s p Its p m

Seward ( 1910, p . 376) notes that this generic nam e w as e first applied to Gi nkgo, and that it bears an unwarrantahl suggestionof likeness to Adiantum . It is certainly fer i ton a satisfactory generi c nam e. The form s described under it , how

genus in all probfl ty . I t is defined by Stur as ffi owsz “ ' Folia indivh , veL ph nath ecta; segments ultim a subor 56

- n fied inte nam ing this ge us of plants, however unsatisfactory is the nam e Adientidss. n Anm ns om svs (Dawson) sp . t Pla e XVI Jigure fl . Rogers Pcnnsylvania Rep

t. PI . ErianUpp. Silur . cm p 2, 1 01

ounce,

About the identity of the actual plant which is best known A f e m en as neimik s obtuse Dawson, there is no doubt, or th speci the in the McGill University collection, No. 3323, is clearly r r 1871 o iginal f om which Dawsondrew his fig . 1 88 pl . XVI , inhis

n n . m o ograph . A photograph of this specim enis give inm y pl

XVI , fig . 42 . Nevertheless, about the nom enclature there has beenconsiderable confusion. I nhis original descriptionin1862 “ Dawson(p . 319) allocated his plant to Cyclopteris obtuse Les ’ n ere . i q u ux But reference to q uereux s species, described ' r re the Roge s port on Pennsylvania, 1858, shows that it w as the species Bockscbieae (pl . III , fig . 1 ) and not obtuse which was sam e as the Canadianform . I n1 868 Dawsoninhis Acadian 49 Geology p . 5 identified a fragm ent as C. Bockschieae Gosp w pert, but said that he thought it possible that the fragm ent as the sam e . nth e as C obtuse . I e 1 871 m onograph , Dawsondo s

t r - no e describe the plant C. obtuse though he gives another and n m ore com plete figure, and m erely ina line refers to the origi al n ’ i correct reference to Roger s report . Schim in1 his per 874 in vol . 3, p . 485, discusses these species ’ and points out Dawsons confusion, with resulted in 1882 , inDawsonre-nam ing his plant as Anei mifcs obtuse which nam e h e perpetuated in 1 888. 57

’ Under the present definitionof the genus Ancimstes however ann he n a the plant c ot be included , even were t ge us “ r The satisfacto y one. But, as Seward ( 1910 p . 346) says ‘ generic nam e Aacimstcs proposed by Dawsonfor som e Dev onian

Canadianplants resem bling species of the recent genus Aacim ie , for s e e and adopted by .White a pecies from the Pottsvill b ds of s l a i n Virginia, i m is eading . The Canadianplants give no indic t o he n ure e of t at of the reproductive organs, and the fronds describ d are d re by White , as he shows, those of a Pteridosperm an bo " seeds. M . Zeiller drew m y attention to w hat he thought m ight be the identity of this Canadianplant with Cycloptcris

nto l ris . . edie p e Weiss, figured by Potonié ( 1893, pl . II , fig 3, p e e e no u T h lik ness betweenth plants is rem arkable, leaving do bt that they are very closely allied species if they are not actually e er ee th sam e. It appears to m e, however , that it is bett to k p the Canadianplant separate for the present because it is not M ble entirely to establish its identity with this European e form . Th re are two m aindifferences betweenthem , they are: ( 1 ) The veins are thicker and m ore strongly m arked in the E e s e be due urop an p cim enthaninthe Canadian. This m ay to n the com pressed conditionof the plants inthe slaty like St. Joh s es is a hal , but judging from the only available m aterial it ' t the lax dis inct difi erence. (2) The Canadian plant shows , irregular disposal of the pinnules and gives som e indicationof the r a inthe el tions of the pinnae. This feature is not shown re 3a Europeanplant, and inthe portionto the right of the figu

su a r re r m en . it ggests large , m o egular and com pact arrange t I u re nse re no m ore f lly cog i , of course, that these difi erences a thanare to be found in any tri - pinnate leaf betw eenits upper and w se e e s e lo er gm ents, but until larger and m ore com pl t p ci m ens are available to prove the identity of the tw o plants, I think it m ore scientific to keep the Canadian plant under a e w nam of its o n. ’ ce en I feel constrained to follow Dr . Jong m ans advi , giv inconversationinthe British Museum over the original specim en, and place it inthe genus Adi entidcs as described by Stur ( 1875

. am a p 65) little as I like the generic nam e, and certainas I th t s e d c ns e simi ari om ay it will be superceded . There is o iderabl l ty w n bet eenthe Canadianform and A tiques Ett. sp. particularly as S ' figured by tur ( 1 875 pl . XVI , figs. 4 , Kidston( 1889

421 . p . pl 1 , fig . 1) figures a specim en inthe British Museum Geological Departm ent (V 1 761 ) with w hich the Canadian e im enha are sp c s som e sim ilarity, but the pinnules of the latter ra er r e re he th la g r and m o rounded, and are all entire (so far as t evidence available indicates) instead of splitting as do the pinnules

1 822 . swam sectionN t i r ét. Foam . 233. , e -wild s. Brongns t, Cla cg , p The im pressions of foliage included inthis genus are pro

Neurcptcris W eplwlle was discovered by Kidston ( 1904) in n the r a n n t it a r e seed. For an c o n of o g ic co ti ui y w h la g a c u t im portant bearing of such results on botanical morphology ” ' ' “ reference should be m ade to Scott s Stufi es and Kidstons nera recent account ( 191 1 p . 71 ) of the genus. The fronds ge lly

I nthe com pound leaves the term inal pinnuie of each pinna is al es e enire gener ly the largest, oftenm arkedly so; the pinnul ar t r e and appear leathery or stout . There is no single well m a k d

- nnn m id rib, though insom e species anaggregate of veins ru i g en e n c trally for som e way . m uch resem bles one. The v i s follow a ore . m or less arched course, and freq uently dichotom ise

- - l Neurofi sri s pointerpile Dawson] . & ; M XXL figure 56 ; and

“ M 9 1 0.

P 243.

l . 18 Soc. vo Quart. Journ. Geol. . ,

549 Acadian Geol ., ed. 2, p. ,

' Sse note p. 15.

The drawings givenby Dawsoninhis first account of the

S . t s er t JohnNm ep eri are v y incom plete, and we m ust turn to the fig. 21 2, pl . XVII I , inhis 1871 m onograph for a sketch of what is the m ost characteristic specim enobtained from the

St. John beds . This specim en is in the McGill University collection, No. 331 1 , and is by far the m ost perfect obtained from the locality, though sm aller portions and isolated pinnules are frequent . It is shown in fig . 35, pl. XIV, of the present paper , and inthe outline sketch text fig . 9 . A single pinnule ’ is sh he fi enlargedto ow t veins intext g . 10. Dawsons description — “ ( 1862, p . 320, and 1 871 , p . 49) is asfollows Pinnatcor bipinnate.

from round to oblong, unequally cordate at base, varying from obtuse to acute. T erm inal lea flet ovate, acute, angulated or

e . r el a e e ane en. Ner ure s h r e lob d Mid ib, d ic t , v sc ”t v s lig tly a cuat , at acute angles with the m idrib. To this in1 862 he added :

I nits variety of form s it resem bles N . hcicrcphylle Brongn. , or ' N . hi rsute Lesquereux ; but it difi ers from the form er in its

" inits sm ooth surface. This was writtenbefore m any of the m ost im portant works onCoal Measure plants were published , but now that they are available reference should be m ade to the leading illustrations of N . hem ophilia when the rem arkable

e resem blance, am ounting to id ntity of the Canadian and ’ n Europeanplants, will be observed . At M . Zeiller s suggestio , ’ I took Dawsons specim enwith m e to Paris, and oncom paring o it with specim ens of Westphalianage, there rem ained n doubt

he . o h T e erm n that t Canadianplant is sim ply N hctcr p ylle . h t i al e e h pinnule, which is rath r pointed , m ay at first sugg st that t e form is a local variety, but a specim enfrom the Paris collection “ ’ " d en 20 labelled Mines Ansin, Etage, Westphali No. V, 5 is identical with the Canadianform in these particulars . Prof . e n en e is Zeill r ki dly l t m the specim en to photograph . This

in . . h sen a h shown fig 36, pl XV, of t e pre t p per, so t at it is e possible for the r ader to com pare the two plants.

r m ajority of them are fragm entary . Separated from the achis innum erable pinnules occur on the slates with other plants

(see fig . 56, pl . XXI) . The pinnules are very variable in sise 61

s according to the po itiononthe leaf . One of the sm aller speci m ens showninfig . 38, pl . XV, m ay possibly represent another n h es species, but is not conclusive. I t e undoubted exam m the rounded, lateral pinnules vary from 5 m m to 1 5 m m , which is the largest I have observed inthe Canadianim messions. The single term inal pinnules vary from 103 0 m m inlength . Frag

enta of leaf b inthe series FernL e e beds. m the a ound of dg e S To establish the presence of N . heterophylla in th t. John e beds is anim portant point, for the plant is a particularly w ll knownand representative Coal Measure form and is specially se characteristi c of the Westphalian ries . It has also proved of ex ceptional interest to the students of plant evolution, for it was “ ” the first fern im pressionto which seeds were found attached . ' Scott s Studies ( 1909) gives a general account of this very valuable plant, where reference to the detailed work uponit can ’ be found. Reference should also be m ade to Kidstons ( 191 1 , p. 71) latest paper onthe subject.

Ns uaom ai s m am , Dawson, sp.

Plate XV, figure 39 , and text fig . 1 1

p. 305, pl . x m, fig . 18.

Can a t. ad , p 2, p. 1 14, text fig . 4 .

19 10. nl t o . Co io cr i a n tthew l est Sil ur . ra ull p s eriaaa, D wso , Ma , O d Fl , B

Nat. H ist. Soc. New runswick l . . 248. B , vo 6, p

The descriptionand figures inthe two accounts of the speci es en ca id ti l . The original fragm ent from which Sir William ’ aws ns ure is n ers D o fig drawn, is No. 3337inthe M cGill U iv ity '

e n. e coll ctio Th specim en does not caer sufficient colour , re r uc n ' p od tio , so that Dawsons original text drawing is repro duced re n to prese t the type specim en. I nm y pl . XV, fig. 39, a photograph of a single pinnule is illustrated from the British se m ec n N w er Mu u coll tio , o. V 4 14 1 , hich shows the veins v y which ls reproduced ln the present text Lg l l and ia the photo

m m m m m nm wfl u m um a u a

that of a true cm , while the form of the pinaules and their vsins both coincids with those of the lateral pinnd ss of a

that the plant h reallm M M sm phylls, (N . of Dawson) . This likenem is notedby Dr . Matthew ( 191 1 , p. - NM as the tu minal pinnule is the most distinctive, ' and ss Dawsons srioas laeh it, there is the pessW y that they

- Nansenru ns crea m , Steu ben.

Plate XVI , figure 01 .

was one single pinnule. Onthis he founded the species and “ ” “ described it h the Acadian Geology as followsz— Single a i pinnules, bread, oval , oblique t base, th ck, sm ooth above with 63

" h very num erous arehed veim . T is was supplem eated by a drawing in1871 , pl . XVII , fig . 200, which indicates that the pin ‘ nule wss probably the sam e ss those be described inl sl l as

M m .

The species N . nterqasto is based ona num ber of separate

f No. 3322 inthe McGill University , and rom this it appears that the four pinnules drawnby Dawson, 1871 , pl . XVI I . fig . 197, were taken; though they do not lie onthe bloek ss he has them ,

fi o of space. I nm y plate XVI , g. 4 1 , a phot graph of the original

howev er , to N . flm wss and N . m as of the Carboniferous. The pinnules were eitber som ewhat thick or strongly refiexed at the m argln. I nthese characters, as well as inthe form of the - inn e difi ers m r ed rom N . ol mer ita ich p ul s, it a k ly f ”p y p , with wh it is am oeiated inbeds at L epreau. The justice of the ooncluding rem ark will be recognh ed “ ” imm ediately onreference to the illustrations of N . polymorpha

( see pl . XIV, fig . 35, pl. XV, fig. Dawsonreconised that his species was allied to N. oiooalso, but with his separationof the Canadianspecim ens from that spedes, I cannot agree, for they show no single character which justi fies the step .

Zeiller ( 1888, p . 258) gives a very com plete and detailed description of the species from large and relatively com plete specim ens, and he notes that it is very variable. WhenI was r n inParis, M . Zeille ki dly showed m e specim ens with which to ’ ' S . . com pare Dawsons t Johns type, and am ong them it was inter eating to noti ce the frequency of scattered pinnules without any n f rachis. The tende cy or the pinnules to dr op from the rachis s i s ec m ay po s bly be a p ific character, inwhich case it would give h further support to t e view that the St. Johnspecim ens are ur identical with the E opeanones, because the only exam ples of

Onthe type specim enat McGill are a nnm ber of separate

thanl cm to nearly z em inlength, and fm m 4 m m t0 8 m m in

. no i breadth There is d stinct m idrib, the vsim radiating from 64 the base of tbe fiansle, but inthe lower baif of the pinnule they runso as to give the appsaranee of a midrib. The specieq igsstsa is widely distrlbuted inthe European

“ Pottsville, menti ons that the orlm u form of the speciss as ferous b sins a ears so far as et known to occur nl inthe s , pp , y , ” o y ’ topm ost beds of the l ottsville form ation. White gives no figuru of his Pottsviue form so that it ls not pod ble tocom pare them furtber with those from St. John, but his rsm arks .

’ n after M. Zeiller s remark o seeing the type specim en, tbat it “ t ” is eertainly aim ea.

