KEYS TO THE OF

Prepared by Clifford Wetmore

Dept. of Plant Biology

University of Minnesota

St. Paul, Minnesota

1981

Revised 1985 Revised 1988 Revised 1998 Revised 2000 Revised 2005

INTRODUCTION

In preparation for a manual on the lichens of Minnesota numerous new collections have been made in many parts of the state and most of Fink's Minnesota collections have been re- studied. There are about 35,000 Minnesota collections in the and the flora has increased to over 700 species. These preliminary keys have been prepared as an aid to further work on this flora and also for the use of students studying lichens in this area. The task of identifying the Minnesota lichens and preparation of the keys has been greatly facilitated by the work of Richard Harris and his keys to the Lichens of the Straits Counties, Michigan. The Minnesota keys are mostly new with the exceptions of the key to genera, key to the pyrenolichens and key to Bacidia which are only somewhat modified from those of Harris. However, all of these keys make use of some of the information in the Michigan keys by Harris and his contribution is gratefully acknowledged. The generic concepts are generally not as narrow as those of some workers but reference is usually made to the placement in the smaller genera. However, generic limits are changing so rapidly it is almost impossible to keep up. A few species not yet found in Minnesota but likely to be found are included but enclosed in parentheses. The 1998 revision adds some genera not included before, updates the nomenclature, cor- rects typographical errors and reformats the keys. These keys are still arranged according to the old spore-based genera because many of the characters used to distinguish the newer small genera are difficult ( tips, HPLC, etc.). In most cases the smaller genera also have their own keys. A few of the old synonyms are also indicated until we learn what the new names are. The 2005 revision adds a few keys and corrects some keys, nomenclature and errors. Some of the recently reported species are not in the keys but are listed at the end before the index. Clifford Wetmore

2 GENERA

KEYS TO LICHEN GENERA

Thallus fruticose Key I page 3

Thallus foliose Key II page 4

Thallus squamulose Key III page 7

Thallus crustose Key IV page 8

Key I. THALLUS FRUTICOSE

1. Thallus yellow or orange, K+ purple (parietin) ------Teloschistes chrysophthalmus 1. Thallus some other color, not K+ purple ------2

2. blue green ------3 2. Algae green ------4

3. Thallus much branched and ascending ------Dendriscocaulon intricatulum 3. Thallus prostrate, filamentous ------Ephebe

4. Thallus or podetia erect; growing on soil, wood, rock and bases of trees ------5 4. Thallus pendulous or decumbent; growing mainly on trunks and branches of trees, rarely on soil or rock ------9

5. Primary thallus squamulose or lacking; podetia hollow ------6 5. Primary thallus crustose, strap-like or absent ------7

6. Primary thallus squamulose; podetia corticate, usually not much branched (if intricatley branched, then podetia squamulose) ------Cladonia 6. Primary thallus absent; podetia not corticate (surface arachnoid), intricately branched, never squamulose ------Cladonia (Cladina)

7. Thallus strap-like, flattened, channelled and involute, with marginal cilia, dark brown and pseudocyphellate ------ 7. Pseudopodetia cylindrical, with or without cephalodia and phyllocladia ------8

8. Pseudopodetia simple, with terminal pink apothecia; cephalodia and phyllocladia absent; apothecia pinkish and on short stalks ------Baeomyces rufus 8. Pseudopodetia mostly branched, sometimes tomentose; cephalodia and phyllocladia present; apothecia terminal, lateral or absent ------Stereocaulon

3 GENERA

9. Thallus filamentous, terete ------10 9. Thallus flattened or angular ------12

10. Filaments with a cartilaginous central strand ------Usnea 10. Filaments lacking a cartilaginous central strand ------11

11. Thallus pale yellow green (usnic); tips of branches usually ending in distinctive hook-shaped isidioid soredia; divaricatic acid present ------Ramalina thrausta 11. Thallus gray, brown or almost black; tips of branches without isidioid soredia ------

12. Medulla C+ red (lecanoric acid); thallus isidiate, pale gray; usually on ------ consocians 12. Medulla C- or if C+, not isidiate ------13

13. Thallus stiff with interwoven internal cartilaginous strands, pale yellow green (), eciliate; lower side corticate ------Ramalina 13. Thallus not stiff, lacking internal cartilaginous strands ------14

14. Margins of thallus eciliate; lower side corticate ------Evernia mesomorpha 14. Margins of thallus ciliate; lower side decorticate ------15

15. Medulla K------ setifera 15. Medulla K+ red (salazinic acid) ------

Key II. THALLUS FOLIOSE

1. Thallus attached to the substrate at a single point near the middle of the thallus (umbilicate) - 2 1. Thallus attached at more than one point ------6

2. Algae blue-green; on rocks ------3 2. Algae green ------4

3. Thallus black; no obvious ------Lichinella 3. Thallus reddish brown; with numerous immersed ascocarps ------Phylliscum demangeonii

4. Thallus with embedded perithecia or, if lacking perithecia, then with obvious immersed flask- shaped pycnidia, thallus usually pale ------Dermatocarpon 4. Thallus with rounded to angular apothecia or often sterile; pycnidia not obvious ------5

5. Thallus green, apothecia lecanorine ------Rhizoplaca 5. Thallus usually dark colored although pruinose forms appear paler; apothecia lecideoid ------Umbilicaria sens. lat.

6. Thallus bright yellow or orange due to pulvinic acid derivatives or anthraquinones ------7 6. Thallus some other color, at most pale yellowish due to usnic acid ------9

4 GENERA

7. Thallus K+ purple (parietin) ------ 7. Thallus K------8

8. Pigments mainly in cortex; lobes narrow, 1-3 mm across ------Candelaria 8. Pigments mainly in the medulla; lobes broader ------Cetraria sens. lat.

9. Phycobiont a green alga ------10 9. Phycobiont a blue-green alga; thallus usually dark colored, bluish, brownish or blackish, often gelatinous when wet; algal layer distinctly bluish in ------23

10. Thallus inflated, hollow ------11 10. Thallus not inflated, solid ------12

11. Lobes with large pores in the upper surface opening into the hollow interior; soralia laminal, usually initiated around a pore; atranorin, stictic and constictic acids -- terebrata 11. Lobes without pores on upper surface; soralia terminal or subterminal ------

12. Lower surface lacking cortex ------13 12. Lower surface corticate ------16

13. Lobes very broad; thallus bright green when wet, with black scale-like cephalodia on the upper or lower surface ------ 13. Lobes narrow; thallus not bright green when wet, lacking cephalodia ------14

14. Thallus appressed to substrate, lacking long cilia; underside often pigmented -- Heterodermia 14. Thallus narrow and strap-like, raised from substrate, with long marginal cilia ------15

15. Medulla K------Anaptychia setifera 15. Medulla K+ red (salazinic acid) ------Heterodermia

16. Rhizines and cilia absent ------17 16. Rhizines and/or cilia present ------18

17. Lobes broad and rounded, easily separable from substrate; underside with sparse to thick tomentum ------ 17. Lobes very narrow and tightly appressed to the bark (subcrustose) ------Hyperphyscia

18. Apothecia and/or pycnidia at the margins of the thallus ------19 18. Apothecia and/or pycnidia on the surface of the thallus or pycnidia or apothecia absent --- 20

19. Lobes broad, coarsely reticulately lacunose; marginal cilia lacking; thallus light gray ------ tuckermanii 19. Lobes narrower, not lacunose; with or without marginal cilia; thallus variously colored but not light gray ------Cetraria sens. lat.

5 GENERA

20. Lobes broad and rounded (over 1 cm wide); upper surface pseudocyphellate; margins sorediate ------ 20. Lobes narrower or if broad, then not pseudocyphellate ------21

21. Lobes broad, over 5 mm across ------ sens. lat. 21. Lobes narrower than 5 mm across ------22

22. Thallus gray to brown, K- or K+ light yellow (atranorin); apothecia with dark brown disks; spores 1-septate, brown; with only atranorin or lacking lichen substances -- sens. lat. 22. Thallus yellowish (usnic acid) or light gray, K+ strong yellow (thamnolic); apothecia absent in most species, tan when present; spores simple, colorless; with thamnolic or divaricatic acid ------

23. Thallus not differentiated into distinct layers, dark blue-gray, brown or black in color; medulla absent; algae uniformly distributed throughout thallus ------24 23. Thallus differentiated into distinct layers; medulla present; algae confined to a layer below the cortex ------26

24. Thallus small (1-2 mm), rounded; numerous immersed apothecia on upper surface ------Phylliscum demangeonii 24. Thallus larger, with elongated lobes; no immersed apothecia ------25

25. Thallus usually thin (if thicker, then tomentose below), blue-gray, not very gelatinous when wet, with 1-2 layers of cortical cells on both sides ------Leptogium 25. Thallus thicker, green brown to black, gelatinous when wet; cortical cells lacking -- Collema

26. Lower surface with distinct pores or ecorticate spots ------27 26. Lower surface without pores ------28

27. Isidia present; pores on lower surface corticate inside ------Sticta 27. Soredia present, yellow; ecorticate yellow spots on lower surface ------Pseudocyphellaria crocata

28. Apothecia on lower surface at margins of thallus lobe (usually present) ------ 28. Apothecia on upper surface of the thallus or apothecia absent ------29

29. Apothecia sunken in the upper surface of the thallus or surrounded by squamules ------30 29. Apothecia not as above or absent ------31

30. Spores brown, 4 per ascus, 1-septate ------Solorina saccata 30. Spores hyaline, 8 per ascus, non-septate ------Heppia lutosa

31. Lower side with cellular cortex, with bare areas; lobes large and broad ------Lobaria 31. Lower side lacking cellular cortex ------32

6 GENERA

32. Lower surface with rhizines and veins or broad areas of compact tomentum; apothecia on tips of lobes on upper surface; no lower cortex ------Peltigera 32. Lower surface without rhizines, no veins ------33

33. Thallus blue gray; matted tomentum below; isidia present; tomentum at margins of lobes pale; lower surface pale ------Coccocarpia palmicola 33. Thallus dark, or gray or brown; tomentum below short, all dark; lower surface dark ------ sens. lat.

Key III. THALLUS SQUAMULOSE

1. Thallus with immersed perithecia or obvious immersed pycnidia ------2 1. Thallus with sessile or immersed apothecia or more commonly sterile; without obvious immersed pycnidia ------4

2. Squamules large, over 3 mm across, pale; spores simple and colorless; no algae in the hymenium ------Catapyrenium 2. Squamules small, 1-3 mm across; spores muriform and becoming brown; algae present in the hymenium ------3

3. Thallus of appressed squamules, brown; perithecial wall pale, brown-black only around opening ------Staurothele 3. Thallus of appressed or erect squamules; perithecial wall mostly brown to brown-black throughout ------Endocarpon pusillum

4. Phycobiont a blue-green alga ------5 4. Phycobiont a green alga ------9

5. Growing on bare soil; numerous pale attachment hyphae on lower surface; apothecia broad and sunken in upper surface ------Heppia lutosa 5. Growing on rock, bark or rotting logs ------6

6. Thallus reddish brown, especially when wet; not sorediate or isidiate ------7 6. Thallus olive green, gray or brownish ------8

7. Thallus subfruticose; apothecia immersed near ends of lobes; on rock ---- Synalissa symphorea 7. Thallus umbilicate; apothecia immersed in warts on more or less flat upper surface; on rock ------Phylliscum demangeonii

8. Lower surface pale; algae large single cells; asci with about 100 spores; globose ------Peltula 8. Lower surface dark; algae in short chains; asci with 8 spores not globose -- Pannaria sens. lat.

9. Squamules pale gray-green, orbicular, with concentric wrinkles, usually with a raised sorediate margin; zeorin; never fertile, spores 5-septate; scattered over bark, and other lichens on bark or rock ------Normandina pulchella 9. Squamules not orbicular and without concentric wrinkles, or thallus of isidioid granules ---- 10

7 GENERA

10. Squamules brown (or rarely yellowish if on prairie soil), fairly thick, convex or flat ------Psora 10. Squamules green or greenish gray, fairly thin flat or strap-shaped (or convex if on burned wood) ------11

11. On wood, especially charred wood, less commonly on bark small, underside not exposed or thallus of isidioid granules; apothecia often present; spores simple; ------Hypocenomyce 11. Mostly on soil but sometimes on tree bases and old logs; squamules mostly plane to concave, underside exposed, white; apothecia absent ------sterile Cladonia

Key IV. THALLUS CRUSTOSE

1. Thallus and/or fruiting bodies or soredia yellow to orange, K+ purple (anthraquinones) ------A 1. Thallus and/or fruiting bodies variously colored, if yellow, K------2

2. Fruiting bodies lacking or apparently so; thallus sorediate or entirely of -like granules ------B 2. Fruiting bodies present ------3

3. Phycobiont a blue-green alga; thallus blackish ------C 3. Phycobiont a green alga or rarely none; thallus mostly lighter colored, rarely blackish ------4

4. Fruiting body born at the tip of a stalk or the hymenium breaking down to form a loose powdery mass (mazaedium) ------D 4. Fruiting body not breaking down to form a powdery mass, not stalked, but disk-shaped, flask- like, wart-like or elongated and branched ------5

5. Fruiting body flask-like, opening by a small pore, mostly immersed in the thallus or substrate (perithecium-like) ------E 5. Fruiting body disk-shape, wart-like or elongated ------6

6. Fruiting body elongated, often irregular and branched; hymenium exposed by a slit (lirella) - F 6. Fruiting body disk-shaped or wart-like (apothecium) ------7

7. Asci containing more than eight spores ------G 7. Asci containing eight or fewer spores ------8

8. Spores submuriform to muriform ------H 8. Spores with transverse septa only or simple ------9

9. Spores colored ------I 9. Spores colorless ------10

10. Spores 3 or more septate ------J 10. Spores 0-1-septate ------11

8 GENERA

11. Spores 1-septate ------K 11. Spores simple ------12

12. Spores over 30 µm long ------L 12. Spores under 30 µm long ------13

13. Thallus C+ pink (gyrophoric acid); apothecia pale brown, usually with a poorly developed whitish margin; spores with pinkish oil droplets, 15-25 x 7-13 µm (Hertel, 1977); on rocks and pebbles ------Trapelia involuta 13. Thallus C+ or C-; apothecia not as above; spores lacking pinkish oil droplets ------14

14. Margin of apothecium containing algae, usually similar to the thallus (thalline or lecanorine margin) ------15 14. Margin of apothecium lacking algae, differing from the thallus (proper or lecideine margin) or margin not evident ------16

15. Thallus and apothecia bright yellow (calycin) ------Candelariella 15. Thallus and apothecia variously colored but not bright yellow ------Lecanora

16. Growing on bark and rock, less commonly on wood or soil; apothecial margin well developed, often conspicuous; paraphyses mostly unbranched or sparsely branched ------Lecidea sens. lat. 16. Growing on old or very rotten wood or on soil, rarely on bark; apothecial margin lacking or at most poorly developed; paraphyses intricately branched and interwoven ------Micarea

A. THALLUS AND/OR APOTHECIA K+ RED PURPLE

1. Apothecia absent; thallus consisting entirely of soredia or partly sorediate ------2 1. Apothecia present; thallus with or without soredia ------3

2. Thallus consisting entirely or soredium-like granules, Lepraria-like; apothecia unknown; on limestone ------Caloplaca citrina 2. Thallus with soredia confined to more or less discrete soralia; occasionally with apothecia ------Caloplaca

3. Spores globose, simple, many per ascus ------Strangospora 3. Spores elliptical to fusiform, 8 per ascus ------4

4. Spores with the wall thickened in the middle leaving only a narrow canal connecting the 2 cells ------Caloplaca 4. Spore wall uniform in thickness, thin ------5

5. Spores simple; on calcareous rock ------Protoblastenia rupestris 5. Spores 1-3-septate often becoming brownish and roughened in old age; on bark or wood ------Arthonia

9 GENERA

B. THALLUS SOREDIATE

1. Thallus bright yellow, K------Arthrorhaphis citrinella 1. Thallus green, gray or white ------2

2. Thallus a more or less continuous crust; soredia confined to discrete soralia ------3 2. Thallus consisting entirely of soredium-like granules ------13

3. Growing on soil or old wood; thallus gray, verrucose, C+ pink (gyrophoric acid) ------Trapeliopsis 3. Growing on bark or on mosses on bark ------4

4. Asci with spores present beneath soralia ------5 4. Asci and spores lacking ------6

5. Spores muriform, 1 per ascus, 60-150 x 25-50 µm (Poelt, 1969); soredia K+ red (norstictic acid); on Thuja and ------Phlyctis argena 5. Spores simple, K- or K+ yellow or red; on various trees ------Pertusaria

6. Soralia C+ red, (gyrophoric); on bark and old wood ------Ochrolechia arborea and Ochrolechia androgyna 6. Soralia C------7

7. Soralia more or less orbicular, well defined, whitish, P- or P+ pale yellow, yellow or orange ------8 7. Soralia irregular, rather poorly defined, sometimes confluent and covering large areas of the thallus, pale yellow green and P- or grayish and P+ deep yellow or orange ------9

8. Soralia K+ yellow, P- or P+ pale yellow (atranorin) ------Lecanora impudens 8. Soralia K-, K+ red or if K+ yellow then P+ deep yellow (thamnolic acid) ------Pertusaria

9. Soralia P+ yellow or orange ------10 9. Soralia yellowish, P------11

10. Soralia K-, P+ orange (zeorin and pannarin); soredia granular, greenish gray; on Thuja ------Megalospora porphyritis 10. Soralia K+, P+ deep yellow (thamnolic acid) ------Loxospora

11. Thallus with a fringe of white fimbriate hypothallus; atranorin, zeorin and usnic acid; apothecia, when present, with algae in margin ------Lecanora thysanophora 11. Thallus without a fringe of white hypothallus; no lichen substances present; apothecia, when present, without algae in margin ------12

12. Growing over bryophytes at base of trees, especially Thuja; soredia coarse ------ epixanthoides/Biatora efflorescens 12. Growing on bark of Franxinus and Populus; soredia finer ------Lecidia sp.

10 GENERA

13. Granules bright yellow (pulvinic acid pigments) ------14 13. Granules white, gray, green or pale yellow (usnic acid) ------17

14. Granules appearing smooth and "corticate", large, 0.05-0.15 mm across, scattered to crowded; on deciduous trees and Thuja ------Candelariella xanthostigma 14. Granules smaller, with appearance of typical soredia or larger granules breaking down to form scattered or crowded soralia ------15

15. Non sorediate thallus of large granules, breaking down to form soralia; soredia 0.02-0.05 mm across; containing calycin; common on deciduous trees and Thuja ------Candelariella efflorescens 15. Thallus of uniform sized soredia ------16

16. Containing pinastric acid; rare ------ candelaris 16. Containing calycin and an unknown pulvinic acid derivative ------Lepraria sp.

17. Thallus P+ orange ------Lepraria 17. Thallus P------18

18. Thallus KC+ orangish (atraonorin, unknown xanthone and thiophanic acid); on Thuja ------Lecidea sp. 18. Thallus KC------19

19. Thallus yellowish (usnic acid) ------20 19. Thallus pale blue gray; containing atranorin and zeorin ------Lepraria sp.

20. Thallus with a distinct fimbriate margin of white hypothallus; containing atranorin, zeorin and usnic acid ------Lecanora thysanophora 20. Thallus without a fimbriate margin of hypothallus; containing zeorin and usnic acid ------Lepraria (Lecanora?)

C. PHYCOBIONT BLUE-GREEN

1. Thallus composed of filamentous threads forming polsters on rock; algae Stigonema ------Spilonema revertens 1. Thallus forming flattened lobes or squamules ------2

2. Thallus of small, black, flat, umbilicate areoles on bare rock ------Lichinella 2. Thallus of squamules or reddish, convex areoles ------3

3. Hypothallus not evident; spores simple; phycobiont with a yellowish or reddish sheath surrounding single cells or small groups of cells ------Pyrenopsis 3. Hypothallus well developed, dark blue-green to dark violet; apothecia black and shiny; spores 1-3-septate phycobiont dark bluish or greenish, filamentous but usually disrupted so that this is not easily observable ------Placynthium

11 GENERA

D. & MYCOCALICIACEAE (modified from Tibell, 1975)

1. Apothecia sessile or with a very short stalk ------2 1. Apothecia with a long stalk ------4

2. Spores spherical, non-septate ------Sphinctrina 2. Spores cylindrical or ellipsoidal, septate or not ------3

3. Mature spores dark brown, ellipsoidal, 1-septate thallus distinct ------Cyphelium 3. Mature spores pale, with a greenish tinge, cylindrical, non-septate or with 1-3 indistinct septa; thallus indistinct ------Microcalicum arenarium

4. Spores non-septate ------5 4. Spores septate ------9

5. Spores cylindrical-ellipsoidal ------6 5. Spores spherical or subspherical ------8

6. Mature spores cylindrical ------Chaenotheca laevigata 6. Mature spores ellipsoidal ------7

7. Mazaedium present, brown ------Chaenotheca 7. Mazaedium absent; apothecial disk black; ascus wall with a uniform thickening at the apex, no canal; hyphae of stalk dark throughout and parallel with the axis of the stalk; mature spores ellipsoidal-subfusiform; common on decorticate wood ------Mycocalicium subtile

8. Mazaedium brown; spores brown; excipulum well developed in most species ---- Chaenotheca 8. Mazaedium pale; spores pale; excipulum not well developed --- Chaenotheca (+ Sclerophora)

9. Apothecia without a mazaedium ------10 9. Apothecia with a mazaedium ------12

10. Mature spores less than 10 µm long; asci 35-45 µm long ------Chaenothecopsis 10. Mature spores more than 10 µm long; asci 70-100 µm long ------11

11. Mature spores 1-septate or simple ------Phaeocalicium 11. Mature spores 3-septate ------Stenocybe

12. Mazaedium black; mature spores dark brown, 2-celled; cross wall distinct ------ 12. Mazaedium brown or dark greenish; spores pale with 1-3 indistinct cross walls ------13

13. Thallus epiphloedal or epixylic, yellowish gray to gray; apothecia yellow pruinose ------Chaenotheca laevigata 13. Thallus not evident; apothecia not pruinose; spore mass green ----- Microcalicium arenarium

12 GENERA E. FLASK-SHAPED (PERITHECIUM)

1. Growing on bark ------2 1. Growing on rock, soil, bryophytes or dead parts of Peltigera leucophlebia ------13

2. Spores colored ------3 2. Spores colorless ------7

3. Spores 1-septate ------4 3. Spores 3-6-septate ------6

4. Ostiole pointing to one side; spore walls unevenly thickened ------Lithothelium phaeosporum 4. Ostiole pointing straight up ------5

5. Hyphae at corners of ascocarp I+ blue; ascocarp walls entire ------Mycomicrothelia wallrothii 5. Hyphae at base of ascocarp I-; ascocarp wall lacking at base ------Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops

6. Spore wall thickened internally; cell cavities rounded or angular; spores 3-septate ------Pyrenula pseudobufonia 6. Spore wall remaining thin; cell cavities more or less cylindrical; spores 3-6-septate, 18-24 x 5- 9 µm; ascocarp black and shiny, usually sunken in the center; thallus white; on bark of deciduous trees ------Eopyrenula (leucoplaca) intermedia

7. Spores muriform or submuriform ------8 7. Spores 0-7-septate ------10

8. Spores muriform, asci with 6-8 spores; paraphyses branched ------Mycoglaena sp. 8. Spores submuriform ------9

9. Paraphyses anastomosing; on birch bark ------Julella (fallaciosa) sericea 9. Paraphyses simple ------Strigula submuriformis

10. Spores simple with very thick wall; hymenium IKI+ dark blue ------Pertusaria 10. Spores 1-7-septate ------11

11. Spores acicular; no thallus algae ------Leptorhaphis epidermidis 11. Spores fusiform, oval or ellipsoid ------12

12. Perithecia large (0.4-1 mm diam.) ------Acrocordia 12. Perithecia small (0.5 mm or less); ascus with thickened tip ------Arthopyrenia s.l.

