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Vertebrate Faunal Analysis of the Hiikwis Site Complex (Dfsh-15 and Dfsh-16) in Barkley Sound, British Columbia by Nicole Justi

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Vertebrate Faunal Analysis of the Hiikwis Site Complex (Dfsh-15 and Dfsh-16) in Barkley Sound, British Columbia by Nicole Justi Vertebrate Faunal Analysis of the Hiikwis Site Complex (DfSh-15 and DfSh-16) in Barkley Sound, British Columbia by Nicole Justine Westre B.A., Vancouver Island University, 2010 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Anthropology © Nicole Justine Westre, 2014 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Vertebrate Faunal Analysis of the Hiikwis Site Complex (DfSh-15 and DfSh-16) in Barkley Sound, British Columbia by Nicole Justine Westre B.A., Vancouver Island University, 2010 Supervisory Committee Dr. Susan Janet Crockford (Department of Anthropology) Co-Supervisor Dr. Yin-Man Lam (Department of Anthropology) Co-Supervisor Rebecca J. Wigen, M.A. (Department of Anthropology) Departmental Member iii Supervisory Committee Dr. Susan Janet Crockford (Department of Anthropology) Co-Supervisor Dr. Yin-Man Lam (Department of Anthropology) Co-Supervisor Rebecca J. Wigen, M.A. (Department of Anthropology) Departmental Member Abstract The Hiikwis site complex, located in Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, consists of two traditional Nuu-chah-nulth village sites: Uukwatis (DfSh-15) and Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16). Uukwatis, the older of the two sites, was occupied from at least 2870 cal BP. It is believed that at some point the main village was moved west up the beach approximately 650 m to Hiikwis proper, which has been dated to at least 1290 cal BP. Both sites appear to have been occupied into the early twentieth century. This thesis represents the first detailed faunal analysis of an inner Barkley Sound site older than 600 years. The faunal assemblage is unique among contemporaneous sites in the region, due in part to a large bird assemblage and the presence of salmon remains throughout all levels of the site complex. Hiikwis does not follow the pattern typically described for Barkley Sound sites, in which salmon was not a significant resource until around 800 cal BP. However, after 900 cal BP, the relative abundance of salmon within the Hiikwis fish assemblage does increase. These results support an established hypothesis that this time period in Barkley Sound was characterized by group amalgamations, increasing populations, shifting territorial boundaries, changes in subsistence practices, and increased defensive strategies and structures. This faunal analysis shows that the Hiikwis site complex was occupied year-round for the majority of its occupation, with a shift to seasonal (winter/spring) occupation represented within the most recent levels of cultural deposits at Hiikwis proper. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee .................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Goals ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Thesis Organization............................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Archaeological Context and History of Excavation in Barkley Sound......................... 5 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 The Toquaht Project .............................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Huu7ii .................................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Ts’ishaa ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.5 Little Beach ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.6 Shoemaker Bay ................................................................................................................... 10 2.7 The West Coast Culture Type ............................................................................................. 11 2.8 Salmon Exploitation on the Northwest Coast ..................................................................... 12 2.8.1 The Developed Northwest Coast Pattern...................................................................... 12 2.8.2 Barkley Sound Pattern .................................................................................................. 12 2.8.3 Similar Patterns within the Northwest Coast ................................................................ 14 2.8.4 Alternative Storage Foods ............................................................................................ 14 2.9 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 3: Ethnographic Accounts of Hiikwis ............................................................................. 19 3.1 The Nuu-chah-nulth in Barkley Sound ............................................................................... 19 3.2 Nuu-chah-nulth Social Structure ......................................................................................... 19 3.3 History of Occupation at Hiikwis........................................................................................ 20 3.4 Seasonal Resource Exploitation at Hiikwis ........................................................................ 21 3.5 Ceremonial Usage of Hiikwis ............................................................................................. 22 3.6 European Contact and Trade ............................................................................................... 22 3.7 Nuu-chah-nulth Whaling ..................................................................................................... 23 3.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 4: Site Description and Excavation Methodology........................................................... 26 4.1 Site Location ....................................................................................................................... 26 4.2 Sea Level History ................................................................................................................ 27 4.3 Site Description and Location of Excavation Units ............................................................ 27 4.3.1 Uukwatis (DfSh-15) ..................................................................................................... 27 4.3.2 Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16) ............................................................................................. 30 4.4 Excavation Methodology .................................................................................................... 32 4.4.1 Uukwatis (DfSh-15) ..................................................................................................... 32 4.4.2 Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16) ............................................................................................. 33 4.5 Site Chronology................................................................................................................... 33 v 4.5.1 Uukwatis (DfSh-15) ..................................................................................................... 34 4.5.2 Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16) ............................................................................................. 34 Chapter 5: Sampling, Identification, and Quantification Methodology ....................................... 35 5.1 Sampling Methodology ....................................................................................................... 35 5.2 Identification Methodology ................................................................................................. 35 5.3 Documentation Methodology .............................................................................................. 36 5.4 Quantification Methodology ............................................................................................... 37 Chapter 6: Results and Discussion ................................................................................................ 40 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................
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