Nsuaor rm s Bu m , Doom

Neareptsris Schism Star) .

founded is No. C in the McGill University collection. A photop aph of this is showninmy plate XVI , fig . 37. I t is the

’ m ent is sm all . The drawing inDawsons plate XVII , fig . 198, however, scarcely does justice to it, and doea not bring out the shape of the pinnules particularly well . My photograph also fails to bring out the details cf the pinnules as clearly as one would like, to the nature of the spscim en. Their shape ' is shownmore tely inthe outline drawing intext fig . 12 Com parison of the actual specim en with the publishsd ’ figures and with the collections ln l srh ieave no room for

of Stur .

f .l the only point o cfifiersnce between the St. ohn and the “ " Europeanspecies is the sm all notch cut ofl from the base of n the pinule, of which Dawsonspeaks. This m ay be sim ply anillusiondue to slight displaoement he e of the pinnules before petrifaction, but as of t fiv pinnules, “ ” three clearly show this notch we m ust be content to accept it as a specific character for the presentm nd hm ce to nparate e the Canadianform from th EuropeanN . W , although personal ly I think a determ inationonsuch m ateri al is far from

f The original descripti on o the St. Johnspecim enwas as

r e ar . The wer e ba n bli e cu v d upw d lo sid of the se cut o o qu ly, to form a n ween i so ss oteh bet the pinnule m d the pet cle”. b . s M distinct Nerve m uch curved, forking once or twice.

(Dawson, 1871 , p . The m ain character of the pinnules are : their sim ple, elongated form , inwhich the two m argins are approxim ately parallel till they com e suddenly to the rounded tip of the lam ina; the well m arked , apparent m idrib, rem aining distinct alm ost to the tip of the leafiet; the curve of the veins running to the margin of the leaf ; and, in particular for the St. John specim enthe “ ” sm all cut or notch onthe lower side of the base of the pinnules. h a This is seenint e outline, text fig . 1 2 , at .

I nthe St. Johnspecim enthe pinnules are 12 m m long by

4 m m broad at the base, which is a fair average siae for ‘ N . Schleham . It m ust be rem arked that the European speci m ens are large enough to show how the aise of the pinnules vary onthe sam e leaf according to their positioninit, a fact which he is not illustrated by such a sm all fragment as t St. John e specim ns. “ I nhis recent Abbildungenund Beschreibungen Potonié

( 1907, List. gives the nom enclature and descriptions, with several figures, of N . M ai , to which reference should be fi ven m ade. Good gures and a detailed descriptionare also gi by Zeiller

David White ( 1901 p . 105) writing of the discovery of “ WW Dam iano says the species is associated with a ’ ' fragm ent of Neuroptens (labelled Neuroptens Selm i) appar of the Appal achi an province described in m anuscript by the ’ ” writer as a variety of Neuropteris Sehlebam Stur. Which ' “ tends to support the view that Dawsons Selwyai type is the sam e as the Europeanform .

’ N . Schleham is widely distributed in the European Coal e Measures, and is figured recently by Reni r am ong his hundred plates of the characteristic Westphalianplants.

Nnunom ars sp.

' - - l Nephroptens varia. Dawsonpara ) .

Plate XV , figure 40 .

1 862 . Cy e wj m figu

1868.

68

anineh wide snd one inch long , with ehseure indicaticas of ribs " “ toward the narrew end, and he adds that they resem ble ssm e

d be n the débris ef shoul am o g the fiora aee p.

f along a broad, eften urrowed, eachis. The pinnules are m ore l v i - or b ss inefl ar y di ded into m ap shaped m ents, and the

Plate XVI I , figure 43, and text figure l 3.

fl otsa Du m 8tur Carbon m g , ,

- 1 6 and 7. m a PM

m alashi nd Matthe Tr- s. 1 91 1 . Pseudcbw u cl a m M m

Soc. Canada, ser . 3,

’ “ I n Matthew s description of this plant he says : I n the

see e se al erna e inna e as inthe arren r n and d v s ls, t t ly p t , b ”f o d, becom ing sm aller tow ards the end of the pinnule. (Matthew, I nm owne am na nof the ecim en how 191 1 , p . y x i tio sp ,

e n a e at m s osa inSt. Job did ever , which w re ki dly pl c d y di p l , I not see any that appeared entirely conclusive intheir evih nce s that this was actually the case. Neither does thi M ention ' (were its attachm ent certain) appear to support B r . Ma thew s B conclusionthat the plant is allied to aiera .

70

— The salient characters of this plant arez the str aight,

- stout , central rachis down which runs a medial well m arked

. seen r r o l . furrow This is inthe uppe po ti nof figure fi , p XVI I ,

he ure fi . From this the nd int outfiae fig Jext n alternating ' ph nae are attached by a broad sb ple base, wuhout definite - These ara petiole at intervals of 19 1 5 m m . ahaut i cm long

h' ments wfi eh partly divide again, ending in rea l ar paints or e teeth . The m ainveim appear to b m , cen , and sim ple, and the finer v eins are not preaerved inthe med nens that l

have sem .

M nd m uch hm deeply cut leaves thanm of fi e

“ ” ‘ P seudobd sra of W h obviously a Rhaecptsns as

’ I t is very sim ilar to flfi soptm s aepleaitss, M red by Geinita, identical with the species figured as k i aceph ris saeana by ’ af S Stur in lw . But of the identity ti ns plant, figured en the his fl LXI I , fig . 2, and Cm adian specim en, of whieh a

Th epeeinenwhieh l hav e the privilege of fim ring was

kindly lent m e by Mr . McI ntosh, curator of the St. Jd n

Natm al H istory Society , and is the rev em e of the one figm d by W ( 19 1 1 , fig . 1 ) in his second account of his new

An outiine sketch of this is given in tu t fig . 1 3, whinh h e i show s that though t e sp c m enis far from com mets, it is fully sufi cient to indicate its perfect agreem ent with the European 71

pu tieularly in the upper portion of the Middle producti ve

“ nan arm au a

- Cr ow nm s vaau , Dawson.

Plate XVI I , figure “.

1871 . W Ma rts, m 11 9 ! v pp. Silur. Canada

M flurvwnenp ea pl XV I I Mg .

M ongh the nam e cydepteri s caria was gi venby Dawson to another plant, whi sh he described as being like sem e European - r species of New spu ts, he included in1 871 , the m eat specim en

“t ra w l and m m show the two specim ens w hich com pess ~ e his spaeiea C. m ia, aad it wm at onee be ssenthat on is a ondiflenat M inwhieh the m atrix difless oon-B erably as

‘ to taature, and thm e two nngle specim sns are the m ly ones recorded of either form . Consequm tly , there is no basis fer web m am wgahu w fom a m and u the m um y teroid fragmm t with a Europesnform Jt leaves only the one speeim enw hich is - s in . a true Cyclcpteri the sam e defi ed by Sewaed ( 1910, p “ h a ys : it is now univ ersdb ah ittsd that 0ycloplsris is net a distinct genm and that the speci- ens so nam ed were borne ’ as m odfi ed pinnules on the m ain raehis om sflm a and f W is. I t is, howev a , convenient to retainthe nam e or detach d leafiets which cannot be referred to the fronds onwhich they were borne. ’ Dawsons original specim enis illustrated inm y plate XVI I , ‘ - fi 44 . I t is onthe sam e slah with fra m ents of teris g . ” g m M (see p . 58) and it is not at all unlikely that it ia one of the aphlebiae of this form Jor it resem bies those known

Cr a m aars Baewrm , Dawson.

vol . 1 9, p. 493, r The f agm ents described as C. Brownii and C. problematica by Dawsonare exceedingly incom plete and at the sam e tim e far m ar w the re en n c too si il to arrant t tio of two distint specific nam es, ' and, therefore, as C. Brownis has precedence, I include both sets of im pressions under this nam e. They do not seem to be the sam e as the Devonianplants Sm ith and White include in

’ Dawsons original sm cies w as described from the true f Dev onianrocks, so it is ar from certainthat the St. Johnplants really should be included inthe sam e species though in the ’ ' r McGill collectiona specim enlabelled C. B owm s was presented by r Sir W. Dawson. The f agm ents are too im perfect and too unim portant, however, to m ake it possible or worth w hile to argue their term inology at length . Dawson com pared his im r r 1 h a p ession with that of Roge s ( 858) pl . XXI I wit out nam e, but as Nathorst ( 1894 , p . 13) pointed out, they do not ’ seem to be the sam e thing . Arber s amociation w ith

- u Matthew l Rm z omoam uc ueuo oss, ]

da, ser . 3,

As e I have not beenable to exam in the original specim en, ’ am I not in a position to add anything to Dr. Matthew s escr d iption. It is m ost unlikely that it is either a Thallophyte or a h Lichen, and the solutionof t e problem that reas onable is to look onit as a Fernaphlebia. ’ M UCT I FI CA I P I ERI DOSPER FR TI M

n. Genus SPORANGIT ES, Dawso 73

Sroaax erras sectari an , Dawson. V and 1 Plate XVIII , figure 46 ; Plate XX , fig. 67; text fig. 4 .

o Soc. use Annularia J urn. Geol . , vol . 18,

1 865. 135.

9 t 1 10. Johanna di sa epans (fructifieation n M‘ thew, Trans.

M scr . vol . g?b . 8 10 . i Roy iranda, 3, 3, p. 83, p gs , Dawson originally described these m inute im pressions as n re e e had had m bei g lat d to A .ephm 0phylloides, but after h ore specim ens under observation he concluded in 1871 (p . 63)

. r n es r that they were spo e cases . The species was the d c ibed “ s - : o n w r ere as pore cases blong acum inate, six to nine i a ho l ct, " or slightly spreading. Dehiscence la teral . These little bodies are exceedingly frequent in the shales of the FernLedges and oftenoccur innum bers together m ingled a e with a v ri ty of other sm all fragm ents. A photograph of a

’ typical surface showing several exam ples of Sporanmtes w ith

' fragm ents of Alel hoptene and H ym enophyllitee is given in the n r c n rese a er l . e im e p t p p , p XVII I , fig . 46 . This is takenf om sp 4O 53GA in the ir , British Museum , which was presented by S

am aws n. I n e r a Willi D o text fig . 1 4 a coupl of the sm all o g ns ’ are s nna ura s e m th how t l iz , anenlargem ent .

w n at Da so e e . 14 . t - i tu e Natura l on and n w the five Fi . a unun a. la d Sho in g g m g ”sirM an or sporophy lla 1 n no s D a ew 19 0 A . A r. M tth ( p 86) poi ts out, five, and t a e n r e er high r um be , is th typical num b of parts . Each of the ents 5 l h w gm is about m m ong , w ith a very sudden and s arp n e of u point. Dam sp aks the longit dinal debiseence of these m m hut l canfind no ew le illustrating this. I have u

m ed m its grsphitised form do obtslnsny by treatm ent of a fragm ent rem owsd frum the mstrlx lnthe wsy thst has beenso

fi s t ths e y enslosed s singl seed and not three, ss Matthew

I np n VJ give anenlsrgeddrswing of s specheen m m m m

res- roam “W CATI ON .

and tu t llgd b.

I nthe B riM K areem collections, am ong those specim en

e le ofia s m p e Wul ogo) . This i showninfig . 45 , pl . I VI I o , f the pW , and anoutline sketch of the specim en ’ m n giv e intext fig . 1 5 . I t is m ost unfortunate that the ans ef the specim eni r lmekenaway so that it is not possible to see the m eth d of M ag oneither side, but from the portions that m - M it loaks as thongh thu e had beena sim ple sx is h sfl at ifl snals of l cm sm afllatenl branches which ran

scales or braa sni fertiie em I t is m w say whether this e s in w o ganwas seed enelssed a eupd e, er as a m plex

to a ased m w ina cupele, m ch as we M e im m ia .

76 or ancom osedoffive srtiall coherents or h g p p y p ophy liswit freeends. oneach of which onthe ianer side and thus form ing a com pact -like or an w row f s pod g , ss a o porangia or synanda. A rcstora

tionof a art of the tr re . 9 p s uctu infig 6 , pl . XXV, brings out the

a en re he ranc etc. s li t featu s of t b hing , The fm ctiflcatiou is not aral e e an no ns w p l l d by y k w tructure of hich I am aware . The nearest to approach it is Lagenostom a Si ndai ri Arber from the L er C eas res r see ow oal M u of B itain( Arber, l 905 A) but the m ode of branching in the latter species enem a m uch m ore

The C for w . anadian form , hich I m ust found a new pro

PTERI SPERMOST ROBUS GEN. NOV.

Founded to include the fructifications of Pteridosperm s that nn be o a e ns n ca ot ass ci t d with a know pecies of pare t , and that m a be e er see s e y ith d , m al organs hom e onit definitely branch ing rachis.

Pr s ars rnau ' s ' osraoav m ruacs rvs sp. nov .

' Slendsr rachis I o l -J mm wide bearing at sntervals of I cm lateral m s of equal width whi ch stand at a hi gh analem nd speedily urcau to m o a ofls ar W cqu l p m ach be inm withoat scalcs or brad s,

’ a ruitbod m m lon 8mm wide m l h r - f y 4 g , , p ojscti nq (3 6) teeth or cupulc ‘ lobes aboat z m m i nlm gth. The m ai nbody of the jm ctification a earin rid ed or ribbed and ma contai n r pp g g , y spo angi a (or synangia)

or a ri bbed seed.

— rn es r L ocality Fe Ledg , Lancaste , New Brunsw ick . — n Type V . 4095 i the British Museum Geological e ar m D p t ent .

H or on— r ar n e iz Uppe C bo if rous, Westphalian.

r he S n F om t t. Joh beds, Dr . Matthew ( 1910A p . 9 1 ) has “ described single bifurcating stalks bearing elongated lenticular " e a ar be i - s obj cts that ppe to fru t vessel (see his pl . V, figs. 20 and It appears possible that these m ay be brokenfragm ents of the present fructificationthough his drawings do not show en e ough detail to m ak this certain. H e associates his fruit 77

bodies with Psilophytos doom ( see p. som eevenif his speci mens should prove to be portions of bifurca in: there is no evidence infavour of associating the structures

There canbe little doubt that Pk rispsrmostrobus Wurcatus is the fructificationof oue of the m any species of Pterldosperm s so h c r characteristic of the Coal Measure period , and of w i h f agm ents

- inthe of the foliage of several well knownexam ples abound St. s fructi Johndepo its, and though it is unlike the known ficatlons of species Lygi nodeadm i or Medal losa there are m any Pteridos een perm s of which the fructifications have not yet b recognised, e s neres to one of which it may very well belong . Th m o t i t ting nis he branc n the feature of the new plant from St. Joh t hi g of the exact w a axis . Very little is knownat present about y the organs of fructificationwere borne by the Pteridosperm s, though es s inthe b t knowncases, Lyoinodeadro (Crossctheco) and Neil ’ roplerts hcteropkylla it ls certainthat the m ale and fcm alc organs e were borne on th foliage leaves . Such an axis as Pterisper r bi t e most obus furca us suggests a specialiw d segm ent at l ast, if s n c not a di ti ct branch , and raises a num ber of points whi h m ight lead to interesting mm phological discussions if more m aterial were available so that the features of the fructificationcould be b esta lished with security . At present I canonly give a prelim inary account of the s w e e pecies and a ait the discov ry of furth r specim ens .

c m scoau si

nus r Ge WH I TT L ESEYA, Newber y .

h a e n. So . i . ittlcec N wbe r C l 853 W y , r y, leveland An , vol . 1 , 1853, p us.

