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Violence and Order in the Cherokee-Georgia Borderlands

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Violence and Order in the Cherokee-Georgia Borderlands Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Regulating the republic: violence and order in the Cherokee-Georgia borderlands, 1820-1840 Adam Jeffrey Pratt Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Pratt, Adam Jeffrey, "Regulating the republic: violence and order in the Cherokee-Georgia borderlands, 1820-1840" (2012). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 925. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/925 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. REGULATING THE REPUBLIC: VIOLENCE AND ORDER IN THE CHEROKEE- GEORGIA BORDERLANDS, 1820-1840 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Adam Jeffrey Pratt B.A. Clemson University, 2004 M.A. Louisiana State University, 2007 May 2012 For Jennifer ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It has become expected for a graduate student to note the hours of solitude required to write a quality dissertation. I am lucky enough to have enjoyed my time writing—perhaps too much, which accounts for the time it took to complete—and even more fortunate to have become indebted to so many scholars, friends, and family for helping me shepherd this project along. The Department of History at Louisiana State University has long supported my development as a historian. They have not only found courses for me to teach in a difficult financial environment, but also awarded me with the T. Harry Williams Dissertation Fellowship in 2011-2012 that allowed me time to finish the manuscript. The faculty in the department have offered insightful criticism of my work and provided essential examples on the balance between the demands of the academy and everyday life. Special thanks go to Suzanne Marchand, Victor Stater, Gibril Cole, and Christine Kooi whose enthusiasm, support, and kindness have buoyed a young scholar. My committee members, Paul Paskoff and William J. Cooper, have, since my first days at LSU, been instrumental to my success, and have been sterling professional examples. Professor Paskoff, in particular, has been a tremendous advocate of my work, and, more importantly, puts up with unannounced office visits. My major professor, Gaines Foster, has gone above and beyond the duties expected of an advisor. Not only has he critiqued numerous drafts on this manuscript, but his careful insights and analysis have made it much better. Though I regret that he occupies a much more important role as dean of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, the university is better off for it. In spite of his busy schedule, Dr. Foster never hesitated to make time for a frazzled graduate iii student, or offer lunch, or make an ill-timed remark about the state of Clemson football. He has remained, moreover, positive about my work and my future in the historical profession. My fellow graduate students have been a constant source of encouragement and camaraderie. Matthew Hernando provided great conversation, steadfast friendship, and superb cooking. Michael Robinson took the time to read several early chapters of this manuscript and made it better. His own work on the failure of secession in the border states is sure to enlighten and surprise the profession—even if his fanaticism for a certain Tobacco Road basketball school remains suspect. Geoff Cunningham has been a boon companion on road trips to Civil War battlefields and has made it his mission to indoctrinate me on all things Pacific Northwest. Kat Sawyer and Nathan Buman have been constant companions as members of the History Graduate Student Association at LSU conference committee. Kat’s poise and Nate’s amiability have both been instructive. Michael Frawley has continued to remind me that my work is eminently unimportant because it contains far too few numbers. Kristi Whitfield, David Lilly, Katie Eskridge, Terry Wagner, and Spencer McBride have all been boon companions. I owe quite a bit to my good friend Chris Childers, who read the entire manuscript and saved me from many unsightly errors. Chris, furthermore, has been a steadfast friend whose loyalty knows no bounds. I have also incurred numerous professional debts as I worked on this project. The staff at the Georgia Division of Archives and History was professional and always ready to help a graduate student short on time. My time at the Southern Historical Collection at UNC and the Perkins Library at Duke were just as enjoyable and profitable. The staff at Emory University’s Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library patiently waited while I finished my work, in spite of the oncoming snow storm. Likewise, the archivists at UGA’s Hagrett Rare Book & Manuscript iv Library worked with aplomb and efficiency to get me what I needed, even though they were in the midst of moving to a new facility. Closer to home, my ever-growing family has been a constant source of enjoyment and support. My nephews, Jack and Reid Englert, make me want to go home, and bring endless joy to their parents, my sister, Jessica, and brother-in-law, Jason. My brothers, Madison and Andrew Freel, continue to amuse and surprise their family. My parents—all four of them—have not only provided endless support for their prodigal son, but their love and encouragement has sustained me through the years. Finally, my in-laws, Linda and Terry Mizzell, have taken me into their home and treated me like family in spite of their insistence on cheering for a certain football team from Tuscaloosa. My wife, Jennifer, has been my most unflagging supporter, harshest critic, and greatest motivator as I have wound my way through graduate school. Not only has she taken on much of the financial burden for our family, she has done so with determination. Not a day goes by when I am not floored by her honesty, her curiosity, and her thoughtfulness. If more people acted with as much empathy and integrity, the world she strives to improve would become a reality. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………...…………...iii LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………...…..viii INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..……..…….1 CHAPTER ONE: ORDER, HARMONY, AND SOVEREIGNTY, 1820-1835...……………………...13 TWO: BORDERLANDS SOCIETY AND THE ROOTS OF DISORDER, 1820-1830………......................................................................................50 THREE: THE PONY CLUB, SLICKS, AND REGULATION, 1829-1832....………....…79 FOUR: THE LIMITS OF FEDERAL POWER, 1830-1832……………...........................114 FIVE: THE GEORGIA GUARD AND THE POLITICS OF ORDER, 1830-1832.........138 SIX: THE GEORGIA GUARD AND THE WHITE REPUBLIC, 1832-1836…………..181 SEVEN: REMOVAL AS REGULATION…………………………………………..….....226 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………..……....267 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………...............275 VITA……………………………………………………………………………………………290 vi LIST OF FIGURES Map 1: The Cherokee Nation and the Georgia Border Counties, 1832......................................12 Figure 1: Population Growth in Five Border Counties.................................................................51 Figure 2: 1820 Slaveholding in Hall County.................................................................................52 Figure 3: 1830 Slaveholding in Hall County.................................................................................53 Figure 4: 1830 Slaveholding in Carroll County, White Households.............................................86 Figure 5: 1830 Slaveholding in Carroll County, Cherokee Household........................................87 Map 2: Northern Georgia, 1839..................................................................................................266 Figure 6: Lottery Winners, Slave Ownership, and Military Service............................................274 vii ABSTRACT In the two decades prior to Cherokee Removal, Georgians discussed removal as a way for the state to create and maintain order, a cluster of ideas that revolved around a social system that championed white superiority, a political system that adhered to republican thinking, and a legal system that prevented lawlessness. To create a well-ordered society, Georgia’s leaders believed that authority flowed from white settlers to civil institutions, which benignly administered over the idealized society. In the Cherokee-Georgia borderlands, no single political entity could claim sovereignty, so the Cherokee Nation, federal government, and state of Georgia each sought to impose its own laws over the territory. Instead of a peaceful settlement, Georgia’s leaders had to regulate the social landscape of the borderlands, or impose social control through violence. A multitude of groups, including a multiracial vigilante group, the Slicks, a state sponsored military
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