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Evaluation of an Arctic Ice-Free Land Site of C-130 Aircraft Test Landings

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Evaluation of an Arctic Ice-Free Land Site of C-130 Aircraft Test Landings 20 16 -AFCRL 252 - ON ENGR. & PHYS. SCL 1.3. - U W1. MAM m' 't l i Air force surveys in geophysics No. 132 Evaluation of an Arctic ice-free land site and results of C-130 aircraft test landings Polaris Promontory, North Greenland 1958-1959 Stanley M. Needleman Donald W Klick, Capt., USAF Carlton E. Molineux FEDERAL REPORTS CENTER ENGINEERING LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN March 1961 6/0 metadc957965 GEOPHYSICS RESEARCH DIRECTORATE AF CAMBRIDGE RESEARCH LABORATORIES AIR FORCE RESEARCH DIVISION (ARDC) UNITED STATES AIR FORCE BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS The Air Force Surveys in Geophysics is a publication series of the Geophysics Research Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Air Force Research Division, Air Research and Development Command. The sole purpose of this series is to satisfy, to the maximum possible extent, practical engineering or operational problems of the Department of Defense and especially those of the major commands of the United States Air Force. Requests for additional copies by Agencies of the Department of Defense, their contractors, and other government agencies should be directed to the: Armed Services Technical Information Agency Arlington Hall Station Arlington 12, Virginia Department of Defense contractors must be estab- lished for ASTIA services, or have their 'need-to-know' certified by the cognizant military agency of their project or contract. All other persons and organizations should apply to the: U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. AFCRL 252 Air Force Surveys in Geophysics No. 132 EVALUATION OF AN ARCTIC ICE-FREE LAND SITE AND RESULTS OF C-130 AIRCRAFT TEST LANDINGS POLARIS PROMONTORY, NORTH GREENLAND 1958-1959 Stanley M. Needleman Donald W. Klick, Capt., USAF Carlton E. Molineux March 1961 Project 7628 Task 76284 Terrestrial Sciences Laboratory GEOPHYSICS RESEARCH DIRECTORATE AIR FORCE CAMBRIDGE RESEARCH LABORATORIES AIR FORCE RESEARCH DIVISION (ARDC) UNITED STATES AIR FORCE Bedford, Massachusetts FOREWORD Ice-free land research is a part of. the Arctic Terrain Research Program (Project 7628) of the Terrestrial Sciences Laboratory. This encompasses the identification, investigation, mapping, description, testing, and evaluation of arctic and subarctic natural terrain features (snow, ice, and land) to determine their capabilities to support air activ- ities and to advance the general knowledge of pertinent facts about the area. Research on ice-free land is conducted under Task 76284 by sci- entists of Air Force Cambridge Research Center* and U. S. Geological Survey under Air Force contract. This research has emphasized the utilization of ice-free terrain for aircraft landings and the improvement of techniques for locating potential land areas by photogeologic interpre- tation. Terrain studies for these purposes were made in northern Greenland in 1955-1956 and in eastern Greenland as far south as Scoresby Sund in 1956-1957. Numerous areas have been located which would be suitable for emergency landings after a minimum of surface modification. Past investigations under Operation Defrost (1956) and Operations Groundhog (1957 and 1958) included a detailed field survey and aerial reconnaissance of five principal sites in northern Greenland. Future studies of this type will include additional ice-free land areas in Canada and Alaska. The field investigations of the Polaris Promontory sites in 1958 and 1959 were undertaken by the Arctic Exploration Branch of the Ter- restrial Sciences Laboratory, Geophysics Research Directorate (GRD), supported by the Military Sea Transport Service. Members of the 1959 field party were: Mr. Stanley M. Needleman, Project Leader, GRD Capt. Donald W. Klick, USAF, Civil Engineer, GRD Mr. Carlton E. Molineux, Physicist, GRD Mr. Alfred H. Joseph, Civil Engineer, Waterways Experiment Station, T. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Contract MIPR 50-753 Mr. David A. Craven, Field Assistant, Arctic Institute of North America, Contract AF19(604) -3073 Lt. Col. Murray A. Wiener, TTSAF, Arctic Advisor, North American Air Defense Command Dr. Anker Weidick, Geologist, Government of Denmark iRedesignated Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories in July 1960. iii 944 r' $ 1iO 1958 Field Party aboard USS Atka. Members of the 1958 field party were: Mr. Stanley M. Needleman, Geophysicist, GRD, Project Officer 1st Lt. Donald W. Klick, USAF, Civil Engineer, GRD Lt. Col. Robert H. Wilson, USAF, Arctic Specialist, NEAC Mr. William E. Davies, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey Mr. David A. Craven, Field Asgistant, Arctic Institute of North America, Contract AF19(604)-3073 Dr. Aksel K. Norvang, Geologist, Government of Denmark Count Eigil Knuth, Archeologist, Denmark Mr. Keith Arnold, Surveyor, Lake Hazen Project (joined Polaris operation at base camp on 15 August) Dr. Moreau Maxwell, Archeologist, University of Michigan, Lake Hazen Operation (joined Count Knuth shore party on 15 August) iv ABSTRACT Field investigations of an ice-free land area at Polaris Promontory, Hall Land in northwest Greenland were undertaken to determine if this area could support austere military aircraft operations. Detailed sci- entific observations of the geology, meteorology, and natural terrain features of the area were made, thorough investigations of the soil features and bearing strength were conducted, and an airstrip was pre- pared and marked. Successful test landings by a C-130 aircraft were made on the airstrip. Possible alternate airstrip sites were studied and conclusions drawn on the usability of such ice-free land sites for military activities. V CONTENTS Section Page FOREWORD . iii ABSTRACT . .... ...................... .. v ILLUSTRATIONS . viii TABLES . ix 1 INTRODUCTION. 