Ocean-Acidification-Agenda.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ocean-Acidification-Agenda.Pdf WASHINGTON SEA GRANT PRESENTS Symposium on Ocean Acidification Washington Sea Grant welcomes you to the Symposium on Ocean Acidification. oday’s program features panel discussions with resource managers, scientists, decision makers and others with informed perspectives on this worldwide phenomenonT and its possible impacts on Puget Sound and the Outer Coast. Following the panels, there will be a reception for attendees to visit and share their views about ocean acidification as it pertains to the Pacific Northwest. To facilitate further information sharing, we will soon be posting a password-protected directory of contact information on our website (wsg.washington.edu/ admin/ocean_acidification.html). We thank everyone for joining us today. November 9, 2011 Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington campus Agenda Speaker Biographies 12:30 p.m. Hedia Adelsman is an Registration (Auditorium, Center for Urban Horticulture) executive policy advisor with the Washington Department 1:00 of Ecology. She has over 25 years of extensive and Welcome: Penny Dalton, Director, Washington Sea Grant diverse experience in natural 1:05-1:25 resources and environmental and water resources Bill Dewey, Director of Policy and Opening Remarks: management and is currently Communications, Taylor Shellfish working on climate change 1:30-3:00 mitigation and adaptation strategies, energy sitting and development and Ocean Acidification in the Pacific innovative water management approaches. Adelsman Northwest served for four years on the Governor’s Salmon Recovery Moderator: Richard Feely, Senior Scientist, Team. She was Special Assistant for Land Use and NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Regulatory Programs at the Department of Ecology and Panelists also managed the Water Resources Program within the Terrie Klinger, University of Washington, department for seven years. School of Marine and Environmental Affairs Brady Olson, Western Washington University, Brian Baird served for 12 Shannon Point Marine Center years in the U.S. House of Carolyn Freidman, University of Washington, Representatives (WA 3rd School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences Dist.), where he focused on science and technology, 3:00-3:15 break energy, health care, oceans, foreign policy, fiscal disci- 3:15-4:55 pline and Congressional in- tegrity. He was known and Ocean Acidification: Public and Policy Implications respected for taking prin- cipled stands, careful study rd Moderator: Brian Baird, former Washington 3 District of issues and the ability to build bipartisan relationships. Congressman He authored the Federal Ocean Acidification Research Panelists and Monitoring Act of 2009. He is also a social scientist Ron Sims, former Deputy Secretary, and licensed psychologist. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Micah McCarty, Chairman, Makah Tribal Council Sandra Brooke is Director of Coral Conservation at Sandra Brooke, Coral Conservation Director, Marine Conservation Institute the Marine Conservation Institute and a member of Eric Scigliano, Science Writer the courtesy research faculty Hedia Adelsman, Executive Policy Advisor, at the University of Oregon. Washington Department of Ecology Her work at the Marine Conservation Institute 4:55-5:00 focuses on protecting coral Closing Remarks ecosystems from a variety of anthropogenic impacts, 5:00-6:00 primarily through the designation and effective manage- Reception (Commons, Center for Urban Horticulture) ment of marine protected areas. Past experience includes research and monitoring of shallow coral reefs and, more Richard Feely is the leader recently, exploration, ecology and biology of deepwater of the CO2 program at coral ecosystems in the southeastern U.S., Gulf of Mexico, NOAA Pacific Marine Alaska and Norway. Her research has included field and Environmental Lab here laboratory experiments on tolerance of deep corals to in Seattle, and is also on environmental variation and how this affects their distri- the faculty at the UW bution, health and ultimately their resilience to human School of Oceanography. activities. He is also a member of the Steering Committee Penny Dalton is Director of for the U.S. Carbon and Washington Sea Grant, part Biochemistry Program. His of the National Oceanic and major research areas are carbon cycling in the oceans and Atmospheric Administration ocean acidification processes. He has received numerous (NOAA), based at the awards for his pioneering research on the process of ocean University of Washington. acidification, including the Department of Commerce She is an affiliate associate Gold Award in 2006 and the Heinz Award in 2010. professor in the UW School of Marine and Environmental Carolyn Friedman is a Affairs. Previously, she marine pathologist and was vice president of the University of Washington Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education, professor who