13. Spores many per ascus; spores simple; ascocarps yellow ------Thelocarpon 13. Spores 8 or fewer per ascus ------14

14. Spores brown, muriform ------15 14. Spores colorless, muriform or not ------18

13 GENERA 15. No hymenial algae; asci with 8 spores; on bare calcareous rock; perithecia large (0.2-0.5mm) ------16 15. Hymenial algae present; asci with 2 spores ------17

16. Spores 27-30 x 12-16µm ------Polyblastia cupularis 16. Spores 50-60 X 20-30 µm ------Polyblastia theleodes

17. Thallus dark brown; apothecial wall dark only at the apex, otherwise pale ------Staurothele 17. Thallus pale tan or grayish; apothecial wall brown to brown-black throughout ------Endocarpon pusillum

18. Spores 1-3-septate ------19 18. Spores simple ------20

19. Paraphyses absent or disappearing; hymenial gelatin I+ orangish ------(Thelidium) 19. Paraphyses persistent; hymenial gelatin I------Arthopyrenia sens. lat.

20. Growing on rock; paraphyses disappearing; hymenial gelatin IKI+ orangish; tip of ascus I------Verrucaria 20. Growing on soil; paraphyses persistent; hymenial gelatin I+ blue-green ------Thrombium epigaeum

F. ASCOCARPS ELONGATED (LIRELLIFORM)

1. Spores muriform, hyaline to light brown; fruiting bodies black, irregular ------Arthothelium ruanum 1. Spores not muriform ------2

2. Spores acicular, 3-septate, curved; paraphyses simple, capitate; hypothecium brown ------Schismatomma pericleum 2. Spores fusiform ------3

3. Spores non septate ------Xylographa 3. Spores septate ------4

4. Spores 1-3-septate ------5 4. Spores 4-10-septate ------6

5. Spores colorless, 1-3-septate; ascocarp flattened; proper margin lacking; paraphyses indistinct ------Arthonia 5. Spores brown, 2-celled; margin distinct; paraphyses simple ------Melaspilea arthonioides

6. Lirellae partly immersed in thallus; disk pruinose; paraphyses unbranched; spores I+ violet; hymenium I-; spores 7-10septate; on conifers and deciduous trees ------Graphis scripta 6. Lirellae mostly superficial; disk usually not pruinose; paraphyses branched and interconnected; spores I-; hymenium IKI+ red orange ------Opegrapha varia

14 GENERA G. ASCI WITH MORE THAN EIGHT SPORES

1. Spores septate ------2 1. Spores simple (a few spores 1-septate in Candelariella) ------5

2. Spores colored ------3 2. Spores colorless ------4

3. Algae present in margin of apothecium ------Rinodina 3. Algae absent from margin of apothecium ------

4. Spores 3-septate, short, 11-15 x 3.5-5 µm, slightly bent, blunt at both ends; apothecia black; on Populus ------Arthrosporum populorum 4. Spores 3-7-septate, 15-35 x 3.5-5 µm (Poelt, 1969), pointed at both ends; apothecia orangish brown; on deciduous trees, especially Populus ------Pachyphiale fagicola

5. Growing on trees ------6 5. Growing on rock, soil or Peltigera ------10

6. Spores numerous, more than 50 per ascus, globose ------7 6. Spores 12-32 ascus, eliptical to oval ------9

7. On soil and ; spores elongated-cylindrical, 5-8 x 2.5-3.5µm; paraphyses simple ------Sarcosagium campestre 7. On trees, spores subglobose or shorter ------8

8. Growing on conifer resin; paraphyses simple; no algae ------Sarea resinae 8. Growing directly on bark or wood; paraphyses strongly branched; algae often present ------Strangospora

9. Apothecia and thallus bright yellow ------Candelariella 9. Apothecia tan or grayish; thallus tan ------Lecanora sambuci

10. Growing on soil or Peltigera ------Thelocarpon 10. Growing on rock ------11

11. Thallus not evident; ascocarps tiny, yellow and perithecium-like ------Thelocarpon 11. Thallus evident, at least around the ascocarps ------12

12. Thallus and apothecia bright yellow ------Candelariella 12. Thallus and apothecia some other color ------13

13. Several hymenia per areole or a single hymenium surrounded by a ring of thallus simulating a lecanorine margin containing algae ------Acarospora 13. Ascocarp a simple apothecium without any algae in the margin ------Sarcogyne

15 GENERA H. SPORES SUBMURIFORM TO MURIFORM

1. Spores colored, at least at maturity ------2 1. Spores remaining colorless ------4

2. Apothecia cup-shaped, immersed in the thallus ------Diploschistes 2. Apothecia sessile on thallus or growing between the areoles but not immersed in the thallus - 3

3. Growing on bark or rock; thallus whitish or grayish, rather thick; spores lacking a gelatinous sheath, dark brown ------Buellia alboatra 3. Growing on non-calcareous rock; spores with a well developed gelatinous sheath, often with a greenish tinge ------Rhizocarpon

4. Spores 1 per ascus ------5 4. Spores 8 per ascus ------6

5. Apothecia black, top-shaped; spores 65-110 x 30-46 µm (Ozenda & Clauzade, 1970); on conifers ------Lopadium pezizoideum 5. Fruiting body an irregular whitish patch covered with soredia, K+ red (norstictic acid); spores 60-150 x 25-50 µm (Poelt, 1969); on Thuja and red maple ------Phlyctis argena

6. Apothecia black ------8 6. Apothecia paler, orange-brown to almost colorless; ascus wall of uniform thickness; apothecia relatively large; phycobiont Trentepohlia ------7

7. On bark ------Gyalecta truncigena 7. On rock ------Gyalecta jenensis

8. Growing on rock ------Rhizocarpon 8. Growing on bark or conifer resin ------9

9. On conifer resin; apothecia shiny; spores finally producing many globose separate cells; no algae ------Claussenomyces olivaceus 9. Growing directly on bark ------Arthothelium ruanum

I. SPORES COLORED

1. Thallus yellowish (usnic acid), areolate; spores dark brown, 1-septate, 9-15 x 5-7.5 µm (Poelt, 1969); on non-calcareous rock ------ 1. Thallus some other color; mostly not on rock ------2

2. Spores very large, 100-200 µm in length, simple, greenish tinted; ascocarp wart-like ------Pertusaria 2. Spores smaller, not over 30 µm 1-septate ------3

3. Margin of apothecium containing algae; spore wall often thickened internally ------Rinodina 3. Margin of apothecium without algae; spore wall not thickened ------Buellia

16 GENERA J. SPORES COLORLESS, 3 OR MORE SEPTATE

1. Thallus yellow, K-, apothecia black, spores 5-11 septate, 55-90 X 2.5-3.5 µm ------Arthrorhaphis citrinella 1. Thallus not yellow ------2

2. Thallus K+, P+ deep yellow (thamnolic acid) ------3 2. Thallus K-, P- or P+ orange ------4

3. Thallus greenish or whitish, coarsely granular areolate; apothecia whitish, pinkish or rose colored, consticted at the base or occasionally with a short stalk; thalline margin initially present but soon disappearing; spores 1(-3)-septate 12-30 x 4-6 µm (Ozenda & Clauzade, 1970) on rotten wood, mosses soil and rock ------Icmadophila ericetorum 3. Thallus grayish; apothecia brownish to rose colored, immersed to sessile, never stalked; thalline margin present and usually well developed; spores (0)-3-5-septate; on bark, usually on conifers ------Loxospora

4. Spores acicular (long and needle-like), 7 or more septate ------5 4. Spores shorter, cylindrical to ovate, 3-5-(-7)-septate ------6

5. Ascocarps urceolate ------Conotrema urceolatum 5. Ascocarps disk shaped or convex; no algae in margin of apothecium ------Bacidia

6. Apothecia with a much reduced whitish thalline margin; disk brown; spores curved, 3-septate, 25-42 x 2.5-4 µm (Poelt, 1969); thallus pinkish; on Thuja and red maple ------Schismatomma pericleum 6. Apothecia lacking a thalline margin; proper margin usually concolorous with disk ------7

7. Thallus P+ orangish ------8 7. Thallus P------9

8. Growing on bark of Thuja; thallus sorediate; spores large, 3-4-septate, 50-70 x 21-24 µm; zeorin and pannarin ------Megalospora porphyritis 8. Growing on non-calcareous rock, especially small stones in old fields and along roadsides, spores 3-septate, 18-27 x 7.5-12 µm; stictic and constitic acid ------Rhizocarpon sp.

9. Apothecia small and somewhat irregular, with proper margin raised above disk; disk often greenish pruinose; hypothecium brown-black; spores 3-septate, c. 11-17 x 3-5 µm; algae Trentepohlia; mostly on Thuja ------Cresponea chloroconia 9. Apothecia with proper margin not raised above disk or absent; hypothecium often paler; disk rarely pruinose; spores 3-7-septate ------10

10. Apothecium lacking a proper margin; paraphyses indistinct or anastomosing; asci globose to pearshaped ------11 10. Apothecium with a definite proper margin (may only be visible in section); asci elongated; paraphyses distinct ------12

11. Paraphyses anastomosing; spore cells equal in size ------Micarea 11. Paraphyses indistinct and gelatinizing; spore cells often unequal in size ------Arthonia

17 GENERA

12. Growing on rock; hypothecium blackish; spores over 8 µm broad (see #6 above) ------Rhizocarpon sp. 12. Growing mostly on other substrates, if on rock, then hypothecium paler and/or spores narrower ------Bacidia

K. SPORES COLORLESS, 1 SEPTATE

1. Spores polarilocular ------Caloplaca 1. Spores simple septate ------2

2. Paraphyses intricately branched and interconnected or asci embedded in more or less amorphous tissue ------3 2. Paraphyses distinct, unbranched to moderately branched ------4

3. Paraphyses usually not evident; hymenial tissue more or less amorphous; phycobiont mostly Trentepohlia; spores often with unequal cells; usually not on rotten wood ------Arthonia 3. Paraphyses evident, intricately branched and interconnected; phycobiont various but not Trentepohlia or ; spores mostly with equal cells mostly on rotten wood ------Micarea

4. Thallus of large sometimes swollen effigurate areoles or squamules olivaecous to brownish, blue-gray pruinose; spores 14-25 x 2-4 µm (Poelt, 1969); on calcareous rock ------Toninia 4. Thallus a continuous crust or of small more or less flattened areoles ------5

5. Apothecia with algae in the margin ------6 5. Apothecia without algae in the margin ------7

6. Thallus thin K-, P------Lecania 6. Thallus thick, K+, P+ deep yellow (thamnolic acid) - immature forms of Icmadophila & Loxospora

7. Tip of ascus thin (no thicker than the rest of the ascus wall); apothecia yellowish, pinkish or whitish; phycobiont Trentepohlia ------Coenogonium 7. Tip of ascus thicker than rest of wall ------8

8. Algae Trentepohlia; apothecia brownish or blackish, 0.4-0.6mm diam.; paraphyses not big brown capitate,spores 11-15 x 5-7µm ------Catinaria atropurpurea 8. Algae Trebouxia; apothecia pallid or yellowish; paraphyses big brown capitate ------Catillaria

L. SPORES SIMPLE, OVER 30µm LONG

1. Apothecia hemispherical, black and shiny; thallus thick, areolate, gray; atranorin and caperatic acid; on bark or branches of conifers ------Mycoblastus 1. Apothecia pale, disk-shaped or wart-like ------2

2. Hymenium immersed, covered by soredia; spores very large, over 100 µm long ---- Pertusaria 2. Hymenium not concealed by soredia (may be heavily pruinose); ascocarp disk-shaped or wart- like ------3

18 GENERA

3. Ascocarp wart-like, covered by thallus except for the punctiform disk; often several hymenia per wart; spores 2-8 per ascus ------Pertusaria 3. Ascocarp with a broad disk with a thick thalline margin; disk C+ pink or red ------4

4. Disk C+ pink (gryophoric acid); spores 8 per ascus, 30-60 µm long, thin walled -- Ochrolechia 4. Disk C+ red (lecanoric acid); spores 1 per ascus, over 100 µm long, thick walled ------Pertusaria velata

19

KEYS TO SPECIES ACAROSPORA

ACAROSPORA

1. Thallus yellow ------2 1. Thallus brown (or with whitish pruina) ------4

2. Thallus continuous, areolate, with placodiform margins ------Pleospidium flavum 2. Thallus of dispersed areoles, not placodiform ------3

3. On rock ------A. schleicheri? 3. on soil ------A. schleicheri

4. Thallus scant or lacking; apothecia small (0.2-0.5 mm), often with greenish pruinose discs; on pebbles ------A. immersa 4. Thallus more abundant; on large rocks ------5

5. Upper cortex C+ red ------A. fuscata 5. Upper cortex C------6

6. Apothecial margin with black rim; thallus squamulose ------A. badiofusca 6. Apothecial margin brown or white pruinose; thallus areolate ------A. americana

ACROCORDIA

1. Spores 33-48 (-60) x 15-23 µm ------A. megalospora 1. Spores 11-17 x 6-9.5 µm ------A. cavata

ANAPTYCHIA

1. Lobes narrow with long cilia; thallus raised from substrate ------A. setifera 1. Lobes broad without marginal cilia; thallus appressed to substrate, usually with abundant lobules, frequently with apothecia; thallus K------A. palmulata

ANISOMERIDIUM

1. Spores 1-3 (-4)-septate, fusiform ------A. nyssaegenum 1. Spores remaining 1-septate, elliptical to ovate ------A. biforme

ARTHONIA

1. Thallus leprose sorediate, yellow green to bluish green; ascocarps blue pruinose, round, strongly convex, superficial ------A. caesia 1. Thallus not sorediate ------2

20

ARTHONIA

2. Ascocarps lecideoid, black, shiny, superficial; algae protococcoid; spores 1-septate ------A. patellulata 2. Ascocarps usually irregular in outline, immersed in thallus; algae Trentepohlia or absent ------3

3. Ascocarp internally or hypothecium orange, K+ purple-red; older spores brown, 1- septate with one cell larger ------4 3. Ascocarp internally and hypothecium not K+ red ------5

4. On wood; spores 10-15 x 4-6 µm, eventually brown, walls thin and smooth -- A. vinosa p.p. 4. On bark; spores 13-18 x 6-9 µm, soon brown, walls thicker and minutely roughened ------A. didyma

5. Epithecium K+ aeruginose; surface of disc pinkish or bluish pruinose; spores unevenly 3-4 - septate ------A. fuliginosa 5. Epithecium K-; surface of disc not pruinose or covered with thin layer of whitish bark cells; spores 1 or 3-septate ------6

6. Thallus not evident; algae absent; spores 3-septate; on smooth bark --- A. punctiformis 6. Thallus present ------7

7. Spores 3-septate, hyaline; epithecium brown; ascocarp irregular and slightly branched ------A. radiata 7. Spores 1-septate, hyaline; epithecium dark greenish ------A. dispersa

ARTHOPYRENIA sens. lat.

1. Spores 1-septate; paraphyses anastomosing; often not lichenized ------2 1. Spores 2-7-septate or submuriform; paraphyses anastomosing or not; usually lichenized ------5

2. Spores with constrictions at centers of cells; spores 15-21x 5-9 µm; perithecia broad ------A. cinereopriunosa 2. Spores slightly constricted or not constricted ------3

3. Spores 28-40 X 12-21 µm, spores uniseriate ------Acrocordia 3. Spores 15-20 X 4.5-5 µm ------4

4. Paraphyses persisting; spores 15-20 x 4.5-5.5 µm (a ) ------A. punctiformis 4. Paraphyses gelatinizing and disappearing; spores 15-22 x 4.5-6 µm ------A. sp.

5. Spores submuriform, paraphyses simple ------Strigula submuriformis 5. Spores septate only ------6

21

ARTHOPYRENIA

6. Spores 1-3-septate; paraphyses anastomosing ------Anisomeridium 6. Spores 5-7-septate; paraphyses slightly branched; spores 24-42 x 5-7.5 µm ------Strigula stigmatella

ASPICILIA

1. Thallus with lobed effigurate margin; lobes convex; medulla K+ yellow to red (norstictic) ------ alphoplaca 1. Thallus entirely areolate, not effigurate ------2

2. Areoles mostly dispersed and not contiguous (at least at margins) ------3 2. Areoles contiguous making continuous thallus ------4

3. Areoles flat to slightly convex, not pruinose; medulla K-, I+ blue; spores 9-19 x 6-9 µm ------Bellemerea cinereorufescens 3. Areoles conical, often strongly blue-white pruinose; medulla K-, I-; spores subglobose 14-23 x 16-21 µm ------A. contorta

4. Medulla K+ yellow to red (norstictic) ------A. cinerea 4. Medulla K------A. caesiocinerea

BACIDIA

Modified from Harris unpublished key (Harris, 1977)

1. Growing on rock ------2 1. Growing on bark, wood, bryophytes and decaying plant material ------7

2. Spores strongly curved and twisted, spirally arranged in the ascus, 20-24 x 2-3 µm; epithecium usually dark green, occasionally pale; thallus often well developed, dark green; on non-calcareous rock ------Scoliciosporum umbrinum 2. Spores straight or sightly bent, not spirally arranged in the ascus ------3

3. Hypothecium and exciple colorless; epithecium colorless or pale brownish; spores 20- 40 x 2-3 µm; on non calcareous rock or old wood at edge of lakes and streams ------Bacidina inundata 3. Hypothecium and/or exciple light to dark brown, or if colorless, the epithecium green ------4

4. Spores rod-shaped to acicular, 3-septate 20-35 x 2-3 µm; exciple colorless except at margin where it is dark brown or dark green; epithecium usually green, occasionally colorless; thallus well developed to nearly absent --- (Bacidia sp. #1) 4. Spores fusiform, 3-5-septate, over 3 µm broad ------5

22

BACIDIA

5. On non-calcareous stones and pebbles; spores with a thick gelatinous sheath, 3 septate, 18-37 x 7.5-12 µm; stictic acid ------Rhizocarpon sp. 5. On limestone; spores 3-6 µm broad, without a thick sheath ------6

6. Exciple dark brown, at least within; spores 3-septate, 11-19 x 3-4 µm ------B. granosa 6. Exciple pale; spores 5-septate, 18-27 x 5-6 µm; outer layer of spore wall punctate ------Bacidia sabuletorum

7. Spores twisted, spirally arranged in the ascus ------8 7. Spores straight or curved, not spirally arranged in the ascus ------11

8. Thallus K+, P+ deep yellow ------Loxospora 8. Thallus K-, P------9

9. Thallus dark green, granular; apothecia black and shiny; spores often spiral in ascus; spores 3-7-septate, 22-34 x 3-5 µm; on a wide variety of substrates ------Scoliciosporum chlorococcum 9. Thallus various; apothecia not black and shiny; spores narrower, less than 3 µm broad ------10

10. Spores 1-3-septate, 20-24 x 2-3 µm; hypothecium pale, K-; on Populus and decorticate wood (see #2 above) ------Scoliciosporum umbrinum 10. Spores 3-7-septate, 20-40 x 2-3 µm; hypothecium purplish, K+ green; on rotten wood and conifer bark ------B. laurocerasi

11. Spores relatively short and broad, elliptical to fusiform, under 27 µm long and over 4u broad, ends rounded, 3-5-septate ------12 11. Spores acicular (long and needle-like), over 30 µm long and mostly less than 4 µm broad, or if under 30 µm, then spores definitely narrow, 1.5-3 µm and with one or both ends pointed ------23

12. Thallus becoming sorediate ------13 12. Thallus not sorediate ------14

13. Hypothecium pale; thallus breaking up into masses of coarse yellowish soredia; apothecia pale brown; margin inconspicuous; spores 3-septate, 13-22 x 4-5 µm; on bryophytes at base of trees, especially Thuja, rarely on bark, soredia C------Biatora epixanthoides 13. Hypothecium brown; thallus dissolving into gray-green soredia, leprose; apothecia light chocolate brown or gray brown; margin usually conspicuous and raised above the disk; cells of exciple large; spores 3-septate, 13-18 x 4 µm; on bryophytes, Thuja bark and old wood ------(Bacidia sp. #2)

14. Spores bent, more than 8 per ascus, 3-septate, 11-15 x 3.5-5 µm; apothecia black, more or less shiny; epithecium dark green; exciple purplish; hypothecium pale, rarely light brown; on Populus ------Arthrosporum populorum 14. Spores straight or curved, 8 per ascus, 3-7-septate ------15

23

BACIDIA

15. Hypothecium (or exciple?) colored ------16 15. Hypothecium pale ------18

16. Apothecial margin raised, thin; disk normally greenish pruinose; phycobiont Trentepohlia; spores 3-septate; exciple dark brown carbonaceous ------Cresponea chloroconia 16. Apothecial margin not evident; phycobiont Trebouxioid ------17

17. Hypothecium dark, distinctly reddish or purplish, K+ greenish then purplish; epithecium greenblack; apothecia black and shiny; spores 1-4-celled, 16-19 x 5-6 µm (Brodo, 1968) on rotten wood ------Micarea melaena 17. Hypothecium brown, expecially in the upper part, K- or K+ weakly reddish; epithecium often greenish; apothecia tan (rarely paler), becoming brown or blackish, not shiny; spores 3-5-septate (14-)18-27 x 5-6 µm; outer layer of spore wall punctate; on bryophytes over bark, soil or rock, rarely directly on bark and rock ------Bacidia sabuletorum

18. Growing on bryophytes over bark, soil or rock, rarely on bark or very rotten wood -19 18. Growing on bark or wood ------21

19. Apothecia pinkish or whitish (apparently yellowing in the herbarium and occasionally orangish brown when poorly dried), spores smooth, 3-septate, 15-18 x 5-5.5 µm ------Mycobilimbia pilularis (Biatora sphaeroides) 19. Apothecia some shade of tan, brown or black, very rarely paler ------20

