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Shear Wave Velocity Estimation of the Near-Surface Sediments Of Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2016; 43(6) 1269 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2016; 43(6) : 1269-1278 http://epg.science.cmu.ac.th/ejournal/ Contributed Paper Shear Wave Velocity Estimation of the Near-surface Sediments of Bangkok and Vicinity, Thailand for Seismic Site Characterization Aomboon Naksawee [a], Koichi Hayashi [b] and Passakorn Pananont* [a] [a] SEIS-SCOPE, Department of Earth Sciences, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Latyao, Chatuchak, 10900 Bangkok, Thailand. [b] OYO Corporation/Geometrics, 2190 Fortune Drive, San Jose, CA, 95131, USA. * Author for correspondence; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received: 29 February 2016 Accepted: 8 July 2016 ABSTRACT Bangkok and vicinity is located in the Lower Central Plain of Thailand in a region characterized by thick Quaternary basin fills. This region contains the largest city of Thailand (Bangkok) with more than 10 million people and has been affected by distant, moderate to large earthquakes. The average shear wave velocity of the top 30 m of the subsurface (Vs30 ) is an important parameter for seismic site characterization as it can affect the level of ground shaking during an earthquake and thus affect the level of potential damages. In this study, the Vs30 is estimated for Bangkok and vicinity using both passive and active of surface waves methods. The Vs30 of the shallow sediments from 206 sites in Bangkok and vicinity varies from 86 m/s to 207 m/s, which are classified as the soil type Class E and Class D; based on the soil type classification of the U.S. National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). In general, the southwestern part of the Lower Central Plain in Samut Prakan and Chachoengsao has lower Vs30 (Vs30 < 120 m/s) compared to that in the western and northern parts of the study area (Vs30 > 160 m/s). Vs30 maps are generated and they can be used for seismic microzonation, land use planning, and development of Bangkok and vicinity, helping to increase the earthquake preparedness of the city in the future. Keywords: site classification, seismic microzonation, MASW, Vs30, Bangkok, lower central plain, Thailand 1. INTRODUCTION Local geological conditions (aka. site event, in Mexico; the 1989 Loma Prieta and effects or site classification) can generate the 1994 Northridge events in USA; the amplification of the ground motion and 1995 Kobe event in Japan; and the 2010 increase damage to structures during an Christchurch event in New Zealand have earthquake [1]. Many recent destructive clearly showed that local soil conditions earthquakes such as the 1985 Michoacan can have a significant influence on the 1270 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2016; 43(6) ground motion and on the damage pattern includes Bangkok and the vicinity covering [2-6]. In general, the softer the sediment, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Samut Prakan, the higher amplification of the ground and parts of Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon motion. Average shear wave velocity of the Nayok, Samut Sakhon, Chachoengsao and sediment is known to correlate well with Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya provinces. the ground motion during an earthquake [7]. Average shear wave velocity over a depth of Estimating the average shear wave velocity 30 m from the surface, Vs30 is determined, of the sediments can provide key information using the combined active and passive of the site condition. The average shear wave surface wave method at 206 sites throughout velocity of the top 30 m (Vs30) of the area is the study area. Seismic site classification widely used to estimate the potential maps of Bangkok and vicinity, based on amplification of the ground motion at a these Vs30 results, and using the NEHRP site during an earthquake, and it is used in standard for earthquake hazard assessment, several building codes [8-11]. The distribution are also presented. of the Vs30 has been used to generate local and regional maps of site categories based 2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING on the National Earthquake Hazards Program Bangkok, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, (NEHRP) [12, 13]. Samut Prakan and parts of Nakhon The study area, Bangkok and vicinity, is Pathom, Nakhon Nayok, Samut Sakhon, located in the Lower Central Plain of Chachoengsao and Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Thailand. The paleoenvironment of this comprise the largest community in Thailand, region is characterized by Pleistocene to containing more than 10 million people Holocene fluvial and coastal plain deposits and covering more than 6,000 km2. Located of the Gulf of Thailand. Central Thailand in the Lower Central Plain of Thailand, is generally considered to be a relatively Bangkok and its vicinity are characterized stable continental region, characterized by by thick Pleistocene fluvial sediments of very low seismicity; there have been no the Chao Phraya basin (sand, silt and clay). reports of seismicity within a 100 km radius A study of land subsidence monitoring of Bangkok. However, there have been in Bangkok and surrounding areas [14] several cases of the minor to moderate summarizes the geology of the Lower shaking of the tall buildings in Bangkok Central Plain as Quaternary fluvial deposits, during moderate to large earthquakes consisting of unconsolidated to semi-hard occurring elsewhere in and around Thailand sediments, , i.e. gravels, sand, silt and clay, [14-16]. The soft sediment in Bangkok is accumulated in the basin. The basement is thought to amplify the ground motion of Precambrian to Jurassic age, and crops during an earthquake [17]. out along the edges of the Central Plain. The main objective of this paper is The fluvial deposits underlie relatively thin to determine site classifications for the (0-21 m) soft marine Bangkok clay and Pleistocene fluvial sediments and Holocene deltaic sediments, as a result of the coastal marine deposits located in Bangkok and environment, especially the last sea level vicinity in central Thailand, located between rise of the Gulf of Thailand during Holocene latitudes 13.508°N and 14.248°N and [18-20], as shown in Figure 1. The topography longitudes 100.254°E and 101.013°E of the study area is relatively flat with a very (approximately 6,000 km2). The study area low topographic gradient along the 80 km Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2016; 43(6) 1271 N-S transect, from less than 10 m above Thailand. There are no bedrock exposures MSL in the north down to sea level in the in the study area. south at the shoreline of the Gulf of Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks Fluvial deposits: gravel, sand, silt, and clay ofchannel, river bank, and flood basin. Coastal wave-doinated deposits: sand and gravelly sand of beach ridge, barrier and dune. Coastal tide-dominated deposits: sand and gravelly sand of beach ridge, barrier, and dune. Terrace deposits: gravel, sand, silt, clay, and laterite. Sandstone, argillaceous limestone, shale, and chert. Orthogneiss and paragneiss,banded, augen; amphibolite schist, quartz-mica schist, quartz-kyanite schist, silimanite-mica schist; quartzite; marble; calc-silicatea; migmatite and pegmatite. Igneous Rocks Biotite granite, tourmaline granite, granodiorite, biotite-muscoving granite, muscovite-tourmaline granite, and biotite-tourmaline granite. Rhyolite, andesite, ash-flow tuff, volcanic breccia, rhyolitic tuff and andesitic tuff. Figure 1. Geologic setting of the study area in the Lower Central Plain of Thailand. All of the study area is covered with the Quaternary sediments with no rock outcrops. (modified from DMR, 2007). 1272 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2016; 43(6) 3. METHODOLOGY The average shear wave velocity of the Geophone position → Active Spacing 1 m., 24 channels Sampling rate = 1 ms top 30 m (Vs30) of the sediments in Bangkok Record length = 0.25 s Geophone position → Passive and vicinity was estimated by using active Spacing 15 m., 10 channels Sampling rate = 2 ms and passive surface wave methods [21, 22]. Record length = 20 s 3.1 Active and Passive Surface Wave Methods Active and passive surface wave methods were performed at 206 sites in Bangkok and vicinity. A Geometrics’ 24-channel Figure 2. Schematic representation of active Geode seismograph with 4.5 Hz vertical- (linear) and passive (triangular) surface wave component geophones was used for both surveys. The data from both methods are then the active and passive surveys. In the active combined during the data processing step. survey [23, 24], 24 geophones with a geophone spacing of 1 m were used to The recorded seismic waves from active produce a 23 m long survey line. For these and passive methods were analyzed using a active surveys, impact energy was created phase-shift method (multi-channel analysis by striking a metal plate at the end of the line, of surface waves, MASW) and a spatial 5 m offset from the first geophone, with a auto-correlation (SPAC) method respectively 20 lbs ( 10 kg) sledgehammer to generate to generate phase velocity images in the seismic waves (Figure 2). The sampling frequency domain from surface waves, such interval was 1 ms with a record length of as Rayleigh wave [23, 26, 27]. Then dispersion 0.25 s. The typical penetration depth of curves were created from the phase velocity the active method is about 5-15 m, depending images. Dispersion curves from both active on the survey geometry, allowing the and passive surface wave methods at the determination of the shear wave velocity same site are then combined to generated of the shallow subsurface. In order to reach an integrated dispersion curve of the site. the depth of 30 m, a passive method A 1-D inversion using a non-linear least (aka. microtremor array measurement: MAM) square method was then applied to the is also introduced in this work. The passive dispersion curves to generate a 1-D method consists of 10 channels of 4.5 Hz shear wave velocity model of the shallow vertical component geophones with different subsurface.
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