specializes where she was involved in efforts to strengthen ocean in marine invertebrate science and policy, including implementation of the disease diagnostics and recommendations of the U.S. Ocean Commission. She ecology. She has published served from 1999 through 2001 as NOAA’s assistant over 60 peer-reviewed administrator for fisheries and head of the National journal publications and Marine Fisheries Service. Prior to this, she was a staff book chapters. Her work member on the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, focuses on the ecology of Science, and Transportation for 13 years and directed the several marine diseases: withering syndrome, a rickettsial Democratic staff of the subcommittees on Oceans and disease of abalone, herpesvirus infections in oysters, and Fisheries and Science, Technology and Space. vibriosis of larval marine mollusks. She also investigates the influence of ocean acidification on marine mollusks Bill Dewey is Manager including its influence on host-parasite relationships. of Public Policy and Her ocean acidification work is also expanding to include Communications for Taylor multi-generational studies. She develops and validates Shellfish Company, the diagnostic and quantification methods (both classical largest producer of farmed pathology and molecular) for a variety of shellfish and fish shellfish in the country, diseases for use in both laboratory and field studies. and owns and operates his own manila clam farm Terrie Klinger is the Barer in Samish Bay. He serves Professor of Sustainability on a number of boards Science at the UW’s School and committees locally of Marine and Environmen- and nationally, including NOAA’s Marine Fish Advisory tal Affairs. She obtained her Committee and the Board of Directors of the National Ph.D. in biological ocean- Aquaculture Association and the Pacific Shellfish Institute. ography from the Scripps In 2008, NOAA presented him with their Environmental Institution of Oceanography. Hero award in recognition of his work over the past two Her research spans marine decades to help develop and implement public policy that ecology and marine policy protects water quality and marine resources and supports and is increasingly focused sustainable aquaculture. on contemporary changes in nearshore ecosystems. She is the director of UW’s Graduate Training Program in Ocean Eric Scigliano is a Seattle- Change and serves as the Governor’s appointee to the based journalist who has Northwest Straits Commission. She is also the past chair of written on local marine the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Advisory and environmental issues Council. (among many other subjects) for more than 25 years. His Micah McCarty is Chairman books include Puget Sound: of the Makah Tribal Council. Sea Between the Mountains He has been pioneering and (with the oceanographer tribal ocean policy on Curtis Ebbesmeyer) environmental protection, Flotsametrics: How One including the areas of Man’s Obsession with Floating Ducks and Runaway Sneakers climate change, integrated Revolutionized Ocean Science. He has contributed to resource management and Harper’s, New Scientist, Discover, MIT’s Technology Review, natural energy (his efforts The New York Times, and many other periodicals, and has led to the Makah receiving received Livingston, Kennedy, and American Association the first Federal Energy for the Advancement of Science writing honors. His Regulatory Commission license for wave energy project). articles on ocean acidification have appeared in Seattle He was elected to the National Ocean Council Governance Metropolitan and OnEarth magazines. Coordinating Committee and was recently elected Vice Chair of this group. He is currently working on a national Ron Sims was appointed symposium on climate change and sustainability for U.S. by President Obama to coastal indigenous people. serve for two years as the Deputy Secretary for the M. Brady Olson is a marine U.S. Department of Housing scientist at the Shannon and Urban Development. Point Marine Center and an Prior to his appointment instructor with the Depart- at HUD, Sims served for 12 ment of Biology at Western years as the elected Executive Washington University. His of Martin Luther King Jr. research interests are wide- County in Washington ranging but center on the state, the 13th largest county in the nation. As County mechanisms that structure Executive, Sims was nationally recognized for his work on marine plankton food webs the integration of environmental, social equity and public and energy transfer. He is health policies that produced groundbreaking work on especially interested in exploring how ocean acidifica-
Recommended publications
  • UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Gyre Plastic : Science, Circulation and the Matter of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/21w9h64q Author De Wolff, Kim Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Gyre Plastic: Science, Circulation and the Matter of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Kim De Wolff Committee in charge: Professor Chandra Mukerji, Chair Professor Joseph Dumit Professor Kelly Gates Professor David Serlin Professor Charles Thorpe 2014 Copyright Kim De Wolff, 2014 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Kim De Wolff is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ........................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... ix Vita ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Debris Accumulation Scenarios in Washington State from the March 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami
    Debris Accumulation Scenarios in Washington State from the March 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami Ian Miller Jim Brennan Washington Sea Grant i Debris Accumulation Scenarios in Washington State from the March 2011 Tōhoku Tsunami Ian Miller Coastal Hazards Specialist Washington Sea Grant 1502 E. Lauridsen Blvd. Port Angeles, WA 98362 [email protected] 360.417.6460 Jim Brennan Marine Habitat Specialist Washington Sea Grant University of Washington 3716 Brooklyn Ave. N.E. Seattle, WA 98105 [email protected] 206.543.6600 WSG-TR 12-02 wsg.washington.edu/ Cover photo of debris in the coastal waters off Japan, taken shortly after the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. Image Credit: U.S. Navy ii Abstract Background he Japanese government estimates that approximately 5 erceived as a problem in Washington state for decades, Tmillion tons of debris washed out to sea after the Tōhoku Ppotential impacts of marine debris include wildlife interac- tsunami that struck Japan on March 11, 2011. Of that mass, tions, habitat degradation, a reduction in the aesthetic quality about 1.5 million tons probably floated away from the near- of the shoreline and risks to human and environmental health coastal environment and could be transported to the beaches (Environmental Protection Agency, 2011). While a number of fringing the northeast Pacific Ocean, including the coast of individuals and organizations have worked to remove debris Washington state. The debris has been difficult to track and from Washington’s beaches for some time (Washington Coast represents a potential human and environmental hazard that Savers, 2012), the possibility of an increased flow of debris due results in concern about the type and volume of tsunami-gen- to the March 2011 Tōhoku tsunami has galvanized the public erated materials that may wash ashore over the next few years.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Abundance and Ecological
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Abundance and ecological implications of microplastic debris in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography by Miriam Chanita Goldstein Committee in charge: Professor Mark D. Ohman, Chair Professor Lihini I. Aluwihare Professor Brian Goldfarb Professor Michael R. Landry Professor James J. Leichter 2012 Copyright Miriam Chanita Goldstein, 2012 All rights reserved. SIGNATURE PAGE The Dissertation of Miriam Chanita Goldstein is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: PAGE _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii DEDICATION For my mother, who took me to the tidepools and didn’t mind my pet earthworms. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES
    [Show full text]
  • 07 PSSA 2009-2010 Grade 7 Reading Item Sampler
    Test Booklet Subject: LA, Grade: 07 PSSA 2009-2010 Grade 7 Reading Item Sampler Student name: Author: Pennsylvania - signup at www.triand.com to remove - District: Pennsylvania Released Tests Printed: WednesdaySample December 18, 2013 PSSA 2009-2010 Grade 7 Reading Item Sampler LA:07 Read the following passage about ocean currents. For twenty years Ebbesmeyer has studied one drifting Then answer eight questions. object at a time, such as a bottle with a message found Shoes Overboard! on a beach or an abandoned ship that landed on a shore. You can guess why he got excited when he read by Sharlene P. Nelson an article in a newspaper about beachcombers finding From the late fall of 1990 through early 1991, the shoes. beachcombers in the Pacific Northwest began to find “I knew instantly this was a real opportunity,” hundreds of shoes lying on beaches and encrusted with Ebbesmeyer says. “It is extremely rare thatan salt and barnacles. They were puzzled. Where did the oceanographer gets to study thousands of drifting shoes come from? How did they get there? One objects in the ocean at one time.” scientist studied the puzzle and found some answers. His answers are teaching him more about ocean He phoned beachcombers, including an Oregon artist, currents. Steve McLeod. McLeod had collected information about when and where 1,600 shoes were found. In May 1990 the container ship Hansa Carrier left Korea on its way across the Pacific Ocean toward the With a list of the identification numbers found inside United States. Containers as large as a train’s boxcar the shoes, Ebbesmeyer was able to learn that the shoes were strapped on the ship’s deck.
