Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácia Lula da Silva

Topic: Planning for the Olympic Games

MUNUC 32

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Letter from the Chair………………………………………………………….. 3

Letter from the Crisis Director………………………………………………... 5 Structure of Committee………………………………………………………..7

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………...10

History of the Problem………………………………………………………..20 Past Actions and Possible Solutions………………………………………..22

Character Biographies………………………………………………………28

Glossary.………………………………………………………………………..36 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………...37

2 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR

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Dear Delegates,

Welcome to MUNUC XXXII! Jessie and I are beyond excited to spend a weekend discussing the 2016 Olympics with you all. At every step of the way, Jessie and I (along with our excellent team of assistant chairs) are here to facilitate your exploration of this topic. My biggest wish is that you come out of the weekend with a deeper understanding of the complex global issues we discuss and a better grasp of Model U.N and the skills it demands. We’re confident that all of you can achieve this by the end of the weekend.

My name is Heleena, and I’m your (honorable) chair for the weekend. I’m a second year at the college, double majoring in Environmental and Urban Studies and Public Policy Studies with a specialization in economics. I’m involved with MUN and all its iterations on campus. Along with organizing this committee, I’m staffing a committee for ChoMUN (the college conference we host every year) as a Crisis Director. I also compete on our College MUN team. If you ever have any questions about college MUN, feel free to reach out with questions before, during, or after the conference.

Aside from MUN, I like to spend my free time planning trips, reading, and watching old movies. I really enjoy classic films and I try to make it to a movie theatre as much as my schedule (and wallet) will allow. I also like to volunteer! Last year I spent an hour or two per week volunteering at a local charter high school. I’m looking to explore this further this year and find more charitable causes to dedicate my time to.

Jessie and I have both decided to take some time in our letters to discuss the limitations we’re placing on debate. While the ongoing conflict between Israel and Palestine consistently provided issues during the planning of the Olympics, and these issues did flare up during the 2016 Olympics, we don’t plan on entertaining this during our committee. The issue is simply too sensitive and the risk of offending or hurting members of committee is too great. Delegates who choose to fan these

3 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 flames will not be rewarded. We hope you understand our decision. In addition to this, we ask you to be delicate in how you discuss Brazilians living in poverty and the child victims of the Zika crisis.

In the leadup to committee, please feel more than free to shoot me an email ([email protected]). We plan to explain the mechanics of debate and Parliamentary Prose at MUNUC, but I’m always available to answer any questions you may have before, during, or after debate.

We’re so excited to have you!

- Heleena

4 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 LETTER FROM THE CRISIS DIRECTOR

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Dear Delegates,

Welcome to the 32nd annual MUNUC conference and welcome to Brazil 2009! We hope to make this year the most fun, challenging, and exciting year of MUNUC yet. I can’t wait for us to tackle important issues in politics, infrastructure, and hosting a sports tournament with the entire world watching.

I am Jessie, a rising fourth year at the University of Chicago. I am a math and economics major, and a huge history nerd. Last year at MUNUC I ran the Press Corps, and two years ago I ran Republican Spain Continuous Crisis. In addition to running a MUNUC committee, I am also running the Joint Crisis Committee in our college model UN conference, CHOMUN. I did Model UN in high school. Model UN gave me confidence in public speaking, taught me crucial skills about working with other people, and most of all fostered my interest in international relations and the news overall. I have since applied my quantitative skills and interest in the world to a variety of finance jobs which is what I hope to do for a career.

Outside of Model UN, you can find me in an art museum in downtown Chicago, stressing about getting a job after graduation, or making latte art in a student-run coffee shop on campus. I studied abroad this spring in Paris doing math, and last spring in Israel doing history.

Heleena and I wanted to run a committee that would incorporate our diverse set of interests and let us talk about both the big picture and every day history that plays out in the Olympics every two years. For example, historically, Brazillian oversight put Israeli and Arab athletes on the same bus which almost resulted in athletes missing their events for refusal to ride the bus. While this committee will allow us to explore a lot of different topics, conflicts, and problems faced by a developing country, it is crucial that all complex issues be discussed with respect and an awareness that for almost any topic you debate, someone in the committee room may hold a deep set aversion or sensitivity to the ideas and topics we are discussing. Please proceed diplomatically.

5 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 I cannot wait to meet you all, and I know we are going to have so much fun this MUNUC! Feel free to email me with any questions, concerns, or just to introduce yourself. A fun fact about me: my celebrity look alike is Amy Poehler.

All the best,

Jessie Wrobel [email protected]

6 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 STRUCTURE OF COMMITTEE

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Disclaimer

Typically, it is unusual for a background guide to acknowledge issues or events that transpire after the beginning of committee. We understand that convention - and chose as executives to break it . At the end of the day, we want to encourage the most advanced, informed debate possible. Given the complexity of the various corruption scandals and the Zika Virus, we thought it unfair to delegates if we neglected this information in our background guide.

To reiterate - this committee begins in 2009, almost immediately after Brazil won the bid to host the Olympics. Use the information we’ve detailed in this guide as a solid beginning for research for this committee. Further, do not assume that we are only discussing issues explicitly detailed in the background guide. We chose only to describe the most relevant and difficult issues that occur after the start of the committee. Look to news articles from that time period to anticipate our crisis updates, and be prepared to react to delegate driven content. This may seem confusing - and we’re here to help! Send us an email if you have any questions about any of this. We would appreciate delegates that take the time to ask these questions before committee, so we can dedicate as much time as possible to discussion and debate.

Committee Structure

This committee is a fictional body composed of both figmented and real figures. Most of the people in this committee were original members of the Brazilian cabinet. We then added representatives from various bodies related to Olympic planning. Some of those figures were from within the Brazilian government and others were representatives from the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Delegates should look towards the “Character Biographies” section of this background guide to learn more about their character’s individual motivations, goals, and priorities in committee.

7 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 We plan to proceed in hybrid format, beginning first with a typical single topic General Assembly (G.A) structure for our first 2 sessions and transitioning into a regular crisis committee during the third session of the committee.

The G.A portion of debate will center around the water crisis in Brazil that caused a multitude of problems for both the Brazilian people and for the Olympics., The G.A. portion of committee will have delegates writing long pieces of legislation which they will then work to synthesize into a comprehensive piece of legislation with the ultimate goal of passing a resolution to address these issues. A resolution is a document that contains solutions for a specific topic. This resolution will enter effect only if it is passed through voting. Beginning delegates should approach resolutions almost like laws. We elected to pass resolutions in order to provide delegates with a mechanism to create long-lasting policy, as opposed to the typically short-term nature of directives in crisis. Throughout the general assembly portion, delegates may send “crisis notes” to the back room and committee staffers will respond--more on this below.

Further, the G.A portions of debate will be conducted in Parliamentary Procedure. If delegates are unfamiliar with this style of debate they may consult the MUNUC Delegate Handbook or the MUNUC Website.

