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Stoneworking in Eureka Valley Archeological Investigations at the Eureka Dunes Site (CA-INY-2489), Death Valley National Park, California

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Stoneworking in Eureka Valley Archeological Investigations at the Eureka Dunes Site (CA-INY-2489), Death Valley National Park, California Stoneworking in Eureka Valley Archeological Investigations at the Eureka Dunes Site (CA-INY-2489), Death Valley National Park, California by Jeffery F. Burton William W. Bloomer Lynn Johnson with contributions by Laura S. Bergstresser Lethia Cerda Nikole Christianson Mary M. Farrell Michele A. Martz Craig E. Skinner Jennifer J. Thatcher Dana York Western Archeological and Conservation Center National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Publications in Anthropology 78 2000 Stoneworking in Eureka Valley East away from the Sierras, south from Panamint and Amargosa, east and south an uncounted mile, is the County of Lost Borders. Ute, Paiute, Mojave, and Shoshone inhabit its frontiers, and as far into the heart of it as a man dare go. Not the law, but the land sets the limit. Here you have no rain when all the earth cries for it, or quick downpours called cloud-bursts for violence. A land of lost rivers with little in it to love; yet a land that once visited must be come back to inevitably. Mary Austin, Land of Land Rain, 1906 Stoneworking in Eureka Valley Archeological Investigations at the Eureka Dunes Site (CA-INY-2489), Death Valley National Park, California by Jeffery F. Burton William W. Bloomer Lynn Johnson with contributions by Laura S. Bergstresser Lethia Cerda Nikole Christianson Mary M. Farrell Michele A. Martz Craig E. Skinner Jennifer J. Thatcher Dana York Western Archeological and Conservation Center National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Publications in Anthropology 78 2000 Project Summary Project Number: DEVA 1999 G. Type of Project: Archeological Testing. Project Supervisors: Jeff Burton and Tim Canaday. Field Crew: Nicole Christianson, Peter Gavette, Lynn Johnson (CSU, Sacramento), and Michele Martz. Volunteers: Kristen, Margaret, and Theresa Anderson, Angela Jayko, Kendall Schinke, and Dave Wagner. Field Dates: June 21-22 and October 7-8, 1999, and February 7-19, 2000. Person Days Spent in Field: 60. Project Location: Eureka Dunes Site (CA-INY-2489), Eureka Valley, Death Valley National Park, Inyo County, California. Project Scope: 114 20 m by 20 m units were surface collected and 109 shovel test units, seven 1 m by 2 m surface scrape units, and nine 1 m by 1 m units were excavated. In all, seven features were investigated. National Register Status: None. Collections Accession Number: DEVA 2374. Cover: Winter day on the dunes. Photograph by Jim Burton Back Cover: Green-grey chert biface from the Eureka Dunes Site. Photograph by Dick Lord This report is number 78 in a continuing series, Publications in Anthropology, published by the Western Archaeological and Conservation Center, 1415 North Sixth Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85705. iv Abstract he National Park Service conducted archeological investigations at the Eureka Dunes archeological site (CA-INY-2489) within Death Valley National Park. Proposed developments to protect the Tunique Eureka Dunes ecosystem would affect less than ½ of 1 percent of the archeological site. However, the archeological work was designed to investigate the whole site. Archeological field work included mapping, intensive controlled surface collection, and subsurface testing. Over 26,000 artifacts were recovered, the overwhelming majority of which were flaked stone. Chronological data indicate the site was used from as early as 4500 B.C. to late prehistoric times. The Eureka Dunes Site is primarily a surface manifestation, but evidence suggests that different parts of the 4 km-long site correspond, in large part, to different time periods. Numerous fire-cracked rock features were identified at the site and seven of the features were excavated. Because of the large size of the site, even the 42,975 square meters of surface collection and 34 square meters of excavation units completed constitute a small sample, and inferences must be considered preliminary. Nevertheless the investigations yielded intriguing data on the use of Saline Valley obsidian and Last Chance green-grey chert, both available locally and widely traded. Some evidence suggests the fire-cracked rock features may be related to the heat-treatment of chert to make it easier to fashion into stone