1 1. 1 Description of Project Operation . 1 1. 2 Summary of Scientific Work . 5 1. 3 Items of Interest . 6 2 GEOLOGY........... ...................... 9 2. 1 General. 9 2. 2 Topography and Landforms . 9 2. 3 Bedrock Geology . 10 2. 4 Surficial Geology . 12 3 METEOROLOGY. 16 3. 1 Meteorological Conditions at Alert . 18 3. 2 Meteorological Conditions at Polaris Prom- ontory. 23 4 NATURAL FEATURES OF THE SITE. 24 4. 1 Accessibility. 26 4.2 Topography...... ................... ...26 4. 3 Slope and Microrelief . 28 4.4 Drainage . 31 4. 5 Dimensions and Orientation . 31 4. 6 Approaches and Glide Angle . 31 4. 7 Construction Materials. 31 4. 8 Water Supply . 32 5 SOIL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE AIRSTRIP . 33 5. 1 Tests and Measurements. 33 5. 2 Surface Conditions . 33 5. 3 Types of Soil and Soil Profiles . 36 5. 4 Soil Strerngth . 39 5. 5 Compaction Characteristics . 45 5. 6 Moisture, Permafrost, and Drainage Conditions . 47 5. 7 Utilization by Aircraft . 49 6 PREPARATION OF THE AIRSTRIP . 49 7 AIRCRAFT TESTS. 51 8 POSSIBLE ALTERNATE SITES . 55 8. 1 Possible Site No. 1 . 55 8. 2 Possible Site No. 2 . 58 8. 3 Possible Site No. 3 . 58 9 CONCLUSIONS . 63 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..... ............... ..67 REFERENCES .-....... ................. ..69 vii ILLUSTRATIONS gure Page 1 General view of the central plain, Polaris Prom- ontory. 2 2 Northern Greenland showing location of airstrip at Polaris Promontory . 2 3 Base camp with jeep and tractor, 1959 . 3 4 Landing craft in Polaris Bay. 3 5 H-19 helicopter airlifting trailer over Polaris Bay to site. 4 6 Tractor crossing river with aid of treadways . 4 7 Location where jeep mired in soft soil during over- land crossing in 1958. .. 4 8 "Super Cub" light aircraft on Polaris site after air- lift of advance party, July 1959 . 5 9 Physical conditions along airstrip, Polaris Prom- ontory. 7 10 Cairn at Boat Camp, Newman Bay, from which records of the Greely Expedition (1881-1884) were recovered. .. 9 11 View northwest over central lowland; inland "Monument" in background. 11 12 Canyon about 900 feet deep cut into massive lime- stone, headwaters of Atka River. 11 13 Observation of sun, with exact time obtained by portable radio . 11 14 Geology, Polaris Promontory . (in pocket) 15 Platy limestone exposed on the southeast scarp of the plateau 2 miles northwest of campsite. 13 16 View of inland "Monument", the most prominent feature of Polaris Promontory, rising 500 feet above surrounding terrain . ... 13 17 Massive limestone exposed along the Atka River where it cut through the Hauge Mountains . 13 18 Clay and silt plain along a tributary of the Atka River in the central part of the lowland. Clay and silt show as light gray, areas covered by ground moraine show as dark gray. 14 19 Temperatures and relative humidity, Polaris Prom- ontory, 7 July - 15 August 1959 . 25 20 USS Atka in Polaris Bay, 1958. 27 21 View southwest showing general topography of area from ridge on north edge of plain . 27 22 Graystone River, view looking northwest from camp- site . 28 23 Topographic map of Graystone River site . 29 24 View of airstrip looking northeast along center line from midpoint . 32 viii Figure Page 25 View of airstrip looking southwest along center line from.midpoint. Hauge Mountains in background rise 3000 feet and are 12 miles from site. 32 26 Test pit showing typical soil profile . 34 27 Test pit with thermometers to determine soil temperature . 34 28 CBR test being performed with jeep.as load source . 34 29 Typical surface soil pattern within polygons . 35 30 Typical surface soil pattern between polygons . 35 31 Typical surface soil pattern in relic drainage channel 36 32 Test pit with equipment for soil sampling and mois- ture content determination . 40 33 Plasticity of fine soil portions, August 1958 . 41 34 Soil strength, August 1958 . 43 35 Waterways Experiment Station cone penetrometer being used to obtain shearing strength values of soil. 46 36 Penetrometer survey being conducted to determine soil strength. 46 37 Percent increase in shearing strength vs. depth for various soils upon drying. 46 38 View down center line of airstrip, showing negligible rutting in jeep tracks . 47 39 Grading airstrip with blade mounted on tractor . 50 40 Grading of airstrip by tractor-towed drag with rock load . 50 41 Smoothing small rough spots on airstrip by pick and shovel......... .......................... .. 50 42 Erecting side line markers on airstrip.
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