About halfway through the third session of committee, delegates should prepare to enter a crisis format for the remaining duration of the committee. There are three crucial aspects to a crisis committee: crisis breaks, directives, and crisis notes/arc.

Crisis breaks--in response to committee actions or to update committee, MUNUC staff will come into committee with “real world updates. ” An example of this could be the population’s reaction to a passed piece of legislation or another action undertaken by the committee. In response to crisis breaks, delegates will have the opportunity to ask clarifying questions in order to ensure they understand the problem they must work to address.

In response to crisis breaks, delegates write directives. Whereas in a GA committee delegates would write a resolution, pieces of writing in a crisis committee are referred to as directives. Moreover,

8 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 while a resolution is a comprehensive, rather long, and complex document which delegates will spend the whole weekend writing, a directive is rarely more than a page or two. There will not be a Q&A between delegates regarding directives as there would be in a typical GA session. Delegates will not write clauses related to a larger problem, but rather will write directives in response to a crisis break. Directives are lists of actions the committee wishes to take in response to the crisis break. Multiple directives can be written in response to a crisis break, and the committee as a whole will vote to pass one or more directives after each crisis break. The process of writing and passing a directive is fairly short, meaning that delegates should expect to address multiple crises and write multiple directives per session. After a directive is passed, another crisis break will be introduced responding to the previously passed directive and delegates will work to address this new crisis.

Finally, a crucial component of a crisis committee are crisis notes which work to build an overarching story or arc. Early in committee delegates will write notes to fictional characters that build resources, for example writing that your brother works in a coffee farm, and you want to use his skills to open a coffee shop. The “backroom” By building these resources early on, delegates will be able to shape the direction of committee, perhaps causing crisis breaks to come into front room via forming cults, secessionist movements, riots, or parades. Based on anything mentioned in your character bio, the background guide, and your own imagination, writing notes to backroom to build resources into a comprehensive arc propelling your character into power by the end of the committee is a crucial goal. Note: do not tell delegates in the front room what you are doing or they may try to get in your way before you become king of Bolivia, president of Brazil, or at least the mayor of Rio.

9 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 TOPIC: PLANNING FOR THE OLYMPICS

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Statement of the Problem

Overview of the Issues

In committee session, we expect delegates to touch on all the issues that challenged the Brazilian government in planning the Olympics with various degrees of emphasis. We realize that this opens up the debate to a plethora of topics, so we have listed some of the most relevant issues with some basic background information to help delegates navigate debate.

Obviously, delegates will be expected to craft solutions for issues of sanitation and clean water and discuss the topic with nuance and understanding during the first three sessions of committee. After this period, delegates will be expected to tackle larger, broader issues and how they relate to the Olympics; this includes poverty, crime, favelas, the Zika virus, and corruption. These issues have challenged Brazil for some time and continue to challenge the country to this day. Delegates should aim to attack these problems in a way that minimizes short term damage to Olympic planning and long term damage to the nation at large.

Issues of Sanitation and Clean Water

Nonexistent sanitation services threaten to create a water crisis for athletes and draw attention to the lackluster sanitation systems that the people of Brazil live with on a daily basis. Although about 78 percent of Rio de Janeiro’s households have access to sanitation, it’s arguable whether this statistic includes homes located in the city’s favelas, or slums.1 This is a crucial error in research, as the recreational and drinking water around Rio de Janeiro, the proposed site of the Olympics, receives significant amounts of untreated sewage from the surrounding Favelas.2 The Guanabara

1 Fistarol, Giovana O., Felipe H. Coutinho, Ana Paula B. Moreira, Tainá Venas, Alba Cánovas, Sérgio E. M. de Paula, Sérgio E. M. Jr., et al. “Environmental and Sanitary Conditions of Guanabara Bay, Rio De Janeiro.” Frontiers. Frontiers, October 22, 2015. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01232/full. 2 “Water Quality for the Olympic Games in Rio De Janeiro.” World Health Organization. World Health Organization, September 20, 2016. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water- quality/recreational/statement-rio-water-quality/en/.

10 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 Bay is fed by various rivers within Brazil, and some of these rivers pass directly through the favelas, making the water quality unpalatable by the time it reaches the bay.3 Only 17% of sewage is treated, the rest being dumped without any form of neutralization.4 Finally, next to the bay lies one of the world's largest landfills: Jardim Gramacho.5 Situated adjacent to Guanabara Bay this landfill has been in operation for 30 years and is filled with untreated trash seeping onto the beaches of Guanabara.6 Moreover, the water of Guanabara is black and noxious, and the edges of the water can wash up greasy sludge left over from a poorly cleaned up 2000 PetroBrazil oil spill.7 At the outset of the Olympic games, the Brazilian government made a pledge to increase the level of sewage that is treated from 17% to 80%.8 It is the responsibility of the committee to ensure that this promise is honored for the health and safety or the athletes and Brazilian people.

3 Fistarol, Giovana O., Felipe H. Coutinho, Ana Paula B. Moreira, Tainá Venas, Alba Cánovas, Sérgio E. M. de Paula, Sérgio E. M. Jr., et al. “Environmental and Sanitary Conditions of Guanabara Bay, Rio De Janeiro.” Frontiers. Frontiers, October 22, 2015. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01232/full. 4 “German Sailor Blames Infections on Water at Rio 2016 Olympic Test Event.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, August 28, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/28/german-sailor-erik-heil- infections-polluted-water-rio-2016-olympics. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Niiler, Eric. “The Mad Dash to Clean Up Rio's Guanabara Bay Before the Games.” Wired. Conde Nast, June 3, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2016/07/mad-dash-clean-rios-guanabara-bay/ . 8 “German Sailor Blames Infections on Water at Rio 2016 Olympic Test Event.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, August 28, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/28/german-sailor-erik-heil- infections-polluted-water-rio-2016-olympics.

11 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 Routine monitoring done by our Olympics planning committee reveals troubling results in several other key water sites.9 Specifically, sites near the Marina da Glória and Lagoa de Freitas fail to meet Brazilian water quality standards and would be classified under WHO guidelines as poor or very poor.10 In Guanabara Bay, about 4 million of its 16 million inhabitants do not have access to a sewage system.11 Consequently, more than 800 tons of solid waste, rife with fecal and drug-resistant bacteria from homes and hospitals, empties into Guanabara Bay each day.12 Cities that neighbor the bay have seen troubling trends as a result of this practice. In Duque de Caxias alone, a city in southeastern Brazil on Guanabara Bay, infant mortality has reached as high as almost 24 percent due to the unsanitary conditions of the Bay’s waters.13 This is particularly troubling, as Guanabara Bay has been discussed as the most convenient site for several Olympic events and yet demonstrates some of the most severe water pollution in the world. As it stands now, swallowing just three teaspoons of the Bay’s water guarantees some sort of viral infection, such as a stomach or respiratory illness.14 In much rarer and more fatal cases, ingestion has also been linked to inflammation of the brain or heart.15

Foreigners coming into contact with these water sites without the tolerance that Brazilians develop for bacteria are even more vulnerable to illnesses, including stomach upsets and respiratory tract infections. This issue would be a bit less troubling if the Brazilian healthcare system could withstand a large influx of patients with these mostly curable infections. Unfortunately, this is not the case. To begin with, water-transmitted diseases are responsible for about 65 percent of all hospitalizations in Brazil.16 And we’re not just dealing with you average bacterial infection; drug-resistant bacteria have

9 “Q&A On Recreational Water Quality in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.” World Health Organization. World Health Organization, July 2016. https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/recreational/rio- water-quality-qa-rev-june2016.pdf.