T s en s s e he hi g u i charact ristic of t Am ericanCoal Measures, u has een inth Sc a are c tho gh it b found e h tsl r Schi hteninEurope . For an co r s u en re ac nt of the g us fe ence hould be m ade to M r. ’ a d e s a er 1901 d t D vi Whit p p ( ) an to Po onié ( l 904, lief. I I , No. The genus com prises a num ber of species of sim ple fiabel e e es w e lat l av ith p tioles . T he lateral borders of the leaves are eneral ara e the ea e g ly p ll l, but l ves m ay be wid or linear, and nera su e e narr n n at the . g lly ow dow dd ly base White ( 1899, o p . 272) c nsiders that they should perhaps be included inthe

78

Ginkgoales. The plants have a characteristic and easily recog e be nisable appearance, so that th re need no doubt about their

This genus was discovered in the upper Palaeozoic rocks of Nova Scotia by Dr . H . M . Am i ( 1 900) in rocks supposed by

Sir William Dawson to be Devonian , and probably the eq uiv a e lents of the St. John beds . Since th n species have been dis covered actually in the St. John deposit by Mr. David White ’ and Dr . Matthew . This plant s occurrence being so character ' utic of Carboniferous rocks in North Am erica it form s one of the strongest links in the chain of ev idence for establishing the

Carboniferous age of the St. John deposits .

W W ] White, 105, W fin t k m o. t s b am ; at . alcs va thew m m . 3”Soc M ,

’ — Mr . David White s diagnosis is as follows Leaf very sm a ll , short, squarrose, broader than long, truncate at the apex ,

u - u ro nd tr ncate at the base, thick ; nerve bands very broad,

' ‘ l - 5 m m l 75 m m in width , about 10 or 1 2 in num ber, parallel to the lateral borders, apparently undivided, and form ing very broad and very low flat costae which are contiguous or slightly co flue the e the ea eac a e m a i a n nt in int ”rior of l f, h b nd t r in t ng in short, broad tooth . The specim en was discovered by Mr . White in the McGill collection on a specim en labelled as Neu ’ ' ro ns w h . pte Sel ym am ong t e St John plants of Sir W. Dawson.

Wnn' rm snr c M a oncum a , atthew.

cmem Matt c rans. . ser w, T Roy Soc Canada. . 3. 9a fi gh

Matthew, loc. o0

var arcta, Matthew, loo. ci t., p l pl . VI , fig . 1 1 .

e ec e This speci s coll t d by Mr. Wilson from the Fern Ledges,

St. d John, and escribed by Dr . Matthew, differs from the preced the a th e ing in sh pe of e l af blade and the character of the veins. is m re the au It co pa d by thor to W. desiderata D . White, found in e H th arrington river beds . 79

’ Genus DI CRANOPH YL L Gra U M , nd Eury .

' - Grand E Fl . ur carbonif. Loire y , , p. 272, pls. XI V

’ The enu u e G Eu g s was fo nd d by rand ry for woody branches, e r c ea a e w e e b a ing distin t l f b s s, to which r attached narrow,

m e e . The e the ea e e e dichoto ising l av s v ins of l v s w r sim ple, m n parallel, and dichoto isi g with the div isions of the narrow ea e e e lam ina. The l ves w r v ry num erous , and inserted spirally m a a e a m onthe ste , tt ch d to rho boidal leaf base cushion. Speci “ ” m ens have been found with sm all seeds attached to leaves he m a nearly resem bling t nor l foliage, but their structure is

e e are e f The speci s describ d v ry ew , am ong them D . galli ’ ’ E D . striatum G a E cum Grand ury ; r nd ury ; D . tri partitum ’ Zeill Grand Eury ; and D. robustum er appear practically to have ed the t hanian he been confin to S ep stage of t Coal Measures, so f er e . D . Ri chi ar as present discov i s go ri is of Westphalian age.

I Plate XVI I , figure 47

2 n . awso . ourn. l . Soc vol . 1 glam , D , Quart J Geo , 8,

Silur . Flora, Bull .

In his original description Dawson ( 1 862 , p . 31 5) expressed his doubt that this plant belonged to the genus P sdophyton, t which he had founded. H e diagnosed he species as follows “ Sm ooth flattened , bifurcating stem s, two lines in width , with , ” e e e a a slender woody axis, and he added that th objects w r of doubtful nature, and m ay have been either roots or stem s . In 1871 he states that his doubts were not dispelled about the a ei plant, and to the details of their description adds th t th r surface was occasionally m arked with fine l ongitudinal striae 80

c ut . a point whi h is well brought o in fig 47of m y plate XVIII . Dawson states that he had som e specim ens as m uch as a foot in length , but as I have not seen these, I cannot be sure if these large specim ens are identical with the specim en which I take as the basis for determ ining that the plant is a Dicranophyll um .

- Dr . Matthew ( 1 91 0A, p . 92) re describes this species, and

figures a specimen (his pl . VI , fig. I) collected by Mr . A. G. “ Leavitt which exhibits a plant with a dichotom y m ore exact " than is found in any species of Psilophyton . In this feature the plant differs from the Psilophyte of the Gaspe Devonian, “ as Dr . Matthew points out. H e continues : It is difficult to u e e affi e a and e u e s gg st possibl niti s for this pl nt , it is only ”l ft nd r Psilophyton because its relationships are still obscure. The beautiful specim en which was kindly lent to m e by c the Natural H istory Society of New Brunswick , and of whi h I 4 em am privileged to publish a photograph (pl . XVI I I , fig . 7) d on strates the nature of the plant so clearly as to rem ove the doubt as to its nature.

e m e e. The sp cim en is 9 cm in length , but is not quite co pl t It consists of a dichotomising leaf whose single blade at the base 2 is 3 m m in width . This dichotom ises to two blades each mm e e in width , and each with two prom inent double ribs. One of th s blades runs for about 2 cm and the other for about 3 cm before

- each dichotom ises again to blades 2 m m wide. After

36 cm these divide again to blades 1 m m wide. Owing to the apparently single ribs (veins) in these term inal portions, I should think it possible that these were the final divisions of the leaf, because in the segm ent below there are double ribs , and in

ne e . the o preceding, th four ri bs are quite distinct This canbe seen cl early in the photograph . The term inal segm ents are broken ofi , and do not conclude in a point, or spine, as would he e probably be t cas were they com plete. Enough of the leaf is present , however, to establish its identity with the genus ’ ’ llum u Dicranophy of Grand Eury (see Grand E ry , 1877,

1 0 d Z er . . pl . XIV, fig . , an eill , 1 880, p 1 58 pl CLXXVI , figs . 1 , Re au 1 the in n lt ( 885) discusses genus his text books, and ' reference m ay be m ade to his reproductions of Zeiller s and ’ u ’ ’ Grand B ry s figures (see Renault s pl . IV, figs. 7, 8, One or two other species have been described later by M . Grand

82 in ’ “ " Scott s Studies and other text books. Recently Dr . Ki dston ( 191 1 , p. 228) has given a good sum m ary of the

Com rras Roam , Dawson.

' - ' l C. borassflch as, Sterah. l ]

cm m m m cm um voi a s m .

M bfi m t m M Socq vclJ 8, p. 316'

pl . XI V , i 1 , a, b e.

m m m m m a . cm M D. m Canad. - Gecl . 8urv l o2 m.

bouill. Val

ow. am n. w rm . m r m m m m . p

1910.

The beautiful little cluster of leav es figursd by Dawsonin

The definitionof the species given by Dawson ( 1862, p . 310) is

and a foot inlen th. Veins e ual and arallel . Base broad g q ”p , clas in the stem oint acum inat . To this descri ticn p g , p e p nothing was added inthe 1871 m em oir, but a si ngle larger leaf was figured (now No. 3295 in the McGill collection) which clearly shows a difi erent type of v enation, and belongs to c. pri ncipals (see fig . 51 , pl . XX, and p. Dawson states “ (p . 817, The present species so closely resem bles C.

and still m ore in the venation the nervures in the resent ”, p species being perfectly equal . To this he adds a footnote: ‘ T he nervures inCJ orassifolia are alternately thick and thin

of Nova Scotia which has equal nervures. I nthe eluster of m all leaves m ost of the veins are highly p aphitisedm nd inthose portions the thick veins stand out as ' n strong silver lines about ob m m apart, and all equal , as Dawso se describes them . There are, howev er, finer lines between the e inthe b ss p aphitised parts of the leaf, where as a consequem h the m ore delicate surface features are better preserved . Suc inthe specim enand canbe made out quite well with a hand lens at the regions infip bo, pl . XI X.

I ntext fig . 10 I illustrate anenlarged portionof the leaf to show the v eins. This should be com pared with the figures on ’ Zeiller s ( 1886) pl . XCII , illustrating 0 . M alta . r I confess that inview cf this, and the f eqnency of the species inthe Nov a Scotia Coal Measures, I should be inclined

to include C. Rabbit in the European 0 . bcrasstfolius. But

with danger , and in a ease like these Cordaitee where there is so httle charactefi stic detail it is articulu l n re , p y i m u

to do so. Fur h rm t e ore, the shape of the sm all leav es of the

’ and e ef eta I , th r ore, r in Dawson s nam e, with the qualify ing em r ark , that the species is probably near to, if not identical

with , C. baraseifolius.

‘ crase oltus f b if rom the Nov a Scotia Coal M a ures. David i 1 Wh te ( 899, p. 260) describes 0 . ccrm as a from the

Missouri Coal Measure, and says that the distinctior\ between 84

h t is and som e of the form s recorded as C. borassifolias is not

e him . he cl ar to In his account of t Pottsville, White ( 1900, p .

903) identifies C. Robbi i from the Am erican localities and says “ The identification of the leaves from the Pottsville form ation with the species described by Dawson from the fern ledges at S t. John, New Brunswick , seem s to be fully assured by a com a e parison of m t rial from the type locality . The species appears to be especially com m on in the Upper Lykens division of the

form ation, although it has a wider vertical range.

Coanarrns m ucrram s, Germar sp. u m xx mm snm xx nsm ss.

Wettia bejun.

Sachsen., p. 41 , S Upp. ilur. Canada .

For com lete s nonm see Kidston191 1 Vé ét. bouilh Bei e . [ p y y y , g , g . p

The e ea u e 1 871 Da . 156 . larg r l f fig r d in wson (fig , pl XIV)

has a different venation from that in the sm all cluster (see p . n u e and, as Dr . Jo gm anns pointed o t to m e, it agrees ntirely

with C. pri m ipalis. I have seen no leaf that approaches com

l . p eteness, but fig . 51 , pl . XX, and fig 52, pl . XXI of this paper,

give a fair idea of the siz e and form of the leaf . T he series of narrow veins alternating between the broader ones are som etim es 2 4 a e , 3 or in num ber, and canbe seen at V with a h nd l ns on

fig . 51 , pl . XX. This form of leaf is very m uch com m oner than the true

Rabbit type, and, indeed , the m ajority of the larger leaves I found so com m only in all the beds of the Fern Ledges belong

to it .

Poaconnarrns sp.

Plate XX, figure 52.

’

s . . e 1 871 . Cordastes p , Dawson Foss Pl . D von. U p e fi 34 Surv. R p , p. 44 , pl. XIV , gs. 1 , ( 185 8.

h The speci m en illustrated in figure 52, pl . XX of t e present be paper is No. 3298 in the M cGill collection, and appears to ’ e . the original of Dawson s 1 871 figur 164 , pl . XIV Dawson 85

“ e i said Unless m rely a variety of C. Robbi , these m ay be entitled " to a m eific nam e. e daites The leaf b longs to the P oaeor type, and is long and

cm . m e slender, 074 in width , with si ple qual parallel veins . It i e uc is distinct from C. Robbi , and is v ry m h rarer. It is not well enough preserved to be identified specifically .

Danox r tox Ousx oonnxsnun, Dawson.

CanadianNat., vol . 0, p. 105,

AcadianGeol

The larger trunks on which this species is based com e from the Little River series of sandstones . The petrified wood has been so fully described , both by Sir William Dawson, and m ore recently, by Dr . Matthew, that there is no necessity to recap itul ate the facts here. The wood elem ents had several con

fluent series of hexagonal bordered pits, and the trunk agrees with the petrified woods of the genus Cordaites of which abundant

' m s r e found in the shales .

' rn ri m osara or conce s .

Sr m nsacra sp . , Dawson.

. . il n 8 Dawson Foss. Pl Devon Up S ur . Ca ada, Geol . 1 fi Sur . m . 2 l . : v pfl , p m

e These are pith casts entirely denud d of wood , and which probably belonged to the stem s of Cordaites described as Dad oz ylon Ouangondianum .

' v Coanau ri m us nn om cos, Dawsonsp.

XXI u I I fi " 7 Plate , fig res 54, 55; plate XX , 5 ; plate XXV, fig . 00;

fin' " g?

' nt c 1808. A holilhes Dec aseus awson A adia Geol “. 2 . 550 o D n q , , u seu “ evon p 1 871 . m m D U

Geol . Bur . Rep., p. 03, pl . Xl X, fig wson Da , Matthew , Bull . Nat.

0, p. 240.

Dawson him self recognised that the fruetlfications he had ' e earlier called Antholitbes b longed probably to Cordattes. H e ‘ “ “ speaks of Cordastes Rabbis from the New Brunswick beds where — ’ it occurs with two species of Antholites A. Dssonseus and A. — e e M us perhaps its m al and f m ale flowers, and with the

The originals of the two species described by Dawson are num bers 3284 and 3270 inthe McGill University collection, these are shown in figures 55, plate XXI , and 57, pl . XXI I , and com equently m ag nificati on by a lens renders no ultim ate ' ’ u details visible. The original of Dawsons AntAolitbes sonsc s

n . rs a fine portio of an inflcrescence, nearly 10 0m long i This is seen in fig . 57, pl . XXII , which shows clea y the pointed the

M d fi a m m z d . k .