20. Spores smooth, 3-septate, 21-27 x 6-7 µm; apothecia tan to brown ----- Mycobilimbia tetramera 20. Spores with outer layer of spore wall punctate, 3-5-septate, 18-27 x 5-7 µm (see #17 above, uncommon variant with pale hypothecium) ------Bacidia sabuletorum

21. Spores 3-7-septate, 22-34 x 3-5 µm, often curved and often with one end tapering; apothecia usually strongly convex, black and shiny, occasionally pallid in shade forms; thallus dark green to blackish, granular, forming scurfy patches; on a wide variety of substrates ------Scoliciosporum chlorococcum 21. Spores 3-septate, less than 22 µm long; apothecia pallid to greenish black, not shiny ------22

22. On Thuja bark and rotten wood; thallus greenish; apothecia pallid, livid or nearly black, often mottled; spores 0-3-septate, 14-22 x 4-6 µm ----- Micarea peliocarpa 22. On Populus, rarely Acer or Fraxinus; thallus white; apothecia usually green-black, less commonly mottled or pallid; spores 3-septate, 15-18(-21) x (4.5-)5-5.5 µm ------Lecania naegelii

23. Growing on mosses over soil, decaying plants or soil; apothecia dark brown to black; epithecium dark green; hypothecium brown; spores 5-9-septate, 30-45 x 1.5-3 µm; rarely on the bases of trees ------B. bagliettoana 23. Growing on bark or wood ------24

24

BACIDIA

24. Spores 30-90 µm long ------25 24. Spores 12-30(-35) µm long ------31

25. Hypothecium some shade of brown, usually K+ reddish or purplish ------26 25. Hypothecium colorless to pale brownish or yellowish tinted, K- or K+ yellowish (exciple or epithecium may be K+ reddish) ------28

26. Epithecium blue green; thallus granular-isidiate ------B. schweinitzii 26. Epithecium brown or hyaline; thallus smooth ------27

27. Apothecia grayish black; hypothecium dark brown ------Bacidia sabuletorum 27. Apothecia brown; hypothecium yellow brown ------B. polychroa+ diffracta

28. Apothecia black to dark brown or dark lavender brown ------29 28. Apothecia paler, whitish to pinkish or yellow-brown to orange-brown ------30

29. Apothecia black (without lavender shades), not pruinose; tips of paraphyses with a dark pigment, K+ purplish; thallus smooth; no lichen substances; spores up to 17- septate, 55-70 x (2.5-)3-4 µm; on conifers, rarely yellow birch and aspen ------B. laurocerasi 29. Apothecia dark lavender-brown, brown- or purplish-black, rarely paler; epithecium hyaline to light brown, K-; disk and/or margin strongly pruinose, especially when young; spores up to 16-septate, 55-75 x 3-3.5 µm; thallus well developed, granulose-verrucose; atranorin; on Acer, Fagus and Fraxinus ------B. suffusa

30. Apothecia pale, whitish, pinkish or pinkish-yellow, weakly pruinose; spores up to 15- septate, 50-80 x 3-5 µm; no lichen substances; on Populus gradidentata and Fraxinus ------(B. rosella) 30. Apothecia bright yellow-brown, orange-brown to brown; thallus of isidioid granules; spores up to 9-septate, (38-)40-50 x 2(-3) µm; atranorin; on deciduous trees ------B. rubella

31. Asci with more than 8 spores per ascus; spores 20-26 x 2-3 µm; hymenium containing numerous oil drops; apothecia black, flat and often irregular in shape; epithecium and outside of exciple brown; perlatolic acid; on Acer ------(Ropalospora chlorantha) 31. Asci with 8 or fewer spores per ascus ------32

32. Thallus dark green to blackish, granular, forming scurfy patches; apothecia convex, black and shiny (see #21 above) ------Scoliciosporum chlorococcum 32. Thallus grayish and smooth or not evident; apothecia pale, at least initially ------33

33. Hypothecium red-brown; hymenium red-brown; spores 21-27 x 2.5-3 µm; on Ulmus ------“B. incompta" 33. Hypothecium colorless to slightly tinted; hymenium colorless ------34

25

BACIDIA

34. Growing on old wood near water; epithecium colorless; spores 20-40 x 2-3 µm (see #3 above) ------Bacidina inundata 34. Growing on bark; epithecium greenish, rarely colorless; spores 10-30 µm long ---- 35

35. Apothecia pallid or livid to greenish black, often mottled; exciple colorless, containing colorless granules; spores 18-32 x 2-2.5 µm; on Fraxinus and Thuja ------(Bacidia sp. #3) 35. Apothecia black; epithecium greenish; exciple tinted reddish or puplish brown, lacking colorless granules ------36

36. Spores 3-septate, 11-15 x 2.5-3 µm; on Populus ------B. sp. 36. Spores, 3-7-septate, 20-30 x 2-3 µm; on Ulmus and Thuja ------B. circumspecta

BIATORELLA: See STRANGOSPORA

BRYORIA

1. Thallus abundantly spiny-sorediate, branches short and bushy, erect; medulla P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ------B. furcellata 1. Thallus not spiny-sorediate or not sorediate ------2

2. Thallus brown, K------3 2. Thallus gray, K+ yellow ------4

3. Soralia present; outer cortex P+ red; pseudocyphellae absent ------B. fuscescens 3. Soralia absent or rare; outer cortex P-; pseudocyphellae abundant ------B. trichodes

4. Thallus draping; branches long; not sorediate; without obvious pseudocyphellae ------B. capillaris 4. Thallus bushy; branches short, sorediate, with pseudocyphellae ----- B. nadvornikiana

BUELLIA

1. Spores 3-septate or submuriform ------2 1. Spores 1-septate ------3

2. Spores all 3-septate; thallus abundant, thick,whitish; on calcareous rock; apothecia slightly convex, pruinose ------Buellia venusta 2. Spores 3-septate and submuriform; thallus whitish gray to gray; on trees and rock; apothecia strongly convex, pruinose ------Buellia alboatra

3. Spores large (over 18 µm long); hymenium usually with abundant oil drops ------4 3. Spores under 18 µm; no oil in hymenium ------6

26

BUELLIA

4. Apothecia small (under 0.5 mm); thallus P+ red (fumarprotocetraric); apothecia convex, surface often rough; spores 18-26 x 8-12 µm; on bark ------B. dialyta 4. Apothecia mostly larger; thallus P- or P+ yellow; apothecia only slightly convex ---- 5

5. Spores 25-31 x 9-15 µm; hymenium over 100 µm; usually on conifer bark and wood ------B. arnoldii 5. Spores 18-23 x 6-10 µm; hymenium under 100 µm usually on hardwoods ------B. disciformis

6. On bark or wood ------7 6. On rock ------11

7. Thallus K+ red (norstictic), usually smooth; spores 11-17 x 6-8 µm; with pale T- shaped stipe ------B. stillingiana 7. Thallus K- or almost absent; no pale T-shaped stipe ------8

8. Asci polysporous; spores small 7-12 x 3-5 µm ------ polyspora 8. Asci with 8 spores; paraphyses strongly capitate ------9

9. Spores 9-16 x 6-7 µm; apothecia 0.3-0.6 mm ------10 9. Spores 7-8 x 2.8-4 µm; apothecia usually less than 0.3 mm ------B. schaereri

10. Thallus abundant, almost subsquamulose; areoles convex ------B. turgescens 10. Thallus scant or absent; areoles thin, flat (there is also a form that is polysporous) ------

11. Thallus abundant, gray to whitish, K+ norstictic; spores 11-14 x 5-7 µm –B. stigmaea 11. Thallus brown or scant, K-; paraphyses large brown capitate ------12

12. Thallus brown, areolate; hypothecium hyaline ------B. nigra 12. Thallus almost absent or dark gray; hypothecium brown ------Amandinea punctata

CALICIUM

1. Capitulum with yellow pruina; thallus immersed and not visible ------C. trabinellum 1. Capitulum with white or red pruina or not pruinose ------2

2. Lower side of capitulum reddish; thallus immersed ------C. salicinum 2. Lower side of capitulum with or without white pruina ------3

3. No hyaline layer around stalk; stalk and exciple I + blue ------C. sp. 3. Hyaline layer around stalk; stalk and exciple I------4

4. Asci clavate; spores weakly ornamented; thallus abundant on bark surface - C. parvum 4. Asci cylindrical ------5

27

CALICIUM

5. Capitulum without white pruina; spores fairly smooth; stipes brownish black ------C. abietinum 5. Capitulum white pruinose; spores rough; stipes black ------C. glaucellum

CALOPLACA

1. Growing on bark, wood, bryophytes or other lichens ------2 1. Growing on rock ------14

2. Thallus sorediate ------3 2. Thallus not sorediate or absent ------6

3. Thallus and soredia gray; apothecial disks orange ------C. ahtii 3. Thallus and soredia orange, apothecial disks orange ------4

4. Thallus of small effigurate subsquamulose areoles with punctiform soralia, orange; on wood ------C. microphyllina 4. Thallus continuous smooth crust; soralia larger, irregular or rounded ------5

5. Soredia granular in discrete soralia, sometimes eroded; soredia chrome yellow; thallus obvious; apothecia with yellow thalline margin; on Populus and Fraxinus -- C. chrysophthalma 5. Soredia fine, scattered, not in discrete soralia, not eroding, light orange; thallus little evident; apothecia convex, thalline margin absent; on Thuja - C. chrysophthalma

6. Apothecial disks brown to black; thallus gray or absent; thallus and apothecia not K+ red (no parietin) ------7 6. Apothecia disks yellow or orange or red brown; thallus and/or apothecia K+ red (parietin) ------9

7. Epithecium K+ violet (not reddish) ------C. pollinii 7. Epithecium K-; thallus greenish gray, thin ------8

8. Apothecia small (0.1-0.2 mm), disks black; spore isthmus 1.5 µm ------C. parvula 8. Apothecia larger (0.3-1 mm), discs brown, not pruinose; spores 9-12 x 5-6 µm, isth. 4.5-7 µm ------C. brunneola

9. Thallus cream color to yellowish; apothecia dark orange, margin pale ------C. flavorubescens 9. Thallus gray, brown or not evident ------10

10. Growing on other lichens ------11 10. Not growing on other lichens ------12

28

CALOPLACA

11. Growing only on Candelariella, apothecial margin brown; no thallus visible ------C. grimmiae 11. Growing on various lichens; apothecial margin gray or orange; some gray thallus ------C. epithallina

12. Apothecial margin yellow or orange, paler than thallus ------12a 12. Apothecial margin gray or white pruinose, concolorous with thallus, or margin disappearing ------13

12a. Disc bright orange; apothecia 0.5-0.7(-1.0) mm diam. ------C. "holocarpa" 12b. Disk yellow orange; apothecia 0.1-0.4(-0.6) mm diam. ------C. ahtii

13. Apothecial discs dark red-brown; margin disappearing or indented ------C. ferruginea 13. Apothecial discs yellow or orange, margin gray or white ------C. cerina

14. Thallus sorediate ------15 14. Thallus not sorediate or thallus absent ------19

15. Thallus of long radiating lobes; soredia from pustules ------Xanthoria sorediata 15. Thallus without long radiating lobes ------16

16. Thallus gray ------C. chlorina 16. Thallus orange ------17

17. Thallus areolate; soredia scattered; rock HCL+ ------C. citrina 17. Thallus of divided short lobes ------18

18. Soredia marginal; rock HCL------C. stellata 18. Soredia laminal in center of thallus ------C. cirrochroa

19. Thallus of radiating lobes ------20 19. Thallus continuous or lacking ------22

20. Young apothecia immersed; thallus somewhat pruinose, pinkish orange -- C. saxicola 20. Young apothecia sessile; thallus not pruinose, orange ------21

21. Thallus yellow orange to bright orange, loosely attached to rock ---Xanthoria elegans 21. Thallus dull orange, closely attached ------C. saxicola

22. Thallus yellow or orange ------23 22. Thallus gray or blackening or lacking, or if yellow areolate then apothecia dull brownish orange ------25

23. Thallus strongly white pruinose, orange, areolate in center, slightly lobed at margin; apothecial disc red orange; isth. 3-4 µm ------C. galactophylla 23. Thallus not pruinose, yellow ------24

29

CALOPLACA

24. Thallus yellow, continuous to areolate, smooth, usually abundant; apothecia red orange; proper margin thin, lighter red orange; usually no gray thalline margin; isth. 4-6 µm ------C. flavovirescens 24. Thallus orange, slightly lobed, flat, areolate, orange; disc dark orange like thallus; isthmus 2.8-4.2 µm ------C. subsoluta

25. Apothecial disk brown; epithecium K- or K+ weak violet ------C. atroalba

25. Apothecial disk orange; epithecium K+ red ------26

26. Apothecia without algae in margin; spores non septate; disc often strongly convex ------Protoblastenia rupestris 26. Apothecia with algae in upper margin; spores polarilocular; disc flat ------27

27. Apothecia disc dark red orange; thallus gray or not evident; spore isthmus narrow (1- 3 µm) ------C. arenaria 27. Apothecia discs some shade of orange; thallus usually present ------28

28. Thallus dark gray to black, abundant, K------29 28. Thallus gray or mostly absent ------30

29. Apothecial margin orange; disk orange to brownish orange ------C. oxfordensis 29. Apothecial margin gray like thallus; disc orange to orange brown ------C. sideritis

30. Spore isthmus very narrow (1-3 µm) ------31 30. Spore isthmus wider (4-7 µm) ------32

31. Apothecial discs dingy orange; on HCL+ rock ------C. feracissima 31. Apothecial discs light orange; on HCL- rock usually ------C. sp.

32. Thallus absent or slight small amount of gray near apothecia, apothecia small ------C. "holocarpa" 32. Thallus absent or yellow orange, apothecia larger ------(“C. vitellinula”)

CANDELARIA

1. Thallus sorediate on tips of lobes; lobes irregularly arranged; apothecia uncommon; on bark and wood, rarely on rock ------C. concolor 1. Thallus not sorediate; lobes radiating; apothecia common; on bark ------C. fibrosa

CANDELARIELLA

1. Thallus of dispersed granules or of soredia; apothecia rare -2 1. Thallus of flattened lobes or areoles or thallus absent; apothecia frequent ------3

30

CANDELARIELLA

2. Thallus of granules (0.05-0.15 mm); soredia absent; on trees; polysporous ------C. xanthostigma 2. Thallus sorediate; soredia originating from areoles; on trees; polysporous ------C. efflorescens

3. Thallus gray; apothecia strongly convex, margin disappearing; 8-nae --- C. subdeflexa 3. Thallus yellow or absent; apothecia flat or only slightly convex ------4

4. Asci with 8 spores; rare ------C. aurella 4. Asci with 16-32 spores; common ------C. vitellina

CATAPYRENIUM

1. Growing on trees ------C. tuckermanii 1. Growing on soil, attached by rhizines ------C. lacinulatum + lachneum

CATILLARIA

1. On rock; spores 9.8-14 x 2-3 µm ------C. lenticularis 1. On bark and wood; spores 7-9 x 2-3 µm ------C. nigroclavata

CETRARIA sens.lat.

1. Growing on rock or soil ------2 1. Growing on bark or wood ------4

2. Growing on soil and moss; fruticose thallus, pseudocyphallate; P------3 2. Growing on bare rock; thallus foliose, lobes narrow and divided, pseudocyphellate, shiny ------Melanelia hepatizon

3. Lobes flattened at ends, cilia sharp pointed ------C. arenaria 3. Lobes canaliculate at ends, cilia blunt ------C. ericetorum

4. Thallus sorediate ------5 4. Thallus not sorediate ------6

5. Medulla yellow; soredia bright yellow ------C. () pinastri 5. Medulla white; soredia pale yellow ------C. (Allocetraria) oakesiana

6. Thallus greenish yellow; apothecia uplifted from thallus; lobe margins wavy ------C. () aurescens 6. Thallus brown or olive green to dark green ------7

7. Apothecia abundant, convex, often covering thallus; apothecial margin thin and excluded early; growing near water ------C. (Tuckermannopsis) sepincola 7. Apothecia flat or concave, less abundant and not covering thallus, margin remaining prominent ------8

31

CETRARIA

8. Thallus very small, dark green; lobes small ------C. (Tuckermannopsis) fendleri 8. Thallus larger, olive green to brown ------9

9. Medulla UV+ white; lobes large and upright; medulla C-, KC+ orange ------C. (Tuckermannopsis) americana 9. Medulla UV-; lobes usually small and appressed; medulla C-, KC------C. (Tuckermannopsis) orbata

CETRELIA

1. Medulla C+ red, UV- (olivetoric); pseudocyphellae small ------C. olivetorum 1. Medulla C-, UV+ white (alectoronic); pseudocyphellae large ------C. chicitae

CHAENOTHECA

1. Growing on rock or soil or under tree stumps; thallus yellow green, leprose; algae ------C. furfuracea 1. Growing on bark or wood ------2

2. Thallus yellow, abundant; capitula yellow pruinose; spores elongated to irregular; algae Chlorococcales ------C. chrysocephala 2. Thallus gray, green or not evident ------3

3. Capitulum with yellow pruina ------4 3. Capitulum without yellow pruina ------5

4. Algae Trentepohlia; thallus thin and mostly within substrate; spores spherical ------C. hispidula 4. Algae in Chlorococcales; thallus thick and on surface of substrate; spores irregular and elongated ------C. laevigata

5. Algae in Chlorococcales ------6 5. Algae Stichococcus ------7

6. Thallus abundant on surface of substrate, with patches of orange (K+ purple) in thallus ------C. ferruginea 6. Thallus within substrate, thin, no orange patches; on wood and old polypores ------C. brunneola

7. Thallus endoxylic; capitulum usually white pruinose below ------C. xyloxena 7. Thallus epixylic; capitulum usually not pruinose ------8

8. Thallus leprose, on surface of substrate, green to whitish green ------C. stemonea 8. Thallus squamulose to verrucose, not sorediate, darker green ------C. trichialis

32

CHAENOTHECOPSIS

CHAENOTHECOPSIS

1. Spores non-septate ------2 1. Spores 1-septate ------4

2. Growing on Lecidea scalaris; capitulum K------C. sp. 2. Growing on old wood and bark ------3

3. Capitulum K+ red; on deciduous trees ------C. rubescens 3. Capitulum K-; stipe K-; thallus leprose ------C. savonica

4. Growing on Chaenotheca chrysocephala; epithecium, exciple and surface of stalk K+ green ------C. consociata 4. Growing on bark or old wood ------5

5. Phycobiont absent; stalk K+ and N+ red violet ------C. debilis 5. Phycobiont present; stalk K- and N not red ------6

6. Algae in Chlorococcales; capitulum K------C. pusilla 6. Algae Stichococcus; capitulum K+ red or green ------7

7. Capitulum K+ red ------C. (lignicola) pusiola 7. Capitulum K+ green ------C. viridireagens

CHRYSOTHRIX

1. Usually on trees; thallus bright yellow green; soredia very fine ------C. candelaris 1. Usually on rocks; thallus yellow, fairly thick; soredia medium sized ------C. chlorina

CLADONIA (CLADINA)

1. Thallus gray ------2 1. Thallus yellowish ------3

2. Base and older medulla of podetia black ------C. stygia 2. Base and older medulla pale or gray ------C. rangiferina

3. Colonies forming compact, tufted, coral-like heads; main branches lacking; P- (one form P+ yellow) ------C. stellaris 3. Colonies loose and irregular, not tufted ------4

4. Tips not pointing in one direction; podetia P------C. mitis 4. Tips usually pointed in one direction; podetia P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) (but mostly P- in our area) ------C. arbuscula

33

CLADONIA

CLADONIA

1. Podetia present ------2 1. Podetia absent ------59

2. Podetia with abundant branching, finely branched with extensive brown ends; no squamules present; no cups ; P- (merochlorophaeic); rare ------C. (pseudorangiformis) wainioi 2. Podetia not branched or moderately branched or absent; squamules present on podetia or at base; cortex present ------3

3. Podetia forming cups; cups regular or elongated and irregular ------4 3. Podetia not forming cups, sterile or with apothecia, sometimes branched ------30

4. Apothecia or pycnidial contents red; podetia yellow (usnic); P------5 4. Apothecia brown or absent; podetia gray or yellow ------9

5. Podetia without soredia; cups broad, with granules or areoles; small squamules at base of podetia ------C. coccifera (zeorin) + borealis (barbatic) 5. Podetia with soredia ------6

6. Soredia granular; cups broad, goblet shaped (short and broad); basal squamules coarse, not sorediate; apothecia often pale tan; (usnic, zeorin) ------C. pleurota 6. Soredia farinose; cups tall and narrow, elongated; basal squamules large, often sorediate ------7

7. Squamatic acid present (UV+ white) ------C. sulphurina 7. Squamatic acid absent (UV-) ------8

8. Podetia K+ strong yellow (thamnolic) & usnic; squamules large, sorediate below; on rotten wood ------C. digitata 8. Podetia K- (usnic, zeorin); squamules mostly smaller, not sorediate below; on moss ------C. deformis

9. Podetia not sorediate ------10 9. Podetia sorediate ------19

10. Proliferating from center of distinct cups; P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) - C. cervicornis 10. Proliferating from margins of distinct cups or irregularly branched ------11

11. Cups distinct with open centers; basal squamules finely divided; P-, UV+ white (squamatic) ------11a 11. Cups poorly formed and indistinct with closed or perforate centers; UV------12

11a. Abundant fine granules on tips of podetia, basal squamules finely divided ------C. squamosa 11a. Few squamules on podetia, basal squamules poorly developed ------C. crispata

34

CLADONIA

12. Cups broad and sort, distinct, bottoms closed; branching rare; areoles on podetia -- 13 12. Cups irregular, abundantly branched ------14

13. Podetia P+ red (fumarprotocctraric), podetia gray green ------C. pyxidata 13. Podetia P-, podetia yellow (usnic acid); red apothecia sometimes scarce ------C. coccifera (zeorin) + borealis (barbatic)

14. Podetia yellow (usnic) P- (barbatic), thin; tips thin and brown or with narrow cups; podetia not slit from the axils; no squamules on podetia ------C. amaurocraea 14. Podetia gray, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ------15

15. Perforate centers in distinct cups; moderately branched; UV-, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ------C. multiformis 15. Cups not perforate; cups not always distinct ------16

16. Podetia forming distinct cups, podetia with few squamules; cortex smooth and brownish ------C. gracilis 16. Podetia not forming distinct cups, many squamules on podetia ------17

17. Basal squamules very large (10 x 3mm); podetia and squamules K+ yellow (atranorin); podetia blunt and coarse, shiny; squamules rare on podetia ------C. turgida

17. Basal squamules small; podetia and squamules K-; squamules common on podetia ------18 18. Surface of podetia dull or hairy, at least at tips ------C. phyllophora 18. Surface of podetia shiny clear to tips; many axils slit down podetia ------C. furcata

19. Centers of cups open; margins inrolled; soredia farinose; UV+ white (squamatic); squamules finely divided ------C. cenotea 19. Centers of cups closed; margins not inrolled ------20