10 Ibid. 11 Avins, Jenni. “Brazil Has More Freshwater Than Any Other Country, But Its Biggest City Is Running Dry.” Quartz. Quartz, February 26, 2015. https://qz.com/351145/brazil-has-more-freshwater-than-any-other- country-but-its-biggest-city-is-running-dry/. 12 Fistarol, Giovana O., Felipe H. Coutinho, Ana Paula B. Moreira, Tainá Venas, Alba Cánovas, Sérgio E. M. de Paula, Sérgio E. M. Jr., et al. “Environmental and Sanitary Conditions of Guanabara Bay, Rio De Janeiro.” Frontiers. Frontiers, October 22, 2015. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01232/full. 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 15 Ibid. 16 Thomas, Madeleine. “A Look at Brazil's Polluted Waters.” Pacific Standard. The Social Justice Foundation, August 12, 2016. https://psmag.com/news/a-look-at-brazils-polluted-waters.

12 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 been found around Flamengo Beach, where this committee was thinking to schedule Olympic sailing competitions.17 Some “super-resistant” strains of bacteria are able to withstand antibiotics up to 600 times higher than what would normally be administered for treatment.18 We fear Olympians may be in life threatening danger if we are unable to provide them with reliable purified water. Up until the potential Olympics created demand for them, most of these large water sites didn’t even have interceptors of any sort to divert sewage to a wastewater treatment plant.19 Clearly, ensuring that clean water will be available for all who attend the games should be a priority of this committee.

Corruption in Brazil

Although corruption in Brazil has existed for a long time, popular concern about the issue continues to emerge in a direct response to the financial strain of funding the Olympics.20 The plan currently in place for Olympic construction is to have construction companies bid on projects.21 The government will then offer contracts to the best facilities proposed for the least amount of money.22 Shockingly, there is no mechanism in place to prevent corruption and collusion throughout this process.23 This is particularly egregious, especially given that there have been many instances where construction executives pocket the proceeds from inflated contracts and compensated partners inside government organizations.24

It’s not too far-fetched to imagine that companies and government officials would manipulate contracts to line their own pockets. Since 2014, Brazil has been embroiled in a scandal that involves a government agency and companies colluding to enrich themselves.25 Dubbed Operation Car Wash,” the scandal involved Petrobras, a Brazilian petroleum oil company that is partially owned by the

17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Ibid. 20 Eisenhammer, Stephen. “IOC Warned Rio on Construction Contracts Five Years Ago: Documents.” Reuters. Reuters, July 29, 2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-village/ioc-warned-rio-on-construction-contracts-five-years-ago- documents-idUSKCN1082MR. 21 Ibid. 22 Ibid. 23 Ibid. 24 Ibid. 25 “Brazil Corruption Scandals: All You Need to Know.” BBC News. BBC, April 8, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35810578.

13 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 government.26 The investigation into Pertrobas revealed that executives had accepted bribes from construction firms in return for awarding them contracts at inflated prices.27 Further, a significant chunk of the proceeds from construction contracts were sent to friendly politicians as either ‘personal gifts’ or donations to their campaigns.28 Because Petrobras is partially owned by the state, politicians can install people as executives who then turn around and reward that politician with a bribe.29 All in all, somewhere upward of $5.3 billion has changed hands as part of this scheme alone (many experts estimate the number may be higher).30 The almost cartoonish scandal featured too many absurd details to count, including an unnamed elderly gentleman that flew around the world delivering bribes in the form of bricks of cash that were shrink-wrapped and strapped beneath his socks and a Spanx-like vest.31 Along with straight cash, bribes were sometimes distributed in the form of "Rolex watches, $3,000 bottles of wine, yachts, helicopters and prostitutes..." and other luxury (sometimes illegal) items.32

This initial investigation into Petrobras was enough to destabilize Brazil, so the mass protests that emerged as a result of additional allegations that implicated the party of the sitting president truly created a concern for the safety of the Olympic games and Brazil’s ability to execute them.33 The president at the time, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, belonged to the Workers' Party, which found itself dragged into the corruption scandal amid allegations of having funneled some of the funds from Petrobras' inflated construction contracts to pay off politicians by buying them votes and helping with political campaigns.34

There are also separate allegations which saw Dilma Rousseff - who followed President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva into office after he had served two terms - impeached in August 2016. Entirely separate

26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 Bray, Chad, and Stanley Reed. “Petrobras of Brazil to Pay $2.95 Billion Over Corruption Scandal.” The New York Times. The New York Times, January 3, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/business/dealbook/brazil-petrobras-corruption-scandal.html. 29 Ibid. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid. 32 Ibid. 33 “Brazil Corruption Scandals: All You Need to Know.” BBC News. BBC, April 8, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35810578. 34 Ibid.

14 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 to the Operation Car Wash allegations, Ms. Rousseff, a close ally of Lula, was allegedly caught moving funds between government budgets. Although maybe not as immediately nefarious as manipulating government contracts, the actions she was accused of are technically illegal under Brazilian law.35 She argued that this was common practice among presidents, but her critics said she was trying to plug deficit holes in popular social programmes to boost her chances of being re- elected in 2014.36

Beyond these immediate scandals, Brazil has been plagued with systemic corruption that continues to hinder its development and efficiency in government. The total cost of this is unknown, but considering the immense poverty felt by many citizens the monetary and human cost of this corruption is immense.

