DOCSLIB.ORG

Uncorrected Proofs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Uncorrected Proofs N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 284/2 (2017), 241–000 Article E Stuttgart, July 2017 Purported earliest bones of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria): a “dermal tail spine” and a centrum from the Aalenian- Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of England, with comments on other early thyreophorans Peter M. Galton With 2 figures Abstract: The supposed base of a slender dermal tail spine from the Inferior Oolite Group (shallow marine deposit, early Middle Jurassic, Aalenian-Bajocian) of Dorset, England, previously reported as “Stegosaurus” and Thyreophora indet., is a half centrum of a caudal vertebra, Archosauria indet. A dorsally and ventrally incomplete vertebra from the same locality has a low centrum that is slightly wider transversely than it is long and, as there is a parapophysis anteriorly, it is part of a cervical vertebra. However, it does not match those of marine reptiles from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of England in which the cervical centra are elongate in crocodylomorphs, plate-like in ichthyosaurs, and short and wide in some sauropterygians (plesiosaurs and pliosaurs) but the parapophysis is mid-ven- trally situated. The Dorset centrum does not correspond to those of most contemporaneous dinosaurs, viz. theropods, basal sauropodomorphs, basal sauropods and ornithopods. However, it proportions correspond to posterior neck vertebrae of the basal thyreophoran Scelidosaurus (Lower Jurassic, England) and those of eurypod thyreophorans, the dacentrurine stegosaur Dacentrurus (described as Miragaia, Upper Jurassic, Portugal) and the nodosaurid ankylosaur Mymoorapelta (Upper Juras- sic, USA), so the Dorset centrum is tentatively identified as Thyreophora indet. The earliest skeletal records for armored dinosaurs are from the Middle Jurassic: for Eurypoda a proximal ulna from the early Bajocian of Scotland, for Stegosauria two large sub-vertically plates from the earliest Bathonian of England, and for Ankylosauria the ?Bathonian-Callovian of China or the early middle Callovian of England. However, the stegosaurian footprint taxon Deltapodus brodricki (Aalenian) of England pushes the origin of Stegosauria (and sister group Ankylosauria) down into the Early Jurassic. Key words: Thyreophora,uncorrected Euryopoda, Stegosauria, Ankylosauria, proofs Deltapodus, Sauropterygia, Jurassic, England, Portugal, USA, bones, footprints. 1. Introduction and from all continents except Antarctica and Austra- lia (GALTON & UPCHURCH 2004; MAIDMENT et al. 2008; The Stegosauria of MARSH (1877) is a clade of quadru- MAIDMENT 2010; GALTON 2012). pedal graviportal herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs BENTON & SPENCER (1995: 125) listed “Stegosau- with a bizarre array of dermal plates and spines ar- rus” spines from a shallow marine deposit in the In- ranged as two rows along the top of the body from the ferior Oolite Group (Aalenian-Bajocian, early Middle neck to the end of the tail. The group is represented by Jurassic) of Bradford Abbas (National Grid Reference bones from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous SY 5915) near Yeovil in Dorset, southern England. ©2017 E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany www.schweizerbart.de DOI: 10.1127/njgpa/2017/0667 0077-7749/2017/0667 $ 0.00 2 P.M. Galton Fig. 1. A-K – Incomplete bones from Inferior Oolite Group (Aalenian-Bajocian, early Middle Jurassic) from Bradford Abbas near Yeovil, Dorset, England. A-F, purported “Stegosaurus” dermal tail spine, NHMUK PV R.6334, oriented as a spine (A) and as a half centrum of a caudal vertebra, Archosauria indet. (B-F), in A, C, lateral; B, articular end on (or proximal for spine) views; D-E, cross-sectional (with detail E) and F, ventral (or anterior for spine) views. G-K, incomplete posterior cervical vertebra, mostly centrum, Thyreophorauncorrected indet, ?Eurypoda indet., NHMUK proofs PV R.6336, in G, ventral; H, dorsal; I, anterior; J, right lateral and K, posterior views (J, K lit from above). L-N – Stegosaur Dacentrurus armatus (Upper Jurassic, England), holotype NHMUK PV OR46013, proximal end of left dermal spine in L, proximal; M, medial and N, cross-sectional views M, N from OWEN 1875). Abbreviations: c, facet for