20. Podetia slender with small irregular flat cups, sometimes without cups ------21 20. Podetia stouter and irregular; cups deep and broad, all podetia with cups (all of these need TLC) ------24

21. Podetia short (to 30 mm); usually on rotten wood; soredia granular ------C. ramulosa 21. Podetia tall (20-120 mm) ------22

22. P-; podetia corticate only at base, sorediate; soredia coarse and granular; podetia often dark gray, bent and distorted or branched; homosekikaic acid present ------C. rei 22. P+ red ------23

23. Tops of podetia sorediate, soredia in patches between cortex in middle, cordicate at base; no basal squamules; P+ red (fumarprotocctraric); on moss ------C. cornuta 23. Soredia over most of podetia, corticate only at very base ------C. subulata

35

CLADONIA

24. Only fumarprotocetraric present, UV------25 24. With other additional substances or without fumarprotocetraric ------26

25. Cups elongated and trumpet shaped; soredia farinose ------C. fimbriata 25. Cups short and broad, goblet shaped; soredia coarse ------C. chlorophaea

26. Bourgeanic present (Evans subst. H); soredia farinose; partly corticate up podetia ------C. humilis 26. Bourgeanic absent; soredia granular ------27

27. Usnic present ------5 27. Usnic absent ------28

28. Grayanic present; UV+ blue-white ------C. grayi 28. Grayanic absent ------29

29. Cryptochlorophaeic present ------C. cryptochlorophaea 29. Merochlorophaeic present ------C. merochlorophaea

30. Apothecia and pycnidia red ------31 30. Apothecia and pycnidia brown or pale or absent ------34

31. Podetia and squamules not sorediate; apothecia large ------C. cristatella 31. Podetia or squamules sorediate ------32

32. Podetia K+ deep yellow (thamnolic); podetia sometimes branched and lacerate; primary squamules small or absent ------C. macilenta 32. Podetia K------33

33. Podetia mostly corticate and with squamules; soredia granular ------C. floerkeana 33. Podetia mostly sorediate, no squamules; barbatic, +/- didymic or usnic ------C. (bacillaris) macilenta

34. Axils open; podetia somewhat to abundantly branched, not lacerate ------35 34. Axils closed; podetia unbranched or very few branches, sometimes lacerate in cariosa group ------41

35. Podetia yellowish (usnic), P-, cortex shiny; no squamules on podetia, not sorediate, podetia stout ------36 35. Podetia gray green or brown, P+ or P-, most species with squamules ------37

36. Podetia with long tapering brown tips ------C. amaurocraea 36. Podetia with short blunt tips ------C. uncialis

37. Podetia UV+ white (squamatic), with fine granules and squamules; basal squamules finely divided ------C. squamosa 37. Podetia UV-, distinctly sorediate or not sorediate (not intermediate) ------38

36

CLADONIA

38. Podetia sorediate ------39 38. Podetia not sorediate ------40

39. Podetia granular sorediate at least near the tips; P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ------C. scabriuscula 39. Podetia farinose sorediate on upper half; P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ---- C. farinacea

40. Podetia P+ red, slit from axils ------C. furcata 40. Podetia P-; axils only perforate; podetia tips brown and thin ------C. (pseudorangiformis) wainioii

41. Apothecia always present; non sorediate; on soil or old wood ------42 41. Apothecia usually absent; most species sorediate ------49

42. Apothecia pale brown to tan; podetia up to 1cm tall; K------43 42. Apothecia brown; podetia over 1cm tall; K+ yellow or red ------44

43. Podetia yellowish, P-(usnic & barbatic); on old wood; apothecia not greatly enlarged; on wood; northern ------C. botrytes

43. Podetia gray, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric); apothecia greatly enlarged; on soil; southern ------C. peziziformis

44. Podetia very short (to 3mm tall), mostly decorticate, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ------C. caespiticia 44. Podetia taller (1 cm or more), corticate ------45

45. No soredia or granules on podetia (cariosa group) ------46 45. Soredioid or isidioid granules present ------48

46. Podetia not torn and lacerate, K+ deep yellow, P+ orange (atranorin & psoromic or norstictic); squamules large and strap shaped ------C. symphycarpia 46. Podetia torn and lacerate; apothecia larger in diameter than podetia; K+ light yellow (atranorin) ------47

47. Atranorin and usually also fumarprotocetraric present ------C. cariosa 47. Norstictic only present ------C. polycarpoides

48. K-, P-, UV+ (perlatolic); podetia somewhat branched at tips; squamules not finely divided, no isidioid granules ------C. decorticata 48. K+ dark yellow, P+ orange, UV- (thamnolic); podetia rarely branched; squamules and podetia with isidioid granules; basal squamules finely divided ------C. parasitica

49. Podetia P------50 49. Podetia P+ red, orange or yellow ------54

37

CLADONIA

50. Podetia not sorediate ------51 50. Podetia sorediate ------52

51. Edges of basal squamules finely divided; axils wide open; squamules abundant over entire podetia; cups distorted; squamatic acid (UV+ strong white) ------C. squamosa 51. Basal squamules entire; decorticate between squamules; squamules abundant over entire podetia; perlatolic acid (UV+ weak white) ------C. decorticata

52. Squamules finely divided; soredia farinose; UV- (barbatic, with or without usnic) ------(C. bacilliformis) 52. Squamules not divided; soredia granular; UV+ or ------53

53. Podetia with areoles and very granular soredia or none; no cups; apothecia frequent; perlatolic present, often UV+ white ------C. decorticata 53. Podetia with finer granules and soredia; cups often present; apothecia absent; homosekikaic present, UV------C. rei

54. Thallus UV+ white; podetia sometimes with terminal apothecia; unbranched; soredia granular; fumarprotocetraric & grayanic ------C. cylindrica 54. Thallus UV-; rarely with apothecia ------55

55. Podetia uniformly farinose sorediate; podetia short; basal squamules large; P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ------C. coniocraea 55. Soredia granular or mixed with farinose or podetia tall and soredia patchy toward top ------56

56. K+ yellow to red (norstictic & atranorin); many squamules on podetia; soredia granular or rare; basal squamules large ------C. acuminata 56. K- (fumar.) ------57

57. Basal squamules finely divided; podetia sort, irregularly branched; soredia and squamules variable and mixed ------C. ramulosa 57. Basal squamules large and not finely divided; podetia tall, sometimes branched near tips ------58

58. Podetia corticate at base, soralia patchy in middle ------C. cornuta 58. Podetia corticate only at base, continuous soredia; podetia twisted and bent and often punctured ------C. subulata

59. Squamules yellow, large, P- (usnic); on prairie soil ------C. robbinsii 59. Squamules gray or green; size and P variable ------60

60. Squamules small and finely divided, crowded ------61 60. Squamules not finely divided ------63

38

CLADONIA

61. Squamules UV+ white, P- (squamatic) ------C. squamosa 61. Squamules UV-, P+ yellow or red ------62

62. Squamules K+, P+ deep yellow (thamnolic), margins isidiate-sorediate - C. parasitica 62. Squamules K-, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ------C. caespiticia

63. Squamules K+ yellow, P+ yellow (atranorine & psoromic) ------C. symphycarpa 63. Squamules K+ yellow or red, P+ orange or red ------64

64. Squamules K+ red, P+ light orange (norstictic) ------C. polycarpoides 64. Squamules K+ yellow, P+ red (atranorin & fumarprotocetraric) ------C. turgida + cariosa

COENOGONIUM

1. Apothecia yellow to orange, 0.6-2.0 mm; spores 7-10 x 2.5-3.5 µm; on bark, usually Thuja ------C. luteum 1. Apothecia white to pinkish or very pale yellow, up to 0.5 mm; spores 10-15 x 3-4 µm; on plant detritus or base of hardwoods ------C. pineti

COLLEMA

1. Apothecia common and usually abundant and easily seen ------2 1. Apothecia absent or rare or not easily seen ------11

2. Spores muriform or submuriform ------3 2. Spores not muriform ------6

3. Lobe margins not swollen; proper exciple below hymenium with large cells (over 8 µm); apothecia 0.7-1.5mm; mainly growing on rock; with large globular isidia ------C. fuscovirens 3. Lobe margins swollen; hymenium without large cells (some may be up to 6 µm); apothecia 1-2 mm; on soil ------4

4. Asci with 4 spores; thallus very thin and membranous in many places ------C. limosum 4. Asci with 8 spores; thallus not membranous ------5

5. Lobules on margins of apothecia; spores all submuriform, not constricted at center ------C. bachmanianum 5. No lobules on margins of apothecia; spores 3-septate or submuriform, constricted at center ------C. tenax

6. Spores 1-septate; lobe margins swollen; exciple below hymenium without large cells ------7 6. Spores mostly 3-5-septate; other characters various ------8

39

COLLEMA

7. On soil or moss; apothecia scattered, concave; lobes folded with upright lobules; spores 14-19 x 6-8 µm ------(C. coccophorum) 7. On bark; apothecia dense and plane to convex on tips of lobules or on margins of lobes; spores 19-22 x 4-6 µm ------C. conglomeratum

8. On rock; not pustulate ------9 8. On trees; pustules abundant ------10

9. Proper exciple below hymenium with large cells; few apothecia; lobe margins not swollen, margins wavy and undulate, seldom proliferating ------C. undulatum 9. Proper exciple below hymenium without large cells; apothecia abundant; lobe margins swollen, proliferating upwards, ends tipped with apothecia ------C. polycarpon

10. Proper exciple below hymenium with large cells (over 7 µm); disc often pruinose and pink ------C. pulcellum 10. Proper exciple below hymenium without large cells (less than 6 µm); disc never pruinose ------C. nigrescens

11. Lobe margins swollen; on soil or moss over soil ------12 11. Lobe margins not swollen; on rocks or trees or moss over rock ------14

12. Thallus in many places membranous and thin with thickened lobules; usually fertile; on soil or moss ------C. limosum 12. Thallus not membranous ------13

13. Thallus lobes narrow and elongated; pycnidia usually present; globose isidia present when no apothecia ------C. tenax 13. Thallus lobes broad, flat or concave, with lobules and verrucae on margins; usually fertile ------C. bachmanianum

14. Lobes rounded, not deeply divided ------15 14. Lobes deeply divided ------16

15. Isidia all globular or terete (at most one or two squamiform ones); margins not undulate and wavy; thallus dark; mainly on trees ------C. subflaccidum 15. Many squamiform isidia on older parts of thallus (also may have globular to cylindrical ones, especially on younger parts); on trees and rocks ---- C. flaccidum

16. Thallus with abundant dense coralloid isidia covering most of thallus; lobes olivaceous, moderately broad, not pustulate; on rocks frequently wet ------(C. glebulentum) 16. Isidia absent or not dense or coralloid or covering lobes ------17

40

COLLEMA

17. Thallus margins distinctly undulate; lobes crowded, olive brown to black; usually fertile; on rock only ------C. undulatum 17. Thallus margins only slightly undulating or not at all; lobes spreading, olive brown; abundant large globular isidia; often fertile; on calcareous rock or rarely trees ------C. fuscovirens

CONIOCYBE

1. Thallus on the surface of the substrate, yellow green leprose; algae Stichococcus; stalk and capitulum yellow pruinose; spores 2-4 µm ------Chaenotheca furfuracea 1. Thallus within substrate and not evident; spores 5-6 µm ------2

2. Stipes hyaline on slide in K, very light colored on bark ------Sclerophora nivea 2. Stipes light brown on slide in K, light brown on bark ------Sclerophora farinacea

CYPHELIUM

1. Apothecia superficial, raised on short stalk, margin black and yellow pruinose; spores rough, 1-septate ------C. lucidum 1. Apothecia immersed, no black margin; spores smooth, 1-septate ------C. tigillare

DERMATOCARPON

1. Growing on soil; thallus squamulose with rhizines ------Catapyrenium lachneum + lacinulatum 1. Growing on rocks, trees or wood ------2

2. Growing on trees or wood ------Catapyrenium tuckermanii 2. Growing on rocks ------3

3. Rhizines present below; upper surface pruinose ------D. moulinsii 3. Rhizines absent ------4

4. On rocks in dry places; lobes umbilicate with one or few attachment points, not deeply divided, pruinose, not turning green quickly with water ------D. miniatum (+ americanum) 4. On rocks frequently wet ------5

5. Lobes elongated or scale-like with many points of attachment, lobes deeply divided, not pruinose, turning green quickly with water ------D. luridum 5. Thallus small, lobes short, lower surface dark, fertile ------D. meiophyllizum

DIMERELLA (see Coenogonium)

41

DIPLOSCHISTES

DIPLOSCHISTES

1. Apothecia opening by small pores, proper margin strongly striate; on rock ------D. actinostomus 1. Apothecia broadly opening, proper margin not strongly striate; on soil, rocks and plants ------2

2. Originating parasitic on Cladonia ------D. muscorum 2. Originating independently without Cladonia ------D. scruposus

DIPLOTOMMA (see Buellia

EPHEBE

1. Thallus lobes long and lax; medulla with elongated cells (in LS) and no large round cells ------E. lanata 1. Thallus lobes short, many side branches much smaller than main axis; no elongated cells in medulla, with large round cells ------E. ocellata

FLAVOPARMELIA

1. Soredia farinose, from pustules on upper surface; usually on trees ------Flavoparmelia caperata 1. Sorediate isidia present soralia laminal; fine reticulate ridges on lobes; always on rocks ------Flavoparmelia baltimorensis

FLAVOPUNCTELIA

1. Soralia laminal and marginal; white pores present on upper surface ---- flaventior 1. Soralia only marginal; white pores absent ------

FUSCOPANNARIA

1. Thallus without soredia or isidia or apothecia present ------2 1. Thallus with soredia or isidia or apothecia absent ------5

2. Epispore present ------3 2. Epispore smooth or absent ------4

3. Epispore warty, hymenium I+ blue, on bark ------Pannaria pezizoides 3. Epispore apiculate, hymenium I+ blue green turning red brown, on bark ------F. leucosticta

4. On rock, epispore absent ------F. leucophaea 4. On moss or soil, epispora thick and even ------F. praetermissa

42

FUSCOPANNARIA

5. Thallus P+ orange ------6 5. Thallus P------7

6. Isidia cylindrical ------Pannaria. tavarsii 6. Soredia granular ------Pannaria. conoplea

7. With fine dense isidia, on bark ------ triptophylla 7. With granular soredia or lobules ------8

8. On rocks ------F. ahlneri 8. On moss ------F. praetermissa

GYALECTA

1. Growing on bark ------G. truncigena 1. Growing on rock ------G. jenensis

HETERODERMIA

1. Thallus without soredia; apothecia abundant, often some lobules on margins; cortex K+ yellow (atranorin) ------H. hypoleuca 1. Thallus sorediate at tips of lobes ------2

2. Thallus lobes greatly broadening; rhizines white, dichotomously branched or simple ------H. galactophylla 2. Thallus lobes not greatly expanding; rhizines squarrose ------3

3. Medulla and lower surface yellow-orange in places (K+ purple) ------H. obscurata 3. Medulla and lower surface all white to cream ------H. speciosa

HYPERPHYSCIA

1. Soredia present, thallus not warty-wrinkled; lower surface cream colored ------H. adglutinata 1. Soredia absent; thallus warty-wrinkled; lower surface brown; no cilia around apothecia ------H. syncolla HYPOCENOMYCE

1. Margins of squamules not sorediate; apothecia black, flat, P------H. friesii 1. Margins of squamules sorediate ------2

2. Squamules C+ pink, P- (lecanoric acid) ------H. scalaris 2. Squamules C- , P+ orange (unknown) ------H. anthracophila

43

HYPOGYMNIA

HYPOGYMNIA

1. Tips of lobes bursting open and becoming flared and sorediate; soredia inside tips of lobes ------H. physodes 1. Tips of lobes remaining closed; soredia on upper surface of lobe ends ------2

2. Lobes diverging and terete; common ------H. tubulosa 2. Lobes flattened, not divergent; rare ------H. bitteri

IMSHAUGIA

1. With isidia; apothecia rare ------I. aleurites 1. Without isidia; apothecia common ------I. placorodia

LECANIA

1. Growing on bark (usually Populus) ------2 1. Growing on rock (usually calcareous) ------3

2. Spores 1-septate curved ------L. dubitans 2. Spores 3-septate, fusiform ------L. naegelii

3. Spores 1-3-septate ------L. nylanderiana 3. Spores 1-septate only ------L. erysibe

LECANORA

1. Thallus obviously sorediate; apothecia absent or very rare ------2 1. Thallus not sorediate; apothecia usually abundant ------4

2. Thallus leprose sorediate; thallus yellow with white prothallus, K+ yellow (atranorin, zeorin, usnic); on trees and rocks ------L. thysanophora 2. Soredia in distinct orbicular soralia; thallus gray or white, no white prothallus; usnic absent; on trees ------3

3. Thallus C+ red, UV+ yellow, K-; soredia granular ------Ochrolechia arborea 3. Thallus C-, UV-, K+ yellow (atranorin); soredia farinose ------L. impudens

4. On wood or bark ------5 4. On rock ------26

5. Asci polysporous ------6 5. Asci with 8 spores ------7

6. Apothecial disc pruinose, margin thin or gone; thallus thin and smooth, K+ yellow (psoromic) ------L. cateilea 6. Apothecia disc not pruinose, margin prominent; thallus K------L. sambuci

44

LECANORA

7. Apothecia immersed in thick gray thallus; paraphyses anastomosing; spores large, 30- 46 x 20-30 µm ------Megaspora verrucosa 7. Apothecia not immersed; thallus variable; paraphyses simple; spores less than 20 µm long ------8

8. Apothecial disc with abundant white pruina ------9 8. Apothecial disc not pruinose or weakly so ------12

9. Apothecial disks C+ yellow (sometimes weak), margins P------(L. carpinea) 9. Apothecial disks C-, P+ or P------10

10. Norstictic absent in apothecial margin ------10a 10. Norstictic present in apothecial margin ------11

10a. Margin quickly P+ red (on section on slide) apothecia 1-2 mm ------L. caesiorubella subsp. caesiorubella 10a. Margin P------L. hagenii

11. Apothecial margin P+ yellow or light orange (on section on slide), disc C------L. caesiorubella subsp. saximontana 11. Apothecial margin P+ dark orange or red (on section on slide); apothecia 0.5-1 mm ------L. (pallida) albella var. rubescens

12. Thallus absent or yellow green; apothecial margin usually thin or absent ------13 12. Thallus gray and abundant; apothecial margin thick and persisting (L. subfusca group) ------18

13. Epithecium indistinct in K; paraphyses tips not swollen or capitate ------14 13. Epithecium distinct or surface granules remaining in K; paraphyses tips slightly swollen or brown capitate ------17

14. Apothecia bright yellow orange (occasionally yellow green), margin soon disappearing; apothecia often irregular, convex ------L. symmicta 14. Apothecia yellowish green or brown, margin persisting ------15

15. Thallus abundant; apothecial margin thick and often granular ------L. strobilina 15. Thallus scant or absent; apothecial margin thin ------16

16. Apothecial margin with thick cortex greatly expanding in K, margin occasionally pruinose on inside only; apothecia to 1 mm ------(L. varia) 16. Apothecial margins with thin cortex not greatly expanding in K, margin never pruinose; apothecia very small, 0.5 mm ------L. piniperda

17. Apothecial margin strongly white pruinose on outside; granules in margin persisting in K ------L. hagenii 17. Apothecia margin not pruinose; granules in margin gone in K ------L. saligna

45

LECANORA

18. Epithecium without granules (in water) ------19 18. Epithecium with granules (in water) ------21

19. No large crystals in margin; thallus thin and within upper layers of bark; apothecial margin P+ yellow (atranorin + zeorin); mainly on hardwoods ------L. allophana 19. Large crystals in margin ------20

20. Apothecial margin P+ orange (pannarin); thallus thick and on surface, blue gray ------L. sp 20. Apothecial margin P- or P+ yellow (atranorin); thallus thin, smooth, whitish ------L. argentata

21. Thallus thick, of large (to 0.5 mm) swollen verrucae; apothecia large (to 3 mm), plane to concave, margin verrucose, thick; clumps of large crystals in margin; on conifers ------L. rugosella 21. Thallus thinner, verrucae smaller; apothecia plane to convex, margin usually thin - 22

22. Apothecial margin P+ orange or red, smooth and even with disc; apothecia narrowly attached; usually clumps of crystals in margin; thallus thin ------L. pulicaris 22. Apothecial margin P- or P+ yellow; thallus thicker, lightly verrucose ------23

23. Apothecial discs black to dark brown; epithecium with large granules only on surface (to 5u); usually with clumps of crystals in margin ------L. meridionalis 23. Apothecial disc tan to brown; epithecium with smaller granules; usually with crystals in margin ------24

24. Disc medium brown, broad and flat; coarser granules in epithecium (yellow orange in polarized light) slowly dissolving in nitric acid ------L. wisconsinensis 24. Disc tan to light brown, finer granules in epithecium (white in polarized light) remaining in nitric acid ------25

25. Apothecial cortex expanded at base, 30-60 µm ------L. circumborealis 25. Apothecial cortex more or less uniform in thickness, 22-30 µm ------L. hybocarpa

26. Thallus brown areolate crust; apothecia sessile, spores apiculate ------Protoparmelia badia 26. Thallus gray or yellow green or absent; spores not apiculate ------27

27. Thallus distinctly lobed, thick, not swollen, often subfoliose ------28 27. Thallus not distinctly lobed, thinner, closely attached or absent ------32 28. Thallus gray; lobes long and narrow, convex; medulla K+ red (norstictic) apothecia immersed to adnate ------ 28. Thallus yellow green (usnic); lobes shorter; apothecia sessile ------29

29. Apothecia pink; thallus somewhat umbilicate or stipitate; lobes swollen ------Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca 29. Apothecia greenish yellow or tan ------30

46

LECANORA

30. Lobes flat to concave, closely attached over entire lower surface ------31 30. Lobes convex; thallus loosely attached, areolate to subpeltate; apothecia tan to yellow ------L. opiniconensis

31. Apothecia tan; lobes white pruinose, not shiny ------L. valesiaca 31. Apothecia greenish or darkened; lobes not white pruinose except at the margins ------L. muralis

32. Thallus abundant; areoles swollen and stipitate, yellow green; apothecial disc brown to dark brown; thallus K+ yellow ------L. argopholis 32. Thallus areoles not stipitate or thallus almost lacking ------33

33. Apothecia immersed; thallus usually abundant, gray, areolate ------34 33. Apothecia not immersed ------39

34. Thallus K+ red (norstictic) or yellow (stictic); apothecial disc black ------Aspicilia cinerea 34. Thallus K- or K+ yellow ------35

35. Thallus K+ yellow; no granules in epithecium ------L. galactinula 35. Thallus K------36

36. Thallus of convex swollen pruinose areoles; asci with 4-6 spores; discs black ------Aspicilia contorta 36. Thallus of flat areoles, not pruinose; asci with 8 spores ------37

37. Thallus pale tan, thin, continuous, rimose areolate; apothecia pale brown to hyaline, 0.2-1.4 mm ------Ionaspis lacustris 37. Thallus gray, usually thick; apothecial discs black or red brown ------38

38. Apothecial discs black; apothecia remaining immersed; medulla I------Aspicilia caesiocinerea 38. Apothecial discs red brown; apothecia erumpent; medulla I+ violet ------Bellemerea cinereorufescens

39. Apothecial discs heavily pruinose, pruina C+ yellow or orange; thallus gray white, continuous ------L. rupicola 39. Apothecial discs not or only lightly pruinose, discs C------40

40. Thallus, apothecial margins or discs yellow green (usnic) ------41 40. Thallus and apothecial margins gray or white pruinose; discs brown or black ------42

41. Thallus absent or at most with few scattered simple areoles; apothecial margin thin and smooth ------L. polytropa 41. Thallus abundant, areoles not divided; apothecial margin crenulate ------L. intricata

47

LECANORA

42. Hymenium or hypothecium reddish brown, K+ red violet ------Tephromela atra 42. Hymenium and hypothecium hyaline, K------43

43. Apothecia large (1mm); margin gray, not pruinose ------44 43. Apothecia small (less than 0.6mm); margin white or pruinose ------46

44. Epithecium with granules (in water); large crystals in medulla of apothecial margin, disc brown to dark brown ------L. cenisia 44. Epithecium without granules ------45

45. No large crystals in margin of apothecia; disc red brown ------L. pseudistera 45. Margin with crystals; disk dark brown to black ------L. (fuliginosa) argentea

46. Apothecial disc not pruinose, margin tan, cortex with granules persisting in K ------L. dispersa 46. Apothecia disc white pruinose, brown to darker, margin with granules persisting in K ------L. crenulata

LECIDEA sens lat.

