Lake Winnibigoshish 11-0147-00 CASS COUNTY

Lake Water Quality

Summary

Lake Winnibigoshish is located at the city of Bena, MN, and spans both Cass and Itasca Counties. It covers 56,470 acres and is the 4th largest lake in in terms of surface area.

The enters and exits Lake Winnibigoshish. The lake water levels are affected by the operation of a dam on the Mississippi River at the lake outlet, and are managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under their general water management plan for the Mississippi River Headwaters. The Corp's water level management plan lists downstream commercial navigation, Leech Lake Chippewa Treaty resource rights, and recreational management priorities.

Water quality data have been collected on Lake Winnibigoshish on and off since 1976. These data show that the lake is mesotrophic (page 9). Mesotrophic lakes are commonly found in north central Minnesota and have clear water with occasional algal blooms in late summer. Large mesotrophic lakes are excellent walleye lakes. Lake Winnibigoshish water quality and morphometry is similar to Mille Lacs and the main basin of Leech Lake, which are some of the best walleye lakes in the state of Minnesota.

Lake Winnibigoshish water quality is managed by the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Division of Resource Management, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the Cass County Environmental Services Department and the Itasca Soil and Water Conservation District.

Table 1. Lake Winnibigoshish location and key physical characteristics. Location Data Physical Characteristics MN Lake ID: 11-0147-00 Surface area (acres): 53,425 County: Cass and Itasca Littoral area (acres): 18,904 Ecoregion: Northern Lakes and Forests % Littoral area: 35.4 Major Drainage Basin: Upper Mississippi River Max depth (ft), (m): 70.0, 21.3 Latitude/Longitude: 47.447082/-94.198462 Inlets: 8 (Mississippi River + minor tributaries) Invasive Species: Faucet snails, Zebra Outlets: 1 (Mississippi River) mussels, Heterosporis Public Accesses: 7 public

Table 2. Availability of primary data types for Lake Winnibigoshish. Data Availability

Transparency data Not enough data for trend analysis.

Chemical data A few years available, but not enough for trend analysis.

Inlet/Outlet data Some past data available, but could be updated.

Recommendations For recommendations refer to page 22.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 1 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Lake Map

Figure 1. Map of Lake Winnibigoshish with 2010 aerial imagery and illustrations of lake depth contour lines, sample site locations, inlets and outlets, and public access points. The light green areas in the lake illustrate the littoral zone, where the sunlight can usually reach the lake bottom, allowing aquatic plants to grow.

Table 3. Monitoring programs and associated monitoring sites. Monitoring programs include the Citizen Lake Monitoring Program (CLMP), Clean Water Legacy Surface Water Monitoring (CWL), Itasca County Lake Assessment (ICLA), Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), Cass/Winnibigoshish Clean Water Partnership (CWP). Lake Site Depth (ft) Monitoring Programs 100 NA ICLA: 1994, 2001-2002 101 40 MPCA: 1991; CWL: 2008-2009 201 20 CLMP: 1976-1977; CWL: 2008 202 40 CLMP: 1996, 1999, 2006 203 10 CLMP: 2001 204 45 ICLA: 1994 205 35 ICLA: 1994 206 40 CWP: 1999-2000 207 30 ICLA: 1994; CWP: 1999-2000 208 70 CWL: 2009; ICLA: 1994; CWP: 1999-2000

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 2 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Average Water Quality Statistics

The information below describes available chemical data for Lake Winnibigoshish through 2014 (Table 4). Data for total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and Secchi depth are from the primary site 101.

Minnesota is divided into 7 ecoregions based on land use, vegetation, precipitation and geology. The MPCA has developed a way to determine the "average range" of water quality expected for lakes in each ecoregion. For more information on ecoregions and expected water quality ranges, see page 11. Lake Winnibigoshish is in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion.

Table 4. Water quality means compared to ecoregion ranges and impaired waters standard. Impaired Ecoregion Waters Parameter Mean Range1 Standard2 Interpretation Total phosphorus (ug/L) 20.7 14 – 27 > 30 3 Chlorophyll a (ug/L) 7.2 4 – 10 > 9 Results are within the expected range for the Northern Lakes Chlorophyll a max (ug/L) 17.0 < 15 and Forests Ecoregion. Secchi depth (ft) 11.0 8 – 15 < 6.5 Dissolved oxygen See page 8 Dissolved oxygen depth profiles show that the lake mixes periodically in summer. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 0.52 <0.4 – 0.75 Indicates insufficient nitrogen to (mg/L) support summer nitrogen- induced algae blooms. Alkalinity (mg/L) 143 40 – 140 Indicates a low sensitivity to acid rain and a good buffering capacity. Color (Pt-Co Units) 10 10 – 35 Indicates clear water with little to no tannins (brown stain). pH 8.4 7.2 – 8.3 Indicates a hardwater lake. Lake water pH less than 6.5 can affect fish spawning and the solubility of metals in the water. Chloride (mg/L) 3.6 0.6 – 1.2 Slightly over the ecoregion range, but still considered low level. Total Suspended 2.3 <1 – 2 Slightly over the ecoregion Solids (mg/L) range, but still considered low level. Conductivity (umhos/cm) 295 50 – 250 Slightly over the ecoregion range, but still considered low level. It could be higher due to the Mississippi River flowing through the lake. TN:TP Ratio 25:1 25:1 - 35:1 Within the expected range for the ecoregion, and shows the lake is phosphorus limited. 1The ecoregion range is the 25th-75th percentile of summer means from ecoregion reference lakes 2For further information regarding the Impaired Waters Assessment program, refer to http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/tmdl/index.html 3Chlorophyll a measurements have been corrected for pheophytin Units: 1 mg/L (ppm) = 1,000 ug/L (ppb)

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 3 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Water Quality Characteristics - Historical Means and Ranges

Table 5. Water quality means and ranges for primary sites.