chevron; p, parapophysis; scale lines = 50 mm (A-D, F-N) and 10 mm (E). These bones were cited as stegosaurian by NAISH & don University from 1921 to 1951 (see PARRINGTON & MARTILL (2008: 616), so this would be the earliest re- WESTOLL 1974). There is no information on the position cord for stegosaur bones, but MAIDMENT et al. (2008) of these bones as found and they are the only ones in re-identified the spine as Thyreophora indet.; they also the WATSON Collection from this locality (S.D. CHAP- mentioned a fragmentary vertebral centrum and two MAN, pers. comm. 2016). The results of an examination indeterminate fragments. of these potentially important but previously unillus- These bones were collected and subsequently donat- trated bones is given here. ed in 1951 to the NHMUK by DAVID MEREDITH SEARES WATSON (1886-1973), a distinguished vertebrate pale- Institutional abbreviations: CAMSM, Sedgwick Museum, ontologist and professor at University College of Lon- Cambridge University, England; CV, Chongqing Museum of Purported earliest bones of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria) 3 Natural History, People’s Republic of China; EGSUS, Pa- The cross-section of the broken end is roughly U- laeoecological Collection, Environmental and Geological shaped (Fig. 1D), rather than sub-circular to oval (Fig. Sciences, University of Sheffield, England; MB, Museum 1N), so the presumed posterior outline is indeterminate. fur Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany; ML, Museu da Lourinhã, Portugal; MWC, Museum of Western Colorado, Grand Junc- Because the cited histology (Fig. 1D, E) matches that tion, Colorado, USA; NHMUK PV: Division of Vertebrate of a vertebral centrum, as does the morphology, R.6334 Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, London, England; is re-identified as the half centrum of a caudal vertebra SDM, Stroud and District Museum, Stroud, England; SGDS: (Fig. 1B-F). The form of the articular end surface cor- St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, St. responds to that of a centrum and the oblique ventral George, Utah, USA; SM, Staffin Museum, Isle of Skye, Scot- land; USNM, National Museum of Natural History [formerly surface (Fig. 1C) has facets for a chevron (Fig. 1B). In United States National Museum], Smithsonian Institution, ventral view (Fig. 1F) the sides initially converge but Washington DC, USA. then diverge, as do the sides of a centrum, rather than continuing to converge distally as on a stegosaurian dermal spine (Fig. 1L, M; GALTON 2016). The original 2. Description and comparisons length of this centrum was at least twice its height (Fig. 1C), quite unlike the proportionally short caudal centra The bone fragments of BENTON & SPENCER (1995) were of stegosaurs in which the height exceeds the length identified as NHMUK PV R.6333-36 by MAIDMENT except in the most distal part of the tail (GILMORE 1914; et al. (2008: 386, but incorrectly cited as from Lower ZHOU 1984). More elongate caudal centra occur in many Jurassic) as follows: “R.6334 is a small fragment of a groups of dinosaurs (WEISHAMPEL et al. 2004) and in dermal spine. It is expanded slightly at the base and marine crocodylomorphs (ANDREWS 1913), so this half appears to be rounded in cross-section. R.6336 may be centrum is tentatively identified as Archosauria indet. a partial vertebral centrum, although (it) is extremely fragmentary. R.6333 and R.6335 are indeterminate NHMUK PV R.6336 (Fig. 1G-K): this is a ventrally bone fragments. Just a small part of the dermal spine incomplete vertebral centrum and, from the presence of is present, and morphologically it could be referable to a parapophysis anterodorsally (Fig. 1G-J), it is from a either Ankylosauria or Stegosauria. These elements are cervical vertebra. The centrum is slightly asymmetrical therefore regarded as Thyreophora indet.” in ventral view and amphicoelous (gently concave at both ends), with the maximum anterior width greater NHMUK PV R.6334 (Fig. 1A-F): as shown (Fig. than the length (Fig. 1G, H). Originally the centrum 1A) it looks like a stegosaurian dermal caudal spine was low, being wider than high (Fig. 1G, J), and it prob- but it differs from those of the stegosaur Dacentru- ably came from the posterior part of the neck. rus (Fig. 1L-N; Upper Jurassic, England; OWEN 1875; The Inferior Oolite Group (Middle Jurassic) of GALTON 1985, 2016) and