Crime and Poverty in the Favelas

In Rio de Janeiro, the home of the 2016 Olympics, 25% percent of the residents live in informal communities called favelas.37 Through the media, favela’s have garnered a reputation for extreme violence and drug trafficking.38 While this is rooted in some truth, many are shocked to find that only about 37% of favelas are controlled by drug gangs, and less than 1% of favela residents are directly involved in drug trafficking.39 In recent decades, the growth of gang activity in favelas to supply domestic and international demands for drugs led to a societal linking of favelas with drugs and urban violence.40 Instead of seeing violence in favelas as a result of systemic inequality, some people consider violence to be an inherent feature of the favelas themselves.41 Accordingly, favela residents have earned reputations for being violent and dangerous, rather than victims of significant historical

35Ibid. 36 Ibid. 37 Geromel, Ricardo. “Eduardo Paes, Rio De Janeiro's Mayor, Reveals Where The Money Is Heading To In Brazil: Favelas.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, January 31, 2013. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ricardogeromel/2013/01/31/eduardo-paes-rio-de-janeiros-mayor-reveals-where-the- money-is-heading-to-in-brazil-favelas/#6e85e55a7e1f. 38 Savchuk, Katia. “The Tiny NGO That Changed Reporting On Rio’s Favelas During The Olympics.” Bright Magazine, August 24, 2016. https://brightthemag.com/the-tiny-ngo-that-changed-reporting-on-rios-favelas-during-the-olympics- 8fd24e623f22. 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid. 41 Ibid.

15 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 neglect by the state.42 In regards to the Olympics, safety of the athletes became a serious concern when the government announced that many of the Olympic stadiums would be in close proximity to favelas.43 In the leadup to the Olympics, concerned nations will see security as a top concern.

Although crime in the favelas is a definite concern, addressing the crime without the underlying issues that cause it won’t lead to long term solutions. Favelas are essentially amateur housing developments, executed with little to no city planning. Rocinha is Brazil's largest favela and unofficial estimates say it has up to 180,000, compared to the census figure of just 70,000.

42 Ibid. 43 Cleaver, Dylan. “Rio Olympics: Poverty Porn Awaits.” NZ Herald. NZ Herald, August 9, 2015. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=11494389.

16 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 The expansion of the favelas - and their irregular and unregulated nature - means that these areas often lack basic services and public investment. But even among favelas there can be big social contrasts.

Environmental concerns

With the spotlight of the Olympics coming to Brazil, attention will be drawn to the country’s natural resources for the first time in a while. Unfortunately, the Brazilian environment is not doing well. Copious amounts of pollution in the Guanabara Bay is causing the death of fish and plants, as is the trash being dumped on the edges of the beach every day.44

Water is a scarce resource in Brazil, and Brazilians cannot afford to squander it with pollution. Moreover, increasing tensions between the federal, state, and municipal governments over jurisdiction and responsibility for water sanitation has hindered progress on water treatment. Part of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s presidential platform was providing better water care to the people by shifting the responsibility to municipal governments and giving them leeway to determine an “affordable” amount they were willing to dedicate to improve water quality. However, with many rural populations living in slums, the affordability caveat places a huge burden on municipalities and state governments which are unable to handle the large expenses associated with water purification.

Much of Brazil’s working class depends on fishing in the ocean. While one way to address ecological issues like overfishing off the Brazilian coast and pollution in the Bay is by limiting boat traffic, this may threaten the livelihoods of Brazilian fishermen. These fishermen have already been dealt a significant blow to their revenues over time, as overfishing and pollution make good yields harder and harder to come by. In many of these coastal towns, fishing isn’t just their livelihood, it’s their identity as a community. In finding solutions, delegates will need to be careful to address these issues without harming the Brazilian economy and alienating the vulnerable citizens they intend to protect.

44 “Thousands of Dead Fish Found in Rio De Janeiro's Olympic Sailing Waters.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, February 26, 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/26/thousands-of-dead-fish- found-in-rio-de-janeiros-olympic-sailing-waters.

17 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 The Zika Virus

The Zika virus is a mosquito borne illness that is also transmittable via sexual intercourse.45 It’s rare that victims feel symptoms, but if they do it’s typically within 3 - 14 days of contracting the disease.46 The symptoms, which typically include a fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise, and headache, are generally mild and last just 2 - 7 days.47

Although the typical lack of symptoms makes the illness almost never fatal, it also makes it incredibly difficult for carriers to know that they even have Zika.48 Since Zika can also be transmitted through sexual intercourse, unknowing carriers could potentially pass it on to their sexual partner(s). The best evidence so far suggests that people can spread the virus via mosquitoes for a week after being infected. Alternatively, the virus has been detected in semen two weeks after infection, making it feasible for the disease to spread throughout that time.

Should the Zika virus infect a pregnant woman, her child is at risk of developing several congenital abnormalities. For instance, the baby may develop microcephaly, a condition where the baby’s brain stops developing and causes the head appear abnormally small.49 The severity varies, but it can be deadly if the brain is so underdeveloped that it cannot regulate the functions vital to life.50 Children that do survive face intellectual disability and development delays. Zika virus infection is also a trigger of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children.51 GBS is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, causing rapid-onset muscle weakness. Neuropathy is a result of damage to the

45World Health Organization. “Zika Virus,” July 20, 2018. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus. 46Ibid. 47Ibid. 48Ibid. 49 “Zika Outbreak: What You Need to Know.” BBC News, August 31, 2016, sec. Health. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-35370848. 50 https://www.bbc.com/news/health-35370848 51 https://www.bbc.com/news/health-35370848

18 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nerves), often causes weakness, numbness and pain, usually in your hands and fee. Similarly, myelitis targets peripheral nerves, resulting in the inflammation of the spinal cord which can disrupt the normal responses from the brain to the rest of the body and paralysis and sensory loss. Zika infection in pregnancy also results in pregnancy complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth, and preterm birth.

Conclusion

It should be clear from the issues discussed above that poverty is the underlying theme in Brazilian politics. In discussing corruption, the water crisis, favelas, and crime, delegates should pay attention to how these issues interact with poverty and perpetuate economic destitution. When creating solutions, delegates should work toward long term economic development in order to lift Brazil from its current predicament. By alleviating much of the poverty in Brazil, many of the issues we plan to discuss may naturally become less prevalent within Brazilian society.

19 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 History of the Problem

Corruption in Brazil

To Brazilians, a government without corruption is almost unimaginable. Even with corruption as the status quo, Brazilians often express shock at the depths of theft perpetrated by those who swear to advocate for the best interests of the country. In recent years, allegations of corruption that implicate almost all top government officials and business leaders have rocked Brazil and fundamentally shifted the public discourse. This corruption is especially inexcusable, given Brazil’s long and painful history with extreme poverty.

For example, Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s government in the 1990s was plagued with corruption scandals. This included Cordoso picking companies sympathetic to the government, who might pay for his re-election, when deciding which previously nationalized companies to privatize. Moreover, tapes of senators discussing a vote on a constitutional amendment regarding re-election criteria were leaked, revealing that they had accepted large bribes to keep the current party in power. By 2000 and 2001, attention had shifted from corruption to the ongoing energy crisis that had resulted in waves of blackouts throughout the country. However, the damage to the regime’s credibility had already been done.

