Computing Rational Points on Curves
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Algebraic Curves and Surfaces
Notes for Curves and Surfaces Instructor: Robert Freidman Henry Liu April 25, 2017 Abstract These are my live-texed notes for the Spring 2017 offering of MATH GR8293 Algebraic Curves & Surfaces . Let me know when you find errors or typos. I'm sure there are plenty. 1 Curves on a surface 1 1.1 Topological invariants . 1 1.2 Holomorphic invariants . 2 1.3 Divisors . 3 1.4 Algebraic intersection theory . 4 1.5 Arithmetic genus . 6 1.6 Riemann{Roch formula . 7 1.7 Hodge index theorem . 7 1.8 Ample and nef divisors . 8 1.9 Ample cone and its closure . 11 1.10 Closure of the ample cone . 13 1.11 Div and Num as functors . 15 2 Birational geometry 17 2.1 Blowing up and down . 17 2.2 Numerical invariants of X~ ...................................... 18 2.3 Embedded resolutions for curves on a surface . 19 2.4 Minimal models of surfaces . 23 2.5 More general contractions . 24 2.6 Rational singularities . 26 2.7 Fundamental cycles . 28 2.8 Surface singularities . 31 2.9 Gorenstein condition for normal surface singularities . 33 3 Examples of surfaces 36 3.1 Rational ruled surfaces . 36 3.2 More general ruled surfaces . 39 3.3 Numerical invariants . 41 3.4 The invariant e(V ).......................................... 42 3.5 Ample and nef cones . 44 3.6 del Pezzo surfaces . 44 3.7 Lines on a cubic and del Pezzos . 47 3.8 Characterization of del Pezzo surfaces . 50 3.9 K3 surfaces . 51 3.10 Period map . 54 a 3.11 Elliptic surfaces . -
The Group of Automorphisms of the Heisenberg Curve
THE GROUP OF AUTOMORPHISMS OF THE HEISENBERG CURVE JANNIS A. ANTONIADIS AND ARISTIDES KONTOGEORGIS ABSTRACT. The Heisenberg curve is defined to be the curve corresponding to an exten- sion of the projective line by the Heisenberg group modulo n, ramified above three points. This curve is related to the Fermat curve and its group of automorphisms is studied. Also we give an explicit equation for the curve C3. 1. INTRODUCTION Probably the most famous curve in number theory is the Fermat curve given by affine equation n n Fn : x + y =1. This curve can be seen as ramified Galois cover of the projective line with Galois group a b Z/nZ Z/nZ with action given by σa,b : (x, y) (ζ x, ζ y) where (a,b) Z/nZ Z/nZ.× The ramified cover 7→ ∈ × π : F P1 n → has three ramified points and the cover F 0 := F π−1( 0, 1, ) π P1 0, 1, , n n − { ∞} −→ −{ ∞} is a Galois topological cover. We can see the hyperbolic space H as the universal covering space of P1 0, 1, . The Galois group of the above cover is isomorphic to the free −{ ∞} group F2 in two generators, and a suitable realization of this group in our setting is the group ∆ which is the subgroup of SL(2, Z) PSL(2, R) generated by the elements a = 1 2 1 0 ⊆ , b = and π(P1 0, 1, , x ) = ∆. Related to the group ∆ is the 0 1 2 1 −{ ∞} 0 ∼ modular group a b Γ(2) = γ = SL(2, Z): γ 1 mod2 , c d ∈ ≡ 2 H P1 which is isomorphic to I ∆ while Γ(2) ∼= 0, 1, . -
Arxiv:2002.02220V2 [Math.AG] 8 Jun 2020 in the Early 80’S, V
Contemporary Mathematics Toward good families of codes from towers of surfaces Alain Couvreur, Philippe Lebacque, and Marc Perret To our late teacher, colleague and friend Gilles Lachaud Abstract. We introduce in this article a new method to estimate the mini- mum distance of codes from algebraic surfaces. This lower bound is generic, i.e. can be applied to any surface, and turns out to be \liftable" under finite morphisms, paving the way toward the construction of good codes from towers of surfaces. In the same direction, we establish a criterion for a surface with a fixed finite set of closed points P to have an infinite tower of `{´etalecovers in which P splits totally. We conclude by stating several open problems. In par- ticular, we relate the existence of asymptotically good codes from general type surfaces with a very ample canonical class to the behaviour of their number of rational points with respect to their K2 and coherent Euler characteristic. Contents Introduction 1 1. Codes from surfaces 3 2. Infinite ´etaletowers of surfaces 15 3. Open problems 26 Acknowledgements 29 References 29 Introduction arXiv:2002.02220v2 [math.AG] 8 Jun 2020 In the early 80's, V. D. Goppa proposed a construction of codes from algebraic curves [21]. A pleasant feature of these codes from curves is that they benefit from an elementary but rather sharp lower bound for the minimum distance, the so{called Goppa designed distance. In addition, an easy lower bound for the dimension can be derived from Riemann-Roch theorem. The very simple nature of these lower bounds for the parameters permits to formulate a concise criterion for a sequence of curves to provide asymptotically good codes : roughly speaking, the curves should have a large number of rational points compared to their genus. -
Two Cases of Fermat's Last Theorem Using Descent on Elliptic Curves