    [Show full text]
  • Viagra Canada Head Office
    May 1, 1997 Vol. 3, No. 1 THE DRIFTING SEED A semiannual Newsletter covering seeds and fruits dispersed by tropical currents and the people who collect and study them. Dr. Charles R. (Bob) Gunn, Contributing Editor Cathie Katz, Editor and Publisher Sue Bradley, Business Manager John V. Dennis Sr., Columnist Pete Zies, Columnist The Second Annual Sea-Bean Symposium will be held at the Community Center in Melbourne Beach, Florida October 16 through 19, 1997 Drifters from Washington, Virginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Alabama … and possibly Canada and Africa will attend. Details about the events will be included in the next Drifting Seed in September. Dr. Charles R. (Bob) Gunn 120 White Squirrel Lane Cathie Katz Brevard, NC 28712 USA PO Box 510366 704-883-9719 Melbourne Beach, FL 32951 USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] From Your Editors From Bob: Our December 1996 issue was mailed on time, and we appreciate your letters, suggestions, comments and support. I cannot let this opportunity go by without letting you all know how much I appreciate the plaque that you awarded me. The presentation message, printed in the December issue make this plaque even more important to me. The plaque overlooks my computer station, and even as I type this, I can look at it and remember you all. Thank you. Our Newsletter is the result of a fortunate meld of Cathie and my talents, but its success resides in your hands. We need to fill the following columns three times a year, and only you can do this: Feature Articles (mainly about collectors, collections, and contributors), News and Notes from Readers, Recent Literature, and Collectors’ Gallery (photographs).
    [Show full text]
  • MCAS 2019 Released Items English Language Arts, Grade 10
    VIII. English Language Arts, Grade 10 Grade 10 English Language Arts Test The spring 2019 grade 10 English Language Arts test was a next-generation assessment that was administered in two primary formats: a computer-based version and a paper-based version. The vast majority of students took the computer-based test. The paper-based test was offered as an accommodation for students with disabilities who are unable to use a computer, as well as for English learners who are new to the country and are unfamiliar with technology. Most of the operational items on the grade 10 ELA test were the same, regardless of whether a student took the computer- based version or the paper-based version. In places where a technology-enhanced item was used on the computer-based test, an adapted version of the item was created for use on the paper test. These adapted paper items were multiple-choice or multiple- select items that tested the same ELA content and assessed the same standard as the technology-enhanced item. This document displays released items from the paper-based test. Released items from the computer-based test are available on the MCAS Resource Center website at mcas.pearsonsupport.com/released-items. Test Sessions and Content Overview The grade 10 ELA test was made up of two separate test sessions. Each session included reading passages, followed by selected-response and essay questions. On the paper-based test, the selected-response questions were multiple-choice items and multiple-select items, in which students select the correct answer(s) from among several answer options.