1. Thallus squamulose; usually on stumps or logs or charcoal, some species on soil or rocks (Psora) ------2 1. Thallus crustose or absent ------10

2. Growing on bark, wood, moss or soil ------3 2. Growing on rock ------35

3. Growing on soil, rock or other lichens ------4 3. Growing on wood ------8

4. Squamules pink, white pruinose; apothecia at margins of squamules; on soil ------Psora decipiens 4. Squamules brown or olive or yellow ------5

5. Squamules olive, margins upturned and blue black, lower surface blue black; usually growing on Spilonema revertens on rocks near water ------Psorula rufonigra 5. Squamules brown or yellow ------6

6. Squamules yellow, UV+ yellow (rhizocarpic acid) ------Psora icterica 6. Squamules brown ------7 7. Squamules with white margins; apothecia more or less plane, reddish; lower cortex present; crystals in medulla; medulla and lower surface K- - Psora pseudorussellii 7. Squamules entirely without white margins; apothecia in centers of squamules; rarely pruinose; no lower cortex ------Psora globifera

8. Margins of squamules not sorediate; apothecia black, flat ------Hypocenomyce friesii 8. Margins of squamules sorediate ------9

48

LECIDEA

9. Squamules C+ pink, P- (lecanoric acid); apothecia when present black or dark ------Hypocenomyce scalaris 9. Squamules C-, P+ orange (unknown); apothecia when present brown ------Hypocenomyce anthracophila

10. On bark, moss, wood, or soil ------10a 10. On rock ------35

10a. Thallus or soredia C+ pink; soredia present; thallus gray or light green ------11 10a. Thallus C- or C+ orange yellow; soredia absent or present; thallus various colors or absent ------14

11. Thallus light green to tan, verrucose, sorediate; apothecia light brown to blackish; all apothecial tissues brownish, K+ brown solution; on very rotten wood in moist places ------Trapeliopsis viridescens 11. Thallus gray or darkening ------12

12. Soredia light green, widespread, thallus thin; on moss ------Biatora efflorescens (L. epixanthoidiza) 12. Soredia dark green, in discrete soralia; thallus verrucose ------13

13. Apothecia convex, margins disappearing; thallus thick and gray ------Trapeliopsis granulosa 13. Apothecia plane, margins persisting; thallus thinner and dark green ------Trapeliopsis flexuosa

14. Soredia present, diffuse; thallus granular; spores globose ------L. nylanderi 14. Soredia absent (may have brown coralloid granules) ------15

15. Thallus brown ------16 15. Thallus gray green or absent ------17

16. Thallus of brown to reddish brown coralloid granules to 0.05 mm or sorediate; on wood and soil; medulla C+ fleeting pink; paraphyses anastomosing, not capitate ------Placynthiella icmalea + P. dasaea 16. Thallus rough areolate to granular to 0.5mm; on soil and plant detritis; thallus C-; paraphyses brown capitate ------Placynthiella oligotropha

17. Hypothecium or extension of exciple below hymenium brown ------18 17. Hypothecium hyaline or at most light yellow, no dark layers below hymenium ----- 24

18. Growing on bark or wood ------19 18. Growing on mosses ------23

19. Epithecium brown or hyaline; spores fusiform ------20 19. Epithecium blue or green or olive, K+ olive or green; spores oval to ellipsoid ------21

49

LECIDEA

20. Paraphyses capitate; all tissues below hymenium brown; thallus scant or absent; on lignum ------L. plebeja 20. Paraphyses not capitate; all tissues below hymenium brown; on bark; apothecia small (to 0.5 mm), flat to convex ------L. albofuscescens

21. Thallus yellowish, C+ orange ------Lecidella elaeochroma 21. Thallus gray green, C------22

22. Margin of apothecia with dark outer parts; layer directly under hymenium pale ------Lecidella euphorea 22. Margin of apothecia paler toward outside; all layers below hymenium brown --- L. sp.

23. Dark granules (K+ blue) present in apothecia (mainly in epithecium and hymenium); no cellular layer below hypothecium; thallus gray green, smooth and continuous ------Mycobilimbia hypnorum 23. Dark granules absent or only in hypothecium; cellular tissue below hypothecium; thallus of granular areoles ------Mycobilimbia berengeriana

24. Apothecia shiny black; thallus K+ yellow (atranorin), P+ red (fumarprotocetraric); thallus gray, usually abundant; epithecium brown; spores fusiform ------Pyrrhospora elabens 24. Apothecia various colors, dull; thallus K-, P------25

25. Apothecia bright yellow or yellow orange; thallus yellow green; apothecia without obvious margin ------Lecanora symmicta 25. Apothecia not bright yellow (shades of brown, black or white) ------26

26. On bark or bryophytes ------27 26. On decorticate or rotten wood ------34

27. Thallus C+, KC+ orange; apothecia red brown, very small (0.3 mm) ------[Pyrrhospora varians] 27. Thallus C-, KC- or thallus not evident ------28

28. Growing on bryophytes; apothecia very pale yellow or orange brown, strongly convex; spores fusiform ------Biatora vernalis 28. Growing on bark ------29

29. Apothecia black, flat; paraphyses in part moniliform; epithecium usually K+ violet ------Rimularia caeca 29. Apothecia yellow or brownish; paraphyses not moniliform; epithecium not K+ violet ------30

30. Apothecia remaining more or less flat, margin brown, disc pale yellow brown to darker like margin; paraphyses brown capitate; on deciduous trees ------L. erythrophaea 30. Apothecia mostly convex, whitish to orange brown, red brown or mottled bluish -- 31

50

LECIDEA

31. Spores large, 15-18 x 9.8-11 µm; disc red brown; epithecium brown; paraphyses large brown capitate ------Japewia tornoensis 31. Spores smaller, 8-10 (-13) x 3-4 (-5) µm ------32

32. Apothecia very small (0.5 mm), palid or white or light brown; spores fusiform, 9-13 x 2-3 µm, epithecium hyaline ------Biatora albohyalina

32. Apothecia larger (to 1.5 mm), orange brown, spores ellipsoid, 8-14 x 3-5 µm; mainly on conifers ------33

33. Paraphyses brown capitate; margin persisting; epithecium light brown to brown ------L. erythrophaea 33. Paraphyses not brown capitate; margin gone; epithecium hyaline ------Biatora helvola

34. Apothecia tan to pinkish, young ones pruinose; hymenium hyaline; granules in epithecium (gone in K) ------L. carnulenta 34. Apothecia black, occasionally pruinose; hymenium K+ greenish --- Biatora turgidula

35. Thallus leprose sorediate; thallus and apothecia yellow; growing on soil under rock overhangs or under tree roots (rarely on wood) ------ 35. Thallus gray, greenish gray or brownish or absent ------36

36. Hypothecium brown or black (sometimes hyaline in atrobrunnea) ------37 36. Hypothecium hyaline or yellowish ------44

37. Thallus thick, continuous and smooth, cracked ------38 37. Thallus verrucose areolate or very thin or absent; medulla K- or K+ yellow (atranorin) ------39

38. Medulla K+ yellow or red or K-; hypothecium and exciple dark brown (carbonaceous), thick; apothecia black, remaining more or less flat; spores 16-20 x 6-8 µm ------Porpidia albocaerulescens 38. Thallus and medulla K-; hypothecium red brown, thin; apothecia red brown, somewhat convex; thallus thin; spores 13-16 x 5 µm ------L. delincta

39. Thallus or medulla I+ blue ------40 39. Thallus and medulla I- or thallus absent ------41

40. Thallus chalky white, thick, no black prothallus; apothecia large ---- Porpidia speirea 40. Thallus brownish gray, with black prothallus ------L. atrobrunnea

41. Hypothecium carbonaceous; exciple dark brown; epithecium brown or olivaceous; spores large, 14-18 x 5-8 µm ------Porpidia macrocarpa + crustulata 41. Hypothecium not carbonaceous; exciple green; epithecium green; spores small, less than 15 µm long ------42

51

LECIDEA

42. Apothecia very small (0.2-0.4 mm); thallus dark greenish gray; spores small (6-9 x 2- 3 µm); epithecium dark blue green; on pebbles ------Micarea erratica 42. Apothecia larger, over 0.5mm ------43

43. Hypothecium golden brown in K; thallus well developed, gray; spores 10-15 x 6-8 µm ------Lecidella carpathica

43. Hypothecium with thin brown layer, not golden brown in K; thallus usually absent; spores 10-13 x 3-5 µm ------L. auriculata

44. Thallus greenish gray, areolate, C+ red; paraphyses thin and anastomosing ------Trapelia coarctata 44. Thallus gray, C- or thallus absent ------45

45. Medulla I+ blue violet; thallus thick, areolate, whitish gray; apothecia black; epithecium and exciple greenish black ------L. tessellata 45. Medulla I- or thallus absent ------46

46. Apothecia small (0.2-0.4 mm), convex; epithecium and exciple green; paraphyses anastomosing; spores 8-9 x 5-6 µm ------Micarea sp. 46. Apothecia large (over 0.5 mm) ------47

47. Spores large (10-18 x 5-10 µm); epithecium greenish or olive; apothecia becoming convex and margin disappearing; thallus verrucose, K+ yellow or absent ------Lecidella stigmatea 47. Spores smaller (6-10 x 3-5 µm); epithecium dark aeruginose ------48

48. Hypothecium with thin brown layer; thallus usually absent; apothecia flat to slightly convex ------L. auriculata 48. Hypothecium entirely hyaline; thallus well developed, smooth and continuous areolate, dark gray; epithecium dark green; exciple greenish outside and paler inside; apothecia flat ------L. plana

LECIDELLA

1. Growing on bark or wood ------2 1. Growing on rock ------3

2. Thallus yellowish, C+ orange; ------L. elaeochroma 2. Thallus gray green or white, C-; ------L. euphorea

3. Hypothecium golden brown ------4 3. Hypothecium hyaline ------5

4. Hymenium 55-70 µm, exciple usually under 60 µm ------L. effugiens 4. Hymenium usually (60) 70 (85) µm, exciple usually over 60 µm thick --- L. carpathica

52

LECIDELLA

5. Epithecium olive green to reddish brown ------L. stigmatea 5. Epithecium bright green to blue green ------L. patavina

LEPRARIA

1. Thallus of dark, granular soredia ------2 1. Thallus of light gray green powdery soredia ------3

2. Thallus KC+ red, P+ dark yellow (alectorialic); on rock and moss over rock ------L. neglecta 2. Thallus KC-, P+ red-orange (atranorin, fumar. or protocetraric); on bare rock ------L. caesioalba

3. Thallus thick, cottony, with white medulla, P+ orange (slowly) ------L. lobificans 3. Thallus with thin lobed margins, lower surface white ------L. spp.

LEPTOGIUM

1. Lower surface with abundant white tomentum; lobes broad and rounded; isidia present ------2 1. Lower surface bare; lobes broad or narrow ------3

2. Isidia granular, usually darker than thallus, evenly distributed over lobes; no hairs on upper surface ------L. saturninum 2. Isidia cylindrical or coralloid, usually same color as thallus, clustered; few white hairs on upper surface ------L. hirsutum

3. Thallus blue-gray; lobes broad and rounded ------4 3. Thallus brown or brown-gray; lobes usually narrow or with finely divided narrow ends ------7

4. Isidia absent; apothecia abundant ------L. corticola 4. Isidia present; apothecia uncommon ------5

5. No wrinkles on upper or lower surface; isidia mostly cylindrical ------L. cyanescens 5. Upper or lower surface wrinkled ------6

6. Lobes sharply and strongly ridged irregular and anastomosing; isidia mainly marginal ------L. milligranum 6. Lobes with fine wrinkles; isidia mainly laminal; on mossy trees and rock ---- L. arsenei

7. Lobes long and narrow recurved laterally and canaliculate, radiating; on calcareous rocks ------L. apalachense 7. Lobes short, irregular (may have cylindrical ultimate divisions); on soil, trees or moss ------8

53

LEPTOGIUM

8. Thallus cellular throughout ------9 8. Thallus without cellular medulla ------11

9. On bark; thallus mainly coralloid lobules ------L. teretiusculum 9. On soil and moss on soil ------10

10. Thallus dwarf foliose, lead gray, flattened, with cylindrical long divisions on ends ------L. tenuissimum 10. Thallus areolate, tan to brown, closely appressed and almost crustose, often with blue gray "soredia" ------L. byssinum

11. Lobes with finely divided tips, with reticulate ridges on upper surface - L. lichenoides 11. Lobes broader without finely divided tips, no wrinkles or ridges; apothecia numerous; isidia present ------L. dactylinum

LEPTORHAPHIS

1. On quaking aspen bark (Populus); spores 32-50 µm long ------L. contorta 1. On white birch bark (Betula); spores 22-32 µm long ------L. epidermidis

LICHINELLA

1. Thallus minute, up to 2 mm diam., slightly lobed areoles ------L. minnesotensis 1. Thallus large lobed, deeply divided, over 5 mm diam. ------2

2. Thallus black, usually isidiate ------L. nigritella 2. Thallus dark brown, never isidiate ------L. cribellifera

LOBARIA

1. Thallus reticulate ridged; sorediate-isidia present on margins and on ridges; apothecia rare ------L. pulmonaria 1. Thallus not reticulate ridged; soredia if present punctiform ------2

2. Apothecia common; soredia absent; medulla C+ pink ------L. quercizans 2. Apothecia absent; soralia punctiform; medulla C------L. scrobiculata

LOXOSPORA

1. Soralia forming from pustules ------L. pustulata 1. Soralia not forming from pustules ------L. elatina

54

MELANELIA

MELANELIA

1. On wood and bark ------2 1. On rock ------12

2. Soredia and isidia absent (may have small marginal lobules); usually with apothecia - 3 2. Soredia or isidia present; usually without apothecia ------7

3. Small lobules present on margins; lower surface pale, with ridges; medulla usually weakly K+ red (norstictic) ------M. trabeculata 3. No marginal lobules; lower surface dark brown or black, no ridges; medulla K------4

4. Medulla P+ red ------5 4. Medulla P------6

5. Apothecia numerous with thin margins, with few or no white dots; marginal lobes with few or no white dots; thallus smooth to slightly rugose ------M. septentrionalis 5. Apothecia few or absent, margins thick crenulate, with white dots; thallus with white dots, shiny, rugose (especially in center) ------M. olivacea

6. Thallus with small raised warts, no white dots except on tops of warts; lower surface black; rare ------M. exasperata 6. Thallus without warts, with white dots; lower surface brown or black -- M. subolivacea

7. Thallus sorediate; medulla C+ red ------8 7. Thallus isidiate ------10

8. Soredia scattered on surface of lobes, developing from small isidia ----- M. subaurifera 8. Soredia from distinct soralia, marginal or laminal punctiform ------9

9. Soredia restricted to lower surface of upturned lobe tips; no fine hairs on upper surface of lobe ends; thallus not pruinose ------M. albertana 9. Soralia laminal, punctiform, spread over margins; fine hairs on upper surface of lobe tips ------M. subargentifera

10. Medulla C-; isidia long and flattened or swollen; thallus very thin --- M. exasperatula 10. Medulla C+ red; isidia not flat ------11

11. Isidia small, short, thin, breaking down into yellowish green soredia; usually on trees ------M. subaurifera 11. Isidia larger, cylindrical, not breaking down into soredia; usually on rocks; C+ red ------M. fuliginosa

12. Medulla C+ red ------13 12. Medulla C------14

55

MELANELIA

13. Thallus with pores (pseudocyphellae); soredia in distinct punctform laminal soralia; thallus thick, closely attached ------M. tominii 13. Thallus without pores ------11 (!)

14. Soredia and isidia absent; with marginal pycnicia and pseudocyphellae; medulla K+ yellow (stictic) ------M. hepatizon 14. Soredia or isidia present; no marginal pycnidia; medulla K------15

15. Thallus isidiate; isidia laminal, cylindrical; lower surface light brown; loosely attached ------M. infumata 15. Thallus sorediate ------16

16. Lobes somewhat concave with light reticulate ridges on tips (sublacunose), lobes somewhat thin; soredia often white ------M. sorediata 16. Lobes flat to somewhat convex without light ridges, lobes somewhat thicker; soredia usually dark ------M. disjuncta

MICAREA

1. On rock; apothecia very small (0.2-0.4 mm); thallus dark greenish gray; spores small (6-9 x 2-3 µm); epithecium dark blue green; exciple green; epithecium green; spores small, less than 15 µm long; on pebbles ------M. erratica 1. On other substrates ------2

2. Thallus sorediate, light green, C+ red ------Trapeliopsis viridescens 2. Thallus not sorediate, dark, C- (macro) ------3

3. Hypothecium brown or dark ------4 3. Hypothecium hyaline (or with few blue spots) ------5

4. Hypothecium hyaline to light brown, K+ purple, spores mostly non septate ------M. misella 4. Hypothecium brown K+ red brown, spores (1)-3 septate ------M. melaena

5. Spores 3 septate; hymenium C+ red ------M. peliocarpa 5. Spores 1 septate ------6

6. Apothecia pale, white to gray (never black); epithecium hyaline or with brown spots (K+ purple); spores 8-10 x 3-4 µm ------M. prasina 6. Apothecia black or dark brown; epithecium with brown spots (K+ purple); spores 7-8 x 3 µm ------M. denigrata

Note: Also possible M. melanobola

56

“MICROTHELIA”

"MICROTHELIA"

1. On rock; thallus black; spores 1-2-septate ------Lichenothelia scopularia 1. On bark; spores 1-septate ------2

2. On birch; corners at base of perithecia I+ blue; ascocarp entire ------Mycomicrothelia wallrothii 2. On other trees; corners at base of perithecia I-; base of ascocarp wall hyaline; a fungus ------Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops

MYELOCHROA

1. Soredia absent ------2 1. Soredia present ;medulla yellow (especially under soredia); soralia pustular, laminal; medulla C-; KC+ orange (enthothein); on trees ------M. aurulenta

2. On trees ------M. galbina 2. On rocks; Medulla K+ yellow, KC+ orange (galbinic); tightly appressed to rock; --- M. obsessa

MYCOBLASTUS

1. Hypothecium red with crystal deposits, asci with one spore ------M. sanguinarius 1. Hypothecium not colored; asci with two spores ------M. affinis

NEPHROMA

1. Soredia or isidia present ------2 1. Soredia and isidia absent ------3

2. Soredia present on margins of lobes; apothecia rare ------N. parile 2. Isidia or isidia-like squamules present on upper surface of lobes or lobe margins; apothecia common ------N. helveticum

3. Lower surface with bare papillae, usually tomentose ------N. resupinatum 3. Lower surface without papillae, without tomentum ------N. bellum

OCHROLECHIA

1. Thallus sorediate; apothecia absent, soredia C+ red ------2 1. Thallus not sorediate; apothecia present ------3

2. Thallus UV+ bright yellow (long wave)(gyrophoric and lichenxanthone) --- O. arborea 2. Thallus UV- or dull white (long wave); rare in the north ------O. androgyna

57

OCHROLECHIA

3. Apothecial cortex and medulla C-, KC-; needle crystals in sections of apothecia in K (variolaric acid) ------O. pseudopallescens 3. Apothecial cortex C+ red; no variolaric ------4

4. Apothecial cortex and medulla C+, KC+ pink, UV+ orange (gyrophoric -- O. mexicana 4. Apothecial cortex C+, medulla C-, UV- or white ------O. trochophora

PANNARIA

1. Thallus without soredia/ or isidia or apothecia present ------2 1. Thallus with soredia/ or isidia or apothecia absent ------5

2. Epispore present ------3 2. Epispore smooth or absent ------4

3. Epispore warty, hymenium I+ blue, on bark ------P. pezizoides 3. Epispore apiculate, hymenium I+ blue green turning red brown, on bark ------Fuscopannaria leucosticta

4. On rock, epispore absent ------Fuscopannaria leucophaea 4. On moss or soil, epispore thick and even ------P. praetermissa

5. Thallus P+ orange ------6 5. Thallus P------7

6. Isidia cylindrical ------P. tavarsii 6. Soredia granular ------P. conoplea

7. With fine dense isidia, on bark ------Parmeliella triptophylla 7. With granular soredia or lobules ------8

8. On rocks ------Fuscopannaria ahlneri 8. On moss ------Fuscopannaria praetermissa

PARMELIA sens. lat.