Primary Parameters Site 208 Site 101 Site 201 DNR site* Total Phosphorus Mean (ug/L): 18.6 20.7 17 31 Total Phosphorus Min: 3 8 12 15 Total Phosphorus Max: 30 33 23 51 Number of Observations: 28 9 5 31 Chlorophyll a Mean (ug/L): 3.0 7.2 8 14.3 Chlorophyll-a Min: <1 3.7 4 3.8 Chlorophyll-a Max: 9 17 16 39.6 Number of Observations: 6 10 5 28 Secchi Depth Mean (ft): 8.8 11.0 7.4 6.8 Secchi Depth Min: 6.9 5.0 4.5 Secchi Depth Max: 18.0 13.0 12.5 Number of Observations: 1 9 39 32 *The DNR data is collected during their July Fisheries Survey, so there is just one data point per summer and it is collected at approximately the same time each year. This means the data is not representative of a seasonal average.

FigureFigure 2. Lake 2. Lake Winnibigoshish “insert” total totalphosphorus, phosphorus, chlorophyll chlorophyll a and a transparencyand transparency historical historical ranges. ranges. The arrowThe arrowrepresents represents the the range range and and the the black black dot dot represents represents the the historical historical mean mean (Primary (Primary Site Site xxx). 101). Figure Figure adapted after Moore and Thornton, [Ed.]. 1988. Lake and Reservoir Restoration Guidance Manual. (Doc. No. EPA 440/5-88-002) adapted after Moore and Thornton, [Ed.]. 1988. Lake and Reservoir Restoration Guidance Manual. (Doc. No. EPA 440/5-88- 002)

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 4 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Transparency (Secchi Depth)

Transparency is how easily light can pass through a substance. In lakes it is how deep sunlight penetrates through the water. Plants and algae need sunlight to grow, so they are only able to grow in areas of lakes where the sun penetrates. Water transparency depends on the amount of particles in the water. An increase in particulates results in a decrease in transparency. The transparency varies year to year due to changes in weather, precipitation, lake use, flooding, temperature, lake levels, etc.

There is no consistent annual mean transparency monitoring for Lake Winnibigoshish. DNR Fisheries collects data every July during their fisheries survey (Figure 3). The mid-summer transparency in Lake Winnibigoshish ranges from 4.5 to 12.5 feet (Table 5). Transparency monitoring should be continued annually at site 101 in order to track water quality changes.

Lake Winnibigoshish Transparency 14.0

12.0

10.0 (ft)

8.0 Depth 6.0

Secchi 4.0

2.0

0.0

1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Figure 3. Annual summer transparency (data from MN DNR).

Lake Winnibigoshish transparency ranges from 4.5 to 18.0 feet. Figure 4 shows the seasonal transparency dynamics. The maximum Secchi reading is usually obtained in early summer. Lake Winnibigoshish transparency is high in May and June, and then declines through August. The transparency then rebounds in October after fall turnover. This transparency dynamic is typical of a Minnesota lake. The dynamics have to do with algae and zooplankton population dynamics, and lake turnover.

It is important for lake residents to understand the seasonal transparency dynamics in their lake so that they are not worried about why their transparency is lower in August than it is in June. It is typical for a lake to vary in transparency throughout the summer.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 5 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish

Seasonal Transparency Dynamics 20 18 16 1976 14 (ft)

12 1977 Depth 10 2008

8 2009 Secchi 6 pattern 4 Poly. (pattern) 2 0

Figure 4. Seasonal transparency dynamics and year to year comparison (Sites 101 and 201). The black line represents the pattern in the data.

User Perceptions

When volunteers collect Secchi depth readings, they record their perceptions of the water based on the physical appearance and the recreational suitability. These perceptions can be compared to water quality parameters to see how the lake "user" would experience the lake at that time. Looking at transparency data, as the Secchi depth decreases the perception of the lake's physical appearance rating decreases. Lake Winnibigoshish was rated as being "not quite crystal clear" 53% of the time by samplers between 2008-2009 (Figure 5).

Physical Appearance Rating 16% 31% Crystal clear water 31% 53% Not quite crystal clear – a little algae visible

16% Definite algae – green, yellow, or brown color apparent

0% High algae levels with limited clarity and/or mild odor apparent

0% Severely high algae levels 53%

Figure 5. Lake Winnibigoshish physical appearance ratings by samplers.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 6 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish As the Secchi depth decreases, the perception of recreational suitability of the lake decreases. Lake Winnibigoshish was rated as being "beautiful" 58% of the time from 2008-2009 (Figure 6).

Recreational Suitability Rating 5% 32% Beautiful, could not be better

32% 63% Very minor aesthetic problems; excellent for swimming, boating

5% Swimming and aesthetic enjoyment of the lake slightly impaired because of algae levels

0% Desire to swim and level of enjoyment of the lake substantially reduced because of algae levels 63% 0% Swimming and aesthetic enjoyment of the lake nearly impossible because of algae levels

Figure 6. Recreational suitability rating, as rated by the volunteer monitor.

Total Phosphorus

Lake Winnibigoshish is Total Phosphorus phosphorus limited, which means that algae 60 and aquatic plant growth is dependent upon 50 available phosphorus.

(ug/L) 40 2008, site 101 Total phosphorus was evaluated in Lake Eutrophic 2009, site 101 30 Winnibigoshish in 1994, 1994, site 208 1999, 2000, 2008, 2009. Mesotrophic Phosphorus The data do not indicate 20 1999, site 208 much seasonal

Total 2000, site 208 variability. The majority 10 of the data points fall into the mesotrophic Oligotrophic 0 range (Figure 7).

There are two higher data points in 1999 that could be the result of the lake turning over after a Figure 7. Historical total phosphorus concentrations (ug/L) for Lake Winnibigoshish. wind event.