Stegosaurus (Upper Jurassic, England is a marine deposit but the remains of marine USA; GALTON 2016). The proximal surface is smooth reptiles from it are rather limited, consisting mostly of (Fig. 1B), rather than being very irregular with foram- isolated bones and teeth of crocodylomorphs, plus frag- ina (Fig. 1L), and the rim is smoothuncorrected rather than be- ments of proofs ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and pliosaurs (BEN- ing indented by numerous grooves. The distal broken TON & SPENCER 1985). These groups are very well repre- cross-section (Fig. 1D, E) lacks a thick outer layer of sented in the more recent marine Peterborough Member compact bone bordering a well-defined central cavity of the Oxford Clay Formation (basal middle Callovian, as in Dacentrurus (Fig. 1N) and old adult individu- Middle Jurassic) of Fletton near Peterborough, England als of Stegosaurus (Upper Jurassic, USA; MAIN et al. (ANDREWS 1910, 1913). The crocodylomorphs do not 2005; HAYASHI et al. 2008, 2012). Instead it resembles have short cervicals. The ichthyosaurs have extremely the dermal spines of juvenile to young adult individuals short centra that are thick plate-like discs. Short wide of Stegosaurus and those of ankylosaurs in having a cervical centra occur in some sauropterygians (plesio- thin outer layer of compact bone bordering cancellous saurs and pliosaurs) but the parapophysis is situated bone, with no well-defined central cavity (HAYASHI et ventrally at mid-length, with the diapophysis some- al. 2010, 2012). Proximally this spine differs from those times fused to it dorsally (ANDREWS 1910, figs. 50, 51, of nodosaurid ankylosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of pl.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Neoceratopsian Dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia And
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01222-7 OPEN A neoceratopsian dinosaur from the early Cretaceous of Mongolia and the early evolution of ceratopsia ✉ Congyu Yu 1 , Albert Prieto-Marquez2, Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig 3,4, Zorigt Badamkhatan4,5 & Mark Norell1 1234567890():,; Ceratopsia is a diverse dinosaur clade from the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous with early diversification in East Asia. However, the phylogeny of basal ceratopsians remains unclear. Here we report a new basal neoceratopsian dinosaur Beg tse based on a partial skull from Baruunbayan, Ömnögovi aimag, Mongolia. Beg is diagnosed by a unique combination of primitive and derived characters including a primitively deep premaxilla with four pre- maxillary teeth, a trapezoidal antorbital fossa with a poorly delineated anterior margin, very short dentary with an expanded and shallow groove on lateral surface, the derived presence of a robust jugal having a foramen on its anteromedial surface, and five equally spaced tubercles on the lateral ridge of the surangular. This is to our knowledge the earliest known occurrence of basal neoceratopsian in Mongolia, where this group was previously only known from Late Cretaceous strata. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is sister to all other neoceratopsian dinosaurs. 1 Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York 10024, USA. 2 Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, ICTA-ICP, Edifici Z, c/de les Columnes s/n Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. 3 Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. 4 Institute of Paleontology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, ✉ Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia.
    [Show full text]
  • Dino Hunt Checklist Card Name Type Rarity Acanthopholis
    Dino Hunt Checklist Card Name Type Rarity Acanthopholis Dinosaur Common Acrocanthosaurus Dinosaur Rare Albertosaurus Dinosaur Rare Albertosaurus Dinosaur Ultra Rare Alioramus Dinosaur Rare Allosaurus Dinosaur Rare* Altispinax Dinosaur Rare* Amargasaurus Dinosaur Uncommon* Ammosaurus Dinosaur Uncommon* Anatotitan Dinosaur Common Anchiceratops Dinosaur Common Anchisaurus Dinosaur Common* Ankylosaurus Dinosaur Uncommon* Antarctosaurus Dinosaur Common Apatosaurus Dinosaur Uncommon* Archaeopteryx Dinosaur Rare* Archelon Dinosaur Rare Arrhinoceratops Dinosaur Common Avimimus Dinosaur Common Baby Ankylosaur Dinosaur Common Baby Ceratopsian Dinosaur Common Baby Hadrosaur