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Ο Στρατηγός Guillaume Henri Dufour Και Ο Κόμης Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας Στην Ευρώπη Του 19Ου Αι

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Ο Στρατηγός Guillaume Henri Dufour Και Ο Κόμης Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας Στην Ευρώπη Του 19Ου Αι Ο στρατηγός Guillaume Henri Dufour και ο κόμης Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας στην Ευρώπη του 19ου αι. Σοφία Μωραΐτη Δρ Φιλοσοφίας Au XIXe siècle la nouvelle In the 19th century, the carte géopolitique de l’ geopolitical map of Europe Europe est dessinée par les was shaped by the wars of guerres de Napoléon et de Napoleon and the many nombreux autres conflits. other sub-wars. The L'émergence des awakening of national consciences nationales et consciences and the very de sentiments patriotiques strong patriotic très puissants, la sentiments, the unification construction de l'unité of Italy and the liberation italienne et la libération of Balkan regions des provinces balkaniques, ainsi que les révolutions as well as the industrial industrielles donnent revolution prompted l’élan à des discussions discussions about the sur le nouvel aspect de new face of Europe. l’Europe. De 1815 à From 1815 to 1871 the 1871 l’Europe des Europe of Nations Nations domine la vie dominated the political politique du temps: life of the era: du congrès de Vienne et from the Vienna de la Sainte Alliance Congress and the Holy jusqu’à l’achèvement de Alliance to the l’unité italienne et unification of Italy and allemande, les peuples Germany, people looked aspirent à former des forward to the creation nations érigées en états of national states under nationaux, sous l’œil the permissive or hostile bienveillant ou hostile gaze of the great des grandes puissances. powers. Le XIXe siècle est aussi The XIXe century was le siècle où les élites also the century during intellectuelles vont which the elites turned transformer le vieux the old continent into a continent, en un huge melting-pot in immense chaudron, which all the ideas and dans lequel vont arts were whirled and bouillonner et prendre shaped. forme toutes les idées et tous les arts. Les savants, les artistes, The wise men, the les intellectuels, vont artists and the porter la recherche intellectuals of the technologique, la 19th century recherche scientifique, supported la recherche artistique, technological research, la recherche des idées, scientific research, the à un niveau jamais search for ideas like atteint auparavant. never before. Voilà le milieu dans This was the lequel ont vécu deux environment in which grandes personnalités two great personalities de l’époque : le Général of the time lived: Guillaume Henri Dufour General Guillaume et le comte Jean Henri Dufour and the Capodistria, Ministre du Minister of Tsar Tsar Alexandre Ier et Alexander I and future futur Gouverneur de Governor of Greece, Grèce. Count Ioannis Capodistrias. En étudiant les By studying the historical événements historiques events of the time we can de l’époque, nous talk about the "parallel pouvons parler de «vies lives" of these two parallèles» pour ces deux personalities. There was a personnalités. Ils avaient small age difference une certaine différence between them. Dufour d’âge. Dufour était né le was born on September 15 décembre 1787, alors 15, 1787 and Capodistrias que Capodistria était né on February 11, 1776. le 11 février 1776. Le premier mourut dans The first died in his sa maison en Suisse, home in Switzerland in honoré par ses 1875, honored by his compatriotes, le second compatriots, and the fut assassiné à Nauplie second as the Governor par deux Grecs à l’âge de of Greece was murdered 55 ans, alors qu’il était in Nafplion by two Gouverneur de Grèce. Ils Greeks at the age of 55, firent tous deux de in 1831. They were both brillantes études: brilliant students: Dufour étudia à Dufour attended the l’Ecole Polytechnique Polytechnic School of de Paris et Capodistria Paris and Capodistria à la célèbre Université the famous university de Padoue en Italie. La of Padua in Italy. The période pendant period of their studies laquelle ils étudièrent is important. est importante. Des événements tels Events such as the que la Révolution French Revolution in Française en 1789, les 1789, the Lumières, et la volonté Enlightenment, and the du peuple à changer la people’s will for social société, marquèrent le change marked développement social Europe's social de l’Europe. development. Tous deux étudièrent et They both studied and furent influencés par les were influenced by the nouvelles idées new ideas which were dominantes de l’époque. dominant at the time. En parlant des To discuss the événements importants important events in the de leur vie, nous life of each of them mettons en lumière les highlights the common valeurs communes qu’ils values they both défendirent au long de followed in their lives. leur vie. En 1807, Dufour passa In 