Phosphorus should continue to be monitored to track any future changes in water quality.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 7 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll a is the Chlorophyll a pigment that makes plants and algae 18 green. Chlorophyll a 16 is tested in lakes to determine the algae 14 concentration or how 12 1994, site 208 (ul/L)

a "green" the water is. 10 2008, site 101

Chlorophyll a 8 2009, site 101 concentrations 6 Minor Algae greater than 10 ug/L Chlorophyll 4 are perceived as a 2 mild algae bloom, while concentrations 0 greater than 20 ug/L are perceived as a nuisance. Figure 8. Chlorophyll a concentrations (ug/L) for Lake Winnibigoshish at site 202. Chlorophyll a was evaluated in Lake Winnibigoshish in 1994, 2008-2009 (Figure 8). Chlorophyll a concentrations went above 10 ug/L in 2008, indicating minor algae blooms. There was not much variation over the years monitored and chlorophyll a concentrations remained relatively steady over the summer.

Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen dissolved in lake water. Oxygen is necessary for all living organisms to 02468101214 survive except for some bacteria. Living organisms breathe in 0 oxygen that is dissolved in the water. Dissolved oxygen levels of <5 mg/L are typically avoided by game fisheries. 1 2 Lake Winnibigoshish has interesting morphology in that it is so large, and most of the lake is only around 30 feet deep. 3 Thermal and dissolved oxygen stratification may result during 4 periods of high air temperatures and low wind. When wind

Depth speeds increase to moderate levels (15 mph) the entire water 5 column appears to mix (MN DNR). The fetch of Lake 6 Winnibigosh for a northwest wind is approximately 9 miles,

(m) which means there is 9 miles of water for the wind to stir up 7 when it's blowing. When dissolved oxygen was monitored in 8 2008, the data show that no stratification developed and the water column was completely oxygenated (Figure 9). This is 9 good habitat for gamefish. 10

11 Figure 9. Dissolved oxygen profile for Lake 12

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 8 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Trophic State Index (TSI)

Table 6. Trophic State Index for Winnie. TSI is a standard measure or means for calculating the trophic status or productivity of a lake. More specifically, Trophic State Index Site 101 it is the total weight of living algae (algae biomass) in a TSI Total Phosphorus 48 waterbody at a specific location and time. Three TSI Chlorophyll-a 50 variables, chlorophyll a, Secchi depth, and total TSI Secchi 42 phosphorus, independently estimate algal biomass. TSI Mean 47

Trophic State: Mesotrophic Phosphorus (nutrients), chlorophyll a (algae concentration) and Secchi depth (transparency) are Numbers represent the mean TSI for each related. As phosphorus increases, there is more food parameter. available for algae, resulting in increased algal concentrations. When algal concentrations increase, 100 the water becomes less transparent and the Secchi depth decreases. If all three TSI numbers are within a Hypereutrophic few points of each other, they are strongly related. If they are different, there are other dynamics influencing 70 the lake’s productivity, and TSI mean should not be Eutrophic reported for the lake. Lake 50 The mean TSI for Lake Winnibigoshish Mesotrophic Winnibigoshish falls into the mesotrophic range (Figure 10). 40 There is good agreement between the TSI for phosphorus, chlorophyll a and transparency, indicating that these variables are strongly related (Table 6). Oligotrophic

Mesotrophic lakes (TSI 40-50) are characterized by moderately clear water most of the summer. "Meso" means middle or mid; therefore, mesotrophic means a 0 medium amount of productivity. Mesotrophic lakes are commonly found in central Minnesota and have clear Figure 10. Trophic state index chart water with algal blooms in late summer (Table 7). They with corresponding trophic status. are also good for walleye fishing.

Table 7. Trophic state index attributes and their corresponding fisheries and recreation characteristics. TSI Attributes Fisheries & Recreation <30 Oligotrophy: Clear water, oxygen throughout Trout fisheries dominate the year at the bottom of the lake, very deep cold water. 30-40 Bottom of shallower lakes may become anoxic Trout fisheries in deep lakes only. Walleye, (no oxygen). Cisco present. 40-50 Mesotrophy: Water moderately clear most of No oxygen at the bottom of the lake results in the summer. May be "greener" in late summer. loss of trout. Walleye may predominate. 50-60 Eutrophy: Algae and aquatic plant problems Warm-water fisheries only. Bass may possible. "Green" water most of the year. dominate. 60-70 Blue-green algae dominate, algal scums and Dense algae and aquatic plants. Low water aquatic plant problems. clarity may discourage swimming and boating. 70-80 Hypereutrophy: Dense algae and aquatic Water is not suitable for recreation. plants. >80 Algal scums, few aquatic plants Rough fish (carp) dominate; summer fish kills possible Source: Carlson, R.E. 1997. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography. 22:361-369.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 9 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Ecoregion Comparisons

Minnesota is divided into 7 ecoregions based on land use, vegetation, precipitation and geology (Figure 12). The MPCA has developed a way to determine the "average range" of water quality expected for lakes in each ecoregion. From 1985-1988, the MPCA evaluated the lake water quality for reference lakes. These reference lakes are not considered pristine, but are considered to have little human impact and therefore are representative of the typical lakes within the ecoregion. The "average range" refers to the 25th - 75th percentile range for data within each ecoregion. For the purpose of this graphical representation, the means of the reference lake data sets were used.

Lake Winnibigoshish is in the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregion. The mean total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and transparency (Secchi depth) for Lake Winnibigoshish are within the ecoregion ranges Figure 11. Minnesota Ecoregions. (Figure 13).

60 30 0

50 25 5 increased 40 20 algae 10

30 15

15 20 10 Secchi depth (ft)

20

10 ppb) (ug/L, Chlorophyll-a 5 crystal

Total Phosphorus (ug/L, ppb) Total clear

0 0 25 NLF Winnie NLF Winnie NLF Winnie Ecoregion Ecoregion Ecoregion

Figure 12. Lake Winnibigoshish ranges compared to Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregion ranges. The Lake Winnibigoshish total phosphorus and chlorophyll a ranges are from 9 data points collected in May- September of 2008-2009. The Lake Winnibigoshish Secchi depth range is from 43 data points collected in May-September of 1976-1977, 2008-2009.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 10 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Inlet/Outlet Data Assessment

From 1999-2000 data was collected through the /Lake Winnibigoshish Clean Water Partnership (CWP) Problem investigation, whose purpose was to study nonpoint source pollution and develop an implementation plan to protect the aquatic resources within the watershed. A report was compiled in 2001 (Persell 2001).