    [Show full text]
  • If the Shoe Floats
    https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/style/if-the-shoe-floats.html If the Shoe Floats Over the decades, a mass of flotsam from a freighter accident has inspired scientific discovery, urban legend and, now, an art exhibition commemorating the Great Sneaker Spill of 1990. By Guy Trebay Published Oct. 26, 2020 Updated Oct. 28, 2020 It seemingly happened so long ago that the event has assumed elements of urban legend — the saga of the Great Sneaker Spill. Sometimes referred to as the Great Shoe Spill, the tale recounts an event on May 27, 1990, when, during a sudden violent storm in the North Pacific, five shipping containers were swept off the deck of the freighter Hansa Carrier somewhere between Seoul and Seattle. Of the 40-foot steel boxes that broke loose and crashed into the ocean, one sank to the bottom and four broke open to spill out a stream of contents that included computer monitors, sex toys and 61,280 Nike sneakers destined for America’s basketball courts and city streets. The incident went on to become a parable of environmental disaster, as well as a red-letter event in the history of sneakerheads. For months, the buoyant flotilla drifted, carried by wind and currents until, in early 1991, beachcombers reported coming upon batches of the sneakers off Vancouver Island in Canada, pushed north on the Davidson Current. That spring, driven southward by opposing breezes, more of them turned up along the coastlines of Washington and Oregon. The Great Sneaker Spill might have gone unremembered had it not been for the enterprising scavengers who washed and resold the flotsam and Curtis Ebbesmeyer, an oceanographer who, alerted to the spill’s existence by his mother, later used it as the basis for a study of little-known currents.
    [Show full text]
  • Author's Purpose
    TheReading Level 8H Teacher Edition Middle EDGE Grades SECOND EDITION Informational Author’s Purpose Tracking Trash: Flotsam, Jetsam, and the Science of Ocean Motion Research This project was developed at the Success for All Foundation under the direction of Robert E. Slavin and Nancy A. Madden to utilize the power of cooperative learning, frequent assessment and feedback, and schoolwide collaboration proven in decades of research to increase student learning. The Reading Edge Middle Grades 2nd Edition Teacher Edition © 2013 Success for All Foundation. All rights reserved. Produced by the Reading Edge Middle Grades 2nd Edition Team President: Nancy Madden Director of Development: Kate Conway Rollout Committee: Kate Conway (Chair), Mia Blom, Wendy Fitchett, Kim Gannon, Claire Krotiuk, Kristal Mallonee-Klier, Terri Morrison, Sheri Mutreja, Kenly Novotny, Peg Weigel Program Developers: Wendy Fitchett (Chair), Kate Conway, Victoria Crenson, Ceil Daniels, Terri Morrison Field Advisory Team: Kim Gannon (Chair), Jo Duplantis, Kathy McLaughlin Contributing Developers: Kathleen Collins, Sarah Eitel, Richard Gifford, Samantha Gussow, Patricia Johnson, Austin Jones, Susan Magri, Kim Sargeant, Becca Slavin Designers: Michael Hummel, Austin Jones, Vic Matusak, Susan Perkins, Christian Strama Illustrators: Michael Hummel, Susan Perkins Video Producers: Jane Strausbaugh (Senior Producer), Angie Hale, Tonia Hawkins Editors: Janet Wisner (Supervising Editor), Marti Gastineau, Pam Gray, Jodie Littleton Publications Coordinator: Sheri Mutreja Proofreaders:
    [Show full text]
  • Foor Seniors Oceanography Packet.Pdf
    P a g e | 1 Seniors Oceanography Packet Name________________________ Below is work not completed from Quarter 2. Those of you have been notified of the pages you need to complete in order to earn credit. A reminder you can only receive a maximum letter grade of D. Pages 19 to 22 are to be used for the alternative exam assignment. P a g e | 2 Assignment 1: Currents Map Lab Procedure: A. Using the map provided on page 3, label all of the world’s currents by name. Color each current with the color that corresponds to the current’s temperature. Color the cool currents blue, and color the warm currents red. B. Next, answer all of the current questions below. Questions: 1. In the Northern Hemisphere, the circular pattern that gyres form from currents move in this direction: ___________________________________________ 2. What direction is the circular pattern that the gyres move in within the Southern Hemisphere? _______________________________________________ 3. In what latitudes do warm water currents originate? __________________________ Why are they warm? __________________________________________________ 4. In what latitudes do cold water currents originate? ___________________________ Why are they cold? ___________________________________________________ 5. Which current could circumnavigate the globe (carry a vessel around the world) without the assistance of any other current? _______________________________ 6. If you were traveling from South America to Australia, which three currents would you take to arrive there? __________________________________________________ 7. Explain the Ekman spiral: _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ What is the net movement of a current in an Ekman transport? ___________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. If you were to drop a message in a bottle off the coast of Virginia, it would be carried by what current? _________________________ In what direction? _____________ 9.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Gyre Plastic: Science
