Post-Tsunami Changes in the Knowledge and Practices of the Nicobarese
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Post-tsunami changes in the knowledge and practices of the Nicobarese A study on the Nicobarese of Great Nicobar island MSc Thesis Nikita Engineer May, 2020 Post-tsunami changes in the knowledge and practices of the Nicobarese A study on the Nicobarese of Great Nicobar island MSc Thesis Author Nikita Engineer Reg nr. 950917226090 Wageningen University and Research Forest and Nature Conservation Policy (FNP) Supervisor Dr. Esther Turnhout Co-Supervisor Dr. Oliver Human ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would firstly like to express my gratitude to the Nicobarese people, who welcomed me into their lives and inspired me with their stories and experiences. Without them, I would not have been able to write this thesis. Specifically, the Chief of Tribal Council, Mr. Barnabos and Vice Chief of Tribal Council, Mr. Moses who introduced me to the communities, and always had interesting stories to share, and answers to my questions. I would also like to thank my supervisor(s) Esther Turnhout and Oliver Human, who guided and advised me during the writing process, and provided me with valuable feedback which has largely guided this thesis. This research would also not have been possible without collaboration with the Biopsychology Laboratory at the University of Mysore, India. Special thanks to Sayantan Das, who arranged for my travel and stay in Campbell Bay, Great Nicobar and was a constant source of ideas and feedback for my project. For the team of research interns, especially Bodhisattva Chowdhury, Sharayu Jadhav and Aashish Gokhale who accompanied me on my countless journeys around Campbell Bay and always lent a listening ear for the many reflections and discussions we have had. I would also like to thank Ryan Damen for his constant support and technical abilities who helped me in the final stages of my research, and Sucharita Iyer without whose confidence I would not have been able to complete this thesis. i ABSTRACT This thesis explores the experiences of the Nicobarese community of Great Nicobar, in the aftermath of their post-tsunami resettlement. It aims to provide a cohesive analysis of the long-term consequences of the natural disaster on specific aspects of the Nicobarese lifestyle, such as the changes in their practices, knowledges and culture. Through the overarching lens of political ecology this research will first outline the Nicobarese’ pre-tsunami lifestyle, and the factors which made the community more susceptible to the damages caused by the tsunami. This thesis will then use a theoretical approach which is in line with the practice theory, to reconceptualise the Nicobarese knowledge as context-specific and situated practices. It will analyse the ways in which the Nicobarese negotiate the knowledge and practices which existed in their pre-tsunami lifestyles, and the kinds of practices which emerge as a result of the changed context of their resettlement. The methodology of this research is participative and ethnographic in nature, and thus complements the practice-based theoretical foundation. This thesis will look at examples of changes in the Nicobarese’ daily life and experiences, and explore how these mundane changes in practices have implications which are much deeper than the physical damage caused by the tsunami. Finally, this thesis aims to be an integrative study of the politics which are underlying in the Nicobarese society, while focussing on aspects of change in their daily lives, to look at the different factors which have contributed to the transformation of the Nicobarese lifestyle. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE NICOBAR ISLANDS ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES AND THE NICOBARESE VULNERABILITY ......................................................................... 6 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 PRACTICES AND KNOWLEDGE.................................................................................................................... 10 2.2 CULTURE AND PLACE .............................................................................................................................. 12 2.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................ 14 3. METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 DATA COLLECTION ................................................................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 Participant observation ........................................................................................................... 16 3.1.2 Interviews................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1.3 Sampling ................................................................................................................................. 17 3.2 DATA ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................... 17 3.3 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................ 18 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................... 19 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH SITES AND PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................ 19 4.1.1 Rajiv Nagar resettlement ......................................................................................................... 20 4.1.2 New Chingen resettlement ....................................................................................................... 21 4.2 THE TSUNAMI – CHANGES IN PRACTICES POST RESETTLEMENT ........................................................................... 22 4.2.1 Tsunami shelters...................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.2 Livelihood ................................................................................................................................ 24 4.2.3 Employment ............................................................................................................................ 25 4.2.4 Population dynamics ............................................................................................................... 27 4.2.5 Increased presence of urban settlers ........................................................................................ 27 4.3 CHANGES IN KNOWLEDGE AND CULTURE ..................................................................................................... 28 4.3.1 Modern lifestyles ..................................................................................................................... 28 4.3.2 Traditional practices, beliefs and local knowledge .................................................................... 29 4.4 BELONGINGNESS AND NEW PRACTICES ........................................................................................................ 32 5. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 34 5.1 ANSWERING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................... 34 5.2 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND THEORY ......................................................................................................... 36 5.2.1 Post-resettlement and the reshaping of lives and livelihoods .................................................... 36 5.2.2 Practices, knowledge and culture ............................................................................................. 37 5.2.3 Place, belongingness, and hybrid practices ............................................................................... 39 5.3 DISCUSSION AND REFLECTION OF METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 40 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................. 43 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................................... 49 INFORMATION SHEET AND CONSENT FORM .......................................................................................................... 49 INTERVIEW GUIDE ........................................................................................................................................... 51 iii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURE 1: MAP OF NICOBAR ISLANDS ................................................................................................ 3 FIGURE 2: EPICENTER OF EARTHQUAKE ............................................................................................