tools. Definitive interpretations await further research, but these investigations do indicate that the Eureka Dunes Site has the data and integrity necessary to address a number of significant research questions. The site therefore appears eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Although the current work has mitigated the effects of the proposed developments, monitoring is recommended to ensure protection of the site, and additional research is recommended to realize the site’s full information potential. v Acknowledgments irst and foremost I thank Dr. Tim Canaday for inviting us out to Death Valley to pick up where he left off – that is, the results of Tim’s initial archeological investigations at the Eureka Dunes Site for Fa proposed construction project convinced him that more work should be done at the site as a whole. In addition to initiating the work at the Eureka Dunes Site, Tim also arranged for additional funding for specialized analyses, handled the Native American consultations, provided volunteers, helped us in the field, reviewed the draft report, and provided guidance throughout the project. Field work was conducted by WACC archeologists Nikole Christianson, Michele Martz, and Peter Gavette, and consulting archeologist Lynn Johnson (California State University, Sacramento). Volunteers Kristen, Margaret, and Theresa Anderson, Angela Jayko, Kendall Schinke, and Dave Wagner provided valuable assistance. We were visited in the field by Timbasha Shoshone tribal elders Ed and Pauline Esteves and Grace Goad and tribal consultant Bill Helmer. In addition to writing background chapters for this report, no small feat in itself, Lynn Johnson also shared her knowledge and passion for her research area with us recent Park Service interlopers. Lynn even brought along a small cadre of volunteers to help in the field. Michele Martz single-handedly completed the initial laboratory processing, lithic sorts, and debitage summary tables. Nikole Christianson wrote the plan of work. Bill Bloomer of Lithic Arts analyzed the flaked stone artifacts and contributed greatly to the report. Laura Bergstresser analyzed most of the other artifact classes. Dana York helped in plant identification, Bill Gillespie examined the faunal remains, Craig Skinner and Lethia Cerda of Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory completed the specialized obsidian studies, and Jennifer Thatcher of Beta Analytic reported on the radiocarbon analysis. At WACC, George Teague, Susan Wells, and Angela Nava handled myriad administrative chores, freeing me to do the fun stuff. Ron Beckwith produced the AutoCad® maps and volunteers Dick and Flo Lord photographed the artifacts. Mary Farrell helped write several chapters and edited the report. My son, Dan, provided insightful comments and diversions throughout the project and my brother Jim accompanied me out to the dunes for an initial field assessment on a bitter cold and windy January day. The sketches at the close of each chapter are by E. Boyd Smith and were taken from Mary Austin’s 1903 classic The Land of Little Rain, which I encourage everyone to read before venturing out to Shoshone Land. vi Contents Project Summary. iv Abstract. v Acknowledgments. vi 1 Introduction by Jeffery F. Burton, Mary M. Farrell, Dana York, Nikole Christianson, and Lynn Johnson. 1 . The Eureka Dunes Archeological Site. 1 Environmental Setting. 2 Paleoenvironment. 5 2 Archeological Background ynn Johnson. 9 by L . 3 Ethnographic Background by Lynn Johnson. 15 . Territorial Boundaries and Village Locations.. 15 Sociopolitical Organization. 16 Subsistence-Settlement System. 17 Technology. 19 Trade. 20 4 Research Goals and Methods by Jeffery F. Burton. 21 . Field Methods. 21 Analysis. 25 5 Site Structure by Jeffery F. Burton. 27 . Surface Artifact Distributions. 27 Features. 28 Stratigraphy. 38 Subsurface Artifact Distributions.. 40 6 Chronology by Jeffery F. Burton and Mary M. Farrell. 43 . Temporally Diagnostic Artifacts. 43 Radiocarbon Analysis.. 44 Obsidian Studies. 44 Summary. 56 vii 7 Flaked Stone Artifacts by William W. Bloomer. 57 . Projectile Points. 58 Bifaces. 61 Uniface.. 70 Edge-modified Flakes. 70 Debitage.. 73 Last Chance Green-Grey Chert Knapability and Heat-treatment. 84 Discussion .. 86 8 Other Artifacts and Ecofacts by Jeffery F. Burton and Laura S. Bergstresser. 89 . Ground-stone Artifacts.. 89 Hammerstones.. 91 Fire-cracked Rock. 91 Faunal Remains. 93 Manuport.. 93 9 Conclusions and Recommendations by Jeffery F. Burton, Mary M. Farrell, and William W. Bloomer. 95.
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