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Gyre Plastic: Science, Circulation and the Matter of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Kim De Wolff Committee in charge: Professor Chandra Mukerji, Chair Professor Joseph Dumit Professor Kelly Gates Professor David Serlin Professor Charles Thorpe 2014 Copyright Kim De Wolff, 2014 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Kim De Wolff is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ........................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................ vi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... ix Vita ............................................................................................................................. xii Abstract of the Dissertation ....................................................................................... xiii Introduction Knowing “Things that Matter” in the North Pacific .................................................. 1 A Global Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • Background Information on Nike Shoes and Rubber Ducks
    http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_currents_2.html Staying on Top These shoes just did it! Surface currents in the oceans move in large slow circles called gyres. That explains the story of 60,000 Nike shoes spilled from a storm- tossed cargo ship in the northeastern Pacific in May 1990. Shoes courtesy of Steve McLeod and Donovan Johnson The shoes washed ashore one at a time but were wearable after a scrub-down to remove barnacles, algae, and tar. Beachcombers held swap meets to find matched pairs. Six months to a year later, beachcombers from British Columbia to Oregon began to find shoes. Oceanographers constructed a computer model that predicted the shoes' route. In 1993, shoes were found in Hawaii. If the shoes complete the gyre's circuit, they will turn up in Japan and the Philippines, and in 1996 or 1997 again wash up on North American shores. The North Pacific gyre has been dropping off shoes around the Pacific since 1990. 1 shoe spill, May 27, 1990 2 250 recovered, March 26, 1991 3 200 recovered, May 18, 1991 4 100 recovered, January-February 1991 5 200 recovered, November-December 1990 6 200 recovered, February-March 1991 7 150 recovered, April 4, 1991 8 200 recovered, May 9-10, 1991 9 several recovered, January-March 1993 10 predicted, January-July 1994 http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf097/sf097g14.htm SCIENCE FRONTIERS ON-LINE, No. 97 (Jan.-Feb. 1995) RUBBER DUCKIES CHASE NIKE SHOES ACROSS PACIFIC Remember that amusing item in SF#84 about the 80,000 Nike shoes that were lost overboard in the Pacific in 1991? These shoes washed ashore months later in Canada and Alaska, carried thousands of miles by prevailing currents.
    [Show full text]
  • Garbage Patch
    Great Pacific garbage patch From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The area of increased plastic particles is located within the North Pacific Gyre, one of the five major oceanic gyres. The Great Pacific garbage patch , also described as the Pacific trash vortex , is a gyre of marine debris particles in the central North Pacific Ocean discovered between 1985 and 1988. It is located roughly between 135°W to 155°W and 35°N and 42°N. The patch extends over an indeterminate area of widely varying range depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area. The patch is characterized by exceptionally high relative concentrations of pelagic plastics, chemical sludge and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre. Its low density (4 particles per cubic meter) prevents detection by satellite photography, or even by casual boaters or divers in the area. It consists primarily of a small increase in suspended, often microscopic, particles in the upper water column. Contents • 1 Discovery • 2 Information • 3 Estimates of size • 4 Photodegradation of plastics • 5 Effect on wildlife and humans • 6 Controversy • 7 Cleanup research https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch Page ~ 1 ~ Discovery The Patch is created in the gyre of the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone The great Pacific garbage patch was described in a 1988 paper published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States. The description was based on results obtained by several Alaska-based researchers between 1985 and 1988 that measured neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean.
    [Show full text]