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Universal Design Handbook UNIVERSAL DESIGN HANDBOOK ABOUT THE EDITORS WOLFGANG F. E. PREISER is Emeritus Professor of Architecture, University of Cincinnati. As a researcher and an international building consultant, he has worked on topics ranging from universal design to facility programming, building performance assessments, health care facilities, and intercultural design. Preiser has published 16 books and more than 125 chapters, articles, and conference papers, and is the recipient of the Progressive Architecture Applied Research Award and Citation and the Environmental Design Research Association (EDRA) Career and Achievement Awards in 2007 and 2010. KORYDON H. SMITH is Associate Professor in the Fay Jones School of Architecture at the University of Arkansas. He teaches courses in architectural design and theory, and has received numerous teaching awards. Smith’s scholarship focuses on the physical and political roles of design in society, resulting in a wide variety of publications and design works. He is actively involved in continuing education, as well as the transformation of housing policy and design practices throughout the United States. UNIVERSAL DESIGN HANDBOOK Wolfgang F. E. Preiser Editor-in- Chief Korydon H. Smith Senior Editor Second Edition New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2011, 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-162922-5 MHID: 0-07-162922-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-162923-2, MHID: 0-07-162923-8. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefi t of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please e-mail us at [email protected]. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGrawHill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. CONTENTS Contributors ix Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxiii Part 1 Premises and Perspectives Chapter 1. Universal Design: An Evolving Paradigm Elaine Ostroff 1.3 Chapter 2. Toward Social, Economic, and Environmental Sustainability Susan S. Szenasy 2.1 Chapter 3. Universal Design and the Majority World Singanapalli Balaram 3.1 Part 2 Principles, Standards, and Guidelines Chapter 4. The Principles of Universal Design Molly Follette Story 4.3 Chapter 5. United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities John Mathiason 5.1 Chapter 6. U.S. Accessibility Codes and Standards: Challenges for Universal Design John P. S. Salmen 6.1 Chapter 7. The ADA and Accessibility: Interpretations in U.S. Courts Sanjoy Mazumdar and Gilbert Geis 7.1 Chapter 8. Life Safety Standards and Guidelines Jake Pauls and Edwina Juillet 8.1 Chapter 9. The Universal Design Thesaurus: Creating a Descriptive Language for Our Field Richard Duncan, Barbara Brenny, and Hugh Kelsey 9.1 v vi CONTENTS Part 3 International Perspectives Chapter 10. Norway’s Planning Approach to Implement Universal Design Olav Rand Bringa, Einar Lund, and Kristi Ringard 10.3 Chapter 11. The Impact of Aging on Japanese Accessibility Standards Satoshi Kose 11.1 Chapter 12. The Evolution of Design for All in Public Buildings and Transportation in France Louis-Pierre Grosbois 12.1 Chapter 13. Manifestations of Universal Design in Germany Ingrid Krauss 13.1 Chapter 14. Writing Poetry Rather Than Structuring Grammar: Notes for the Development of Universal Design in Brazil Marcelo Pinto Guimarães 14.1 Chapter 15. Accessible Design in Italy Assunta D’Innocenzo and Annalisa Morini 15.1 Chapter 16. Planning Accessibility in the Old City of Jerusalem Avi Ramot, Yael Danieli-Lahav, and Judith Bendel 16.1 Part 4 Public Spaces, Private Spaces, Products, and Technologies SECTION 1 PUBLIC SPACES Chapter 17. Creating an Accessible Public Realm Sandra Manley 17.5 Chapter 18. A Capital Planning Approach to ADA Implementation in Public Educational Institutions John P. Petronis and Robert W. Robie 18.1 Chapter 19. Universal Design in Mass Transportation Edward Steinfeld 19.1 Chapter 20. Universal Design at the Urban Scale Wolfgang F. E. Preiser and Korydon H. Smith 20.1 Chapter 21. Designing Inclusive Experiences Roger Coleman 21.1 Chapter 22. Outdoor Play Settings: An Inclusive Approach Susan Goltsman 22.1 Chapter 23. Office and Workplace Design James L. Mueller 23.1 CONTENTS vii SECTION 2 PRIVATE SPACES Chapter 24. Universal Housing: A Critical Component of a Sustainable Community Leslie C. Young 24.3 Chapter 25. The Evolution of Universal Design in Housing in the United States: Toward Visitability and Pattern Books Jordana L. Maisel 25.1 Chapter 26. A Home for the Next 50 Years: Remodeling for Aging Baby Boomers Demonstrates Universal Design in Arts and Crafts Detailing John P. S. Salmen 26.1 Chapter 27. The Sensory House Beth Tauke and David Schoell 27.1 Chapter 28. Diversity and Equality in Housing: Designing the Arkansas Proto-House Korydon H. Smith 28.1 SECTION 3 PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 29. Selling Builders and Remodelers on Universal Design Margaret H. Teaford, Susan L. Zavotka, and Christine A. Price 29.3 Chapter 30. Universal Bathrooms Abir Mullick 30.1 Chapter 31. Universal Design of Automobiles Aaron Steinfeld 31.1 Chapter 32. Universal Design of Products Molly Follette Story and James L. Mueller 32.1 Chapter 33. Accessibility of the World Wide Web: Technical and Policy Perspectives Judy Brewer 33.1 Chapter 34. Universal Design in Media Trisha O’Connell and Larry Goldberg 34.1 Chapter 35. Digital Content for Individuals with Print Disabilities Charles Hitchcock 35.1 Part 5 Education and Research Chapter 36. Inclusive Design Research Initiatives at the Royal College of Art Jeremy Myerson and Yanki Lee 36.3 Chapter 37. An International Web-Based Collection of Universal Design Exemplars Valerie Fletcher 37.1 viii CONTENTS Chapter 38. Toward Universal Design Performance Assessments Wolfgang F. E. Preiser 38.1 Chapter 39. Universal Design for Learning in the College Classroom Margo Vreeburg Izzo, Steven W. Rissing, Christopher Andersen, Jack L. Nasar, and L. Scott Lissner 39.1 Chapter 40. Camp Aldersgate: A New Model for Architectural Education Laura M. Terry 40.1 Chapter 41. Are Retrofitted Wheelchair Entries Separate and Unequal? Jack L. Nasar 41.1 Chapter 42. Guidepaths in Buildings Jon Christophersen and Karine Denizou 42.1 Chapter 43. Redefining Design and Disability: A Person-Environment Fit Model Jennifer Webb, Brent T. Williams, and Korydon H. Smith 43.1 Part 6 The Past and Future of Universal Design Chapter 44. The Rhinoceros Syndrome: A Contrarian View of Universal Design Jim S.
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