“ axes. A rough outline sketch of this is given in text

the A. r d“ fig . 1 7, b. Figure 54 , pl . XXI , original of flo i , 87

shows the lateral fertile axes m ore clearly , but the long pointed subtending bract is not visible . This is m erely due to its being e e at broken of! however, as is evid nt in the specim n b. The apparent lack of the long bra tinfloridus is really the only point which served to separate it from deconicas, and as it is quite e clear that the bract was sim ply broken OR in the sp cim en , the e two sp cies m ust be put togsther , whenthe nam e deoonieus has ea difi erence e ee priority . Personally , I can see no r l b tw n this a and the A. spi nosus described by Dawson from Nov Scotia

(see Acadian Geol ., p . 400) but as I have not seen the latter specim ens I cannot be certain of their specific identity . e The specim ens consist of a central axis. m ay flatt ned ,

- and 3 4 mm thick . Along this alternating at a distance of about 1 5 cm from each other are apparently only the two rows of lateral fertile axes. Each of these is subtended by a pointed c large bract , about 1 5 cm long and 1 m m broad , whi h is brokenofl near the base inm ost cases. The num ber of scaleu inthe sm all lateral axes is considerable, but tM sm cim ens are not distinct enough to allow their exact num ber to be counted.

Each scale appears 0 or 7m m long and is pointed. A som ewhat m m diagra atic restoration of the whole is given in fig. 00, pl . XXV. e e Th s infloresw nces are far from com m on, and I did not an obtain n specim ens whil e collecting. A sm all part of ne he o is in t British Museum collection, V 4097, and is shown inthe e C sk tch, text fig . 1 8. The plant m uch resem bles the ar

1 0. C W ordalansh. deva lu e. M n. Sm all snsei-snlnBriL Mm Coll No V4007o

St. John.

nth ' daia us u e . fig r d on his pl XXVI , by Grand Eury ( 1877) ’ ’ u G Eur s e m n tho gh rand y sp ci e are on a sm aller scale. The 88

o h e r eo phot graph e giv s on his pl . V, phot . 8, of Bot yo nus (Grand ’ Eu 1890 e ry , ) also is v ry sim ilar to the Canadian im pressions . e e a Th r is no doubt th t the lnllorcsence belongs to Cordaitss, and probably is the female fructificationina young state before the ee s ds had ripened . I cannot recognise the little flower like stau ctum shown by Dawson in his 1 871 restoration, ( see his x X pl . . l , fig . 235c) the phenom ena on which he based his drawing appearing to m e to be disintegrated portions of a scale showing t due brigh ly , to its graphitisation .

Genus CARDI OCARPON, Bronpniart.

1828. Cardtc r ea psa, Brm gsiart, Prodrom , p. 87.

u m me e i u e m e ou rcniform es Fr its co pri s, l nt c lair ”s, cordifor s e m e t r inés par une points peu aigué. This is th original diag nosis of the genus given by Brongniart for a num ber of species of C oal Measure seeds . The nam e has been changed slightly m fro tim e to tim e by various authors, Renault calling these e m le o dai xa p s which were known to belong to Cordaites, C r o us ne c rp . In the genus, which is certainly an artifi cial o u e e e j dg d by the m odern standard of a genus, are placed flatt n d , a e bil t rally sym m etrical seeds . They are lenticular in cross section, and oval or cordate in outline with a m ore or less cor e a dat base. They generally show at least two seed co ts, an e h inn r stony sclerotesta, and an outer fleshy sarcotesta, whic he m ay or m ay not have a dilated winr . In som e form s t wing e e n e m e is v ry xtensive and thi , and these are then s parated by so “ " writers from Cardiocarpon and called Sam aropsis. “ " ‘ The seeds of the genus Cardaocarpor. certainly belong ' em to a num ber of diflerent vegetative genera, som e of th e a e probably in the Pteridosperm ae, and som e in th Cord it an plexus . Generally allotted to Cordiates are the oval and orbicular n form s with a relatively sm all w i g o f sarcotesta. t White ( 1908) considers i som e of the Cardiocarpons

' belong to Gangam optens a nd otuer plants of Gondwana age e e a u u e which wer presum ably Pteridosperm s. The int rn l str ct r a i r m the of som e species of C rd oca ponis known, principally fro ' m a r n French terial , see Brongniart s classic work on Ca bo i ferous seeds ( 1881 ) and Scott

90

have been exhaustively studied by m any palaeobotanists, it ’ would require a better basis for its establishm ent than is aflorded

th ne . by e o graphitised and incom plete specim en from St. John The sm all cup like hollow form ed at the apex of the wing is som etim es closed or nearly closed over the top by the claw

Iike ti s of the a sm all bowl . p wing , inothers it is open like ' 9 Exam ples of diflerent spices of the seeds are shown in text fig . 1 , l XXI and can a so be recognised in the photop aphs oi pls. ,

XI I I and XXIII .

Apica d nsdA showing the indantaticnol the

D f e e awson ( 1871 , p . 61 ) concluded that the structure o th s “ seeds was sim ilar to that of Texas and the woody tegm en [was] surrounded by a fleshy outer coat and that the notch at the , ” a e e u p x represents the foram en or m icropyte of the ovul . Tho gh t i he e em e at firs s ght this seem s anattractive view, and t r s blanc between this seed and the diagram s published of gym nosperm ic seeds with pollencham bers is considerable; it m ust be rem em bered that these diagram s are m ade from longitudinal sections and a he e th t in the St. John specim ens w e are dealing with t entir ee s ds flattened out, w hich consequently could not show its e am u be poll n ch ber in this diag ram m atic way, for it wo ld cov m d th e a a the by e outer layers flattened over it . Th f ct th t cu sh i ens is not p aped hollow inthe top of the St. Johnspec m veiled or covered by any film of a m em brane shows that it was not ee-di e a a thr d pollen cham ber, but a sim pl notch in flat e wing . The seeds doubtless had pol len cham b rs, and m i e he a e of the cropy l s leading to them , but they were in t p x 91 stone and the sm all tube- like extension running from it to the base of the sinus in the wing enclosed in the m icropyle. (See text

fig.

Fi of e ”. Bketch s ed e g ahowing ridce m of stoneg f

In recording the existence of Cordaites Robbii in the Potts “ u e ville,David White ( 1 900, p. 903) says : In the So thern anthracit e fi ld the species occurs, as at St. John, in association with " Cardiocarponcom utam . The inference from this association as well as the great e he a u a e frequency of these seeds, togeth r with t great b nd nc are of C. Robbii in the St. John shales, is that the seeds those of

e the a t a a a e. lusively, however, from m ateri l a present v il bl Am ong European form s the nearest ally appears to be

Cardiocarpon (Samaropsie) em a rginatum , see pl . XXII , fig . 3, ’ in Kidstons ( 191 1 ) m onograph on the Belgian Coal Measures, the likeness of which to the Canadian seeds w as pointed out to

ill . e be e a m e by M . Ze er Th two do not appear to id ntic l , how e e ever, and th Canadian com uta m seem s a distinct and r adily

Cs anrocaaeon osu ouuu , Dawson.

Journ. Geol. Soc. , vol . 18, This seed is m uch sm aller than m ost of the Cardiocarpons, and m easures only 8 X4 m m . The only specim en of it that I one the N u a H u e have seen is in at r l istory M s um , St. John, and ’ a h which ppears to be t e original of Dawson s 1 871 figure. I m e- s have not per ission to r figure this pecim en . From the

St. John specim en , it is diffi cult to say whether we are dealing i with a very m inute seed provided with a st fi wing , a Wingless h e seed , or with t e crushed stony portion of a larg r seed from which the wing, or outer fleshy layer, had delayed or broken away . Mr. David White ( 1 900, p . 909) considers it a distinct species, and records it as being especially com m on in the drift in the Upper Lykens (Pottsville) coal . H e notes that it is “ unquestionably distinct from C. acutum , L . 6: H .

aam rs son C ocaneo ovam , Daw .

Silur . Canada,

I have not studied the original specim en from which Dawson founded his species, nor have I seen any other exam ple of the “ a form . Dawson describes it (p . Ov l and destitute of a notch , the sides of the m argin expanded laterally, the nucleus n ovate a d acum inate. The illustration and description show that the seed was not one that has any salient feature by which it can be readily

m a wson. Cannrocaarorz Bar n, Da

Plate XI X, figure 48; text fig . 21 . n r wso AcadianGeo o . 554 text . 1868. Car i co pum Baileys! Da , l gy , p , fig l g‘fi

p. 89, fig . 31D

N . Dawson, Matthew, Bull . at Hist. Soc. New

I have only seen a single exam ple of this seed , the type e M ill e specim en figured by Dawson . This is in th cG Univ rsity

fi . 48 . the collection, No . 109 , and is shown in g , pl XIX, in present paper .

94

“ says : Cardiocarpoa Gi rtyi , together with Cardiocarpon si P hilli p , C. Newberryi , C. samam ejom e, C. annulotum , C. dilatotum , and C. i ngem , constitute a group of large, broad e wing d species of the genus, whose occurrence is characteristic of the Upper Lykens division or the Sewanee z one of the Potts ” “ ' ville. CardiocarponBailem appears to be a very " closely related species . Large seeds, som ewhat sim ilar to ‘ C. Bailem, though a little sm aller and not so laterally extended , are known also from the European coal m easures . For exam ple, 4 44 those figured in Fiedler, 1 857, pl . XXVIII , figs . 36, 37, 3, ,

and 4 nia . u 6 as Jordo . The latter (fig 46) is a reprod ction of the seed figured in 1 84 1 by Cords as Carpolithee m acropterus.

Canni ocaaron 0 m m , H ora.

Plate I X ur 1 r te XXV ure 68. , fig e 2 ; plate XI X, figu e 49 ; and pla , fig

n ] ed. 2 . 554 1868. Crm npii , Hartt, Dawso AcadianGeo , p ,

PL , p. 82, fig .

. ist. Soc. New Matthew , Bull Nat. H

but e are Several exam ples of these seeds are available, th y e m one m e rel ativ ly rare in com parison with C. com utu . In speci n are (No . 3277 in the M cGill University collection) two seeds u e 49 lying beside each other. This is shown in pl . XIX , fig r , in e h c e the th present paper, which illustrates the m ain c ara t rs of 5 m m type. The narrow elongated seed is sm all , about by — u de a e a 2 3 m m , with very pointed ends, and is surro n d by r l tiv ely broad wing of 2- 3 m m extension on either side which brings up the size of the structure as a whole to 2— 2 - 5 cm in — length and 6 7m m in breadth . d In one of the specim ens figured by Dawson (figs . 220 an e nd w c 222 , pl . XIX, 1 871) there is anopening at on e hi h pro utam a e bably corresponds to the notch in the wing of C. com bov e as a the m icropyle, and, therefore, m ay be tak n an indic tion 62 that it is the m icropylar end in C. Cram pii also . In fig . ,

m the St. pl . XXV, is shown a sketch of such a seed fro John m e d Natural History Museum . A m edian ridge runs fro n to 95

end of the seed , which appears to have been m uch flattened . c Eu Analm ost identi al type from rope is figured by M . Zeiller

( 1892 , pl . XV, figs . 8 it is known from the Upper Coal

Measures of Com m entry , and the passage beds between the

Coal Measures and Perm ian . Reference should also he m ade

1 A . . to the figures in Potonié ( 893 , pl XXXII , figs 12, 13) and in

Renault ( 1 890, pl . LXXII , fig .

Such seeds, however, which are of infrequent occurrence and have not been satisfactorily studied or allocated to their parent plant, canscarcely be considered to have m uch weight as anindication of the geological age of the deposits in which a e e they occur . They prob bly b longed to som e m em b r of the widely distributed Cordaitean plexus.

Notea on the planta recorded from St. John and not

accounted for inth e preceding descriptions.

[These are given in Alphabetical order under the nam e by

e zz which they were d zribed. I wish to m ake it clear, however, that by listing these determ inations I do not intend to perpetuate

e e u e e e . them , but m r ly to ens r conv ni nce of reference T he species which have been founded on the following specim ens do not appear really to be established , and the nam es e consequently should be lim inated from palaeobotanical lists .]

m m m oan w AL no s m s, Da son.

18” Dm m W ' 1 ) ’ Q x : WM 1 . v , £ 322 , p ,m “

1868. Aletho tem 1 p 2 1 8" A ”m 1 g 55 XVI I I 1. , p pl. fig 206

I have not seen a specim en that I canidentify with cer tainty as the original of the folded pinnule that form ed the basis ’ 4 1 Da e c of fig . in wson s d s ription of the species in 1862 . In the

McGill University collection, however, there is a som ewhat “ ” fr en th m a ’ sim ilar agm t, wi a s ll label Alethopdnaem in Dawson s n w c w e ef e handwriti g, hi h e can, th r or , take as representative of he e h a the t speci s, and w ich is prob bly real type specim en. 96

The specim en is only a porti onof a separated pinnule and ea u e are ce e uc so far as its f t r s dis rnibl in s h a poor fragm ent , e D is entirely the sam e as that figur d by awson in 1871 , pl . XVIII “ ' ” s di s m a e . as Alethoptm crepa broad v ri ty That is to say , it ’ A. lonehi tica . Da em is m erely a portion of wson s r ark ( 1 871 , “ ” he e e e a d p . 55) that t pinnul s ar m or th n aninch wi e is perhaps t based on a m isinterpre ationof this specim en, where tw o pinnul es lie overlapping in such a w ay that without v ery close exam in ation they m ight be taken as one broad leafl et . e c Toeni teriaf mi ceouriem i s e In d s ribing his op , Whit ( 1899 , p . 142) notes that the Alethopteris i ngene as described by Dawson ’ is a som ewhat sim ilar form . H e quotes Dawson s ( 1871 ) des e cription, but in this th illustration showed only a portion of the e venation which with that of a num ber of oth r form s, resem bles ’ e e D his species . Th actual v nation of awson s fragm ent, how o l ' ever, is that com m on to the genus Aleth p eris, and Dawson s own specimw of A. {new is anentirely undiagnosahle fragm ent of two pinnules, squashed and superim posed . which appear to belong to A. lonchitica .