1. Thallus yellow green ------2 1. Thallus gray or brown ------15

2. Soredia or isidia present ------3 2. No soredia or isidia (may have lobules); on rock ------9

3. Thallus sorediate or granular sorediate ------4 3. Thallus isidiate; growing on rock; medulla K+ yellow turning red ------7

58

PARMELIA

4. Medulla C-; lower surface black ------5 4. Medulla C+ red; lower surface brown to black ------6

5. Soredia farinose, from pustules on upper surface; usually on trees ------Flavoparmelia caperata 5. Sorediate isidia present soralia laminal; fine reticulate ridges on lobes; always on rocks ------Flavoparmelia baltimorensis

6. Soralia laminal and marginal; white pores present on upper surface ---- Flavopunctelia flaventior 6. Soralia only marginal; white pores absent ------Flavopunctelia soredica

7. Lower surface tan; norstictic and stictic ------ plittii 7. Lower surface dark brown to black ------8

8. Norstictic and stictic present ------ 8. Salazinic present ------

9. Lower surface black ------10 9. Lower surface tan to brown ------13

10. Thallus UV+ white (alectoronic); upper surface pustulate; upper cortex very fragile and easily breaking up ------ subcentrifuga 10. Thallus UV-; upper surface not pustulate ------11

11. Medulla K-, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ------Xanthoparmelia hypomelaena 11. Medulla K+ yellow or red ------12

12. Salazinic present ------Xanthoparmelia tasmanica 12. Stictic present ------Xanthoparmelia angustiphylla

13. Medulla K-, KC+ orange UV+ white (alectoronic); lower surface white ------Arctoparmelia centrifuga 13. Medulla K+ yellow or red, UV------14

14. Stictic present; thallus usually adnate to rock ------Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia 14. Salazinic present; thallus usually loosely attached ------Xanthoparmelia somloensis

15. Thallus gray ------16 15. Thallus brown ------41

16. No isidia or soredia ------17 16. Isidia or soredia present ------23

17. Upper surface with white pores ------18 17. Upper surface without white pores (may have white lines or cracks) ------20

59

PARMELIA

18. Medulla C+ red; usually with small lobules; lower surface pale ------18a 18. Medulla C------19

18a. Conidia 8-18µm ------ hypoleucites 18a. Conidia 4-10 µm ------(Punctelia graminicola)

19. Lower surface light tan ------ 19. Lower surface dark brown ------Punctelia appalachensis

20. Lower surface pale; medulla K+ yellow (thamnolic) ------ placorodia 20. Lower surface dark brown or black ------21

21. On rock; lobes long linear overlapping, with white lines; salazinic present; medulla K+ red ------P. omphalodes 21. On trees ------22

22. Marginal cilia present; apothecia perforate; medulla K+ red (atranorin, salazinic) ------Rimelia cetrata 22. Marginal cilia absent; apothecia not perforate; medulla of apothecial margin usually yellow; medulla KC+ orange ------ galbina

23. Marginal cilia present; lobes broad ------24 23. Marginal cilia absent; lobes variable ------29

24. Thallus isidiate ------25 24. Thallus sorediate (difficult group) ------26

25. Lower surface black; isidia and lobules ciliate; medulla K+ yellow (stictic) ------Paromtrema crinitum 25. Lower surface brown; medulla K+ red (salazinic) ------Canomaculina subtinctoria

26. Medulla K-, C-, UV+ white (alectoronic); lower surface black in center ------ arnoldii 26. Medulla K+ red (salazinic), C-, UV------27

27. Soralia marginal; moderately broad bare zone below; no maculae or reticulate cracks on upper surface ------Parmotrema stuppeum 27. Soralia submarginal or laminal ------28

28. Upper surface reticulately cracked near lobe ends; rhizines almost to margins ------Rimelia reticulata 28. No reticulate cracks near lobe ends (may be in center of thallus); rhizines not to margins ------Parmotrema margaritauma

29. Upper surface with round pores ------30 29. Upper surface without pores (may have irregular white lines); lower surface black -34

60

PARMELIA

30. Medulla C-, UV+ white (alectoronic); lobes broad; farinose sorediate ------Cetrelia chicitae 30. Medulla C+ red, UV------31

31. Lower surface dark brown to black ------32 31. Lower surface tan ------33

32. Lobes broad; margins farinose sorediate ------Cetrelia olivetorum 32. Lobes narrow; granular isidiate soredia on upper surface; lobe tips brownish ------Punctelia stictica

33. Soredia present on margins and upper surface ------ 33. Isidia present on upper surface ------

34. Thallus sorediate; lower surface black ------35 34. Thallus isidiate ------38

35. White lines on upper surface (may be faint); medulla K+ red (salazinic) ------36 35. White lines absent; medulla K- or K+ yellow (atranorin) ------37

36. Soredia mainly on upper surface but sparse on margins; upper surface true gray; rhizines often squarrose; white lines prominent; medulla K+ red (salazinic) ------P. sulcata 36. Isidioid soredia mainly on margins; upper surface slightly yellow gray; rhizines simple to dichotomous; white lines faint; medulla K+ red (salazinic) - P. fraudans

37. Medulla yellow (especially under soredia); soralia pustular, laminal; medulla C-; KC+ orange (enthothein); on trees ------Myelochroa aurulenta 37. Medulla white; soralia laminal; soredia somewhat granular; lobes narrow; medulla C+ red (gyrophoric) ------Hypotrachyna revoluta

38. Medulla K+ yellow, KC+ orange (galbinic); tightly appressed to rock; no white lines on upper surface; rhizines dichotomous ------Myelochroa obsessa 38. Medulla K+ red (salazinic); loosely attached; white lines present ------39

39. Isidiate soredia originating mainly from margins; white lines faint; thallus with slight yellow color; rhizines simple or dichotomous ------P. fraudans 39. Isidia in clusters on upper surface; white lines prominent; thallus true gray ------40

40. Rhizines squarrose; common ------P. squarrosa 40. Rhizines dichotomous; rare, along Lake Superior shore only ------P. saxatilis

41. On wood and bark ------42 41. On rock ------52

61

PARMELIA

42. Soredia and isidia absent (may have small marginal lobules); usually with apothecia ------43 42. Soredia or isidia present; usually without apothecia ------47

43. Small lobules present on margins; lower surface pale, with ridges; medulla usually weakly K+ red (norstictic) ------Melanelia trabeculata 43. No marginal lobules; lower surface dark brown or black, no ridges; medulla K- --- 44

44. Medulla P+ red ------45 44. Medulla P------46

45. Apothecia numerous with thin margins, with few or no white dots; marginal lobes with few or no white dots; thallus smooth to slightly rugose ------Melanelia septentrionalis 45. Apothecia few or absent, margins thick crenulate, with white dots; thallus with white dots, shiny, rugose (especially in center) ------Melanelia olivacea

46. Thallus with small raised warts, no white dots except on tops of warts; lower surface black; rare ------Melanelia exasperata 46. Thallus without warts, with white dots; lower surface brown or black ------Melanelia subolivacea

47. Thallus sorediate; medulla C+ red ------48 47. Thallus isidiate ------50

48. Soredia scattered on surface of lobes, developing from small isidia ------Melanelia subaurifera 48. Soredia from distinct soralia, marginal or laminal punctiform ------49

49. Soredia restricted to lower surface of upturned lobe tips; no fine hairs on upper surface of lobe ends; thallus not pruinose ------Melanelia albertana 49. Soralia laminal, punctiform, spread over margins; fine hairs on upper surface of lobe tips ------Melanelia subargentifera

50. Medulla C-; isidia long and flattened; thallus very thin ------Melanelia exasperatula 50. Medulla C+ red; isidia not flat ------51

51. Isidia small, short, thin, breaking down into yellowish green soredia; usually on trees ------Melanelia subaurifera 51. Isidia larger, cylindrical, not breaking down into soredia; usually on rocks; C+ red ------Melanelia fuliginosa

52. Medulla C+ red ------53 52. Medulla C------54

62

PARMELIA

53. Thallus with pores (pseudocyphellae); soredia in distinct punctform laminal soralia; thallus thick, closely attached ------Melanelia tominii 53. Thallus without pores ------51

54. Soredia and isidia absent; with marginal pycnidia and pseudocyphellae; medulla K+ yellow (stictic) ------Melanelia hepatizon 54. Soredia or isidia present; no marginal pycnidia; medulla K------55

55. Thallus isidiate; isidia laminal, cylindrical; lower surface light brown; loosely attached ------Melanelia infumata 55. Thallus sorediate ------56

56. Lobes somewhat concave with light reticulate ridges on tips (sublacunose), lobes somewhat thin; soredia often white ------Melanelia sorediata 56. Lobes flat to somewhat convex without light ridges, lobes somewhat thicker; soredia usually dark ------Melanelia disjuncta

PARMELIOPSIS

1. Soredia and isidia absent; apothecia abundant ------Imshaugia placorodia 1. Soredia or isidia present; apothecia rare ------2

2. Thallus with isidia ------Imshaugia aleurites 2. Thallus with soredia ------3

3. Thallus gray; atranorin present ------P. hyperopta 3. Thallus yellowish green; usnic present ------P. ambigua

PARMOTREMA

1. Thallus isidiate ------2 1. Thallus sorediate (difficult group) ------3

2. Lower surface black; isidia and lobules ciliate; medulla K+ yellow (stictic) ------Paromtrema crinitum 2. Lower surface brown; medulla K+ red (salazinic) ------Canomaculina subtinctoria

3. Medulla K-, C-, UV+ white (alectoronic); lower surface black in center ------ 3. Medulla K+ red (salazinic), C-, UV------4

4. Soralia marginal; moderately broad bare zone below; no maculae or reticulate cracks on upper surface ------Parmotrema stuppeum 4. Soralia submarginal or laminal ------5

63

PARMOTREMA

5. Upper surface reticulately cracked near lobe ends; rhizines almost to margins ------Rimelia reticulata 5. No reticulate cracks near lobe ends (may be in center of thallus); rhizines not to margins ------Parmotrema margaritata

PELTIGERA

1. Algae green; cephalodia present; thallus bright green when wet ------2 1. Algae blue green; thallus brown or blue gray ------4

2. Lobes small (2cm or less), simple lobed; cephalodia on lower surface ------P. venosa 2. Lobes larger, divided; cephalodia on upper surface ------3

3. Lower surface without distinct veins (malaceoid); backs of apothecia often corticate; thallus usually large ------P. aphthosa

3. Lower surface with distinct dark broad veins; backs of apothecia decorticate or with few corticate areas; thallus usually small ------P. leucophlebia

4. Lower surface with distinct narrow veins; upper surface with matted tomentum ----- 5 4. Lower surface with broad low veins or thick felty mat; upper surface shiny or scabrose ------13

5. Isidia, soredia or lobules present ------6 5. Isidia and soredia absent ------10

6. Soredia present, isidia absent ------7 6. Isidia or lobules present, soredia absent ------8

7. Blue gray soredia present in round spots on upper surface of lobes ------P. didactyla 7. Soredia present on lobe margins ------(P. collina)

8. Regeneration lobules from cracks or damaged upper surface or margins; true isidia absent ------P. praetextata 8. True isidia present; without regeneration squamules ------9

9. Isidia at tips of lobes globose to cylindrical (may become flat in center of thallus); thallus generally gray; lobes over 3cm long ------P. evansiana 9. Isidia at tips of lobes flat or peltate almost from beginning; thallus generally brown; lobes less than 3cm long ------P. lepidophora

10. Lobes broad and long, margins downturned ------11 10. Lobes short or narrow, margins upturned ------12

64

PELTIGERA

11. Thallus thin; slight ridges showing on upper surface from veins; algae often showing through to lower surface ------P. membranacea 11. Thallus thicker; no ridges on upper surface; algae not showing from below ------P. canina

12. Lobes broad and short, frequently with vertical apothecia; veins below strongly anastomosing ------P. didactyla 12. Lobes long and narrow; apothecia uncommon; veins below mostly parallel; thallus with many cracks ------P. rufescens

13. Upper surface of lobe ends scabrose but without hairs ------14 13. Upper surface of lobes shiny ------15

14. Lower surface with thick, dark, felty mat; veins indistinct or absent; few bundles of rhizines ------P. malacea 14. Lower surface with broad low pale veins; many bundles of rhizines almost to the margins ------P. scabrosa

15. Apothecia black, vertical, rolled back longitudinally; lower surface with very broad dark veins with elongated lighter areas (intermediate between polydactyla and elisabethae); lobes short and broad; on tree bases ------P. neckeri 15. Apothecia brown or absent; on mossy soil ------16

16. Lower surface with dark felty mat, no distinct veins; thallus with abundant regeneration squamules; apothecia horizontal ------P. elisabethae 16. Lower surface with distinct broad veins ------17

17. Apothecia vertical; upper surface frequently regenerating; lobes long and broad ------P. polydactylon 17. Apothecia horizontal; upper surface rarely with regeneration squamules ------P. horizontalis

PELTULA

1. Thallus without soredia; usually fertile; on soil ------P. patellata 1. Thallus with sorediate margins; usually infertile; on rock ------2

2. Thallus without lobes, monophyllous ------P. euploca 2. Thallus with lobes, not monophyllous ------P. bolanderi

PERTUSARIA

1. Thallus with cylindrical isidia; saxicolous ------P. globularis 1. Thallus not isidiate ------2

65

PERTUSARIA

2. On rock, asci with 2 spores; K+ norstictic ------P. plittiana 2. On bark or wood ------3

3. Soredia present (or thick pruina on discs or fruit warts) ------4 3. Soredia absent; discs and warts not heavily pruinose ------9

4. "Soredia" on apothecial discs C+ red; discs broadly open, pale; asci with one spore ------P. velata 4. "Soredia" C------5

5. Soredia KC+ strong purple; soralia large ------P. amara 5. "Soredia" KC- or nearly so ------6

6. Medulla K-, C-, P-; disc open and without narrow ostiole ------7 6. Medulla K+ yellow or red, C-, P+ orange or red; discs open and without narrow ostioles ------8

7. Asci with one spore; ostiole K------P. ophthalmiza 7. Asci with 2 spores; epithecium K+ violet ------P. rhexostoma

8. Asci with (1)-2 spores; spores 49-72 x 14-21 µm; medulla P+ orange ( thamnolic); epithecium under pruina pale ------P. trachythallina 8. Asci with 1 spore; spores 84-107 x 32-58 µm; on conifer bark and rock; medulla P+ red (fumarprotocetraric); epithecium under pruina dark ------P. multipunctoides

9. Discs open ------10 9. Discs closed, opening by narrow ostiole ------11

10. Discs C+ red, pale; asci with 1 spore ------P. velata 10. Discs C-, black; epithecium K+ purple; asci with 2 spores ------P. stenhammari

11. Medulla K+ yellow or red ------12 11. Medulla K------18

12. Ostiole K- in section (remaining brown); asci with 2-8 spores ------13 12. Ostiole K+ purple ------14

13. Asci with 5-8 spores ------15 13. Asci with 2-5 spores ------16

14. Ostiole K+ muddy purple in section; asci usually with two spores; many ostioles per fruit wart; medulla K+ yellow, P+ yellow orange ------P. consocians 14. Ostiole K+ purple in section; asci usually with 8 spores; medulla K+ strong yellow ------P. sp.

15. Norstictic absent; spores 49-53 x 25-30u ------P. alpina 15. Norstictic present ------P. sp.

66

PERTUSARIA

16. Thallus UV-; asci with (2)-3-4-(5) spores; spores 56-77 x 28-35 µm ------P. leioplaca 16. Thallus UV+ orange or red (long wave) ------17

17. Spores K+ purple ------P. macounii 17. Spores K-; asci with 2 spores ------P. pustulata

18. Asci always with 8 spores; epithecium dirty brownish violet in K; mainly on conifers ------P. sp.(alpina?) 18. Asci with (3)-4-(7) spores; epithecium dirty brownish violet in K ------P. sp.

Note: Also possibly P. subobducens

PHAEOCALICIUM

1. Capitulum strongly flattened laterally; on alder twigs near water; spores non-septate ------P. compressulum 1. Capitulum not flattened laterally; spores 1-septate ------2

2. Growing on old polypore fungi ------P. polyporaeum 2. Growing directly on bark ------3

3. Growing on balsam poplar (Populus balsamea); common on twigs ------P. populneum 3. Growing on twigs of sumac (Rhus typhina) ------P. curtisii

PHYSCIA sens. lat.

1. Thallus or medulla K+ yellow; thallus gray; conidia cylindrical, over 4 µm ---- Physcia 1. Thallus and medulla K------2

2. Thallus very closely attached (almost crustose); rhizines few; conidia filiform, over 10 µm ------Hyperphyscia 2. Thallus more loosely attached; rhizines evident; conidia not filiform ------3

3. Thallus usually heavily pruinose; rhizines squarrose ------ 3. Thallus not heavily pruinose; rhizines not squarrose ------Phaeophyscia

PHAEOPHYSCIA

1. Without soredia, isidia and lobules ------2 1. With soredia, isidia or lobules ------5

2. Medulla orange; usually on rocks, sometimes on trees ------P. endococcina 2. Medulla white ------3

3. On trees ------4 3. On rocks; lobes relatively long and narrow; apothecia rarely ciliate ---- P. endococcina

67

PHAEOPHYSCIA

4. Small white hairs on tips of lobes; rhizines projecting; sometimes maculate - P. hirtella 4. Lobes without hairs; lobes relatively short and broad; apothecia often with cilia; rhizines not projecteing; not maculate ------P. ciliata

5. Lobules present; soredia and isidia absent ------6 5. Lobules absent; soredia or isidia present ------7

6. Thallus gray green; lobes broadening, irregular short vertical lobules abundant on margins of lobes; apothecia absent; upper cortex paraplectenchymatous; on trees ------P. imbricata 6. Thallus olive green; lobes linear, horizontal elongated lobules present on margins of lobes; apothecia frequent; upper cortex prosoplectechymatous; on trees and rocks ------Anaptychia palmulata

7. Medulla orange (at least in places) ------P. rubropulchra 7. Medulla all white ------8

8. Rhizines projecting beyond lobes, numerous, black; soralia capitate on lobe ends ----- 9 8. Rhizines not projecting, not numerous ------10

9. Lobes broad (2-5 mm) ------P. hispidula 9. Lobes narrow (1 mm) ------P. pusilloides

10. On rock or moss on rock ------11 10. On trees or wood ------13

11. Hairs on upper surface of lobes; soralia marginal; soredia granular ------P. kairamoi 11. No hairs on lobes; soralia marginal, terminal or laminal ------12

12. Soredia not isidioid; rhizines around apothecia; lower surface black ------P. adiastola 12. Soredia isidioid; no rhizines around apothecia ------P. sciastra

13. Lower surface pale; rhizines pale ------14 13. Lower surface black (in center of thallus) ------16

14. Soralia laminal, punctiform ------P. (Physciella) melanchra 14. Soralia labriform or marginal ------15

15. Soralia labriform thallus usually not appressed ------P. (Physciella) chloantha 15. Soralia marginal; thallus appressed ------P. nigricans

16. Soralia capitate on uplifted lobes tips; usually black rhizines projecting beyond margins some ------P. pusilloides 16. Soralia not capitate, present on surface or margins ------17

68

PHAEOPHYSCIA

17. Lobes maculate; soralia marginal only; white hairs on lobes; often upper surface lightly maculate ------P. cernohorskyi 17. Lobes not maculate ------18

18. Lobes with minute hairs; soralia marginal and terminal on small side lobes ------P. hirsuta 18. No hairs on lobes; soralia laminal or marginal ------P. orbicularis

PHYSCIA

1. On wood, bark or moss ------2 1. On rock ------8

2. Soredia present ------3 2. Soredia absent ------7

3. Soredia inside convex helmet-shaped soralia on tips of lobes; lobes narrow with long rhizines ------P. adscendens 3. Soralia marginal, laminal or under tips of flat recurved lobes ------4

4. Medulla pale orange; lobe tips pruinose, soredia on tips and margins of lobes ------Pyxine sorediata 4. Medulla white ------5

5. Soredia at tips of recurved lobe ends; no lower cortex ------Heterodermia speciosa 5. Soredia margianl or laminal; lower cortex present ------6

6. Soralia marginal; soredia granular ------P. millegrana 6. Soralia laminal, capitate; no white dots on upper surface ------P. americana

7. Upper surface with white dots; medulla K+ yellow (atranorin) ------P. aipolia 7. Upper surface without white dots; medulla K------P. stellaris

8. Soredia absent ------9 8. Soredia or sorediate isidia present ------10

9. White dots on upper surface; medulla not paraplectenchymatous ------P. phaea 9. No white dots on upper surface; medulla paraplectenchmatous throughout ----- P. halei

10. Soralia laminal and capitate; upper surface with white dots; medulla K+ yellow (atranorin) ------P. caesia 10. Soralia not capitate ------11

11. Medulla K+ yellow; without white dots on upper surface ------P. dubia 11. Medulla K------12

69

PHYSCIA

12. Lobes very narrow (.1-.2mm), cellular throughout; granular soredia on lobe tips ------P. subtilis + dakotensis 12. Lobes broader, not cellular throughout ------13

13. Soredia powdery; soralia distinctly labriform; lobes less than 1mm wide, fan shaped; medulla K------P. dubia 13. Soredia isidioid at tips of lobes, lobes less than 1mm wide, closely attached or mounding into cusions and loose ------P. subtilis (f. adscendens)

PHYSCONIA

1. Soredia absent ------P. muscigena 1. Soredia on lobe ends and margins ------2

2. Soralia labriform, K+ yellow, KC+ orange ------P. leucoleiptes 2. Soralia continuous, not reflexed, K------3

3. Medulla C+ ------(P. kurokawae) 3. Medulla C------P. detersa

PLACYNTHIELLA

1. Thallus of brown coralloid-isidiate granules; C+ red; on wood or plant detritus ------2 1. Thallus areolate or almost absent, not coralloid; C------3

2. Thallus of very fine granules ------P. dasaea 2. Thallus of coarse granules ------P. icmalea

3. On bare sandy soil; thallus almost absent - only scattered granules 29--58µ ------P. uliginosa 3. On moss and plant detritis; thallus abundant, brownish green, areoles 0.1-0.5mm diam ------P. oligotropha

PLACYNTHIUM

1. Lobes flattened, appressed; no prothallus, lower surface pale ------P. stenophyllum 1. Lobes cylindrical, ascending; with dark prothallus; lower surface blue green ------P. nigrum

PLATISMATIA

1. No soredia or isidia; lobes reticulate ridged ------P. tuckermanii 1. Soredia or isidia present on lobe margins; lobes not ridged ------P. glauca

70

PORPIDIA

PORPIDIA

1. Thallus endolithic, rarely present; apothecial margins radially cracked; margins sometimes double; exciple carbonaceous; spores 12-13 X 6-8 µm ------P. tahawasiana 1. Thallus epilithic; apothecial margins not radially cracked ------2

2. Soredia present ------3 2. Soredia absent ------4

3. Medulla K+ yellow or K-(stictic), I------P. albocaerulescens 3. Medulla K-, I+ blue, soralia round ------P. tuberculosa

4. Thallus continuous, smooth, very finely cracked; apothecial disk pruinose; medulla K+ yellow or K------P. albocaerulescens 4. Thallus usually not smooth but rimose or verruculose ------5

5. Thallus white with chalky, scabrid surface, flat areolate, apothecial disks pruinose when young; medulla I+ blue, on calcareous rocks ------P. speirea 5. Thallus whitish, gray or light greenish gray, not scabrid ------6

6. Mature apothecia sunken in thallus; disks lightly pruinose ------P. cinereoatra 6. Mature apothecia not sunken ------7