A. M. Viergever Two cases of Fermat's Last Theorem using descent on elliptic curves Bachelor thesis 22 June 2018 Thesis supervisor: dr. R.M. van Luijk Leiden University Mathematical Institute Contents Introduction2 1 Some important theorems and definitions4 1.1 Often used notation, definitions and theorems.................4 1.2 Descent by 2-isogeny...............................5 1.3 Descent by 3-isogeny...............................8 2 The case n = 4 10 2.1 The standard proof................................ 10 2.2 Descent by 2-isogeny............................... 11 2.2.1 C and C0 are elliptic curves....................... 11 2.2.2 The descent-method applied to E .................... 13 2.2.3 Relating the descent method and the classical proof.......... 14 2.2.4 A note on the automorphisms of C ................... 16 2.3 The method of descent by 2-isogeny for a special class of elliptic curves... 17 2.3.1 Addition formulas............................. 17 2.3.2 The method of 2-descent on (Ct; O)................... 19 2.4 Twists and φ-coverings.............................. 22 2.4.1 Twists................................... 22 2.4.2 A φ-covering................................ 25 3 The case n = 3 26 3.1 The standard proof................................ 26 3.2 Descent by 3-isogeny............................... 28 3.2.1 The image of q .............................. 28 3.2.2 The descent method applied to E .................... 30 3.2.3 Relating the descent method and the classical proof.......... 32 3.2.4 A note on the automorphisms of C ................... 33 3.3 Twists and φ-coverings.............................. 34 3.3.1 The case d 2 (Q∗)2 ............................ 34 3.3.2 The case d2 = (Q∗)2 ........................... -
On the Density of Rational Points on Elliptic Fibrations
On the density of rational points on elliptic fibrations F. A. Bogomolov Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, N.Y.U. 251 Mercer str. New York, (NY) 10012, U.S.A. e-mail: [email protected] and Yu. Tschinkel Dept. of Mathematics, U.I.C. 851 South Morgan str. Chicago, (IL) 60607-7045, U.S.A. e-mail: [email protected] arXiv:math/9811043v1 [math.AG] 7 Nov 1998 1 Introduction Let X be an algebraic variety defined over a number field F . We will say that rational points are potentially dense if there exists a finite extension K/F such that the set of K-rational points X(K) is Zariski dense in X. The main problem is to relate this property to geometric invariants of X. Hypothetically, on varieties of general type rational points are not potentially dense. In this paper we are interested in smooth projective varieties such that neither they nor their unramified coverings admit a dominant map onto varieties of general type. For these varieties it seems plausible to expect that rational points are potentially dense (see [2]). Varieties which are not of general type can be thought of as triple fibra- tions X → Y → Z, where the generic fiber of X → Y is rationally connected, Y → Z is a Kodaira fibration with generic fiber of Kodaira dimension 0 and the base has Kodaira dimension ≤ 0 (cf. [3]). In this paper we study mostly varieties of dimension 2 and 3. In dimension 2 the picture is as follows: Rationally connected surfaces are rational over some finite extension of F and therefore the problem has an easy solution in this case. -
Rational Points and Obstructions to Their Existence 2015 Arizona Winter School Problem Set Extended Version
RATIONAL POINTS AND OBSTRUCTIONS TO THEIR EXISTENCE 2015 ARIZONA WINTER SCHOOL PROBLEM SET EXTENDED VERSION KĘSTUTIS ČESNAVIČIUS The primary goal of the problems below is to build up familiarity with some useful lemmas and examples that are related to the theme of the Winter School. Notation. For a field k, we denote by k a choice of its algebraic closure, and by ks Ă k the resulting separable closure. If k is a number field and v is its place, we write kv for the corresponding completion. If k “ Q, we write p ¤ 8 to emphasize that p is allowed be the infinite place; for this particular p, we write Qp to mean R. For a base scheme S and S-schemes X and Y , we write XpY q for the set of S-morphisms Y Ñ X. When dealing with affine schemes we sometimes omit Spec for brevity: for instance, we write Br R in place of BrpSpec Rq. A ‘torsor’ always means a ‘right torsor.’ Acknowledgements. I thank the organizers of the Arizona Winter School 2015 for the opportunity to design this problem set. I thank Alena Pirutka for helpful comments. 1. Rational points In this section, k is a field and X is a k-scheme. A rational point of X is an element x P Xpkq, i.e., a section x: Spec k Ñ X of the structure map X Ñ Spec k. 1.1. Suppose that X “ Spec krT1;:::;Tns . Find a natural bijection pf1;:::;fmq n Xpkq ÐÑ tpx1; : : : ; xnq P k such that fipx1; : : : ; xnq “ 0 for every i “ 1; : : : ; mu: krT1;:::;Tns Hint. -
IV.5 Arithmetic Geometry Jordan S