1807, Dufour, passed le concours d’admission the admission à l’Ecole Polytechnique examination to the de Paris, et en 1809, Polytechnic School of ayant terminé ses Paris and in 1809, études, il poursuivit sa having completed his formation d’ingénieur à studies, he continued l'«École Pratique» de his training as an l’armée à Metz, en engineer in the army at France. the “Ecole pratique” in the French city, Metz. A la fin de 1809, les cinq At the end of 1809, the meilleurs étudiants de best five students of the l’école reçurent l’ordre school were ordered to de partir à Corfou, leave for Corfu, the frontière Est de l’Empire eastern border of de Napoléon, afin de Napoleon’s Empire, to collaborer aux travaux help in the work of the de fortifications contre island’s fortifications l’armée Anglaise. Dufour against the English army. écrit dans son Dufour writes in his autobiographie: Autobiography: «Ce fut pour nous une “It was a great grande déception disappointment for us. d’être si loin de la To be so far away from Grande Armée tant the great army which admirée, que nous we were advocating and celebrating, and which vantions et was so much admired, acclamions. C’était seemed to us like an comme un exil.» exile.” Capodistria commença Capodistrias began his sa carrière politique political career earlier. plus tôt. Il retourna à He returned to his son île natale en 1800, native island after his après ses études en studies in Italy in 1800 Italie et commença à and started working as travailler comme a doctor. médecin. •Il se mêla de politique He was involved in en 1801, lorsqu’il politics in 1801, when he accompagna Nicolas went with Nicholas Sigouros à Céphalonie Sigouros to Kefalonia in pour aider à y rétablir order to help restore l’ordre. Cette mission order on the island. This fut couronnée de mission was successful succès, et les deux and both men returned hommes rentrèrent à to Corfu. Corfou. En 1802 il participa à In 1802 he l’établissement de participated in the l’Association Médicale establishment of the en tant que Secrétaire. National Medical Association, where he participated as a Secretary. Au cours de l’année In the following year - suivante, en 1803, il 1803 - he took over fut nommé Secrétaire the position of de l’Etat Ionien avec la Secretary of the Ionian charge de State with correspondre avec les responsibility for expatriés de la corresponding with République à the expatriates of the l’étranger. Republic abroad. En Mars 1804 il eut In March 1804, he was l’honneur d’être nommé honored with the rank par le Tsar Alexandre Premier, Conseiller de of the 6th grade State l’Etat du 6ème grade. Adviser by Tsar En 1805 il devint Alexander I. «Contrôleur de In 1805 he becomes l’Education» c’est-à-dire “controller of Ministre de l’Education education” and founds Publique, et il fondit 40 40 schools, spread in écoles réparties dans les 7 the 7 Ionian islands. îles Ioniennes. L’école du Monastère de The school of the Tenedos était la Tenedos monaster was première école de the first school of the l’administration public administration, publique, où tous les where the state employés de l’état et employees and all the tous les prêtres étaient priests were obliged to obligés de suivre une follow a training for two formation pendant deux years. ans. Il est important de noter It is important to notice that que Capodistria Capodistrias inaugurated inaugurait ici un système here a system of de bourses d’études, pour scholarships in order to help aider les étudiants needy studentsI to study. démunis à étudier. In 1806 he was appointed En 1806 il reprit la Director of the Public Direction de cette école School of the Ionian Publique de la République Republic, which had been qu’il avait fondée de sa founded on his own initiative. propre initiative. La même année, il fut In the same year, he élu Secrétaire du Sénat was elected a Secretary ainsi que Secrétaire et of the Senate and a Rapporteur de la Secretary and Commission de rapporteur of the draft rédaction de la nouvelle of the new constitution. Ses Constitution. His propositions furent proposals were rejetées comme trop rejected as very liberal. libérales. Il persuada néanmoins However, he le Sénat de voter la persuaded the Senate Constitution en arguant to vote for the que «C’est uniquement Constitution with the les propositions de argument: “Only what Montsenigo qui Montsenigo had seraient approuvées proposed would be par la Cour de Russie.» approved by the Russian court.” En 1807, en tant que In 1807, as a Commissaire pour la Commissioner for the défense contre les defense of the island from Ottomans de l'île d'Agia the Ottomans in Agia Mavra (Lefkada), il était Mavra (Lefkada), he was au service de la Russie, in the Russian service, puisqu'il avait avec lui since with Capodistrias there were 300 Russian 300 soldats russes, ainsi soldiers and Ignatios, the que Ignatios, évêque Metropolitan Bishop of métropolitain d'Arta.
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