Anm om s Psm v r, H ora.

o te is e [Possibly equivalent of Pec p r serm la Lesq u reux] .

'

t eadian h ed. . 1868 4 14 50 ! a Perlem, art , A Geo , 2, p 554 , fi . 192M 5 1 H g ,

wson . n 1 1 . l h ter P artt a Foss Pl . . 87 A d op u H , D , Devo Upp. Silur .

o ] . m ' 55 n g artt wso l . . 1 888. s ar $11 Geo 1113 t P)ants m , , p. 73,

h medition. fig . 23M (

The outline text figure of a m inute fragm ent of a pinnule is h all the illustration given with t e original description, and the in e sam e cut is repeated 1 888, wher nothing is added to the

I have not been able to locate the original specim en of ’ Dawson s fragm entary illustration, so that it is not possible to

. Da l . d determ ine exactly what it is wson ( 868, p 554 , an 1 871 , p . o teri serrula u reux 55) com pares it to Aleth p s of L esq e , whi ch, as e out Alet t r s Schim per long ago point d is not an p e i at all . u de the u A r d David White ( 1 899 , p . 73) n r gen s loiopte is iscusses t n’ the system atic position of P ecop e s serm la Lx . and other

n s w o n. Geol . Soc. 1861 . A a s ua t. Jou vol . 81 . nos D , Q r r , , p , m fizps I have not beenable to locate the original specim enof this ' — “ fragm ent . Dawson s description is as follows z Petiole appar

e . strong, fiabellate, straightish nerv s Pinnules overlapping e e e e each oth r. This plant bears a gen ral r s m blance to Archae ' ’ optsri s of the type of A. (Cycloptens) Mm yasa of Geppert; but the woody petiole or branchlet, and the eoarse texture raise e the suspicion that th specim en m ay not be a Fern, but m ay have belonged to a coniferous tree of the type of Voltsia or

From this it will be seen that without further confirm atory c evidene, this plant cannot be taken as an indication of the existence of Archaeopteris in the St. John beds .

The nam e, given as m ap. by Matthew in 1 906, is pre occupied , for it w as used by L esquereux in 1879 in his Atlas to

- the Coal Flora of Pennsylvania, p . 2 , pl . III , figs . 1 5 . The fragm ent described by Matthew however does not m erit the form ation of a species for its reception, for as be him

A . lon ia self rem arks , it is not separable from gifol by its leaves . The fact that the nodes are inconspicuous is not a sufficient basis for form ing a new species even w ere the specim en a good ’ c one, but this is an exceedingly poor and indistin t fragm ent .

' TAsm or nvL u rns ri ssos, Matthew .

Silur . Flora, Bull . Nat.

The foundation of a new species on these fragm ents cannot ce be upheld. They are not even determ inable with rtainty, and all one cansay is that possibly they belong to Asterophyllites cd. 2,

t n h llftss 8ternb. atthew rans. 1m As s p v M elina, , M , T Roy . Soc.

Canada, vol . 12, p.

Reference to the only illustration of this species from these

he . ed e probably present in t St John b s, I cannot m ak any use of such records as are available, for the m aterial is too im perfect to establish its existence there.

Am or s r snrrss scor i osas , Dawson.

a m Acadian Gaol ed. A ! W h 1 2, p 639 i

Wfig . 0 .

W x aum b am m Geol H ist Plants p N fin c c'

1906. W W W “ - ser 2 vol . 1 2, p 1 17 pl I V figs l 8 and p l l 9 pl i V fig 9 ‘

s er . 1910. L epidoealavm asato , Roy 800 . Canada,

, fig . 4 .

’ a be Wh t appears to the original of Dawson s 1862 , fig . 20,

. the Mc ill pl XIII , is in G University collection, No. 334 1 . ' - N t Dr . t i otwiths anding Matthew s e descr ption of the form , I cansee in these fragm ents no character sufficiently well preserved e h u or distinctiv for t e fo ndation of a species .

C E I B AL AMI T S C BTI I , rownianm ut. Matthew.

' 1 Cal t 906. am es C mat. Matthew rans. , T Roy Soc. Canada, vol . I II ,figs l

Bull . Nat . Hist. Soc. New

Of the speci m en all that canjustly be said is that it is an “ ” e e m a e C ind t r in bl alam ites sp. 100

Canu m sp. Dawm .

1871 . (3q Dam n,

Sun “ ° 27 ] ”w 9 4 9 1 9 s a

The specim en illustrated by Dawson is quite indeterm in able.

Cm oon maonANTI QU I US, Dawson.

m m » aati ai as Daw o P1. evon 8 . o F 1 71 C q , s n, D . Upp. Silur. n 9 0. cm ani s w atthew . 1 1 tc “, Da s , M , Bull Nat. Hist. Boo. New o

The specim en does not show any characters suffi ciently distinctive for the foundation of a species .

Cs m onm naox m om m a , Dawson.

Matthew, Bull . Nat. Hist.

e The sp cimen is really indeterm inable, and cannot be retained as the basis of a distinct species.

- Gaseou sans con s erv e, Dawson.

Nat. Hist. Soc. New

This im perfect and confused fragm ent is entirely indeter

Coanarrns s ueosri rou s , Dawson.

ntact“ o ol. 6 . 1 0 . 1 70 1861 . C W olfe , Dawson, Canad. Nat. , v , p 7 , p , c

ascadifoq awson, Qum . Journ. Geol .

1868.

1871 . Cu dd le

63.

Erian. U pp. Sil ur . Canada,

Pt I I . Po

102

H rs nornrm rsa 11m m , Lem m as i nDawson.

ul ess.

1371 .

(71880.

’ a I h ve not seen the original of Lesq uereux s plant, and as no a i'n further pec ens have com e to hand inthe St. Johndeposits, t ’ I canno supplem ent Dawson s rem arks on his determ ination . e Dawson giv s no description of his specim en , merely saying “ e o specim ns pr cured by Mr. West”on at L epreau appear to - belong to the above nam ed species . “ ’ .eference should be m ade to Dawson s fig . 181 , pl . XVI , when it will be obvious that under the circum stances the determ ination m ust be regarded as very doubtful .

' ' Ooortror rslus sum m ons , Dawson [non Lesquereux] .

Journ. Geol . Soc. , vol. 31 ,

ist . Ne thew, Bull . Nat. H . Soc w

The description of this fragm ent given in the second Report on Devonian and Silurian plants is verbatim from the Journal of the Geological Society of the preceding year, and the sam e the escri figure is reproduced . Reference to this figure and d p tion shows that the fragm ent consisted of but a sm all portion of ' “ e e de a com pound l af, in Dawson s words, Petiole sl n r, bearing ah e ) rt pinnul s placed at right angles to it, and each consisting of two rounded decurrent pinnulae and a term inal pinnule of e e e triangular form . T he plant is, therefore, ntirely diff r nt ’ ' ’ from L esq uereuy s Odontoptens squamoeo in Roger s ( 1858) e Geology of Pennsy lvania, pl . XIX, fig . 2 , as is im m ediat ly ’ obvious on com paring the two figures . Dawson s nam e . there r fore, is antedated and cannot stand, as he doubtless ecog nised

e e m i r the e ra u m n1 882 . wh n h changed it to 0 . squa ge on r t slip i It does not appear necessary to give the fragm ent another 103

e e e e nam e, however, for , so far as it go s , it ntir ly coincid s with ‘ ” " c Nes roptm s pum as , Dawson , of whi h it is m erely a fragm ent . (See p.

- sscu Pseor rs ius (Answ er ram s) o u (f) , L esquercu

Dawson.

s w Le auereux, Da son, Acadia

Sir William Dawson (p . 322 , 1862) points out that this ' closely resem bles Lesquereux s species of Alcihopteri s from the s Coal Measuresof Pennsylvania . 1 have no pecirnenof this species , and have nothing to add to his determ ination except the rem ark ’ e e that L esq uereux s figures w re confessedly incom pl te, and that “ ” is . when he revises the form in h Coal Flora, p pl . ' 2 e e e e e XXXVI , figs . 1 , , th re rem ains v ry littl lik n ss to Dawson s e fragm nt . It m ust also be noticed that Lesq uereux changes the nam e m s e to Catlipteridui rugo um in this lat r ( 1880) work .

P scom nxs PR ECI OSA , H ora.

te u 61 late I V ure 68. Pla XXI I I , fig re ; p XX , fig

cadi Geol . precioea, Hartt, Dawson, A an ,

enera Bartt awson Foss . r) W . , D , 0 gcol Surv . 56 l VI I I ti e. 21 , p X , g ,

'

P tc r . fi e rs e a t Geol . H ist. PI 73 h cop s p cios . Hart , Dawson, , p , g 23

( in1906 edition) . P e ll t ist eo ter H artt atthew Bu . Na . . p u pretioso. , M , H eW Brunswick , v ol . 6, p. 248.

‘‘ s This pecies w as founded on som e fragm ents of pinnae, and a sketch of a single pinnule w as given with the description “ " Acad an Ge in i ology by Dawson . I n the 1 871 m onograph , Dawson gives further figures of the form from which it is evident “ ” “ ” that s ecim en i p B , labelled as Type in the McG ll University c e n the oll ctio , is original of his fig . 21 0. A photograph of this s ec m e is s p i n hown in m y plate XXIII , fig . 61 , where it will be seen that the alteration of the rock has slightly distorted the 104

specim en, which is consequently too indistinct to show either

u e e a ne a . its o tlin or its v n tio x ctly It is, therefore, im possible to determ ine it reliably, and under no circumsta nces is it possible u a new c uc to fo nd spe ies on s h a specim en . All that canbe a said is th t it m ay be a fragm ent of P . plumosa . The second fragm ent included in the M cGill collection is shown in m y “ ” l te . p a XXIV, fig 63. It is labelled as Pecopt. preciosa in ’ Da i e wson s wr ting , as canbe s en in the photograph . It does u the d not f lfil iagnosis for the species in Acadian Geology, p . 553 , “ however. H ere Dawson says : Pinnae a little larger than those “ ” the ec e i .s . P . of last sp i s, ( not serrated , for in this fragm ent the pinnules are quite as m uch serrated as those of “ P . em ulata .

en It is, therefore, clear that the type specim ens prove . e e tir ly inadequate for the foundation of a species . The nam m ust, therefore, lapse. The fragm ents form ing the type

e mosa . both ind term inable, but they are possibly (T) P . plu

on son. PI NNUL ARI A n osa , Daw

nada n . ur . Ca F ev o . U Sil sa wson 1 871 . Pim laria nodo . Da , D pp .

Rep. 0 001 . q

n Matthew Bull . Nat. ist. 80 0 . New 1 910. Pin ularia nodosa, Dawso , , H

. n Brunswick , vol 6, p. 247

he McGill e T he type, and only specim en is in t Univ rsity ee a e and e e e collection, N o. 3330. It has b n v rnish d , th r for , u e e a rendered som ewhat obscure, but it is q ite vid nt th t it represents m erely the obscure and m uch altered pinnae of a fern .

Ram cau u os nou osos, M atthew .

C nada vol . 12 ew rans . Ro . Soc. a 1 906. Ram ioalamus dum sus, Matth , T y , ,

w ns thew ull . Nat. ist. Soc. Ne B u 1910. Ram i cahm us dumosus, M at , B H r ck 24 wi , vol . 6, p. 7.

' m e uce e Dr . Matthew s sketch of this for , r prod d in his plat a canbe ee the e e m e VI II , fig . 2 , indicates all th t s n in typ sp ci n, m e u e m e which he kindly show ed m e. It appears to q it i possibl to give a diagnosis that would suffice to define a species on such m aterial .

106

u . e e only occ r This lat r vi w appears to be correct and indeed , u m he c m e d j dging fro t spe i ns sai to represent it, which I have the e had privilege of xam ining, there is no real evidence for the e i e ce e h x st n of this speci s in t e St. John beds .

Sr nmvo nr r s o m s om s no os, G eppert, in Dawson .

Pla te XXI V. figure 64.

’

1 862. H liiies obt tstlobus Goe e awson uart. Journ y p , D , Q

' vo 8 XV in nof tes l . 1 . 322 l . gs descri ti o la error , p (p , , p p ,

for 11 curtilobus r) .

n . ”Goeppert Dawso , Acadian Geol p.

1871 ' S ' ‘ ’ U”

w w . iv1 a am . Psi l 1 ? m p . p ,

It w il l at once be seen on reference to the photograph ' . a (pl XXIV, fig . 64 present paper) of Dawson s origin l and only “ ” specim en of this species that it bears no resem blance to the ’ E e w urop an H . obtusilobus. This is labelled in D a son s writing “ ” 1 as Type, H . Obtusilobus, and is the original of his fig . 83,

. rtilobus e e pl XVI , in 1871 . The nam es obtusi lobus and cu w r u e 1 e ea a conf s d in 862 , but the m onograph in 1 871 m ak s it cl r th t “ obi usi lobus is nam ed from the specim en now photographed , N e e a e ( o. 33 1 8 McGill University coll . ) This is m r ly fragm nt of Diplothmema sub-furcatum as is evident from a study of the

a l s ee . ctua pecim en, w hich is som ew hat altered . (S p

s n s Daws Sr n xvom m s ( H r u sx om r w m ) curm w u , on.