More recently, in 2005, the Lula government was revealed to have paid deputies in return for their pledge of support for the current regime. In addition to paying to remain in power, Lula’s cabinet has also accepted bribes and kick-backs from a plethora of construction companies in exchange for profitable PetroBras contracts. The shady relationship between the politicians and the companies exporting Brazilian gas continues to be a sensitive subject fraught with corruption in every government’s regime.

20 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 Indeed, in the 2014 elections that narrowly launched Dilma Rousseff to the presidency, corruption was one of the main issues that concerned all voters.52 Hopefully, the current government will have fewer corruption scandals.

Infrastructure, Development, and the Olympics

Often, hosting the Olympics is viewed as a catalyst for infrastructure development. The Olympics have historically been able to place the host city on the map as a tourist destination. As Rio currently has sparse tourist interest, there is a hope that Rio will be revitalized as a tourist destination once the Olympic games conclude. With regards to infrastructure, Rio has a huge slum problem, and minimal public transit. The inflow of investment into Rio as a result of the games will hopefully help these issues. However, there is also a rising concern that Brazil will overspend in order to ensure it’s infrastructure is up to par in time for the games. While the Olympics may increase Brazil’s profile as a tourist destination, every country hosting the Olympics has a tendency to go a little over their budget -- and especially as a second world country, Brazil will have more hotels, trains, buses, beaches etc. to build in order to attract tourists and show itself off to the world. An impoverished nation with a huge debt crisis is unlikely to draw many tourists, so Brazil needs to be very careful about the publicity surrounding its spending.

Overall, it will be up to you as the Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to ensure that corruption is curbed, adequate infrastructure is developed and used efficiently, and that Brazil stays within their budget for the games as you plan for the upcoming Olympics.

52“Brazil Election Result: Meet the Voters.” BBC News. BBC, October 27, 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world- 29785043.

21 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 Past Actions and Possible Solutions

Access to Clean Water and Tackling Water Corruption

Ironically, Brazil possesses between 20% of the world’s water reserves. Undeniably, Brazil’s development in the next few years will be dependent on how deftly they access this enormous supply of water. This is partly because Brazil’s most profitable economic sectors are also those most dependent on water. For example, 62% of Brazil’s energy is generated through hydropower plants. Water is also essential for agriculture, another important sector of the country’s economy. According to the National Water Agency (ANA), irrigation consumes 72% of Brazil’s water supply. Delegates should target solutions towards water scarcity, pollution control, and universal access to water and sanitation services. Further, it’s best to incorporate solutions that target all parts of Brazil, including urban centers, rural areas, and households.

What’s perhaps most troubling is the near inevitability of water shortages, as deforestation, forest degradation and changes in rainfall patterns continue to impact water supplies. A sustainable solution to this issue takes the time to target deforestation, while also cleansing waterways. Further, regulations must target the industrial sector. Currently, companies are free to dump untreated industrial waste into waterways. These practices are simply incompatible with de-polluting water.

Challenges associated with Hosting the Games

There are a number of challenges associated with hosting the Olympic games. From ensuring that adequate infrastructure is developed and utilized efficiently, to gathering monetary resources for the event, to staying on budget, to curbing corruption, it is imperative that Brazil plan strategically to tackle these challenges as they occur during Olympic planning. Further, there are certain issues that affect Brazil uniquely, including a lack of clean water for Olympic events. We’ve listed below a few of

22 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 the ways in which other countries have dealt with these issues, and ideas for how Brazil might hope to tackle them when planning their own games.

Monetary Challenges

Brazil 2016 is an anomaly in the long history of Olympic games. Put simply, the Olympics up until 2016 were typically held in western, affluent nations. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), the body that makes such decisions, justified this decision by pointing to the enormous expense of hosting an international event like the Olympic Games. Further, the games are publicly funded, meaning that the money for the games comes from taxpayer dollars that developing nations simply couldn't afford to spare.

As the games grew in size, so did the cost. The 1970’s marked a turning point, as the number of participants in the Summer Olympics doubled and the number of events increased by a third during the 1960s. Several safety concerns made matters worse. After the killing of protesters in the days before the 1968 Mexico City Games and the fatal assault on Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Games, the image of the Olympics as a place of peace for all nations was tarnished. The 1976 Montreal games only added to countries’ reluctance to host the games after their costs ballooned to billions over budget and took nearly 3 decades to pay off. Los Angeles was the city that managed to turn things around. After negotiating favorable terms with the IOC, using pre-existing stadiums, and capitalizing on revenue from televising the games, L.A was able to put on a financially successful Olympics when no one thought it was possible to do so.

Interestingly, after the 1988 L.A Olympics, developing nations submitted nearly triple the number of bids as they did before the landmark games. Indeed, this reflects the current idea that hosting the Olympics is a status symbol of sorts. Countries like China, Russia, and even Brazil have been eager to use the games to demonstrate their progress on the world stage as not just economic, but political players.

However, these countries invested massive sums to achieve their desired effect. For example, costs spiraled to over $45 billion for Beijing’s Summer Games in 2008 and over $50 billion for the Winter

23 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 2014 Games in Sochi. Make no mistake, the Olympic games are an investment, and the debate surrounding the prudence of this investment will continue indefinitely.

Issues that Face Nations After the Conclusion of the Games

Following the Olympics, many cities struggle to maintain the enormous facilities they build for the countless events. Put simply, any average small city simply does not host 80,000 spectator sports in a typical year. The Olympics are enormous in scope, and oftentimes the facilities built for their duration are impractical for use after the events conclude. This naturally creates a burden for the host country to find uses for the pools, gyms, and Olympic villages that they are required to build.

History is littered with examples that Brazil should avoid. For example, Kosovo Stadium in Sarajevo is now currently only occupied by dogs. Much of the Bosnian Olympic facilities are abandoned, rusting, and have fallen into disarray as the city has run out of money to maintain them. Countries that host the Olympics usually end up paying off the massive debts they took on to build these facilities, while simultaneously watching them fall to ruin. For example, Athens went over budget ten fold for the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Greek government was able to pay for all of their facilities but most of the buildings, stadiums, and courses were abandoned after the games.53

Solutions for the Common Issues Associated with hosting the Olympics

The London Olympics is one of the few compelling examples of effective post-Olympic public planning. In one of their most successful programs, government officials elected to convert the Olympic Village into apartment buildings and most of the pools and stadiums are now utilized by local sports teams. Like London, Brazil could avoid the catastrophes of past Olympics if they plan ahead for this very predictable issue. Perhaps some of this infrastructure could be used to move people out of the overcrowded favelas, or to create more public spaces for Brazillians to enjoy, or it could be revitalized for another impending sports event Brazil might host. When drafting these

53Grebey, James, and Gabbi Shaw. “30 Eerie Pictures That Show What Happens to Olympic Venues after the Games End.” Insider. Insider, February 26, 2018. https://www.insider.com/abandoned-olympic-venues-current-day-pictures- 2016-5#athens-went-almost-15-billion-over-its-planned-budget-of-16-billion-for-the-2004-summer-olympics-the- greek-government-had-to-pay-for-everything-and-sadly-there-just-wasnt-any-use-for-most-of-the-buildings-stadiums- and-courses-after-the-games-9.