i 372 IV. Branches of Mathematics where the aj,i1,...,in are indeterminates. If we write with many nice pictures and reproductions. A Scrap- g1f1 + ··· + gmfm as a polynomial in the variables book of Complex Curve Theory (American Mathemat- x1,...,xn, then all the coefficients must vanish, save ical Society, Providence, RI, 2003), by C. H. Clemens, the constant term which must equal 1. Thus we get and Complex Algebraic Curves (Cambridge University a system of linear equations in the indeterminates Press, Cambridge, 1992), by F. Kirwan, also start at an easily accessible level, but then delve more quickly into aj,i1,...,in . The solvability of systems of linear equations is well-known (with good computer implementations). advanced subjects. Thus we can decide if there is a solution with deg gj The best introduction to the techniques of algebraic 100. Of course it is possible that 100 was too small geometry is Undergraduate Algebraic Geometry (Cam- a guess, and we may have to repeat the process with bridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988), by M. Reid. larger and larger degree bounds. Will this ever end? For those wishing for a general overview, An Invitation The answer is given by the following result, which was to Algebraic Geometry (Springer, New York, 2000), by proved only recently. K. E. Smith, L. Kahanpää, P. Kekäläinen, and W. Traves, is a good choice, while Algebraic Geometry (Springer, New Effective Nullstellensatz. Let f1,...,fm be polyno- York, 1995), by J. Harris, and Basic Algebraic Geometry, mials of degree less than or equal to d in n variables, volumes I and II (Springer, New York, 1994), by I. -
THE HESSE PENCIL of PLANE CUBIC CURVES 1. Introduction In
THE HESSE PENCIL OF PLANE CUBIC CURVES MICHELA ARTEBANI AND IGOR DOLGACHEV Abstract. This is a survey of the classical geometry of the Hesse configuration of 12 lines in the projective plane related to inflection points of a plane cubic curve. We also study two K3surfaceswithPicardnumber20whicharise naturally in connection with the configuration. 1. Introduction In this paper we discuss some old and new results about the widely known Hesse configuration of 9 points and 12 lines in the projective plane P2(k): each point lies on 4 lines and each line contains 3 points, giving an abstract configuration (123, 94). Through most of the paper we will assume that k is the field of complex numbers C although the configuration can be defined over any field containing three cubic roots of unity. The Hesse configuration can be realized by the 9 inflection points of a nonsingular projective plane curve of degree 3. This discovery is attributed to Colin Maclaurin (1698-1746) (see [46], p. 384), however the configuration is named after Otto Hesse who was the first to study its properties in [24], [25]1. In particular, he proved that the nine inflection points of a plane cubic curve form one orbit with respect to the projective group of the plane and can be taken as common inflection points of a pencil of cubic curves generated by the curve and its Hessian curve. In appropriate projective coordinates the Hesse pencil is given by the equation (1) λ(x3 + y3 + z3)+µxyz =0. The pencil was classically known as the syzygetic pencil 2 of cubic curves (see [9], p. -
Rational Points on Curves
Rational points on curves December 6, 2013 Contents 1 Curves of genus 0 2 1.1 Rational points.......................................2 1.2 Representation by quadratic forms............................4 1.3 Local representatbility...................................5 2 Curves of genus 1 6 2.1 Basic algebraic geometry of curves............................6 2.2 Curves of genus 1......................................8 2.3 Elliptic curves over C or finite fields........................... 10 3 Arithmetic curves 10 3.1 Divisors and line bundles................................. 10 3.2 Riemann{Roch....................................... 13 3.3 Applications......................................... 13 4 Mordell{Weil theorem 15 4.1 Mordell{Weil theorem................................... 15 4.2 Weak Mordell{Weil theorem................................ 16 5 Hermitian line bundles 17 5.1 Divisors, line bundles, and metrics............................ 17 5.2 Arithmetic line bundles and arithmetic divisors..................... 18 5.3 Heights........................................... 19 6 Heights without hermitian line bundles 20 6.1 Behavior under morphisms................................ 21 6.2 Nothcott property..................................... 23 6.3 Neron{Tate height on elliptic curves........................... 24 7 Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectures 25 7.1 Tate{Shafarevich groups.................................. 25 7.2 L-functions......................................... 26 7.3 Geometric analog...................................... 28 1 8 Constant -
The Klein Quartic in Number Theory