Geol . o 1862. . Journ. Soc., v l . 18

ndsee. of is ”. obtusilobus i

‘

t l n c Geol . . 552 1 m t obus, Dawso , A adia" , p fig . 920 . “ n 1P l e‘ f i U Silur " 0 m ’ pp

2fi irsim9 . Sntv 122; p g pi .v 1 es .

n ist l . fi . a milobus, Dawso , GeoI . H . P , p. 73, g 230

The two figures in the. 1 871 description of this species

h l . . 39 the 1 862 appear to bear no relation to t at ( p XV, fig ) of m em oir referred to in the text as anillustration of H ymenophyl he e u a lites cartilolm s. In the description of t figur s, this ill str tion

’ n e h as a result of som e confusion in arranging his pri t r s slips, t e species nam es and descriptions m ay have got m ixed and the 107

he specific nam e perpetuated accidentally . In both t Acadian Geology and the Geological H istory of Plants the sam e figure

u H . usilobus appears as H . curtilobue which is q oted as obt in the ' original description of the illustration . I have not located the original specim ens of either of the

e . figures of the 1 s7l , ot the 1 862 illustration of the sp cies The d type specim ens therefore being in such confusion, an probably a a ev e unavailable, and the illustrations indic ting th t, which r m e e e e e e e a m e a and far m for th y w r , th y w r v ry fr g nt ry fro ” s e characteristic, it seem s m uch wiser to aboli h th species o curtif bus altogether .

Tm cnom rm sp. Dawson.

ol . 1 8 . Quart. Journ. Geol . Soc. , v , p 322 ,

pl . XV I , fig

1 871 . Triehonm ites

“ Dawson ( 1 862) says of this specim en : A m inute frond, e e coll cted at St. John by Mr . H artt, m ay possibly r present a plant of this genus ; but it m ay be m erely the nervu”res of a leaf whose parenchym a has been rem oved by decay . There is d ’ no oubt that Dawson s second alternative is the correct one.

a oos ocs arc u Dawsom t mm s, D . White.

“ ” Fruits or bracts un nature wson F . P . of certain , Da , oss I

U Geol . C l pp p Surv. anada, p. 64 , p n 0 fig . 2300 ( ot 231 , 231 and b. ' r m Dawsontanwn, David White, Pottsv ille Fo ation, p. 910 Dom ianum avid te in taw , D Whi Am i, Ot a Natur W 14 , p. 123.

DawsOn e h giv s no description of t e fragm ents he figures, but e e e e r f r nc to his plate XIX will show how im perfect they are. D avid White ( 1 899, p . 9 10) in his account of the Pottsville m e e c e em for ation do s not d s rib th either, nor does he further — “ illustrate them . H is account is as follows Accom panying the e m e e d sp ci ns of a v ry narrow an rather sm all Trigonocorpum , there occur in the sam e m atrix num erous detached valves which agree so com pletely with the fragm ents figured by Dawson from “ ” “ e th Fern l e dges at St. John as fruits or bracts of uncertain 1 08

nature that I have ventured to include a portion of the latter

m aterial as well , in the sam e species. The figures given in the “ ” Devonian Flora will serve to illustrate the Pottsv ille m aterial which I nam e in honour of the late distinguished palaeobotanist " e of Am rica.

As I have not seen any of the Pottsv ille m aterial , I am not in a position to com m ent on thi s species as represented from those “ e but e a the St. a c e e u e b ds , r g rding ”John pl nts whi h s rv to ill strat the Pottsville m aterial I m ust state that I find it im possible to accept the fragm ents as a true species and still m ore so to utilise

them for the basis of com parison with another fiora.

Tm eonocaar m s m onu osm s, Dawson.

‘

1 868 T wson ed. . . racemom m , Da , AcadianGeol . , 2, p 555, fi8 1 94

' T wso x . racenwsum , Da n, l oss. Pl . Dev U pp Silur . 9 ’ C Geol . Surv Re . . 62 . XI X . anada, . p , p , pl , fig

Plants, p. 82,

The original specim ens of the fragm ents figured in the 1862

a e . 2 . p p r are in M cGill University collection, No 3 73 These

are poorly preserved fragm ents of Cordaianthus. The im pression

illustrated in fig . 227a, pl . XIX, in the 1 871 account suggests that it m ay be the Westphalian form Samaropsis Pitcai rniae

(Lindley and H utton) but it is too im perfect for identification.

Tabul ar list of old and new nam es applied to the

St. Johnplants.

It m ay be convenient for som e readers to have a list of the h older nam es of t e St. John plants with the determ inations m ade in the present paper

Older names of Dawson,

M atthew, etc.

w or m s .

Rhizom orphs lichenoides Matt Fern aphlebia.

1 10

P resent nam es.

. S hen h an Sphenophyllum antiquum Dn. . p op yllum tiquum

I S. gam m a Matt Sphenophyllum cuneifol

tum Sternb . sp. 7S 8. 1atum at var . m inus . Matt . . phenophyllum candlel

i um Sternb . sp.

Indeterm inable.

Sigillaris palpebra Dn

Cyperitea sp. Da

n P silophytonelega s Dn.

Dn. sp.

Adianti des obtnsus Da . sp. Aneim ites (Triphyllopteris)

valida Da Sphenopteris valida Dn. sp. - 8 . artem i siaefoli oides

GinkgophytonL eavitti Matt . . Sphenopteris sp. Pseudobaiera McI ntoshi Matt

P . McI ntoshi m ut. fiabellata no Stur .

‘

h t s m ar i nata Dn. Sphenopteris m arginata Da . . . Sp enop m g -= ol a . S. rotundif ia Andr ) n S. H arttii D

Da . sp.

ur m 8. subfurcatus Dn. Di plothmem a subf eatu

Dn. sp. l l l

Diplothmema subfureatum

Da . sp. ’

A . hl . lonelntiea Sc sp.

A. Perleyi Hartt . .

' Alabam a s leachitiea Schl .

sp.

ans J . discrep var

Neuropteris polym orpha Da. . . Neuropteris heterophylla

N . serrulata Da

' - 7 N . ( Schleham Stur. ) ' - o ns Part Neur pte sp. cf .

- t r varia (Da.) Matthew . . Part Cyelop e is varia Da .

Cy clopteris Brownii Dn. .

sq uam iger Da . Bronx!» Megalopteris Dawsoni H artt sp Megalopteris Dawsoni Hartt

sp. Cardiopteris eriana Dn Callipteris pilosa Pecopteris (Aspidites?) serrulata

e - P . As it l id . ( p preciosa H artt . . Indeterm inable.

' ’

P . C hi ( y at tes?) densifolia Dn. . . Pecoptens Miltom Artis . sp. Whit tlesey a Dawsoniana D .

Whittleseya Dawsoniana D .

White.

. c a n . W con inn and v arr . Matt . . Whittleseya conci na Matt

D . e Whit St. John exam ples indeter 1 12

P resent names.

orda nt Trigonocarponracem osum Dn. C ia hns sp. i ri on nti T. perant quum Dn T g oearpum pera quum

Da .

cr unosr s aa s.

Dadoxylon Ouangondianum Da . Dadoz ylonOuangondtanum

s Cordai te Bobbit Da . (pars

C . Robbii narrow var Dn C um r u Dn . di o ar o Cardioca poncorn tum . ar c p ncornut Dn.

C . Baileyi Dn Cardi ocarpon Cram p u

H artt .

C . ovale Dn Cardi ocarponovate Dn.

Cardiocarponobliquum Dn. Carpolithes com pactus Dn

da i cus n. Antholithes Devonicus Dn. . Cor ianthus devon D

A. fioridus Dn

1 14

Calamites Sackowi Brongnt.

Annularia sphm ophyltoidss Zenker . ' Annulrm a stellata Schlotheim sp. - Annularia W olfe Dawson sp. A. outlets !)

Adiantidss obtam Dawson sp.

- 8 . n Sphsnopteris marginata Dawson rotu dtfolia Andra) . - ‘ s . . B n Oliaoearpia splendour Dawson p 0 rono iarts Stur) . - Sphenoptsris valida Dawson sp. 8 . artennsiadolioidss.

Crepin) .

P ecopteris plamosa Artie.

Diplothmsma subfareatam Dawson sp. ’ Abthoptsris lonehsti ea Schlotheim sp. ‘ Measleptens Dawsoni H artt sp.

Dicranopkyllnm glabm m Dawson sp.

Cordaites Rabbit Dawson(cf . 8 . borassifolins

Cordc ites principalis Germ an sp.

CardiocarponCram ps; Hartt .

To this list should be added the following , in which there h but m ay be uncertainty about t e specific identity, of which e i the genus is certain, and is of som stratigraphic s gnificance

Calamostachys sp

’ - i D . r Asterophylhtes pannna awson .4 g andis Sternb . ?

Sphenophyllum antiquum Dawson . 1 1 5

n um f e oti um . Sphenophyll eu ij Sternberg sp.

“ ons . e a Lepidodendr p (in Berg ri condition) .

‘ ' - ? Neuroptens Selwym Dawson . N . Schlehani Stu

Neuropteris eriana Dawson sp.

' ' Sternbsrma sp. (pith casts of Cordoi tss) .

This list may appear very short . and the num ber of species exceedingly sm all to be all that represents the rich flora of the “ w h " Fern Ledges of St. John, but those o will give the species en I have discarded serious att tion , and will trouble to look up e the original specimens and illustrations, cannot fail to r cognise, if they judge im partially, that no good purpm e canbe served by retaining them . It is deplorable though none the less true that many palaeobotanists have slipped into the easy habit of nam ing as e e e r a new or distinct sp cies im p rfect or troublesom f agm ents , and thus different parts of a single frond have been given different e u sp cific nam es , and I have fo nd actually a case (not of Palaeosoi c plants) where a single fossil and its ownreverse are put in difi erent m ore !

' “ By such m eans, th cgh the lists of species described a u has from v rio s localities been swelled to im portant proportions, the science of palaeobotany has sufi ered grievously in repute am c use ong geologists and other s ientists who its results . H ence e e I cannot r cognis species founded on very poor m aterial . It seem s a better thing to be blam ed for ignoring obscure species and failing to recognise the specific nam es of indeterm inable “ ” a e fr gm nts, than to pad lists with species which posterity will deride. I recognise that the nam es in m y carefully selected and ' sifted list m ay be changed to suit difierent interpretations of the rules of nom enclature and in any case som e of them m ay not stand against the results that we hope will accrue in the next e tw nty years, for by that tim e m any scattered fragm ents will be pieced together and w e m ay then know as w hole plants w hat we " now know only as separate parts under tem porary specific 1 16

e . e e nam s N v rtheless, I trust that the actual plants now recorded under the ahov s nam ss ars recognisable inthem selves and ean e e e be u e e th r for s d saf ly in com parisons of the St. John flora with

GEOLOGI CAL 00 h CL USI ONS .

Before entering into a consideration of the geological positzsnof the Little River Fern Ledges flora it will be well to

decide whether we sre dealing with a single fiora, or with a

consecutive series of fioras com -parable with the whole of the

Pottsv ille for instance, of which Mr. David White writes ( 1895, “ the flor he e p . 307) that a was changing rapidly, and I nt low r part of the Pottsville series m any species show a relation to the fioras of the Vespertine or Calciferous Sandstone series ; in the

m iddle portionm any of the form s are unique, while in thickly developed sections it is only near the top of the series that we see " s occasional Coal Mea ure form s creeping in . To get such data for the FernLedges fiora it is necessary to have carefully collected series of fossils with the actual beds of origin recorded for each species. Som e such collections were m ade and the results published as long ago as 1 865 by Prof.

H artt . H e described eight plant beds, giving the species found in b t in each . Since then m any further plants have been found, u t B very few ins ances has their exact location been recorded . ut, as ’ will be seen in the following analysis of H artt s records, im portant and sufi cient evidence was accum ulated by him to prove that

e e ra. we are dealing with what m ay be tak n, broadly, as a singl flo

- - 1 Analysis of P lant Beds , Nos. 1 8, dew su d by H artt ( 866,

p. 1 84

' (The num bers in brackets are the num bers of H artt s beds) .

calam m a (2) s

Calam ites eannaeform is C. Suckowi Brongniart) ,

‘ Asterophyllites latifoha , ( l ) ,

A. acicularia. ( l ) , (8)

1 1 8

Calam i tes a ( “ ra e Asterocalam ites p d to scrobicrdatus,

not this enem a) . ( I ) , (8)

Calam itee Suckowi , (8) ’ Annulana stellata, h llim e ui om i s l Asterop y q sdif . ( ) , (8) h aum m 2 4 Dim m fl 01m ) ( ) r ( ) r M Sporangites M t a ,

Adiantides obtusus, r - i Sphenopteris m a gi nata S. rotund folia ,

P ecopteri s Milioni ,

Diplothmema subfurcal um , s Daws Megalopteri oni , ”0 NM OPW kW h/ , (8) P ec te i s lum osa op r p , il Alethoptcria M k a . (8) ’ Bus 2 Rhacoptcns eeana , ( ) ' - Cordaites Robbii C. horasaflolius

i ri al s 0011 10 1308 P m p i . (8) ' 6m m u mm , (8)

In the above list, several of the species m ost im portant for a a i ro h str tigr ph c purposes appear . Neu pteris hem op ylla and Alethopteris lonchitica occur from beds (2) right through to beds ‘ l us R Cordaites principalis and C. borasevo i ( obbii ) occur in all the beds from (2) to (8) and though Cordaites is m entioned i by Hartt as not appearing inbed y et Card ocarponcom uta m , c whi h m ost probably belongs to it , occurs in both ( 1 ) and

' an al s d m ost of the interm ediate beds . C am i te Suckows occurs

’ from (2) to and other species in al l the series . Sphenoptens

a r und e 2 margi nata ( s. ot ifolia) is r corded from beds ( ) to Sporanoites from (2) to and Dicranophyllum glabrum from h beds (2) to This is interesting, for Di cranop yll um is looked be on as m ainly a Stephanian genus, and m ight taken as an indication of the higher position in the Carboniferous of the e n s ries , but it occurs i beds below M egab pleris Dawsoni , which e e ste is a leading Pottsvill type. Th n again, A. llata , indicative of, at least, upper and m iddle Westphalian, is found at the 1 1 9

B ut m s the m a very base of the seri es of beds . o t of i port nt s plants are m ixed in all the bed .

fo e o Personally ( ref. p. 9) I und it im possibl to c nfine the oun m er t w ce m a as s series to 8 beds, for I f d e hant i as ny thi at

n n em the nts w er e. e enm e m e ha Duck cove, a d i th pla v or ix d t n r in the table given by H a tt.