The CWP project came to the following conclusions. The CWP assessment showed water quality in this watershed is still good. However, long-term threats to water quality include shoreline development, forest management, riparian corridor fragmentation, and other diffuse Figure 13. Stream site locations around Lake sources of non-point source pollution. Winnibigoshish. Improving land management choices, coordinating land-management activities, structural controls, and restoration activities are among the tools that will ensure long term health for the water resources in this area.

The 2001 report included analyses for the lake taking the phosphorus loading data into account (Table 8). The results showed that the majority of phosphorus loading to Lake Winnibigoshish comes from tributaries and precipitation (Figure 13).

406 Table 8. Lake Winnibigoshish phosphorus budget analysis (Persell 2001)

36,586 Total Annual Phosphorus Input 73,251 lbs Total Annual Phosphorus Output 70,080 lbs

36,259 Annual Phosphorus Storage 3,171 lbs APS = input-output Precipitation Lake Phosphorus Mass 61,552 lbs Tributaries LMP = (Lake[TP] x Lake volume) Septics Phosphorus Loading Ration 5.2% (APS/LMP) x 100 Figure 14. Annual phosphorus inputs to Lake Winnie.

The tributary data showed that the Mississippi River contributes 79% of the tributary volume to Lake Winnibigoshish, but only half of the tributary phosphorus. The substantial, relatively unimpacted, wetland drainage contributes the remaining tributary phosphorus in 21% of the tributary volume. Half of the phosphorus load to Lake Winnibigoshish came from precipitation, which is common in lakes with very large surface areas (Figure 14).

The tributary data for this project spans 5/19/1999 – 5/26/2000, and samples were collected each month all through the winter. The concentrations of the parameters collected are compared to each other and the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregion average in Table 9.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 11 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Table 9. The concentration data for each of the inlets and outlets to Lake Winnibigoshish (see Figure 13 for site locations). These data points show the range if there was more than one sample collected. If there was only one data point collected, that one data point is shown. The data are limited, with most parameters covering 1-4 data points over the course of the project. Field TSS TKN TP Turb Specific pH (mg/L) (mg/L) (ug/L) (NTU) Conductance

NLF Ecoregion 7.6 – 7.9 1.8 – 6 NA 20 – 50 1.7 – 4.3 NA

Castle Creek (S002-279) 7.2 – 7.5 NA 0.74 – 1.06 NA NA 171 – 337

Cutfoot Sioux (S002-280) 7.8 – 8.0 3.2 0.88 – 1.02 7 - 41 1.8 – 2.8 173 – 225

Farley Creek (S002-281) 7.5 3.8 – 7.2 0.70 – 1.07 14 – 154 1.2 – 3.2 193 – 235

Island Creek (S002-282) 7.7 NA 0.79 – 1.88 NA NA NA

Mississippi Inlet (S002-283) 7.7 – 8.2 1.8 1.31 25 4.4 NA

Mississippi Outlet (S002-284) 7.9 – 8.4 5.6 0.58 14 – 18 1.9 293

Pigeon Dam (S002-285) NA 1.0 – 1.1 0.79 – 1.26 14 – 66 2.2 199

Raven Creek (S002-287) 6.6 – 6.8 0.6 0.76 – 0.96 12 – 52 1.3 – 3.9 NA

Third River (S002-290) 8.4 0.4 – 3.8 0.65 – 1.04 24 – 65 NA 312

The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and US Army Corps of Engineers monitor the outflow of the Mississippi River from Lake Winnibigoshish. Water levels in Lake Winnibigoshish are artificially manipulated by a dam, but they do still follow precipitation patterns (Figure 15).

Outflow vs Precipitation

450000 35 400000 30 350000 25 300000 250000 20 Outflow

Precipitation 200000 15

Annual 150000

10 Annual 100000 Out flow 5 50000 Precipitation 0 0

Figure 15. Mississippi River outflow from Lake Winnibigoshish (data from MN DNR).

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 12 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Lakeshed Data and Interpretations

Lakeshed Understanding a lakeshed requires an understanding of basic hydrology. A watershed is defined as all land and water surface area that contribute excess water to a defined point. The MN DNR has delineated three basic scales of watersheds (from large to small): 1) basins, 2) major watersheds, and 3) minor watersheds.

The Mississippi River – Headwaters Major Watershed is one of the watersheds that make up the Upper Mississippi River Basin, which drains south to the Gulf of Mexico (Figure 16). Lake Winnibigoshish is located in minor watershed 7024 (Figure 17).

Figure 16. Mississippi Headwaters Major Watershed. Figure 17. Minor Watershed.

The MN DNR also has evaluated catchments for each individual lake with greater than 100 acres surface area. These lakesheds (catchments) are the “building blocks” for the larger scale watersheds. Lake Winnibigoshish falls within lakeshed 702400 (Figure 18). Though very useful for displaying the land and water that contribute directly to a lake, lakesheds are not always true watersheds because they may not show the water flowing into a lake from upstream streams or rivers. While some lakes may have only one or two Figure 18. Lake Winnibigoshish lakeshed (702400) with land ownership, upstream lakesheds lakes, wetlands, and rivers illustrated. draining into them, others

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 13 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish may be connected to a large number of lakesheds, reflecting a larger drainage area via stream or river networks. For further discussion of Lake Winnibigoshish’s watershed, containing all the lakesheds upstream of the Lake Winnibigoshish lakeshed, see page 18. The data interpretation of the Lake Winnibigoshish lakeshed includes only the immediate lakeshed as this area is the land surface that flows directly into Lake Winnibigoshish.

The lakeshed vitals table identifies where to focus organizational and management efforts for each lake (Table 10). Criteria were developed using limnological concepts to determine the effect to lake water quality.