7. Exciple at margin (in very thin section of young apothecia) not carbonaceous, but section in K produces an orangeish dark brown pigment; thallus often oxidized orange ------8 7. Exciple at margin (in very thin section of young apothecia) carbonaceous, remaining carbonaceous in K ------9

8. Apothecia small (0.3-1 mm), numerous, often in a concentric ring, apothecial disks often brown; spores 10-17 X 5-6.5 µm ------P. crustulata 8. Apothecia larger (0.4-3.5 mm), frequently umbonate, plane to convex, black to brownish black with young ones often forming on larger old ones; spores 16-23 X 7-10 µm ------P. macrocarpa

9. Inner area of carbonaceous exciple blackish green; epithecium olivaceous black to greenish black; thallus often smooth; spore 15-20 X 7-11 µm ------P. diversa 9. Inner area of carbonaceous exciple usually light brown to brownish black; epithecium olivaceous to greenish but not orangish brown; thallus verruculose; spores 12-14 X 6-8 µm ------P. herteliana

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PSORA

PSORA

1. Squamules pink, white pruinose; apothecia at margins of squamules; on soil ------Psora decipiens 1. Squamules brown or olive or yellow ------2

2. Squamules olive, margins upturned and blue black, lower surface blue black; usually growing on Spilonema revertens on rocks near water ------Psorula rufonigra 2. Squamules brown or yellow ------3

3. Squamules yellow, UV+ yellow (rhizocarpic acid) ------Psora icterica 3. Squamules brown ------4

4. Squamules with white margins; apothecia more or less plane, reddish; lower cortex present; crystals in medulla; medulla and lower surface K------Psora pseudorussellii 4. Squamules entirely without white margins; apothecia in centers of squamules; rarely pruinose; no lower cortex ------Psora globifera

PUNCTELIA

1. Isidia present ------P. rudecta 1. Isidia absent ------2

2. Soredia present ------P. perreticulata 2. Soredia absent ------3

3. Medulla C+ red; usually with small lobules; lower surface pale ------4 3. Medulla C------5

4. Conidia 8-18µm ------P. hypoleucites 4. Conidia 4-10 µm ------(P. graminicola)

5. Lower surface light tan ------P. bolliana 5. Lower surface dark brown ------P. appalachensis

PYRENOPSIS

1. Thallus with abundant fine granules; spores infrequent ------P. sp. 1. Thallus subareolate, without granules; spores common, 11-15 x 7-8 µm ------P. polycocca

72

RAMALINA

RAMALINA

1. Thallus filamentous, pendant, more or less terete, pseudocyphellate; tips of branches with recurved ends, tips isidiate or sorediate ------R. thrausta 1. Thallus not filamentous, shorter, flattened ------2

2. Thallus sorediate ------3 2. Thallus not sorediate ------5

3. Thallus hollow, perforate, less than 1.5 cm long; lobe ends narrow ------R. roesleri 3. Thallus solid, not perforate ------4

4. Soralia mostly on lower surface; lobes often swollen and hood-shaped at tips ------R. obtusata 4. Soralia marginal and terminal; lobes narrow; mainly on rocks ------R. intermedia

5. Thallus hollow, perforate, small (1-3mm), mostly with terminal apothecia ------R. dilacerata 5. Thallus solid, not perforate ------6

6. Thallus with strong ribbing on lower surface and sometimes also upper surface; lobes usually broad (3-20 mm) ------7 6. Thallus without strong ribbing; lobes usually under 3 mm wide; round pseudocephellae usually abundant on upper and lower surface ------R. americana

7. Lower surface largely decorticate between ribs; lobes usually very broad (10-20 mm); pseudocyphellae rare on upper surface ------R. unifolia 7. Lower surface mostly corticate with irregular pseudocyphellae; lobes narrower (2-4 mm) ------R. sinensis

RHIZOCARPON

1. Thallus yellow to yellow green; spores brown to greenish, muriform; asci with 8 spores; epithecium brown ------R. geographicum 1. Thallus tan, gray, brown or red brown ------2

2. Asci with 1 or 2 spores; spores muriform ------3 2. Asci with 8 spores ------4

3. Asci with 2 spores; spores hyaline (brown at old age); thallus with stictic, rarely with norstictic ------R. geminatum 3. Asci with 1 spore; spores brown from early maturity; thallus usually with norstictic, rarely with stictic ------R. disporum

4. Spores 1-septate ------5 4. Spores not 1-septate ------7

73

RHIZOCARPON

5. Spores soon becoming brown, 25-30 x 14-15 µm; medulla K-, C-, I- ---- R. badioatrum 5. Spores hyaline (except very old spores) ------6

6. Thallus very thin, smooth, cracked; spores 19-22 x 7-8 µm ------R. hochstetteri 6. Thallus rough, verrucose areolate, gray; spores 14-18 x 7-8 µm; medulla K+ red (norstictic), I------R. cinereovirens

7. Spores 3-septate, hyaline ------R. sp. 7. Spores muriform or submuriform ------8

8. Spores remaining hyaline, in old age brownish ------9 8. Spores turning brown early ------13

9. On rocks in water; thallus thin, smooth, continuous; spores 25-28 x 10-11 µm ------R. lavatum 9. On dry rocks ------10

10. Thallus K+ yellow turning red (norstictic), thallus gray, rough areolate - R. rubescens 10. Thallus K- or K+ yellow ------11

11. Medulla I+ blue; spores 3-septate or submuriform; thallus gray brown - R. distinctum 11. Medulla I------12

12. Thallus brown or gray brown, often thin, flat areolate sometimes with swollen areoles; spores 3-6 x 1-3-septate ------R. (obscuratum) reductum 12. Thallus dirty white, smooth areolate ------R. (concentricum) petraeum (12. Thallus thin or thick, K+ red or K-, I------(several unknowns)

13. Medulla C+ red, I+ weak blue, K+ yellow; spores submuriform, 30-35 x 13-15 µm ------R. grande 13. Medulla C-, I------R. sp.

RHIZOPLACA

1. Apothecia pink; thallus strongly umbilicate ------R. chrysoleuca 1. Apothecia greenish yellow or tan ------2

2. Thallus stipitate ------Lecanora opiniconensis 2. Thallus umbilicate ------3

3. Thallus blue below at nargins, more umbilicate, monophyllous ---- R. melanophthalma 3. Thallus tan below, more monophyllous ------R. subdescrepans

74

RINODINA

RINODINA

1. Growing on rock ------2 1. Growing on bark or wood ------10

2. Thallus yellow, margin effigurate ------Dimeleana oreina 2. Thallus brown or gray brown or gray ------3

3. On calcareous rocks; thallus gray brown or absent; apothecial margin gray; apothecia sessile or immersed in rock; spore cells with even wall thickenings, dark zone at septum, 13-28 x 8-11 µm ------R. bischoffii 3. On acid rocks ------4

4. Thallus K+ yellow ------5 4. Thallus K------8

5. Lateral walls of spores thick, lumina rounded; apothecial margin lumpy or smooth; thallus of gray white areoles; spores mischoblastiomorphic with strongly thickened ends ------7 5. Lateral walls of spores thin, lumina angular ------(R. confragosa)

7. Outer apothecial margin often carbonized; areoles thin and plane ------R. oxydata 7. Outer apothecial margin not carbonized; areoles thick and verruculose ------R. vezdae

8. Spores without end thickenings; thallus brown, more or less thin and continuous but cracked and verruculose; apothecia soon sessile; spores with very light septum, 15-18 x 7 µm ------R. sp. 8. Spores with end thickenings ------9

9. Apothecia sessile, large (to 1.5mm); thallus brown; spores with dark zone at septum, 17-24 x 7-9 µm ----- R. tephraspis; spores less than 18 µm ------R. siouxiana 9. Apothecia remaining flush with thallus until old age; thallus gray or gray brown; spores with thin light zone at septum, 16-18 x 9 µm ------R. cana

10. Thallus with mounds of granular soredia, P+ orange ------R. efflorescens 10. Thallus not sorediate ------11

11. Thallus isidiate ------12 11. Thallus not isidiate ------13

12. Spores dubyana ------R. thomsonii 12. Spores pachyospora type ------R. colobinoides

13. Epithecium blue; thallus and epithecium K+ purple; thallus sorediate, blue gray; spores polarilocular ------R. colobina 13. Epithecium brown, K------14

75

RINODINA

14. Young spores constricted at septum, little or no endospore thickening, thin spore walls ------15 14. Young spores not constricted at septum, lumina usually irregular due to endospore thickening ------18

15. Asci polysporous; thallus well developed, brownish; apothecia plane with prominent margin; spores 11-15 x 5-7 µm ------R. populicola 15. Asci with 8 spores; thallus thin, gray ------16

16. Apothecia erumpent, margin disappearing; hypothecium dark brown; spores 9-11 x 5- 7 µm; thallus all K+ ------Amandinea milliaria 16. Apothecia not erumpent, margin thin; hypothecium light brown; thallus all K------17

17. Spores 9-12 x 5-7 µm ------Amandinea dakotensis 17. Spores 25-28 x 11 µm; apothecial cortex I+ blue ------R. granulans

18. Asci polysporous ------R. polyspora 18. Asci with 8 spores ------19

19. Thallus or cortex P+ yellow or orange ------20 19. Thallus all P------21

20. Thallus thick, areolate to subsquamulose, cortex P+ yellow orange; apothecia sessile, not erumpent; spores with slightly thickened end walls, 14-19 x 7-10 µm ------R. excrescens 20. Thallus continuous, apothecia erumpent ------R. adirondackii

21. Spores over 20µm long; lower cortex of apothecia thickened, I+ blue; thallus areolate; apothecia to 1.5 mm, plane to somewhat convex, discs dark brown or black; spores without dark zone at septum, 21-28 x 10-14 µm ------R. austroborealis 21. Spores under 20µm long; lower cortex of apothecia thin, I------22

22. Spore lumina rounded, wall at sides greatly thickened; thallus gray -- R. pachysperma 22. Spore lumina angular, wall at sides thin ------23

23. Spores bulging at septum; apothecia not erumpent; spores 14-15 x 7 µm ------R. metaboliza 23. Spores not bulging at septum ------24

24. Thallus olive brown at least at apothecial margin (sometimes absent); apothecia not erumpent; spores with prominent end thickenings ------R. septentrionalis + R. archaea + R. glauca 24. Thallus gray, usually more abundant ------25

25. Thallus thin and immersed in bark, smooth; apothecia erumpent and broadly attached; spores with prominent end thickening, 14-18 x 7-10 µm ------R. subminuta 25. Thallus thicker, on surface of bark ------26

76

RINODINA

26. Apothecia erumpent; thallus abundant in small areas; spores 14-20 x 8 µm ------R. subminuta 26. Apothecia not erumpent; thallus abundant, K+ yellow; spores 15-19 x 8-9 µm ------R. exigua

SARCOGYNE

1. Discs pruinose; outer layer of exciple not carbonaceous; no carbonaceous patches in epithecium; on calcareous rock ------S. regularis 1. Discs not pruinose; outer layer of exciple carbonaecous; carbonaceous patches in epithecium; apothecia irregular and often furrowed; usually on noncalcareous rock ------Polysporina simplex

SAREA

1. Apothecia black, dull; epithecium and hypothecium dark brown ------S. difformis 1. Apothecia orange; epithecium and hypothecium hyaline ------S. resinae

SCOLICIOSPORUM

1. Spores strongly twisted, 3-4-septate, acicular; usually on rock ------S. umbrinum 1. Spores straight or slightly bent, 5-7-septate, broadly acicular to long fusiform; usually on bark ------S. chlorococcum

SPHINCTRINA

1. Growing on Pertusaria; spores strongly angled and rough, 6-8u diam. ------2 1. Growing on gray areolate thallus; spores not angled but finely roughened or smooth, 7- 9 µm; growing on Protoparmelia hypotremella ------S. anglica

2. Exciple K------S. leucopoda 2. Exciple K+ red ------S. turbinata

STAUROTHELE

1. Spores hyaline; thallus smooth, cracked areolate, tan; on dry rocks, asci with 8 spores ------S. diffractella 1. Spores brown, asci with 1-2 spores ------2

2. Perithecia not immersed in thallus, carbonaceous ------S. elenkinii 2. Perithecia over half immersed in thallus, not carbonaceous ------3

77

STAUROTHELE

3. Thallus thin, smooth, cracked in center and continuous at margin; areoles not cracked and subdivided; on rocks near water ------S. fissa 3. Thallus rough, thick, areolate ------4

4. Thallus greenish yellow ------S. areolata 4. Thallus brown ------5

5. Thallus margin radiate ------S. drummondii 5. Thallus margin areolate ------S. areolata

STENOCYBE

1. Growing on alder; stalks branched; spores 12-21 x 4-5 µm, septa faint, center cells not bulging; capitulum not flattened laterally ------S. pullatula 1. Growing on balsam fir; stalks not branched; spores larger (23-25 x 7-8 µm), center cells bulging ------S. major

STEREOCAULON

1. Podetia short (to 5 mm), sorediate at tips ------S. pileatum 1. Podetia much taller (over 2 cm), not sorediate ------2

2. Phyllocladia long and cylindrical; podetia with little or no tomentum, long and not growing in tufts; apothecia large ------S. dactylophyllum 2. Phyllocladia flattened and short ------3

3. Cephalodia obvious, blackish and roughened; phyllocladia dense, short; tomentum on podetia abundant but uneven ------S. paschale 3. Cephalodia not evident or covered with dense tomentum ------4

4. Tomentum abundant and thick, especially on young branches of podetia; cephalodia on lower surface, often hidden by tomentum; growing in loose mats - S. tomentosum 4. Tomentum absent or not abundant on young branches; cephalodia not evident; usually growing in tight mats ------S. saxatile

STICTA

1. Isidia only on margins of thallus ------S. beauvoisii 1. Isidia abundant over upper surface ------S. fuliginosa

STRANGOSPORA

1. Apothecia bright red; on bark ------S. microhaema 1. Apothecia dull orange or dark brown or black ------2

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STRANGOSPORA

2. Apothecia orange; epithecium brown, K+ scarlet red ------S. ochrophora 2. Apothecia black or dark brown ------3

3. Epithecium blue or olive, K+ blue or green; hymenium all persistent I+ blue; mostly on wood ------(S. moriformis) 3. Epithecium brown or olive, brown in K; only asci I+ blue then turning red brown; mostly on bark ------S. pinicola

STRIGULA

1. Spores 3-septate, not submuriform, 9-12 x 3-4 µm; on Thuja bark ------S. jamesii 1. Spores 5-7-septate, over 20 µm long ------2

2. Spores often submuriform, 20-27 x 6-7 µm; on bark of deciduous trees ------S. submuriformis 2. Spores not submuriform, 7-septate; on Thuja bark and moss ------S. stigmatella

THELOCARPON

1. Growing on Peltigera; spores short rods, 5.6 x 2 µm ------T. epibolum 1. Growing on old boards or wood; spores globose, 1.4 µm ------T. laureri

THYREA

1. Thallus brown, umbilicate; lobes long and strap shaped, usually pruinose; thallus prostrate and spreading ------T. confusa 1. Thallus black, less obviously umbilicate; lobes broader and irregular; thallus an upright clump of lobes ------Lichinella nigritella

TONINIA

1. Thallus bluish gray, heavily pruinose; lobes swollen and hollow; hypothecium brown; spores 1-septate ------T. sedifolia 1. Thallus rarely slightly pruinose; hypothecium hyaline or light brown ------2

2. Thallus olive green to brownish brown; epithecium K+ red brown; spores 1-7 septate ------T. ruginosa 2. Thallus gray or brown ------3

3. Thallus brown; epithecium olive green; spores 1-3 septate ------T. aromatica 3. Thallus gray; epithecium brown, K-; spores 1-7 septate ------T. squalida

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TRAPELIA

TRAPELIA

1. Thallus not sorediate ------2 1. Thallus sorediate ------3

2. Thallus very thin, areolate; areoles contiguous, plane ------T. coarctata 2. Thallus moderately thick, dispersed-areolate ------T. involuta

3. Thallus continuous areolate, thin ------T. obtegens 3. Thallus of dispersed, lobed, thick appressed squamulose areoles ------T. placodioides

TRAPELIOPSIS

1. Thallus light green to tan, verrucose, sorediate; apothecia light brown to blackish; all apothecial tissues brownish, K+ brown solution; on very rotten wood in moist places ------Trapeliopsis viridescens 1. Thallus gray or darkening ------12

2. Soredia light green, widespread, thallus thin; on moss ------Biatora efflorescens (L. epixanthoidiza) 2. Soredia dark green, in discrete soralia; thallus verrucose ------13

3. Apothecia convex, margins disappearing; thallus thick and gray ------Trapeliopsis granulosa 3. Apothecia plane, margins persisting; thallus thinner and dark green ------Trapeliopsis flexuosa

UMBILICARIA

1. Upper surface of thallus with isidia; thallus very thin; lower surface smooth - U. deusta 1. Upper surface of thallus without isidia; thallus thicker ------2

2. Thallus pustulate with corresponding pits on lower surface ------Lasallia papulosa 2. Thallus not pustulate ------3

3. Lower surface bare, without rhizines or flat plates; upper surface rugose ridged ------U. hyperborea 3. Lower surface with flat plates or rhizines ------4

4. Lower surface with flat plates (especially near umbilicus) ------5 4. Lower surface with coarse simple black rhizines ------6

5. Margins torn and lacerate; upper surface often with darker algal-free areas; apothecia angular ------U. torrefacta 5. Margins of thallus mostly smooth and not torn; apothecia rounded and sunken ------U. muehlenbergii

80

UMBILICARIA

6. Upper surface brown, rarely pruinose ------U. mammulata 6. Upper surface whitish, pruinose ------7

7. Rhizines dark, simple ------U. americana 7. Rhizines pale, branched ------U. vellea

USNEA

1. Thallus long and pendulant, over 15 cm long, usually without holdfast; no soredia or isidia ------2 1. Thallus short and bushy, less than 15 cm long, always with holdfast; usually sorediate or isidiate ------4

2. Side branches mostly long and unequal; main branches pitted ------U. cavernosa 2. Many short right angled side branches of about equal length ------3

3. Main branches decorticate ------U. longissima 3. Maine branches corticate ------U. angulata

4. Thallus isidiate only, no soredia; often with many short squarrose side branches ------U. hirta 4. Thallus sorediate or sorediate and isidiate ------5

5. Thallus sorediate only, no isidia or sorediate isidia; soralia large and eroded, nearly surrounding branches ------U. lapponica 5. Thallus with soredia and isidia ------6

6. Medulla or cortex reddish; sorediate isidia present ------7 6. Medulla white, cortex not red; papillate ------9

7. Cortex red, medulla white, K+ yellow or red ------U. rubicunda 7. Cortex not red, medulla red ------8

8. Medulla C+ yellow, diffractaic present ------U. ceratina 8. Medulla C-, usnic only ------U. mutabilis

9. Base not black; no papillae; on rock ------U. amblyoclada 9. Base black; papillate; on trees ------10

10. Thallus pendent; soralia absent on tips of branches; tips wavy, long, thin ------U. filipendula 10. Thallus shrubby; soralia present on tips of branches; tips not wavy --- U. subfloridana

81

VERRUCARIA

VERRUCARIA (partial key)

1. Growing on bark; thallus gray green ------V. sp. 1. Growing on rock ------2

2. Thallus whitish gray, endolithic; perithecia partly immersed; on calcareous rock ------V. muralis 2. Thallus brownish, olive or dark gray, epilithic ------3

3. On calcareous rocks ------4 3. On acid rocks; thallus continuous or areoles not dispersed ------5

4. Thallus brown areolate; areoles frequently dispersed at margins; on pebbles and dry rocks ------V. glaucovirens 4. Thallus gray, flat areolate; medulla black or pale; perithecia completely immersed ------V. fuscella?

5. Medulla black; thallus thick; verrucose areolate; perithecia completely immersed; not near water ------V. nigrescens 5. Medulla white or only black in small places; thallus continuous and cracked ------6

6. Thallus granular isidiate; perithecia immersed ------V. nigrescentoidea 6. Thallus not granular isidiate; growing near water ------7

7. Base of perithecia not black, top 1/4 emergent; thallus tan, continuous, thin ------V. margacea 7. Base of perithecia black, completely immersed and only ostiole showing ------V. sp.

XANTHOPARMELIA

1. Soredia or isidia present ------2 1. Without soredia or isidia ------4

2. Lower surface tan; norstictic and stictic ------X. plittii 2. Lower surface dark brown to black ------3

3. Norstictic and stictic present ------X. conspersa 3. Salazinic present ------X. mexicana

4. Lower surface black ------5 4. Lower surface tan to brown ------8

5. Thallus UV+ white (alectoronic); upper surface pustulate; upper cortex very fragile and easily breaking up ------Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga 5. Thallus UV-; upper surface not pustulate ------6

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XANTHOPARMELIA

6. Medulla K-, P+ red (fumarprotocetraric) ------X. hypomelaena 6. Medulla K+ yellow or red ------7

7. Salazinic present ------X. tasmanica 7. Stictic present ------X. angustiphylla

8. Medulla K-, KC+ orange UV+ white (alectoronic); lower surface white ------Arctoparmelia centrifuga 8. Medulla K+ yellow or red, UV------9

9. Stictic present; thallus usually adnate to rock ------X. cumberlandia 9. Salazinic present;

10. Thallus usually loosely attached ------X. somloensis 10 Thallus closely attached ------(X. lineola)

XANTHORIA

1. Thallus sorediate ------2 1. Thallus not sorediate ------6

2. Lobes narrow, terminal lobes almost cylindrical ------(X. candelaria) 2. Lobes broader, terminal lobes broad ------3

3. Soredia on surface of lobes near center of thallus; always on rock ------X. sorediata 3. Soredia on lower surface of tips or margins of lobes; usually on bark or wood ------4

4. Soralia marginal, granular ------5

4. Soralia hood shaped and terminal ------X. fallax

5. Lobes linear, <0.5 mm, soredia under tips of lobes ------X. fulva 5. Lobes broader, ~ 0.5 mm, soredia on lower surface at ends of lobes --- X. ulophyllodes

6. Always growing on rock; thallus lobes strongly convex ------X. elegans 6. Usually growing on bark or wood; thallus lobes flattened ------7

7. Rhizines present; common ------X. hasseana 7. Rhizines absent, attached by hapters; rare, on twigs near water ------X. polycarpa

XYLOGRAPHA

1. Thallus sorediate; apothecia rare; soralia K+ yellow or red; thallus within wood ------X. vitiligo 1. Thallus not sorediate; apothecia present ------2

83

XYLOGRAPHA

2. Thallus of gray granules on surface of lignum; apothecia linear, very short (to 0.3 mm); spores 14-16 x 5-7 µm, thallus K+ yellow ------X. disseminata 2. Thallus entirely within substrate; apothecia linear, unbranched, to 2 mm long; spores 11-16 x 6-8 µm; thallus K------X. parallela

Species occurring in Minnesota but not in the keys.