" t n The distributionof he form s m ent m ed, however, occurri g s s e es no m from the bottom to the top of the eri e , l av roo for e e s n e a the doubt that the Fern Ledg s plants ar a i gl flor , in sense that they represent a period of tim e no longer than a single ’

r . hew s e a m ain divisionof the Carboniferous . D Matt s par tion

- 1 e se . ea m e into three sub floras (see 1 906, pl . 10 , t q ) app rs to to be without stable foundation. We m ust now consider which period inthe Carboniferous e h e na ons the a epoch they represent . Aft r t e det rm i ti of pl nts w u d be m e e given in the other sections of this m em oir, it o l r w aste of tim e here to argue elaborately w hy this flora m ust be n e is a a Carboniferous, for every species of im porta c typic l

n s ref. . et se . Carboniferous o e. A w ill be rem em bered ( p 5 q ) both n n e e o he alaeobotan Dr . id K sto a d Mr . David Whit , as w ll as t r p h ists w ere agreed as to the C arboniferous age of t e plants, h Am er canPo e though Mr . W ite correlated them w ith his i ttsvill

Kidstonw h he n w e C a easu es . As and Dr . it t Europea Lo r o l M r h e anc in Mr . W ite pointed out ( 1 901 A) the apparent discr p y this w as rea e n e e s ha the u e a g t r tha th actual , for he consid r t t pp r p rt of the Pottsville is very nearly contem poraneous with the Low er C a e es o l M asur of Europe . As from the nature of the characteristic plants of the Fern Ledges it is only w ith the very upperm ost zones of the Potts e a e u ed vill th t the com parison canbe m ade ( ref. to passag q ot m h e n h e e n the m a n fro W it a te p. 5) so t at w hil agr ei g in i with ’ . e s con e Mr Whit clusions , I confess that the St. John F rn Ledges seem to represent a som ew hat higher zone than he al ows in his W te l correlation of his Pottsville series . Mr . hi gives the following species ( which are quoted also from him by A Dr . m i) as being com m on to the Am ericanPottsville and the e ed e of S he F rn L g s t. John. I add a few com m ents to som e of t de e m t r inations . 1 20

S ecies ivenb White as com m onto P ottsvi lle and Fern d es p g y L e g

nn A ularia aci culari s Dn. sp.

Annularia laz a Dn.

nnula . A ria latifoli a (Da .) Kidston

Asterophyllitcs pam dus Da .

’ arti n Sphenopteri s H i D . ( Dawsons original w as a distorted

- en D ur m ref e . fragm t of . sub f catu . p. 105 ant ) = ‘ Sphenopteri s pilosa Da . ( P ecopteri s Miltom , which species he White records from t Pottsville) .

- P c P ecopteri s serm lata Dn. e opteris plum osa) .

e M egalopteris plumosa D . Whit ( a form closely resem bling

M . Dawsoni from St. John) .

' Neuroptcns P ocahontas D . White ( com pare this with n h Cardiopteris eri ana Da . (see p. 61 a te) , whic I think

h . was probably N . heterop ylla fragm ents)

r antea . Neu optcris retorquata (i .e. N . gig )

Aleth teri s di s ns Dn. i .e. A . hiti ca see . 47a e . op crepa ( lonc , p nt )

Alcthopteri s i ngcns.

Cordaites Robbii Da . C. borassifoli usf) .

ti e e Cordaites angus foli a Dn. (This species was lat r lim inated , h see Sm ith and W ite,

a C rdiocarponcornutum Dn.

ard C iocarponobliquum Da .

Card rt . Bai iocarponGi yi White, (closely allied to C leyi

TrigonocarponDawsonianum D . White (nam ed to include

indeterm inable fragm ents described by Dawson) .

Before discussing this it will be useful to have a table of the principal species from the St. John beds arranged so as to show their distribution both in the Pottsville and in the

West; halian series of the European Coal Measures, with which there is a m ost striking sim ilarity . In the following list I give only the m ore securely determ ined, and the plants m ore im portant for stratigraphic purposes .

1 22

In the above Table, x m eans that the identical species is present ; (x) that anexceedingly sim ilar if not identical species is present ; and G that other species in the genus are present (som e of which m ay be the sam e) in the beds w ith which the m co parison is m ade.

In addition to these species such genera as Sigillo ria, “ ” dod - add L epi endron, Stigm aria , P oa cordaites, and Sternberoia to the characteristically Carboniferous facies of the flora ; and

S . H om inghausi so exceedingly characteristic of the West

e u e . phalian, is reported though its determ ination is not v ry s r Even a cursory glance down the above list will sufi ce to im press on one how rem arkably Westphalian is the flora of the Fern e e ed Ledg s . The genus Megalopteri s alone is entirely unr present the e r u a m w c in W stphalian of Eu Ope, but it is a pec li r for hi h is confined apparently (though recently Arber identified a sm all fragm ent from the British Coal Measures as belonging to this e s e beds g nu ) to North Am erica, where it has been recognis d in u ec e of ndoubted Pottsville age. Otherwise the leading sp i s have not m erely allies in the Westphalian flora of Europe, but are e cal he a o s We m a a e he as id nti in t m j rity of case . y t k it t n

d u a e a the Fern s West halian a e. in isp t bl th t L edge flora is of p g h Z ller the T e m agnificent and detailed work of M . ei on V encic o and al nnes basin, ai . ther m inute work on British Eu i n he the ropean Coal Measures, has resulted t division of 95 4 7 h . eill er 1 . 8 Westp alian into three zones . To quote M Z ( 8 , p ) “ L a e a flo e e e au e difiérant de zon inférieure . . re r lativ m nt p vr , ’ ’ celle de la zone m oyenne par l absence d un grand nom bre ’ ue ar l d espéces fréquentes dans cette derniere, pl utot q p a ’ presence d especes particulieres elle esttoutefois characterisee par

‘ ' ' n hausi Aleth tens la grande abondance des Sphenoptens H oem g , op lonchitica r s hani Bothrodendron unctatum et , Neu opteri Schle , p ” ’ i . Zeiller s e e S gilla ria elegans. But with none of M zon s do s “ e ec e m the e the F rn Ledges entirely coincide, for sp i s fro high r z ones in considerable num bers of individuals are m ixed with those which m ight otherwise be taken to indicate that it cor

The ex . responds with the lowest oi the Westphalian z ones. planation of the m ixture of the flora and the key to som e of the difi culti es of the Fern Ledges flora depend on the fact (which seem s evident from the arrangem ent of the beds i nsitu and the 1 23

type of debris they contain) , that the flora did not grow in the place where it is now found (see p . 10 ante) . There is good reason to believe that the Fern Ledges flora is m ade up of e m m e d e e fragm nts brought down fro so inlan of high rl vel , m ingled with those of plants growing on the flats through which the stream passed . Speaking of the beds in Nova Scotia which we m ay safely take as being nearly, if not absolutely equivalent to the St. John “ . I Fern Ledges, Am i ( 1901 , p S2A) said It w ould appear that in Nova Scotia the Carboniferous period began with shallow uc th a d water conditions, prod ing e shales , s ndstones, m u stones, e fre m arls and grits of the Riv rsdale and Union series. The quent ripple-m arked and littoral character of these beds seem s to indicate rapid subm ergences at th”e tim e of deposition and A a e accounts for their great thickness. little f rth r w est , n wh ere now the Fern Ledges of New Bru swick are to be found , 1 picture that at that tim e there was a sim ilar condition of rapid subm ergence in the great delta or lake into which a river brought down the debris of what w e now call the Fern Ledges flora . The fact that som e of these fragm ents appear to belong to e h a e high r zones than others is t us sim ply ccounted for, l s nuse, as detailed work on the Low er Coal Measure series in Britain s has hown , the highland flora difi ered from the swam p flora, and the form er included a num ber of form s generally considered to

be e e n e e e a . of high r Carbonif rous , a d som e v n of P rm ian f cies See Sc 1 e ( ott , 906, Stopes, 1 906, and Stop s and Watson , This interesting and im portant result w as prim arily estab lished in relation to m aterial of w hich the internal structure w as known , but it obviously applies also to the plants repre

e ed s nt only by surface im pressions . H e ce h n , in conclusion , w e m ay take it that t e Fern Ledges represent plant debris from differing ecological situations w hich were all growing inthat period of tim e inthe Coal Measures h e n n whic is b st k own as the Westphalia , and that probably it corresponds inpoint of tim e m ost nearly to the lowest zone of the m d e id l Westphalian . f The specific identity between so m any o the plants from Em ope and Canada is a point of great interest in relation to the e a ca u h g ogr phi l distrib tion of t e form s . 1 24

h As regards the com position of t e flora, a point im m edi atel" noticeable is the extraordinary scarcity of both Sigillaria

and L e d ndr ec a e c e . pi ode on. Of these no r ognis bl spe i s occurs and but a sm all num ber of specim ens that are identifiable e e ca em eca g n ri lly . This is all the m ore r arkable b use in som e h of t e beds Calam itec rem ains are com m on , so that all m em bers “ ” of the swam p flora are not entirely absent . At the sam e m tim e we notice a sim ilar scarcity of Sphenophyll u , another of the - e n typical swam p growing form s of the Coal M asures, a d n o e m ust take it that we are not dealing with the typical , m ixed swam p- flora of the Coal Measures but with one principally e a growing on dry land. T he beds of Calam ites alt rn ting with others of m ixed debris indicate that there were groves of Cala “ ” m ites growing as analm ost pure form ation (in the language

- of the ecologist) just as m odern Equi setum often does to day . Another genus whose absence is rem arkable is the com m on

’ ac c m an Mari optm a. The l k of this in a flora ontaining so y “ " other typical Westphalian ferns is particularly noticeable, and raises interesting questions regarding the geographical distri i u a . e e u e a a b t c of species at this tim e Until , how v r, f rth r d t e e ar avail able, it seem s to m e prem ature to m ake gen ralisations h c on t e them e, however enti ing. c Personally , I think it will prove exceedingly difi uit, if not m h a i possible, to attainto any fine z oning in t e Fern Ledge flor , but if such work could be attem pted by anyone on the spot it he would be interesting , and, at least, would result in t gathering of m ore data and better specim ens . Now a word m ust be said regarding the relation of these beds to the fam ous Carboniferous section at Joggins which o n extends from the bottom to the top f the Carbo iferous series .

The specim ens of Alethopteri s lonchitica ( ref. ante . p . 51 of “ ” the di screpans type which I obtained at Jom na exactly agree c with the St. John plants . Furtherm ore, several spe ies of seeds, and ferns, and Cordaites also agree com pletely from the two h series of beds . Reference should be m ade to the account of t e

c . Joggins section in A adian Geology , pp 1 56 et seq , where frequent m s A i lonehitica ention is m ade of Cala m ite Suckowi , lethopter s ,

Cordaites borassifoli us and other form s found in the St. John beds ; from Joggins also the species of Cordaianthus and som e

126

of it , if Geology is a science at all , Stratigraphy and Palaeon tology m ust prove ultim ately to be harm onious . The great difli culty in dealing with the stratigraphy of the the beds now under consideration in the St. John area, is lack of really good critical exposures. The Fern Ledges beds them selves are well exposed, but places where they com e in contact with other beds are all too few , and the country is so wooded and otherwise covered that great j um ps are taken from point to point, and (so it appeared to m e) the stratigraphers have to see with the ey e of faith what lies beneath the covered surfaces , and thereby have overlooked anim portant overthrust .

CON TRI B U TORY EVI DENCE.

“ " The actual Fern Ledges are exceedingly poor in anim al

m . e rem ains, though a few have been discovered in the Th ir evidence is nullified by the stratigraphers, by m eans of a circular argum ent . As for instance when Dr . Matthew ( 191 0, p . “ says, speaking of Batrachian anim als : That anim als of this com paratively high type of structure m ay have lived in Silurian de the e s tim es seem s not im prob able, when w e consi r that v g tationof this tim e w as so exceeding like that of the Carboni ferous that paleOphytologists of the highest renown have no”t hesitated to assert that the associated plants are Carboniferous .

Thus by first asserting that the Carboniferous plants are Siluri an , it is possible to argue w hen y ou find Carboniferous ani m als in the a e cau e e a are! sam e beds, th t th y m ust be Silurian be s th pl nts e he This m ethod is used elsewh re (see pp . 1 30 , Matt w, “ It is anunexpected discovery to find such com m onspeci es of the Coal Measures as Calam ites Ci stii and Calam i tes Suckowi t s flour; hing infull perfection at this early tim e in geologic hi tory , e C e us m e . for if we have the identical plants of th arbonif ro ti he in these plant beds, why m ay w e not have as w ell t land snails, the insects, the m yriapods and the am phibians of Car " e . w ho has d e boniferous type . Onthe oth r hand Dr Am i , on e : m uch work on these deposits, sum m arises the vidence as follows “ 1 the Lan (Am i , 901 , pp . 181 A) To whatever horizon R e caster plants are assigned, the rocks of the H arrington iv r, R e a e and and the H o m a iv rsd l Unio”n, possibly of ort n for tion m ust also be assigned In so far as the faunas are concerned , 127

they clearly indicate a Carboniferous facies . These faunas

— e genus . Phyllopodd the m urrenc of typical exam ples of the i - n a . e e a Leo c Estheris a d e e e e . all the r e g n r , , r l t d g n ra wo ld ov r recognised as Carboniferous, also points to the Carboniferous age of the rocks in Canada , from which the above form were em inently characteristic specim ens belonging to the genus

P odophlhalmafa— represented by num erous exam ples of a genus allied to Anthrapalasmon of the Coal — num erous tracks, footprints, etc. all the species of Souropus prev iously described from North Am er ica are placed in the Coal

e e a e e a . a r r f r bl to th genus Anthracom y . ch racte istic of distinct " sones . . inthe Carboniferous. Fish aflord one of the best class of rem ains for stratigraphic purposes, and som e were sent to Dr . Woodward to report on

r 1 . from this disputed terrain . Dr . Sm ith Woodwa d ( 902) p A “ ” 203, From the shales of the Riversdale form ation in which a “ specim en of fossil fish was disco vered The genus is d oubtful , " u but is alm ost certainly of a Carboniferous type. H e contin es

m h . he . Fro t e shales of the H orton form ation . t fossils are certainly Carboniferous but are not enough to determ ine e - e e wh ther Upper or Lower. The pieces of bone bed xhibit scal s ’ a of Elom chtkys, species of Acanthodes, and one im perfect cl vicle a R Th fin e e aw of hizodont (probably Strepsodus.) e e pi c of j " a e r a . is d ntary of St epsodus hardi ngi , D wson sp In con v e rsation, Dr . Woodward tells m e that it is im possible that beds

- containing these fish c m be pre Carboniferous . ' The ue : l t u be report of Dr . Am i s work contin s It wi l h s ’ ee ' n the s n that Dr . David White s and Mr . Kidsto s v iews on fossil plants of the Riversdale form ation and H orton series ; and e th the thos of Dr . A. Sm ith Woodward upon e fossil fishes of H h A e orton, as well as his well known views on the age of t e lb rt Ru e shales of New Brunswick ; also the views of Prof. T . p rt e he Jon s and Dr. H enry Woodward on the evidence aflorded by t O c a t n stra od and Crustaceans ; c”oncur in placing these form a io s the in Carboniferous system . CHAPTER IV.