KEY Possibly detrimental to the lake Warrants attention Beneficial to the lake

Table 10. Lake Winnibigoshish lakeshed vitals table. Lakeshed Vitals Rating Lake Area 53,425 acres descriptive Littoral Zone Area 18,904 acres descriptive Lake Max Depth 70 feet descriptive Lake Mean Depth 20 feet descriptive Water Residence Time NA NA Miles of Stream 15.5 miles descriptive Inlets 8 Outlets 1 Major Watershed 7 - Mississippi River-Headwaters descriptive Minor Watershed 7024 descriptive Lakeshed 702400 descriptive Ecoregion Northern Lakes and Forests descriptive Total Lakeshed to Lake Area Ratio (total 1.6:1 lakeshed includes lake area) Standard Watershed to Lake Basin Ratio 16:1 (standard watershed includes lake areas) Wetland Coverage (NWI) 14.8% Aquatic Invasive Species Zebra Mussels, Faucet Snail Public Drainage Ditches 1.80 miles Public Lake Accesses 6 Miles of Shoreline 68.06 miles descriptive Shoreline Development Index 2.0 Public Land to Private Land Ratio 35:1 Development Classification General Development Miles of Road 90.23 miles descriptive Municipalities in lakeshed Bena Forestry Practices None Feedlots None Individual waste treatment systems (septic Sewage Management systems and holding tanks) and city sewer Lake Management Plan None Lake Vegetation Survey/Plan DNR, 2001

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 14 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Land Cover / Land Use

The activities that occur on the land within the lakeshed can greatly impact a lake. Land use planning helps ensure the use of land resources in an organized fashion so that the needs of the present and future generations can be best addressed. The basic purpose of land use planning is to ensure that each area of land will be used in a manner that provides maximum social benefits without degradation of the land resource.

Changes in land use, and ultimately land cover, impact the hydrology of a lakeshed. Land cover is also directly related to the land’s ability to absorb and store water rather than cause it to flow overland (gathering nutrients and sediment as it moves) towards the lowest point, typically the lake. Impervious intensity describes the land’s inability to absorb water, the higher the % impervious intensity the more area that water cannot penetrate in to the soils. Monitoring the changes in land use can assist in future planning procedures to address the needs of future Figure 19. Lake Winnibigoshish lakeshed (702400) land cover generations. (NLCD 2011).

Phosphorus export, which is the main cause of lake eutrophication, depends on the type of land cover occurring in the lakeshed. Figure 19 depicts the land cover in Lake Winnibigoshish ’s lakeshed.

The National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) has records from 2001 and 2011. Table 11 describes Lake Winnibigoshish’s lakeshed land cover statistics and percent change from 2001 to 2011. Overall, there was not much change over this decade or from 1990-2000 (Table 12).

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 15 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Table 11. Lake Winnibigoshish’s lakeshed land cover statistics and % change from 2001 to 2011 (Data Source: NLCD). 2001 2011 % Change Land Cover Acres Percent Acres Percent 2001 to 2011 Cultivated Crops 47.05 0.05 47.94 0.05 0.0010 Deciduous Forest 10118.69 10.90 10219.70 11.01 0.1075 Developed, High Intensity 1.15 0.00 1.88 0.00 0.0008 Developed, Low Intensity 254.92 0.27 253.55 0.27 -0.0015 Developed, Open Space 852.83 0.92 852.77 0.92 -0.0002 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands 4384.08 4.72 4727.67 5.09 0.3697 Evergreen Forest 5668.98 6.11 5461.48 5.89 -0.2244 Grassland/Herbaceous 19.57 0.02 148.50 0.16 0.1389 Mixed Forest 2739.43 2.95 2686.86 2.90 -0.0570 Open Water 57246.65 61.69 56950.06 61.37 -0.3272 Pasture/Hay 208.29 0.22 208.53 0.22 0.0002 Shrub/Scrub 781.41 0.84 823.82 0.89 0.0456 Woody Wetlands 10451.86 11.26 10401.82 11.21 -0.0553 Total Area 92802.79

Table 12. Lake Winnibigoshish development area and % change from 1990-2000 (Data Source: UMN Landsat). 1990 2000 Change in acres Category Acres Percent Acres Percent 1990 to 2000 Total Impervious Area 93 0.26 150 0.41 57 acres Urban Acreage 835 0.90 836 0.90 1 acre

Demographics

Lake Winnibigoshish is classified as a General Development lake. General Development lakes usually have more than 225 acres of water per mile of shoreline, 25 dwellings per mile of shoreline, and are more than 15 feet deep.

The Minnesota Department of Administration Geographic and Demographic Analysis Division extrapolated future population in 5- year increments out to 2035. Compared to Itasca County as a whole, Bowstring Township has a lower growth projection (Figure 20). North Cass Township has no projection data (source: http://www.demography.state.mn.us)

Population Growth Projection Compared to 2010 Population 10% Bowstring Township; 2010 population = 215 8% Itasca County; 2010 population = 45,058 6% Ec Dev Region; 2010 population = 326,225 4% 2% 0% Percent -2% -4% -6% 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Year Figure 20. Population growth projection for adjacent townships, Mahnomen and Clearwater County.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 16 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Lakeshed Water Quality Protection Strategy

Each lakeshed has a different makeup of public and private lands. Looking in more detail at the makeup of these lands can give insight on where to focus protection efforts. The protected lands (easements, wetlands, public land) are the future water quality infrastructure for the lake. Developed land and agriculture have the highest phosphorus runoff coefficients, so this land should be minimized for water quality protection.

The majority of the land within Lake Winnibigoshish’s lakeshed is publicly owned (Table 13). This land can be the focus of development and protection efforts in the lakeshed.