24 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 solutions, it’s important to note that the nations and cities that have managed to escape extreme debt and put these facilities to use (L.A, London) have the governmental capacity and unique cultural traits that ease the particular burden of long term Olympic planning. Both cities regularly host sporting events, concerts, and other large-scale gatherings that rival the Olympics. When creating a solution to this enduring problem, delegates must diligently find solutions that accommodate the unique cultural, political, and social landscape of Brazil. In other words - keep in mind that what worked for London may not work for Brazil.

Tackling Corruption

Before delving into the issue, it’s imperative that delegates understand that the true cost of corruption falls on the impoverished. Aside from the obvious opportunity cost, research empirically shows that the poor pay the highest percentage of their income in bribes.54 For example, in Paraguay, the poor pay 12.6 percent of their income in bribes while high-income households pay 6.4 percent.55 The same trend holds true in Sierra Leone; the poor in Sierra Leone pay 13 percent and high income families pay 3.8 percent of their incomes.56

Unfortunately, stories of successful anti - corruption policies are hard to come by. Many recent instances have demonstrated that effective anti-corruption policies must be led, at least in part, by both the government and the private sector. In fact, successful anti-corruption efforts are often driven by what’s been referred to as a 'coalition of concerned' – politicians, senior government officials and the private sector (alongside the cooperation of citizens, communities, and civil society organizations). Furthermore, addressing corruption requires equipping both governments and businesses with the latest advanced data technology that has the capacity to prevent, detect, and deter corrupt behavior.

Solutions must also acknowledge that much of the world's costliest forms of corruption could not happen without institutions in wealthy nations. The private sector firms that give large bribes, the

54“Combating Corruption.” World Bank. Accessed September 25, 2019. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/governance/brief/anti-corruption. 55Ibid. 56Ibid.

25 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 financial institutions that accept corrupt proceeds, and the lawyers and accountants who facilitate corrupt transactions are often based in the West. Data on international financial flows shows that money is moving from poor to wealthy countries in ways that fundamentally undermine development.

Beyond cooperating with businesses, governments must invest in high levels of transparency and independent external scrutiny. This allows government auditing agencies and the public at large to provide effective oversight. For example, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Paraguay are using an online platform that allows citizens to monitor the physical and financial progress of investment projects. Norway has developed a high standard of transparency to manage its natural resources. A free and easily accessible press also enhances the benefits of fiscal transparency. Research shows that individuals are more likely to vote out publicly known corrupt officials if they have more access to radio, television, and other forms of reporting.

Furthermore, nations that struggle with corruption must take an active critical eye towards their institutions. Anti-corruption institutional reform is best when paired with reforms that tackle issues closely related to it. For example, reforms to government tax collecting institutions will have a greater payoff if the tax laws themselves are simplified with aim of preventing less room for manipulation and tax avoidance.

Alongside reforming the institutions themselves, governments must take an active role in cultivating a professional civil service. Transparent hiring and appointments for all positions is key to routing out corrupt government contracts. Countries must make civil service more enticing on several levels, perhaps by introducing healthcare benefits, pensions, retirement payments, and by providing a sort of job stability that is hard to come by in developing nations. By making government work steady, reliable, and prone to upward mobility and advancement, while also ensuring that important roles fall in the hands of competent, career government officials, corruption becomes less and less appealing to members of government (especially in the lower rungs of administration).

While investing in the people that compose governments is worthwhile, there may also be benefits in creating electronic programs that provide a readily available, irrefutable trail of correspondences

26 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 within the administration. Specifically, Chile, Korea, and other nations have seen a measurable decrease in corruption when utilizing e-procurement. Although the term e-procurement may seem daunting, it simply refers to the increasing practice among businesses of automatic electronic and digital purchasing, where paper order forms, catalogs, and paper price lists aren’t needed. Often, companies rely on e-procurement software, encompassing everything from planning to contract management, that is designed to make their purchasing processes more efficient and reduce costs.

Lastly, Brazil could benefit from working with other nations to tackle the issue of corruption. Through the internet, transnational corruption and other illicit transactions are increasingly easy to execute. Without addressing the multinational banks that facilitate these transactions and the regional, transnational corruption that takes place in Latin America, this issue may never truly be resolved.

27 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 Character Biographies

Carlos Arthur Nuzman: Leader of Rio de Janeiro Bid for 2016 Summer Olympics

Born in 1942 as the grandchild of Russian-Jewish immigrants, Nuzman found his passion in sports early in life as a volleyball player. As a young man, he competed on the male Brazilian National Volleyball Team at the Olympics. After life as a competitive athlete, Nuzman worked for the Brazilian Volleyball Confederation (CBV). Eventually, Nuzman served as president of the CBV for twenty years from 1975 to 1995. During this period of time, Nuzman was credited with the incredible success of the Brazilian national volleyball teams. Since 1995, Nuzman has been a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and president of the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO). Due to his extensive work in Brazilian sports, he was appointed the leader of the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Bid Committee. After the Rio de Janeiro bid was selected, Nuzman was appointed president of the Brazilian Olympic Committee (COB). Nuzman’s expertise and deep connections in Brazilian athletics are invaluable. As a professional lawyer, he brings an understanding of the unique dynamics of the law of Brazil.

Leonardo Gryner: Brazil Olympics Committee General Director

Described by some as Nuzman’s right hand man, Gryner is responsible for executing some of the finer details of Nuzman’s plans. In his own right, Gryner had an illustrious career in international sports journalism and media before joining the Brazilian Olympic Committee. Although he originally wanted to work in films, in 1975 Gryner took a job as a camera man’s assistant at a television network and worked his way up to the top. Although he studied mathematics at PUC-Rio and has a master's degree in computer science from IM, he ultimately decided to go into media. In his long career he covered 3 World Cups and 5 Olympics as an executive producer, sports director and the station's first sports marketing director. After leaving the station, Gryner began working for the Brazilian Olympic Committee (COB), first as Marketing and Communication Director, and eventually transitioning to General Director where he oversees the daily operations of the committee and approves many of its larger projects to ensure Brazil is ready for the Olympics.

28 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 Sérgio Vieira da Costa Lobo: Secretary General of the Brazilian Olympic Committee

Born into a prominent freemason family, Sergio grew up with a silver spoon in his mouth. His wealthy father donated a lot of money in exchange for his admission to the catholic Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, the best university in Brazil. Very invested in making Brazil a tourist destination following the Olympics, Sergio has begun designing and implementing a plan to use the newly constructed stadiums to begin an intra-Brazilian baseball league in order to showcase the athletic talents of Brazilians.