Arthothelium spectabile Lepraria lesdanii Bacidia subincompta Lithothelium hyalosproum Bacidia egenula Mycobilimbia carneoalbida Biatora ocelliformis Mycobilimbia epixanthoides Biatora pycnidiata Mycoblastus fuscatus Caloplaca variabilis Mycoglaena quercicola Cladonia magyarica Opegrapha anomea Cladonia norvegica Rhizocarpon subgeminatum Fuscidea arboricola Rinodina degeliana Ionaspis alba Rinodina freyi Lecania cytrella Rinodina isidiate Lecanora epanora Rinodina magnusonii Lecanora expallens Rinodina oleae Lecanora flotoviana Rinodina tephraspis Lecanora fugiens Ropalospora viridis Lecanora invadens Stereocaulon evolutum Lecanora minutella Stereocaulon tenaeiarum Lecanora torrida Verrucaria baldensis Lecidea betulicola Verrucaria fayettensis Lecidea fuliginosa

84

INDEX

Acarospora americana 20 Bacidia schweinitzii 25 Acarospora badiofusca 20 Bacidia suffusa 25 Acarospora fuscata 20 Bacidina inundata 22, 26 Acarospora immersa 20 Baeomyces rufus 3 Acarospora schleicheri 20 Bellemerea cinereorufescens 22, 47 Acrocordia cavata 20 Biatora albohyalina 51 Acrocordia megalospora 20 Biatora efflorescens 49, 79 Amandinea dakotensis 76 Biatora epixanthoides 23 Amandinea milliaria 76 Biatora helvola 51 Amandinea polyspora 27 Biatora turgidula 51 Amandinea punctata 27 Biatora vernalis 50 Anaptychia palmulata 20, 68 Bryoria capillaris 26 Anaptychia setifera 4, 5, 20 Bryoria furcellata 26 Anisomeridium biforme 20 Bryoria fuscescens 26 Anisomeridium nyssaegenum 20 Bryoria nadvornikiana 26 Arctoparmelia centrifuga 59, 83 Bryoria trichodes 26 Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga 59, 82 Buellia alboatra 16, 26 Arthonia caesia 20 Buellia arnoldii 27 21 Buellia dialyta 26 Arthonia dispersa 21 Buellia disciformis 27 Arthonia fuliginosa 21 Buellia nigra 27 Arthonia patellulata 21 Buellia schaereri 27 Arthonia punctiformis 21 Buellia stigmaea 27 Arthonia radiata 21 Buellia stillingiana 27 21 Buellia turgescens 27 Arthonia vinosa 21 Buellia venusta 26 Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa 21 28 Arthopyrenia punctiformis 21 28 Arthothelium ruanum 14, 16 Calicium parvum 27 Arthrorhaphis cintrinella 10, 17 Calicium salicinum 27 Arthrosporum populorum 15, 23 Calicium trabinellum 27 Aspicilia caesiocinerea 22, 47 Caloplaca ahtii 28, 29 Aspicilia cinerea 22, 47 Caloplaca arenaria 30 Aspicilia contorta 22, 47 Caloplaca atroalba 30 Bacidia bagliettoana 24 Caloplaca brunneola 28 Bacidia circumspecta 26 Caloplaca cerina 29 Bacidia diffracta 25 Caloplaca chlorina 29 Bacidia granosa 22 Caloplaca chrysophthalma 28 Bacidia incompta 25 Caloplaca cirrochroa 29 Bacidia laurocerasi 23, 25 Caloplaca citrina 9, 29 Bacidia polychroa 25 Caloplaca epithallina 29 Bacidia rosella 25 Caloplaca feracissima 30 Bacidia rubella 25 Caloplaca ferruginea 29 Bacidia sabuletorum 23, 24, 25 Caloplaca flavorubescens 28

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Caloplaca flavovirescens 30 Chaenotheca xyloxena 32 Caloplaca galactophylla 29 Chaenothecopsis consociata 33 Caloplaca grimmiae 29 Chaenothecopsis debilis 33 Caloplaca holocarpa 29, 30 Chaenothecopsis pusilla 33 Caloplaca microphyllina 28 Chaenothecopsis pusiola 33 Caloplaca oxfordensis 30 Chaenothecopsis rubescens 33 Caloplaca parvula 28 Chaenothecopsis savonica 33 Caloplaca pollinii 28 Chaenothecopsis viridireagens 33 Caloplaca saxicola 29 Chrysothrix candelaris 33 Caloplaca sideritis 30 Chrysothrix chlorina 33 Caloplaca stellata 29 Cladonia acuminata 38 Caloplaca subsoluta 30 Cladonia amaurocraea 35, 36 Caloplaca vitellinula 30 Cladonia arbuscula 33 Candelaria concolor 30 Cladonia bacilliformis 38 Candelaria fibrosa 30 Cladonia borealis 35 Candelariella aurella 31 Cladonia botrytes 37 Candelariella efflorescens 31 Cladonia caespiticia 37, 39 Candelariella subdeflexa 31 Cladonia cariosa 37, 39 Candelariella vitellina 31 Cladonia cenotea 35 Candelariella xanthostigma 11, 30 Cladonia cervicornis 34 Canomaculina subtinctoria 60, 63 Cladonia chlorophaea 36 Catapyrenium lachneum 31, 41 Cladonia coccifera 34, 35 Catapyrenium lacinulatum 31, 41 Cladonia coniocraea 38 Catapyrenium tuckermanii 31, 41 Cladonia cornuta 35, 38 Catillaria lenticularis 31 Cladonia crispata 34 Catillaria nigroclavata 31 Cladonia cristatella 36 Catinaria atropurpurea 18 Cladonia cryptochlorophaea 36 Cetraria americana 32 Cladonia cylindrica 38 Cetraria arenaria 31 Cladonia decorticata 37, 38 Cetraria aurescens 31 Cladonia deformis 34 Cetraria ericetorum 31 Cladonia digitata 34 Cetraria fendleri 32 Cladonia farinacea 37 Cetraria oakesiana 31 Cladonia fimbriata 36 Cetraria orbata 32 Cladonia floerkeana 36 Cetraria pinastri 31 Cladonia furcata 35, 37 Cetraria sepincola 31 Cladonia gracilis 35 Cetrelia chicitae 32, 61 Cladonia grayi 36 Cetrelia olivetorum 32, 61 Cladonia humilis 36 Chaenotheca brunneola 32 Cladonia macilenta 36 Chaenotheca chrysocephala 32 Cladonia merochlorophaea 36 Chaenotheca ferriginea 32 Cladonia mitis 33 Chaenotheca furfuracea 32, 41 Cladonia multiformis 35 Chaenotheca hispidula 32 Cladonia parasitica 39 Chaenotheca laevigata 12, 32 Cladonia peziziformis 37 Chaenotheca stemonea 32 Cladonia phyllophora 35 Chaenotheca trichialis 32 Cladonia pleurota 34

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Cladonia polycarpoides 37, 39 Diploschistes scruposus 42 Cladonia pyxidata 35 Endocarpon pusillum 7, 14 Cladonia ramulosa 35, 38 Eopyrenula intermedia 13 Cladonia rangiferina 33 Ephebe lanata 42 Cladonia rei 35, 38 Ephebe ocellata 42 Cladonia robbinsii 38 Evernia mesomorpha 4 Cladonia scabriuscula 37 Flavoparmelia baltimorensis 42, 59 Cladonia squamosa 34, 36, 38, 39 Flavoparmelia caperata 42, 59 Cladonia stellaris 33 Flavopunctelia flaventior 42, 59 Cladonia stygia 33 Flavopunctelia soredica 42, 59 Cladonia subulata 35, 38 Fuscopannaria ahlneri 42, 58 Cladonia sulphurina 34 Fuscopannaria leucophaea 42, 58 Cladonia symphycarpia 37, 39 Fuscopannaria leucosticta 42, 58 Cladonia turgida 35, 39 Fuscopannaria praetermissa 42, 58 Cladonia uncialis 36 Graphis scripta 14 Cladonia wainioi 34, 37 Gyalecta jenensis 16, 43 Clausssenomyces olivaceus 16 Gyalecta truncigena 16, 43 Coccocarpia palmicola 7 Heppia lutosa 6, 7 Coenogonium luteum 39 Heterodermia galactophylla 43 Coenogonium pineti 39 Heterodermia hypoleuca 43 Collema bachmanianum 39, 40 Heterodermia obscurata 43 Collema coccophorum 40 Heterodermia speciosa 43, 69 Collema conglomeratum 40 Hyperphyscia adglutinata 43 Collema flaccidum 40 Hyperphyscia syncolla 43 Collema fuscovirens 39, 41 Hypocenomyce anthracophila 43, 49 Collema glebulentum 40 Hypocenomyce friesii 43, 48 Collema limosum 39, 40 Hypocenomyce scalaris 43, 49 Collema nigrescens 40 Hypogymnia bitteri 44 Collema polycarpon 40 44 Collema pulcellum 40 Hypogymnia tubulosa 44 Collema subflaccidum 40 Hypotrachyna revoluta 61 Collema tenax 39, 40 Icmadophila ericetorum 17 Collema undulatum 41 Imshaugia aleurites 44, 63 Conotrema urceolatum 17 Imshaugia placorodia 44, 60, 63 Cresponea chloroconia 17, 24 Ionaspis lacustris 47 Cyphelium lucidum 41 Japewia tornoensis 51 Cyphelium tigillare 41 Julella sericea 13 Dendriscocaulon intricatulum 3 Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops 13, 57 Dermatocarpon americanum 41 Lasallia papulosa 80 Dermatocarpon luridum 41 Lecania dubitans 44 Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum 41 Lecania erysibe 44 Dermatocarpon miniatum 41 Lecania naegelii 24, 44 Dermatocarpon moulinsii 41 Lecania nylanderiana 44 Dimelaena oreina 16, 75 Lecanora albella 45 Diploschistes actinostomus 42 Lecanora allophana 46 Diploschistes muscorum 42 Lecanora argentata 46

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Lecanora argentea 48 Lecidella stigmatea 53 Lecanora argopholis 47 Lepraria caesioalba 53 Lecanora caesiorubella 45 Lepraria lobificans 53 Lecanora carpinea 45 Lepraria neglecta 53 Lecanora cateilea 44 Leptogium apalachense 53 Lecanora cenisia 48 Leptogium arsenei 53 Lecanora circumborealis 46 Leptogium byssinum 54 Lecanora crenulata 48 Leptogium corticola 53 Lecanora dispersa 48 Leptogium cyanescens 53 Lecanora galactinula 47 Leptogium dactylinum 54 Lecanora hagenii 45 Leptogium hirsutum 53 46 Leptogium lichenoides 54 Lecanora impudens 10, 44 Leptogium milligranum 53 Lecanora intricate 47 Leptogium saturninum 53 Lecanora meridionalis 46 Leptogium tenuissimum 54 Lecanora muralis 47 Leptogium teretiusculum 54 Lecanora opiniconensis 47, 74 Leptorhaphis contorta 54 Lecanora piniperda 45 Leptorhaphis epidermidis 54 Lecanora polytropa 47 Lichenothelia scopularia 57 Lecanora pseudistera 48 Lichinella cribellifera 54 Lecanora pulicaris 46 Lichinella minnesotensis 54 Lecanora rugosella 46 Lichinella nigritella 54, 79 Lecanora rupicola 47 Lithothelium phaeosporum 13 Lecanora saligna 45 54 Lecanora sambuci 15, 44 Lobaria quercizans 54 Lecanora strobilina 45 Lobaria scrobiculata 54 Lecanora symmicta 45, 50 Lobothallia alphoplaca 22, 46 Lecanora thysanophora 10, 11, 44 Lopadium pezizoideum 16 Lecanora valesiaca 47 Loxospora elatina 54 Lecanora varia 45 Loxospora pustulata 54 Lecanora wisconsinensis 46 Megalospora porphyritis 10, 17 Lecidea albofuscescens 50 Megaspora verrucosa 45 Lecidea atrobrunnea 51 Melanelia albertana 55, 62 Lecidea auriculata 52, 52 Melanelia disjuncta 56, 63 Lecidea carnulenta 51 Melanelia exasperata 55, 62 Lecidea delincta 51 Melanelia exasperatula 55,62 Lecidea erythrophaea 50, 51 Melanelia fuliginosa 55, 62 Lecidea nylanderi 49 Melanelia hepatizon 31, 56, 63 Lecidea plana 52 Melanelia infumata 56, 63 Lecidea plebeja 50 Melanelia olivacea 55, 62 Lecidea tessellata 52 Melanelia septentrionalis 55, 62 Lecidella carpathica 52, 52 Melanelia sorediata 56, 63 Lecidella effugiens 52 Melanelia subargentifera 55, 62 Lecidella elaeochroma 50, 52 Melanelia subaurifera 55, 62 Lecidella euphorea 50, 52 Melanelia subolivacea 55, 62 Lecidella patavina 53 Melanelia tominii 56, 63

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Melanelia trabeculata 55, 62 Parmotrema margaritatum 60, 64 Melaspilea arthonioides 14 Parmotrema stuppeum 60, 63 5 Peltigera aphthosa 64 Micarea denigrata 56 Peltigera canina 65 Micarea erratica 52, 56 Peltigera collina 64 Micarea melaena 24, 56 Peltigera didactyla 64, 65 Micarea misella 56 Peltigera elisabethae 65 Micarea peliocarpa 24, 56 Peltigera evansiana 64 Micarea prasina 56 Peltigera horizontalis 65 Microcalicium arenarium 12 Peltigera lepidophora 64 Mycobilimbia berengeriana 50 Peltigera leucophlebia 64 Mycobilimbia hypnorum 50 Peltigera malacea 65 Mycobilimbia pilularis 24 Peltigera membranacea 65 Mycobilimbia tetramera 24 Peltigera neckeri 65 Mycoblastus affinis 57 Peltigera polydactylon 65 Mycoblastus sanguinarius 57 Peltigera praetextata 64 Mycocalicium subtile 12 Peltigera rufescens 65 Mycomicrothelia wallrothii 13, 57 Peltigera scabrosa 65 Myelochroa aurulenta 57, 61 Peltigera venosa 64 Myelochroa galbina 57, 60 Peltula bolanderi 65 Myelochroa obsessa 57, 61 Peltula euploca 65 Nephroma bellum 57 Peltula patellata 65 Nephroma helveticum 57 Pertusaria alpina 66 Nephroma parile 57 Pertusaria amara 66 Nephroma resupinatum 57 Pertusaria consocians 66 Normandina pulchella 7 Pertusaria globularis 65 Ochrolechia androgyna 10, 57 Pertusaria leioplaca 66 Ochrolechia arborea 10, 44, 57 Pertusaria macounii 67 Ochrolechia mexicana 58 Pertusaria multipunctoides 66 Ochrolechia pseudopallescens 58 Pertusaria ophthalmiza 66 Ochrolechia trochophora 58 Pertusaria plittiana 66 Opegrapha varia 14 Pertusaria pustulata 67 Pachyphiale fagicola 15 Pertusaria rhexostoma 66 Pannaria conoplea 43, 58 Pertusaria stenhammari 66 Pannaria pezizoides , 42, 58 Pertusaria trachythallina 66 Pannaria tavarsii 43, 58 Pertusaria velata 19, 66 Parmelia fraudans 61 Phaeocalicium compressulum 67 60 Phaeocalicium curtisii 67 61 Phaeocalicium polyporaeum 67 Parmelia squarrosa 61 Phaeocalicium populneum 67 61 Phaeophyscia adiastola 68 Parmeliella triptophylla 43, 58 Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi 69 Parmeliopsis ambigua 63 Phaeophyscia chloantha 68 Parmeliopsis hyperopta 63 Phaeophyscia ciliata 68 Parmotrema arnoldii 60, 63 Phaeophyscia endococcina 67 Parmotrema crinitum 60, 63 Phaeophyscia hirtella 68

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Phaeophyscia hispidula 68 Porpidia tahawasiana 71 Phaeophyscia histuta 69 Porpidia tuberculosa 71 Phaeophyscia imbricata 68 Protoblastenia rupestris 9, 30 Phaeophyscia kairamoi 68 Protoparmelia badia 46 Phaeophyscia melanchra 68 Protoparmelia hypotremella 77 Phaeophyscia nigricans 68 Pseudevernia consocians 4 Phaeophyscia orbicularis 69 Pseudocyphellaria crocata 6 Phaeophyscia pusilloides 68 Psilolechia lucida 51 Phaeophyscia rubropulchra 68 Psora decipiens 48, 72 Phaeophyscia sciastra 68 Psora globifera 48, 72 Phlyctis argena 10, 16 Psora icterica 48, 71 Phylliscum demangeonii 4, 6, 7 Psora pseudorussellii 72 Physcia adscendens 69 Psorula rufonigra 48, 72 Physcia aipolia 69 Punctelia appalachensis 60, 72 Physcia americana 69 Punctelia bolliana 60, 72 Physcia caesia 69 Punctelia graminicola 60, 72 Physcia dakotensis 70 Punctelia hypoleucites 60, 72 Physcia dubia 69, 70 Punctelia perreticulata 61, 72 Physcia halei 69 Punctelia rudecta 61, 72 Physcia millegrana 69 Punctelia stictica 61 Physcia phaea 69 Pyrenopsis polycocca 72 Physcia stellaris 69 Pyrenula pseudobufonia 13 Physcia subtilis 70 Pyrrhospora elabens 50 Physconia detersa 70 Pyrrhospora varians 50 Physconia kurokawae 70 Pyxine sorediata 69 Physconia leucoleiptes 70 Ramalina americana 73 Physconia muscigena 70 Ramalina dilacerata 73 Placynthiella dasaea 49, 70 Ramalina intermedia 73 Placynthiella icmalea 49, 70 Ramalina obtusata 73 Placynthiella oligotropha 49, 70 Ramalina roesleri 73 Placynthiella uliginosa 70 Ramalina sinensis 73 Placynthium nigrum 70 Ramalina thrausta 4, 73 Placynthium stenophyllum 70 Ramalina thrausta 72 Platismatia glauca 70 Ramalina unifolia 73 Platismatia tuckermanii 5, 70 Rhizocarpon badioatrum 74 Pleopsidium flavum 20 Rhizocarpon cinereovirens 74 Polyblastia cupularis 14 Rhizocarpon disporum 73 Polyblastia theleodes 14 Rhizocarpon distinctum 74 Polysporina simplex 76 Rhizocarpon geminatum 73 Porpidia albocaerulescens 51, 71 Rhizocarpon geographicum 73 Porpidia cinereoatra 71 Rhizocarpon grande 74 Porpidia crustulata 51, 71 Rhizocarpon hochstetteri 74 Porpidia diversa 71 Rhizocarpon lavatum 74 Porpidia herteliana 71 Rhizocarpon petraeum 74 Porpidia macrocarpa 51, 71 Rhizocarpon reductum 74 Porpidia speirea 51, 71 Rhizocarpon rubescens 74

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Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca 46, 74 Staurothele diffractella 77 Rhizoplaca melanophthalma 74 Staurothele drummondii 78 Rhizoplaca subdescrepans 74 Staurothele elenkinii 77 Rimelia cetrata 60 Staurothele fissa 78 Rimelia reticulata 60, 64 Stenocybe major 78 Rimularia caeca 50 Stenocybe pullatula 78 Rinodina adirondackii 76 Stereocaulon dactylophyllum 78 Rinodina archaea 76 Stereocaulon paschale 78 Rinodina austroborealis 76 Stereocaulon pileatum 78 Rinodina bischoffii 75 Stereocaulon saxatile 78 Rinodina cana 75 Stereocaulon tomentosum 78 Rinodina colobina 75 Sticta beauvoisii 78 Rinodina colobinoides 75 Sticta funiginosa 78 Rinodina confragosa 75 Strangospora microhaema 78 Rinodina efflorescens 75 Strangospora moriformis 79 Rinodina excrescens 76 Strangospora ochrophora 79 Rinodina exigua 77 Strangospora pinicola 79 Rinodina glauca 76 Strigula jamesii 79 Rinodina granulans 76 Strigula stigmatella 22, 79 Rinodina metaboliza 76 Strigula submuriformis 13, 21, 79 Rinodina oxydata 75 Synalissa symphorea 7 Rinodina pachysperma 76 Teloschistes chrysophthalmus 3 Rinodina polyspora 76 Tephromela atra 48 Rinodina populicola 76 Thelocarpon epibolum 79 Rinodina septentrionalis 76 Thelocarpon laureri 79 Rinodina siouxiana 75 Thrombium epigaeum 14 Rinodina subminuta 76, 77 Thyrea confusa 79 Rinodina thomsonii 75 Toninia aromatica 79 Rinodina vezdae 75 Toninia ruginosa 79 Ropalospora chlorantha 25 Toninia sedifolia 79 Sarcogyne regularis 77 Toninia squalida 79 Sarcosagium campestre 15 Trapelia coarctata 52, 80 Sarea difformis 77 Trapelia involuta 80 Sarea resinae 15, 76 Trapelia obtegens 80 Schismatomma pericleum 14, 17 Trapelia placodioides 80 Sclerophora farinacea 41 Trapeliopsis flexuosa 49, 80 Sclerophora nivea 41 Trapeliopsis granulosa 49, 80 Scoliciosporum chlorococcum 23, 24, Trapeliopsis viridescens 49, 56, 80 25, 77 Umbilicaria americana 81 Scoliciosporum umbrinum 22, 23, 77 Umbilicaria deusta 80 Solorina saccata 5 Umbilicaria hyperborea 80 Sphinctrina anglica 77 Umbilicaria mammulata 81 Sphinctrina leucopoda 77 Umbilicaria muehlenbergii 80 Sphinctrina turbinata 77 Umbilicaria torrefacta 80 Spilonema revertens 11 Umbilicaria vellea 81 Staurothele areolata 78 Usnea amblyoclada 81

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Usnea angulata 81 Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia 59, 83 Usnea cavernosa 81 Xanthoparmelia hypomelaena 59, 83 Usnea ceratina 81 83 Usnea filipendula 81 Xanthoparmelia mexicana 59, 82 Usnea hirta 81 Xanthoparmelia plittii 59, 82 Usnea lapponica 81 Xanthoparmelia somloensis 59, 83 Usnea longissima 81 Xanthoparmelia tasmanica 59, 83 Usnea mutabilis 81 Xanthoria candelaria 83 Usnea rubicunda 81 Xanthoria elegans 29, 83 Usnea subfloridana 81 Xanthoria fallax 83 Verrucaria fuscella 82 Xanthoria fulva 83 Verrucaria glaucovirens 82 Xanthoria hasseana 83 Verrucaria margacea 82 Xanthoria polycarpa 83 Verrucaria muralis 82 Xanthoria sorediata 29, 83 Verrucaria nigrescens 82 Xanthoria ulophyllodes 83 Verrucaria nigrescentoidea 82 Xylographa disseminata 84 Xanthoparmelia angustiphylla 83 Xylographa parallela 84 Xanthoparmelia conspersa 59, 82 Xylographa vitiligo 83

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