Table 13. Land ownership, land use/land cover, estimated phosphorus loading, and ideas for protection and restoration in the lakeshed (Sources: County parcel data and the 2011 National Land Cover Dataset). Private (0.6) 61.1 Public (38.2) Forested Open Developed Agriculture Uplands Other Wetlands Water County State Federal Land Use (%) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3 61.1 0.02 10.7 27.5 Runoff Coefficient 0.45 – 1.5 0.26 – 0.9 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 Lbs of phosphorus/acre/year Estimated Phosphorus 896.33 25 –84 36 –124 22 0 1.287 2294.415 Loading 7 Acreage x runoff coefficient

Focus of Open, develop- pasture, Focused on grass- Description Cropland ment and Protected Shoreland land, protection shrub- efforts land

Forest stewardship Protection rd Protected by Restore planning, 3 County and Shoreline party State National wetlands; Wetland Tax Forfeit restoration certification, Conservation Forest Forest Restoration CRP Lands SFIA, local Act Ideas woodland cooperatives

DNR Fisheries approach for lake protection and restoration

Credit: Peter Jacobson and Michael Duval, Minnesota DNR Fisheries

In an effort to prioritize protection and restoration efforts of fishery lakes, the MN DNR has developed a ranking system by separating lakes into two categories, those needing protection and those needing restoration. Modeling by the DNR Fisheries Research Unit suggests that total phosphorus concentrations increase significantly over natural concentrations in lakes that have watershed with disturbance greater than 25%. Therefore, lakes with watersheds that have less than 25% disturbance need protection and lakes with more than 25% disturbance need restoration (Table 14). Watershed disturbance was defined as having urban, agricultural and mining land uses. Watershed protection is defined as publicly owned land or conservation easement.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 17 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Table 14. Suggested approaches for watershed protection and restoration of DNR-managed fish lakes in Minnesota. Watershed Watershed Management Disturbance Protected Comments Type (%) (%) Sufficiently protected -- Water quality supports healthy and > 75% Vigilance diverse native fish communities. Keep public lands protected.

< 25% Excellent candidates for protection -- Water quality can be maintained in a range that supports healthy and diverse native < 75% Protection fish communities. Disturbed lands should be limited to less than 25%. Realistic chance for full restoration of water quality and improve 25-60% n/a Full Restoration quality of fish communities. Disturbed land percentage should be reduced and BMPs implemented. Restoration will be very expensive and probably will not achieve water quality conditions necessary to sustain healthy fish > 60% n/a Partial Restoration communities. Restoration opportunities must be critically evaluated to assure feasible positive outcomes.

The next step was to prioritize lakes within each of these management categories. DNR Fisheries identified high value fishery lakes, such as cisco refuge lakes. Ciscos (Coregonus artedi) can be an early indicator of eutrophication in a lake because they require cold hypolimnetic temperatures and high dissolved oxygen levels. These watersheds with low disturbance and high value fishery lakes are excellent candidates for priority protection measures, especially those that are related to forestry and minimizing the effects of landscape disturbance. Forest stewardship planning, harvest coordination to reduce hydrology impacts and forest conservation easements are some potential tools that can protect these high value resources for the long term.

Lake Winnibigoshish’s lakeshed is classified with having 78% of the watershed protected and 2% of the watershed disturbed (Figure 21). Therefore, this lakeshed should have a vigilance focus. Goals for the lake should be to limit any increase in disturbed land use. Lake Winnibigoshish has many other lakesheds flowing into it (Figure 22).

Percent of the Watershed Protected

0% 100% 75% Lake Winnibigoshish (78%)

Percent of the Watershed with Disturbed Land Cover

0%

25% 100%

Lake Winnibigoshish (2%) Figure 21. Lake Winnibigoshish’s lakeshed Figure 22. Lakesheds that contribute water to the percentage of watershed protected and disturbed. Lake Winnibigoshish lakeshed. Color-coded based on management focus (Table 13).

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 18 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Status of the Fishery (DNR, as of 06/24/2013)

Lake Winnibigoshish is sampled annually to track changes in abundance and growth of fish species, and physical and chemical characteristics of the lake. The assessment season typically starts with seining and gill netting in late June to early July. The goal of seining is to sample young game and non-game species (including minnows) and to track growth of age 0 Walleye and Yellow Perch (perch). Gill netting is conducted from late June through July to sample game and non-game species age 1 and older. Abundance, growth rates, maturity, presence of parasites etc. is determined from these data. Trawling is conducted in August to continue tracking growth rates of age 0 Walleye and perch. Trawling gives us the first clue to abundance of age 0 Walleye and perch for that year. Temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles are taken from June through August and water chemistry analysis is completed in August to track changes in the system that may affect the ability of some species to prosper or exist in the lake. Plankton sampling was included in standard sampling beginning in 2012 and were continued in 2013. Five samples were taken on seven dates for a total of 35 samples in 2013. These samples were collected to determine baseline planktonic species composition.

Walleye; Walleye were sampled at a rate of 6.6 per net (Figure 1). Walleye sampled varied from 11.2 to 28.8 inches with a mean length of 17.1 inches and mean weight of 1.8 pounds. The Walleye population generally appeared to be healthy with most age-classes sampled between age 2 and 13. Year-class strength was computed for Walleye between age 2 and 7. Two average year- classes (2007, and 2011), three strong year-classes (2006, 2009, and 2010), and one weak year- class (2008) were sampled (Figure 2). Mean back-calculated growth was similar to the Lake Winnibigoshish and statewide average for all ages, attaining 17.4 inches after five growing seasons. The 17 to 26 inch protected slot limit has been in place since 2000. During this time, age and length at maturity has increased from a low of 14.6 inches and 3.2 years to 17.2 inches and 4.2 years (Figures 3 and 4). Spawning stock biomass has increased from 0.5 to 2.7 pounds per acre (Figure 5). This may indicate that the Walleye population has fully recovered from a period of high harvest and reduced recruitment between the mid 1980's and mid 1990's.

The mean trawl catch rate of 5.5 Walleye per hour was the lowest observed since 1983, however, low catch rates may not result in low abundance of that year-class. For example, the trawl catch rate of 20.5 young of the year Walleye per hour in 2005 resulted in an above average year-class. An important factor in year-class strength is growth of those fish during their first year. Young of the year Walleye growth for trawl sampled fish was far below average in 2013. Low catch rates can be explained by extremely clear water during the summer of 2013. Fish of many species were observed avoiding the boat during trawling. Due to this (and to collect samples for the "Walleye Fry Stocking in Egg-Take Lakes" project) night electrofishing was conducted during August. Results of electrofishing were counter to those of trawling. Walleye were sampled at a rate of 88 per hour (data available in the Grand Rapids Area Fisheries Office) and growth was faster than average when compared to historic trawl growth rates. Fast growth of age 0 Walleye often results in a strong year class.