“ Nor m — Reference in the text is m ade as Am i “ ” for the first paper m entioned , Am i ( 1900A) for the second of the sam e year , and so on . The dates quoted are those on the title pages of the respective works .

— “ Am , H . M . ( 1900) Onthe Occurrence of a Species of Whittle seya in the Riversdale Form ation (Bo-Carboniferous) of the H arrington River along the Boundary Line between C c e e Cum e a C u e v S a ol h st”r and b rl nd o nti s, No a coti , s - Canada. Ottawa Naturali t , vol . 1 4 , pp . 99 100.

Ottawa, 1 900. — — “ ( 1900A) Notes bearing on the Denna-Carboniferous

Problem in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick . Ottawa

- 21 . . Naturalist , vol . 1 4 , pp . 1 127 Ottawa, 1900 “ ( 1 9OOB) - On the Sub-divisions of the Carboniferous ( l e System in Eastern ands , with Special Ref rence to the Podtionof the b oron and Riversdale Form ations of N a Sc a e e e the De a S em m e ov oti , r f rr d”to voni n yst by so Canadian Geologists . Trans . Nova Scotian Inst . Sci

- - 1 0 . 1 2 1 8. H vol . 10, part 2 , session 899 190 , pp 6 7 alifax ,

1900.

— i . . . . C Work by Dr . Am in Ann Rep Geol Surv anada,

- 2 . vol . 1 1 , for 1898, pp . 1 81 A 18 A Ottawa, 1901 . — Dr . . . . S . ( l 9o2) Work by Am i in AnnRep Geol urv , Canada,

- 1 99A A. O a a 1 902 . vol . 1 2, for 1899 , pp . 205 tt w ,

“ ' — Vorw eltli che Pfl nz en us dem n Ax nnx, C . J . ( 1869) a a Stei Kohleng”ebirge der preussischen Rheinlande und West — - 50 ls. . phal ens . ard part, pp . 35 , p XI XV Bonn ,

1869 . “ - Aunanws E. . ( l 875) De i i P a m , B script”ons of Foss l l nts fro u . the Coal Meas res of Ohio . Rep Geol . Surv . Ohio,

2 4 1 — - vol . 2 , Palaeontology , , pp . 3 426, ple. XLVI LIII .

Colurhbus, 1 875. 1 28

130

“ — ur d Cons , A. J . ( 184 1) Z Kunde er Karpollthen, nsmentlich " e S e jener d r teinkohl n form ation . Vcrhandl . gees. Vaterl .

- - 1 ls. Mus. Bunsen" pp . 95 09 , p 1 11 . Prag , 184 1 .

“ — es Council , 0 . ( 1909) A propos d couches s Psilophyton en ’ ' Soc e Anjou. Bull . . d Etud s Sci . d Angers, vol . 38,

- 95 22 . for 1908, pp . 83 , fig . Angers, 1909 .

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e 38 — - roy . B lg , 2nd ser ., vol . , pp . 568 577, pls. l II .

Brussels, 1874 . “ — Observ ations sur quelques plantes fossiles des ’ depots dévoniens rapportes par Dum ont a l etag”e quart e de . soschisteux inferi ur son system s eifelien. Bull

4 - - Soc. Roy . Bot . Belg . , vol . 1 , pp . 214 230, pls. I VI .

Brum els, 1 875. “ — Notes Paléophytologiq ues ( Revision de quelques

especes Bull . Soc. Roy . Bot. Belg , vol . 1 9 , — 2nd pt. , pp . 22 29 . Brussels , 1879 . — See Monsoon, M . , 1 881

“ — n Dawson, G. M . ( 1900) Sum m ary Report on the Operatio s

of the Geological Survey for the year 1899 . Geol . Surv . — Canada, PP. 1 A 224A. Ottawa, 1900 .

‘ h a G Acco x. t e Dawson, J . W . ( 1855) Acadi n eology ; An u of Geological Structure and Mineral Resources of Nova Scotia and Portions of the Neighbouring Provinces of " British Am erica ; pp . 388, m ap, and text figs. Edin

burgh : 1 855 0 “ — O”u Fossil Plants from the Devonian Rocks of - 4 . . Soc. . 1 5 . 477 18 . Canada. Quart . Journ Geol , vol , pp

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- s . 1 . 14 2 . ea 1861 . sli t, vol . 0, pp 16 180, text figs Montr l, “ — Ou the Flora of the Dev onian Period inNorth " . Soc. . 1 8 Eastern America . Quart . Journ Geol . , vol ,

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“ — Further Observations on the Dev onian Plants of " G e ew . . Maine, asp , and N York Quart Journ . Geol .

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- 1 . . 1865: Pp. 50 5 LODdOO, 1866 “ - — a . e Ge S ( l 868) Acadi n Geology Th ological tructure, Rem a and i e a Re u e a S Organic ins, M n r l so rc s of Nov cotia, " P e s a . New Brunswick, and rinc Edward I l nd 2nd cd. ,

1868 . pp . 694 , m ap, and text figs. London, “ — — e - ( l 87o) Bakerian Lecture. On th Pre Carboniferous - ca Floras of North Eastern Am eri , with special reference " A s a Pe . ac . . to the Erian (Devoni n) riod b tr t Proc . Roy

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of . . stone Grit Form ation Canada Rep Geol . Surv .

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Montreal , 1 882 . “ — c e P ic ( 1883) Ths Su cessiv alaeoso Floras of Canada .

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text figs. Montreal , 1890. 1 32

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Eastern Albert and Westm oreland Counties, New

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be ui . e . Co q d Mountains Ann. Rep. G ol . and Nat H ist .

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1 34

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York, 1 902 . “ 1 - Fos ( 908) Flora Fossil das Coal Measures do Brasil (

Flo th e I n . C . t ra of e Coal M asures of J Whi e a c Rel . Final Com m iss. de estudos das m inas d Carv o

- - Pe . . Ri o c dra de Brazil , pp . 3376 1 7, pls V XIV e Jan iro, 1 908 .

— “ Discussion and Correspondence, A Carbonifero " o . Flora in the Silurian? Science, vol . 34 , N 875, p

- 440 442 . New York, 191 1 .

142

- “ Etudes des Gites minéraux de la France. F s e fo sile d s Gites de charbon du Tonkin. Serv . 01

— - - 0401. det. . 1 328 la. A F. A ls. I I . , pp , p tlas p

- Paris, 1902 1903. “ — Revue des travaux de paléontologie vegétsle

1 . années 901 Rev . Gen. Bot , vol . 20, pp . inso

from p . 40 . Paris, 1908. “ 2 m ( 1833) — Beschreibung vonGalium sphenophylloi " f Zenk . Neues Jshrb. Min . Geogn. Geol . Petre a

- - pp . 398 4 00, pl . V, figs. 6 9 . Stuttgart , 1833 .

PL ATE I I .

' of Dawsons 1

I V , McGill No . Nat.

P I I LATE I .

A W ' McG ni apecimenof Sir . Dawsons in ill U ver ' S il ar to the one he figm sd inl fl l nil l v ,

(See p. g

. t Mus. St. Nat is . J H , ohn.

PLA E V T I .

'

3m . 0 s 9

(Slee p.

PL ATE V .

r — h r h Figu e 7 Am wlana sp e icp lloides , Zenker . Brit. Mus . siz e No . V . 4 174 . Nat. . m p.

s i ebm , Daw on riginal (7 p O li cG v fi l wM ill U ni ensit collection No . g y ,

c Dawso n. A ty i l exam pl of t paasure fSe‘,

fi ction,

Fi u re 1 1 g

— Fig ure 12 . Am uleria

p .

'

PLM E Vi l .

- m i oli a wson t Figure 13. .4 w lor q ( Da ) Kidston( A. W e 7

0 e ves. Mus . e . . who s l a . 0 001 t V 4 l t l 1 D p , 48 Na . P zg

' Dawsons 187

of the large

sise . (See p.

' ' ”M M ill a ri n i al of awsons 18 M . n O g D ' “ in s wri xv u. z is labelled Dawson ting as Type

us Nat. sise. (Sec

P V l LATE l l .

— Figure 18. S

" 1 m Dawson sm a m enm clm McGill University

phot. Nat. si se . (See p.

attached to

Nat. sue . (See p.

ru ns 1x .

- 8 . M eet valida awson s . ”21 , , p F1 18 D slab with Ald ho t c collected b to Cram pii a , y

p. 34 ; p .

PL ATE Xi .

Nat. sise . (See p.

PLATE XI I .

- Figures 27 28 29 . Peco w ’ set . 16 in

’ — t r n Figure 30 . Ale hopte is lc chitica Schlotheim One of Dawsont “ " . s . of A discrepan McGill University co etion, No. 3312 .

(See p.

PL ATE XI I I .

— Figure 31 . A 18 71 fig .

u se .

H ( I t 0‘ nodules inthe J coal measures sec

1 1 . Nat. siae . p.

’ — t ne of awsons F Dawmsmoni t. O igure 34. Mcon uen , Hart D n t b 3326 inflcGill University collectio . I shows the

nn Na See . 53) the pi ules st b. t. sxse ( p

PL ATE Xl v.

No . 331 1 . Nat.

L ent M . Zeille r labelled com parison figure i

- tur Dawson ( N . M , S M ill . I I . s 1871 fig . 198 XV oG

c Nat. . 64 si se. (See p

”Dawsonsp. B 1 W ide n. 20 , pi No 0 Na . 331 . t. (See p. 6n6

Figure 4 1

— nl es ohl n - use a n Fure 42 . Adia id usus awso C . bt wso . ig , D o , D ) ’ n it on N of s fi 88 l XVI . M iii ivers collecti Dawson g . 1 . . U y , 56 Nat. siae. (See p.

PLATE XV I I .

— Mat Ftm 4 . Rhaeo ler s Bassem io Stur . The rev erse of Dr . ig 3 p i Mc ntosh original or Pseudohoi era .il cl sfoshi , lent Mr . I , c

of the St. H ist. Mus. Nat. sise . £ w

' e - t ns 1871 6 Fi r C m rm awson. of wso gu “ yrlop¢ris , D Original Da 1

l l it ion o . t. sire . p . Xvi l . McGil Uni vers y collect , N 3310. Na

p. 7i )

F e Si o es F c 1fica1 10 n igur , p . Type. ru t

silts, attached to Brit. Mus

No . V . 4095. Nut. (See p.

PLATE XVI I I .

Fi r 46 acum inate wson at scatter gu e , Da , th r- of sporophylls, wi fi n a te plan

Gc N o . 014 wso to the Brit Mus . ol g e . 4053 . N s pt , l g P gas

inSt.

PL ATE XI X.

’ i — i n e nal Fcure 48. Cord ea n ' awso . . Ori of Da s 1 m D T p gi wson 871 1 n i § g MciII iversit gollection No . U y , . 109 Nat. i n o4

Hartt. Two

’ fi of w sons 1 . 31 ni Da 862 g a, p1. X U versity ' No . 3299 . Nat. sis. Sco p. 82

PLATE XXI .

e Sto es end of th leaf. Collected by p ,

(See p.

lateral fertile snea more At ’ of Dawsons 1 71 fig niversit co c o U y lle ti n,

Figure 55

(See p.

— ' Fi ure 56 . r on m rr ul um w g Cordioca p , Da son, and G c ill t c No . siz e . M Uni versi y ollection, . 2372 Nat.

PLATE XXI I .

8276.3 t A is n

(See p. 47; p.

(See p.

PL ATE XXI I I .

Dawson. A block witb s nnm ber ol

9 e. . Stopes, 1 1 1 . Duck Cov Nut site .

(See p.

o n Da mon. Tw seeds showing the

ist. Mus St. Jolm . ot. Nat. H ” N

(See p.

Museum mxnm im tionol collectlonin

1 10 05 1 01 1 1s 1 4 124

a , 1 10, 1 1 1

as 1: 9 1 1 1

as

as

as

00 44

106, 1 10 39

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

105, 1 10, 100 105 33 3 12 . 6. 2

100

1 4 32 1 10

o o o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 40 3711 10

referred M atthew as fruiting portionof A10 discrepana

Mem o!“ and Reports Publlell ed l n‘ 1910.

— MW OI RS OEOID Oc L SERI ES.

Mu cu s. Ne.

l em on 7. No.

’ Mu m " . No. 1 . 1 em Trlsm lsdonssd splrit lenlllu of — Vancouver m a c, l ow by R. H . Chem

Mem oirs and Reports Published During 191 1 .

REPORTS.

’ ’ W on sou thern of the North Weet l esritoriss,

S 1 . W o. 1000. m m M Cu u 01 W Alfred ”ilson. N u Ro en s psrt ot gthce North est T erri torles drslned by the Wh isk snd w ”i v w “ l «on3 0 a are. m mem iids ol — by orley W No h“.

— “SH OWS GEOLOGI CAL 88 111 88.

Ma son 4 . Ne. W W . J. ilson.

l i n en 12. l ean-e 1 4 .

Mem oirs Published During 191 2.

l esson “.

“ on”.

lake. O utu io

Mem oirs During 1913.

of the

— Betbnrst district. New Brunswick by

— N a nsen Mining district, B .C. by

— Wha m dh tflog a onTerritory by

The of Gowgnnde Mining

- D.C . by

Mem oirs Publish ed During 191 4 . “N A — I M ES GEOLOG CAL seam s. “ m orn33. end lel ende between — sound, B .C . by J.

M 25.