The Eightfold Way MSRI Publications Volume 35, 1998 The Klein Quartic in Number Theory NOAM D. ELKIES Abstract. We describe the Klein quartic X and highlight some of its re- markable properties that are of particular interest in number theory. These include extremal properties in characteristics 2, 3, and 7, the primes divid- ing the order of the automorphism group of X; an explicit identification of X with the modular curve X(7); and applications to the class number 1 problem and the case n = 7 of Fermat. Introduction Overview. In this expository paper we describe some of the remarkable prop- erties of the Klein quartic that are of particular interest in number theory. The Klein quartic X is the unique curve of genus 3 over C with an automorphism group G of size 168, the maximum for its genus. Since G is central to the story, we begin with a detailed description of G and its representation on the 2 three-dimensional space V in whose projectivization P(V )=P the Klein quar- tic lives. The first section is devoted to this representation and its invariants, starting over C and then considering arithmetical questions of fields of definition and integral structures. There we also encounter a G-lattice that later occurs as both the period lattice and a Mordell–Weil lattice for X. In the second section we introduce X and investigate it as a Riemann surface with automorphisms by G. In the third section we consider the arithmetic of X: rational points, relations with the Fermat curve and Fermat’s “Last Theorem” for exponent 7, and some extremal properties of the reduction of X modulo the primes 2, 3, 7 dividing #G. -
Generalized Fermat Curves
ARTICLE IN PRESS JID:YJABR AID:12369 /FLA [m1G; v 1.77; Prn:15/01/2009; 8:13] P.1 (1-18) JournalofAlgebra••• (••••) •••–••• 1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 1 2 2 3 3 4 Journal of Algebra 4 5 5 6 6 7 www.elsevier.com/locate/jalgebra 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 Generalized Fermat curves 12 13 13 a,∗,1 b,2 c 14 Gabino González-Diez ,RubénA.Hidalgo , Maximiliano Leyton 14 15 15 a Departamento de Matemáticas, UAM, Madrid, Spain 16 16 b Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile 17 c Institut Fourier-UMR5582, Université Joseph Fourier, France 17 18 18 19 19 article info abstract 20 20 21 21 Article history: 22 A closed Riemann surface S is a generalized Fermat curve of type 22 Received 12 November 2007 k n if it admits a group of automorphisms H =∼ Zn such that the 23 ( , ) k 23 Available online xxxx quotient O = S/H is an orbifold with signature (0,n + 1;k,...,k), 24 Communicated by Corrado de Concini 24 that is, the Riemann sphere with (n + 1) conical points, all of same 25 25 order k.ThegroupH is called a generalized Fermat group of type 26 Keywords: 26 Riemann surfaces (k,n) and the pair (S, H) is called a generalized Fermat pair of 27 27 Fuchsian groups type (k,n). We study some of the properties of generalized Fermat 28 Automorphisms curves and, in particular, we provide simple algebraic curve real- 28 29 ization of a generalized Fermat pair (S, H) in a lower-dimensional 29 30 projective space than the usual canonical curve of S so that the 30 31 normalizer of H in Aut(S) is still linear. -
Arxiv:1803.02069V1 [Math.NT] 6 Mar 2018 Ayelpi Uvsdfie Yeutoso H Form the of Equations by Defined Curves Elliptic Many Be Have Respectively
SEQUENCES OF CONSECUTIVE SQUARES ON QUARTIC ELLIPTIC CURVES MOHAMED KAMEL AND MOHAMMAD SADEK Abstract. Let C : y2 = ax4 + bx2 + c, be an elliptic curve defined over Q. A set of rational points (xi,yi) ∈ C(Q), i = 1, 2, ··· , is said to be a sequence 2 of consecutive squares if xi = (u + i) , i = 1, 2, ··· , for some u ∈ Q. Using ideas of Mestre, we construct infinitely many elliptic curves C with sequences of consecutive squares of length at least 6. It turns out that these 6 rational points are independent. We then strengthen this result by proving that for a fixed 6- term sequence of consecutive squares, there are infinitely many elliptic curves C with the latter sequence forming the x-coordinates of six rational points in C(Q). 1. Introduction In [3], Bremner started discussing the existence of long sequences on elliptic curves. He produced an infinite family of elliptic curves with arithmetic progres- sion sequences of length 8. Several authors displayed infinite families of elliptic curves with long arithmetic progression sequences, see [5, 7, 10]. A geometric progression sequence is another type of sequence that has been studied on elliptic and hyperelliptic curves. Infinitely many (hyper)elliptic curves with 5-term and 8-term geometric progression sequences have been introduced in [4] and [1] respectively. arXiv:1803.02069v1 [math.NT] 6 Mar 2018 In [6], sequences of consecutive squares on elliptic curves were studied. Infinitely many elliptic curves defined by equations of the form E : y2 = ax3 + bx + c, a, b, c ∈ Q, with 5-term sequences of consecutive squares were presented.