Yellow Perch; Perch are an important species to anglers and as a prey item for predators. The catch of perch in assessment nets reached a historic low (at the time) in 2005, largely due to poor year-classes in 2000 and 2002. A strong 2003 year-class moved through the system resulting in higher catch rates through 2007. Catch rates declined from 2007 through 2011 to a new historic low catch of 43.6 per net. The catch rate for perch increased to 57.5 per net in 2012 and increased again to 74.4 in 2013 (Figure 6). Sampled Perch varied from 5.0 to 11.0 inches with a mean length of 7.0 inches and mean weight of 0.2 pounds. Age-classes 3 through 7 were sampled by gill nets. An index of year-class strength was computed for all year-classes sampled from 2006 through 2010. The 2006 and 2007 year-classes were weak while the 2009 and 2010 year-classes were strong and the 2008 year-class was average (Figure 7). The 2010 year-class appeared to be the

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 19 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish strongest since 2003. Natural mortality of perch increases at age 8 and few individuals live past age 10. The catch of perch in 2013 was primarily represented by younger individuals with 95% of the catch made up of age 3 through age 5 fish. Growth was relatively slow through age 2, then increased to average from age 3 to age 8. Perch grew to an average length of 9 inches at age 6.

Relative health of the perch population can be described by the percent of perch longer than nine inches in the gill net catch. The catch of large perch (longer than 9 inches) declined to 6% in the early 1990's driven by high angler harvest. Changes in Lake Winnibigoshish and other lakes prompted a statewide change in the perch bag limit to 20 daily and 40 in possession in 2001. Several strong year classes were produced during the same time period and the assessment catch of perch longer than nine inches increased to 30% in 2004. In 2005, the proportion of large perch sampled in near-shore gill nets declined for the first time since 1998. The proportion of perch longer than nine inches was about 17% in 2005 and 2006, then declined to 9.8% in 2007 as young perch were recruited to the fishery. No strong year classes were produced between 2003 and 2009. As a result the percent of perch longer than 9 inches fluctuated between 10% and 13% between 2007 and 2012. Strong year classes of perch were produced in 2009 and 2010. This resulted in increased catch rates (mostly young fish) and a reduced catch of perch longer than 9 inches (7.7%) in 2013 (Figure 8).

The catch rate for age 0 perch of 6,952 per hour of trawling was below average. Growth of age 0 perch was slower than average with a mean length of 1.8 inches in mid-August. The clear water conditions that appear to have affected trawl catch rates of young of the year Walleye likely affected catch rates of young of the year Yellow Perch also. No correlation is evident between trawl catch rates or growth of age 0 perch and year-class strength.

The microsporidian parasite heterosporis has been documented in Lake Winnibigoshish Yellow Perch. No evidence of heterosporis was observed in perch during the 2013 population assessment, although anglers report the presence of heterosporis in a few perch each year.

Northern Pike; Catch rates of Northern Pike (pike) showed an increasing trend from 1999 through 2005 and exceeded the third quartile (9.6 per net) in five years between 2002 and 2009. The pike catch rate decreased to 7.3 per gill net in 2010 from 10.0 in 2009 then rose to 8.5 in 2011 and was the third highest observed in 2012 at 10.3 per net. The gill net catch of 14.1 per net in 2013 was the highest observed (Figure 9). Pike sampled in 2013 varied from 13.0 to 32.6 inches with a mean length of 20.6 inches. Mean length of pike has been declining as catch rates have increased. Average pike length of 20.6 inches in 2013 was the lowest observed since 1983 (Figure 10). Age- classes from 1 to 5 were sampled by gill net. Growth rates were similar to the statewide mean through all ages.

Size structure of the pike population improved between 2010 and 2012. That trend was reversed in 2013 as a strong component of small young pike were recruited to the gill net catch. Only two pike longer than 30 inches were sampled in the 2013 assessment vs 10 in the 2011 and 9 in the 2012 assessments (Figure 11). Decreased size structure may be attributed to several causes. Reproduction and recruitment was strong for the 2010 and 2011 year classes which made up 74% of the catch, and Cisco abundance decreased due to summer kill in 2012 (Cisco are preferred prey that provides more energy than other similar size prey). A strong prey base of Cisco may lead to faster pike growth rates. High angler harvest of pike may result in a recruitment response (increased reproduction to replace individuals removed from the system). Larger numbers of small pike vs smaller numbers of medium to large pike may cause reduced growth rates due to increased competition for food and space. The recent increase in catch rate may result in slower pike growth in the future. Anglers can help maintain the pike size structure by releasing most pike longer than 25 inches and harvesting pike smaller than 24 inches.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 20 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Cisco are a primary prey for Muskellunge, Pike and Walleye. Growth rates of these species may be less if Cisco are not present in the system. The gill net catch of 8.6 per net in 2013 was the second lowest since 1983 and decreased by nearly 50 percent from the catch of 16.0 per net in 2012 (Figure 12). Cisco sampled varied from 6.0 to 15.5 inches with a mean length of 11.2 inches. Cisco catch rates were lower than average for 6 of the last 10 years. This is likely due to warmer than average summer and fall water temperatures that may affect reproduction and cause occasional summer kills. Summer water temperatures were warm during the summer of 2012 and caused a summer kill of Cisco. Effects of that summer kill were a likely cause of decreased catch rate in 2013.

Water Quality; Seven temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles were taken between June 24 and August 13, 2013. Dissolved oxygen stratification was evident between June 24 and July 24. No evidence of thermal stratification was found in 2013. Thermal and dissolved oxygen stratification may result during periods of high air temperatures and low wind. When wind speeds increase to moderate levels (15 mph) the entire water column appears to mix.