Roderlei Generali: Rio 2016 Olympic Committee Chief Operating Officer

Roderlei is a self-made man full of contempt for the corrupt government he works within. Even as a young boy on scholarship in private schools, he was full of contempt for his naturally confident affluent peers, and this contempt continues to this day while he is working for the government. Due to his renown as a great businessman and event organizer, Generali was recruited for the Olympics, and agreed to help on the condition that the event be corruption free. This will be a tall order for committee and may lead to tensions between Generali and many of the more morally flexible members of this committee.

Within the Olympics, Generali's responsibilities include directing the planning and execution of projects related to infrastructure, transportation, technology and control services of sports and non- sports venues. He is responsible for hiring builders, architects, and designing the Olympic complex, with committee approval.

Colonel Adilson Moreira: Rio 2016 Security Director

Much like his title suggests, Moreira has his roots in the military. Unknown to many, however, is that Moreira spent his childhood in the favelas of Brazil. Like many young boys, Moreira saw the military as his ticket out. While serving, he gained many connections throughout the ranks of the military and gained a fierce sense of discipline which he carries with him in all of his professional endeavours. As part of the Olympic committee, he is responsible for coordinating a security force across Brazil’s various government agencies. Aside from protecting athletes and the games from attack, Moreira

29 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 has the added burden of preventing the petty robberies and thefts that are all too common in Rio de Janeiro.

Carlos Villanova: Rio 2016 Communications Director

Best known as the invaluable press assistant secretary for former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Villanova brings extensive press and government contacts to his post. As Silva’s emissary to the press, Villanova quickly became known in Brazilian politics. As a personal favor to Silva, Villanova eschewed the many job offers he received in politics to shift gears and take on the challenge of working for the Olympic committee. As bad news stories pop-up and public concern mounts, it is Villanova’s responsibility to coordinate his team to communicate with the press and assuage the concerns of the international community.

Maggie Sanchez: Rio 2016 Chief Compliance Officer

A former Microsoft executive, Maggie Sanchez has had a long and varied career in international business. After graduating from Harvard Business school, Sanchez went on to work as a top tier business management consultant. Later, she transitioned to a career as a business executive and served as COO to Microsoft, Vice President of Global Marketing for Tektroniks, and co-founded several media companies. As COO, Sanchez is passionate about utilizing the Olympic games as a catalyst for positive social, economic, and environmental change. Sanchez is in charge of several crucial tasks - including delivering commercial revenue for the games in the form of sponsorship sales, ticketing, licensing, broadcasting and business solutions. Using her extensive business and media connections, Sanchez has all the resources in the world to make these games the most successful they’ve ever been.

Fernando Nobrega: Rio 2016 Chief Financial Officer

Nobrega is responsible for all finance and accounting functions for the Rio 2016 Olympics. He leads a professional financial services team in the implementation of financial planning and financial policies. Meenan promotes Rio’s system of robust internal controls, provides oversight of the organization's fiscal compliance with regulatory and governing bodies, and directs critical financial

30 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 analysis and recommendations for improving overall business efficiency. As a former financial manager of several NGOs, Nobrega gained a reputation for being impervious to the corruption that usually pollutes financial circles in Brazil. Efficient, honest, and tough, Nobrega is looking to make the Brazil Olympics the most profitable they’ve ever been.

Luiz Fernando Pezão: Governor of Rio de Janeiro

Like many prominent men in Rio, Pezão was born to a family with a long legacy in the city. His father was a famous journalist and is an institution in Rio (perhaps even in all of Brazil). Pezão grew up around some of Brazil’s most powerful men and women. It is no surprise that when Pezão wanted to go into politics he had no shortage of friends in high places willing to pull some strings. As governor, Pezão has been incredibly tough on crime, dedicating most of his time to attacking crime and (controversially) increasing the police presence in the favelas of Rio. In regards to the Olympics, Pezão was instrumental in the bid process. Members of the planning committee must work with Pezão and his administration to ensure that these Olympics are successful. Pezão is specifically focused on ensuring that the Olympics are as safe as possible, especially after a rash of bad press following the initial Olympic announcement.

Eduardo Paes: Mayor of Rio de Janeiro

Paes was a noted critic of the Lula administration, particularly during the Mensalão scandal in 2005 over alleged payments to congressmen for votes. When it came to his administration as Rio de Janeiro's mayor, scandals continued to occur. As mayor during the bidding process, preparation and execution of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, Paes has faced many challenges, balancing the demands and opportunities of the Olympics, with the needs of the citizens of Rio de Janeiro. Paes oversees all of the major functions of the city and members of the Olympic committee must work with him to ensure that the city of Rio de Janeiro is ready for the upcoming games.

Henrique Meirelles: São Paulo Secretary of Finance and Planning

Meirelles has had one of the most varied careers in Brazilian politics. In 2002, Meirelles ran to be a congressman in Goiás (a state in central Brazil) with the political party PSDB and was elected with the largest number of votes in the state. Due to his work in the private sector in asset management

31 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 and the overwhelming support from the people of Goiá, President Lula appointed Meirelles to be the President of Brazil's Central Bank – Banco Central do Brasil (BCB). Since his appointment in 2003, the bank has had its longest growth cycle in the country's recent history. By leveraging his international financial contacts, Meirelles has managed to steer the Brazilian economy in the right direction. In regards to the Olympics, Meirelles is focused on preventing the economic downturn that affects most host countries after the Olympics have concluded.

Isabel Swan: Former Olympic Sailor

Born in Rio, Isabel showed promise as an athlete at a young age. As a bronze medalist in Sailing in the 2008 Olympics, Isabel has taken it upon herself to ensure that the athletes are well taken care of in her home city of Rio. Isabel has a lot of friends competing in these Olympics from around the world, and she is very opinionated on what the Olympic village should contain in regards to cuisine, places for relaxation, and fitness facilities.

Orlando Silva: Minister of Sport

Silva may be one of the most prolific sports ministers Brazil has ever had. Under his tenure, Brazil is hosting both the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. As sports minister, Silva is responsible for cultivating Brazilian athletic talent and infrastructure. As a former basketball player, Silva understands the concerns of athletes and prioritizes empowering poor athletes, who lack the connections and opportunities afforded to others. Silva is also responsible for interfacing with sports officials from other nations, overseeing sports leagues throughout Brazil, and coordinating media contracts for various sports. Through his time in international sports, Silva has accumulated a long list of contacts in every part of the industry.