Water chemistry measurements have been recorded for most years since 1983. Water clarity as measured by Secchi disc in 2013 was higher than in most years. Secchi disc measurement varies between 10.0 and 18.0 feet. The measurement on August 13 was 11.0 feet compared to the long term average of 7.0 feet. The Total Phosphorous concentration of 0.023 parts per million (ppm) in 2013 was within the recorded range of 0.015 to 0.051ppm, but was 30 percent lower than the long term mean of 0.030ppm.

Invasive Aquatic Species; Species that have been introduced through human activities to a location where they don't naturally occur are termed "invasive". Some invasive species are not necessarily harmful, but others cause ecological or economic problems. Several invasive species have been introduced to Lake Winnibigoshish. Three species of snail: banded mystery, Chinese mystery, and faucet have become established since 2000. Both species of mystery snail appear to have no negative effect at this time. The faucet snail carries a trematode parasite that can kill several species of ducks if ingested. Thousands of ducks were killed by these parasites during the falls of 2007 and 2008. Emerald shiners (often used as bait) are not native and were first sampled in 2005. Juvenile zebra mussel (veliger), were discovered while sampling for plankton in 2012. No zebra mussel veliger were found while sampling for zooplankton in 2013 No adults were found during 2012 or 2013 assessments. Each of these invasive species were likely introduced through human activities.

See the link below for specific information on gillnet surveys, stocking information, and fish consumption guidelines. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lakefind/showreport.html?downum=11014700

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 21 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish Key Findings / Recommendations

Monitoring Recommendations Lake Winnibigoshish is a difficult lake to monitor because there are so many different agencies and groups involved, and because it is so large. Implementing an annual monitoring program on this lake that shares data with all interested groups would greatly benefit the understanding of this lake. This monitoring program could include a few sites of transparency monitoring and one or two sites of chemical monitoring. This monitoring can also help determine if there are any effects on water quality from the Zebra mussel population. Transparency should be monitored weekly or every other week, and chemical monitoring should occur on at least 4-5 dates evenly spread throughout the summer to get a good average.

Transparency monitoring at sites 101 and 208 should be completed annually. It is important to continue transparency monitoring weekly or at least bimonthly every year to enable year-to-year comparisons and trend analyses. Total Phosphorus and chlorophyll a monitoring should continue, as the budget allows, to track trends in water quality.

The major inlet in and out of Lake Winnibigoshish is the Mississippi River. There are no USGS continuous flow monitoring stations at the lake currently, but there are some downstream near Grand Rapids. Monitoring for phosphorus and nitrogen could be completed where the river enters and exits the lake every few years to track water quality conditions.

Overall Summary Lake Winnibigoshish is a large somewhat-shallow mesotrophic lake (TSI = 47) in north central Minnesota. It is near other large mesotrophic basins that are Minnesota’s premier walleye lakes, including Leech Lake, Red Lake, and Bowstring Lake. There is not enough continuous data for Lake Winnibigoshish to run a statistical trend analysis. The total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and transparency ranges are within the ecoregion ranges.

Only two percent (2%) of the Lake Winnibigoshish lakeshed is disturbed by development and agriculture (Figure 19). The threshold of disturbance where water quality tends to decline is 25%. Lake Winnibigoshish is well under this threshold. Three quarters (78%) of the lakeshed is considered protected, and made up of public land, wetlands and open water (Figure 21). Lake Winnibigoshish is located within the and the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Reservation.

Due to its large size (53,425 acres), the volume of water in Lake Winnibigoshish is able to dilute a lot of nutrients in the lake. In addition, the fact that the Mississippi River runs through the lake means that it likely has a short residence time. For more details see page 11-12 of this report.

Priority Impacts to the Lake Lake Winnibigoshish is very well protected by being in the Chippewa National Forest. The major impacts to the lake are likely the large watershed and the Mississippi River. It is hard to control these impacts locally. Working with Beltrami County upstream and the Mississippi Headwaters Board, which is tasked with protecting the first 400 miles of the Mississippi River, can help with watershed-wide water quality issues.

Any forestry occurring around the lake or in the watershed should follow the Minnesota Forest Resource Council guidelines for proper buffers to water bodies (http://mn.gov/frc/).

In addition, aquatic invasive species such as Zebra mussels have the potential to impact the lake’s ecosystem in the future.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 22 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish

Organizational contacts and reference sites 15756 State 371 NW, Cass Lake, MN 56633 Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (218) 335-7400 Division of Resource Management http://www.llojibwe.com/ 200 Ash Avenue NW, Cass Lake, MN 56633 Chippewa National Forest (218) 335-8600 http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/forests/chippewa/ 322 Laurel Street Mississippi Headwaters Board Brainerd, MN 56401 http://mississippiheadwaters.org/Index.asp 124 NE 4th St., Grand Rapids, MN 55744 Itasca County Environmental (218) 327-2857 Services Department https://www.co.itasca.mn.us 1889 East Highway 2, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 Itasca Soil and Water Conservation (218) 828-6197 District http://www.itascaswcd.org 303 Minnesota Avenue W, P.O. Box 3000, Walker, MN 56484-3000 Cass County Environmental (218) 547-7241 Services Department http://www.co.cass.mn.us/government/county_directory/environmental_ services/index.php 1201 East Highway 2, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 DNR Fisheries Office (218) 327-4430 http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/areas/fisheries/grandrapids/index.html 525 Lake Avenue South, Duluth, MN 55802 Regional Minnesota Pollution (218) 723-4660 Control Agency Office http://www.pca.state.mn.us 1601 Minnesota Drive, Brainerd, MN 56401 Regional Board of Soil and Water (218) 828-2383 Resources Office http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us

References

Persell, John. 2001. A nutrient water quality assessment of the Lakes: Big Wolf, Andrusia, Cass and Winnibigoshish. A joint effort between the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe and Beltrami County.

RMB Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 23 of 23 2015 Lake Winnibigoshish