Carlos Minc: Minister of the Environment

Minc made a name for himself as a young college student in Rio de Janeiro by leading several protest movements. Most notably, Minc led protests in resistance of the military dictatorship that was in power at the time. In 1969, he was arrested for his political resistance and exiled. In 1979, he was granted amnesty and returned to Brazil. Minc was one of the founding members of the Green Party,

32 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 together with Fernando Gabeira, Alfredo Sirkis, and others. After serving as a state representative under the Workers' Party, Minc was appointed as Secretary of the Environment in his native Rio. Now, as Minister of the Environment for all of Brazil, Minc has proposed several large projects. As a genuine advocate for the environment. Minc is passionate about his work. Looking toward the future, Minc may have to moderate his views and compromise with big business to accomplish his goals for environmental sustainability.

Carlos Roberto Osório: Secretary General of Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Bidding Committee

Osório has plenty of experience planning international sporting events. In 2007, he served as Secretary General of the Pan American Games Organizing Committee. In October 2012, he was appointed to be Rio de Janeiro’s Municipal Secretary of Transport by Mayor Eduardo Paes, a post he held until mid-2014. He was elected state deputy in 2014 by the PMDB with over 70,000 votes but he is thinking about leaving the PMDB and joining the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). The party's national president, Senator Aécio Neves, has already invited him to do so. He is now the Secretary General of Brazil’s Olympic Bid committee and he oversaw every part of the process that eventually earned Brazil the Olympic bid. Through this process he gained powerful connections within the International Olympic Committee and with other government representatives from around the world.

Celseo Amorim: Minister of External Affairs

Born in Santos, São Paulo, and notoriously charismatic, Celso is a natural diplomat. After his attendance at the Rio Branco Institute which is run by the ministry of external relations, he went to Vienna to pursue a graduate degree in International Relations. Now entering his second stint as the Minister of External Affairs, Celso knows how to mediate international relations between Brazil and other countries. He knows how to push an agenda - but does he know how to manage all of the intra- country feuds that manifest in tensions during the Olympics? There is a much larger knowledge of international relations that is needed when you are responsible for keeping the peace rather than just furthering a Brazilian agenda. He has a lot of European connections from his time in Vienna, but he places responsibility on himself for international opinion on the Brazilian Olympics.

33 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 Miguel Jorge: Head of the Ministry of Labor

As Minister of Labor, Jorge is responsible for ensuring that Brazil’s job market remains saturated with enough workers to keep the Brazilian economy afloat while also ensuring that workers receive good benefits and pay for their employment. Brazil, like many of its neighbors, typically has poor labor conditions, low wages, and low productivity due to poor capital investment. Because of this, the living standard of the poorest residents of Brazil is dramatically lower than much of the rest of the world. People living on top of each other in the Favelas, lacking stable jobs and resorting to gangs and robbery pose a threat to the Brazilian public image. Jorge would like to unroll a new jobs plan to utilize untapped workers which will provide a cheaper alternative to paying skilled workers higher wages. He claims this plan will help the Olympics stay on budget, and get many of these poor teens and young adults off the street and working. However, if the rest of the world discovers the working conditions and living conditions in favelas, more than Jorge’s job is on the line. As such, he would like to balance decreasing unemployment in at risk neighborhoods with ensuring these kids do not enter the media’s range as all eyes are turned to Brazil.

Alberto Alves: Minister of Tourism

A close childhood friend of the president, Alves knows he can get the president’s ear to further his own agenda where necessary. His current agenda is to build a name for himself, by ensuring Brazil remembers Alves as the man who saved the Brazilian economy. Alves views his role in this planning committee as the man who must advocate for the spectators of the Olympics. His duty is to ensure every attendant of the Olympics wants to come back to Brazil again as a tourist next year to enjoy the (hopefully) sandy beaches, clear blue waters, lovely streets, and artistic culture. However, in order to achieve this dream, Alves will first need to whip these cabinet members into shape to get the city of Rio and the country of Brazil presentable to the international wealthy crowd.

Valdir Simao: Minister of Budget Planning

As the man in charge of the finances, Simao is responsible for ensuring that every taxpayer dollar, IMF loan, and Olympic Grant goes towards lining the streets of Rio with lights and the beaches with sand rather than lining the pockets of the officials in charge. Ever a frugal man, Simao has become a

34 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 Portuguese word that roughly translates to the English word “scrooge,” Prior to being finance minister, Simao was linked to a corrupt healthcare center in southern Brazil. Now, he is overly cautious when financing health projects to ensure he doesn’t appear biased or predisposed towards his old partners. He is naturally deeply distrustful of NGOs and other organizations trying to help the favela residents and decrease the growing numbers of mosquitoes in the region.

Eduardo Lopes: Minister of Agriculture and Fishing

Eduardo Lopez has strong feelings about the economy of Brazil. His role is to protect the fishermen’s livelihood in Brazil both today and in the future. His fishermen are increasingly concerned that they will lose their businesses due to the increasing amounts of pollution in Brazil. Lopes, as part of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fishing, reports directly to the President of Brazil when formulating policies and guidelines for the development and promotion of fishing and aquaculture. Lopes is also driven by his faith; he’s a proud and outspoken evangelical and a member of the Pentecostal movement at the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (IURD).

Thiago Braz da Silva: Athlete Wellness Coordinator

Thiago is the golden child of Brazilian sports. He is genetically blessed and the expected winner of the 2012 World Junior Championships in pole vaulting after a tough setback in 2008--being only 15 at the time. He is closing in on the South American outdoor area record for pole vaulting, and hopes to break it in Baku in 2013. He is very invested in ensuring that all of the athletes are well taken care of. This means that he personally oversees all aspects of the athletes’ health and wellness, including the construction of the athletes' training facilities. He ensures their access to doctors specializing in sports medicine and that the food options they have available to them while at the Olympics are nutritious and healthy. Additionally, he helps oversee the construction of many of the competition spaces to ensure that they meet the needs of the athletes and comply with the standards of their sport. Despite being the youngest person on the cabinet (he was born in 1993), Thiago has connections with coaches on other teams, as well as connections with the rest of the Brazilian Olympic team to help him in his goals.

35 Brazil 2009, Cabinet of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | MUNUC 32 Glossary

Communicable Disease: Illnesses that result from the infection, presence and growth of pathogenic (capable of causing disease) biological agents in an individual human or other animal host. These are often referred to as infectious diseases or transmissible diseases as well.

Corruption: Dishonest behaviour on the part of officials in power, often in the interest of self- enrichment or general self-interest/advancement.

Economic Recession: A business cycle contraction when there is a general decline in economic activity. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending.

Economic Depression: A sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies. It is a more severe economic downturn than a recession, which is a slowdown in economic activity over the course of a normal business cycle.

Operation Car Wash: An ongoing political corruption scandal involving misappropriating public funds and corrupt appointments at the partly state - owned oil company, Petrobras.

Petrobras: A multinational oil company semi-owned by the Brazilian government based in Rio de Janeiro.

Zika: A disease caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes. Symptoms are generally mild, and include fever, rash, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, malaise or headache. Symptoms typically last for 2–7 days.

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