Dinosaur Common Baby Raptor Dinosaur Rare Baby Sauropod Dinosaur Common Baby Theropod Dinosaur Rare Barosaurus Dinosaur Uncommon Baryonyx Dinosaur Rare* Bellusaurus Dinosaur Common Brachiosaurus Dinosaur Rare* Brachyceratops Dinosaur Uncommon Camarasaurus Dinosaur Common Camarasaurus Dinosaur Ultra Rare Camptosaurus Dinosaur Common Carnotaurus Dinosaur Rare Centrosaurus Dinosaur Common Ceratosaurus Dinosaur Rare* Cetiosaurus Dinosaur Common* Changdusaurus Dinosaur Common Chasmosaurus Dinosaur Common Chilantaisaurus Dinosaur Rare Coelophysis Dinosaur Uncommon* Coloradisaurus Dinosaur Common* Compsognathus Dinosaur Rare* Corythosaurus Dinosaur Common* Cryolophosaurus Dinosaur Rare Cynognathus Dinosaur Rare Dacentrurus Dinosaur Common* Daspletosaurus Dinosaur Rare Datousaurus Dinosaur Common Deinocheirus Dinosaur Rare* Deinonychus Dinosaur Uncommon* Deinosuchus Dinosaur Rare* Diceratops
    [Show full text]
  • Way to Breathe
    INSIGHT DINOSAURS A new, ‘hip’ way to breathe Ornithischians, one of the three major groups of dinosaurs, developed a unique mechanism to ensure airflow in the lungs. MARC R SPENCER the liver to create a motion that draws in air into Related research article Radermacher VJ, the lung. Fernandez V, Schachner ER, Butler RJ, Amongst dinosaurs, two groups (one extinct, Bordy EM, Hudgins MN, de Klerk WJ, the other which gave rise to birds) feature early Chapelle KEJ, Choiniere JN. 2021. A new species with gastralia, only to lose these bones Heterodontosaurus specimen elucidates in favor of other ventilatory mechanisms later in the unique ventilatory macroevolution of evolution (Claessens, 2004). On the other hand, ornithischian dinosaurs. eLife 10:e66036. gastralia had never been found in species doi: 10.7554/eLife.66036 belonging to the now-extinct third dinosaur group Ornithischia, which later on included spe- cies such as Triceratops and Stegosaurus. Now, in eLife, Viktor Radermacher and colleagues report having found, for the first time, gastralia reathe in... and out. As your chest rises in Ornithischia (Radermacher et al., 2021). The and falls, the diaphragm and several team, which is based in institutions in Canada, B lesser-known muscles create the reassur- South Africa, the United Kingdom, France and ing bellows-like motion that allows air to fill and the United States, spotted the bones in Hetero- leave the lungs (Perry et al., 2010). All living dontosaurus, one of the oldest-known mammals and many extinct relatives share the ornithischians. same respiratory muscles and ‘ventilation’ tech- Beyond the unique presence of these bones, this new Heterodontosaurus specimen from nique, but this is not the only way to breathe.
    [Show full text]
  • CPY Document
    v^ Official Journal of the Biology Unit of the American Topical Association 10 Vol. 40(4) DINOSAURS ON STAMPS by Michael K. Brett-Surman Ph.D. Dinosaurs are the most popular animals of all time, and the most misunderstood. Dinosaurs did not fly in the air and did not live in the oceans, nor on lake bottoms. Not all large "prehistoric monsters" are dinosaurs. The most famous NON-dinosaurs are plesiosaurs, moso- saurs, pelycosaurs, pterodactyls and ichthyosaurs. Any name ending in 'saurus' is not automatically a dinosaur, for' example, Mastodonto- saurus is neither a mastodon nor a dinosaur - it is an amphibian! Dinosaurs are defined by a combination of skeletal features that cannot readily be seen when the animal is fully restored in a flesh reconstruction. Because of the confusion, this compilation is offered as a checklist for the collector. This topical list compiles all the dinosaurs on stamps where the actual bones are pictured or whole restorations are used. It excludes footprints (as used in the Lesotho stamps), cartoons (as in the 1984 issue from Gambia), silhouettes (Ascension Island # 305) and unoffi- cial issues such as the famous Sinclair Dinosaur stamps. The name "Brontosaurus", which appears on many stamps, is used with quotation marks to denote it as a popular name in contrast to its correct scientific name, Apatosaurus. For those interested in a detailed encyclopedic work about all fossils on stamps, the reader is referred to the forthcoming book, 'Paleontology - a Guide to the Postal Materials Depicting Prehistoric Lifeforms' by Fran Adams et. al. The best book currently in print is a book titled 'Dinosaur Stamps of the World' by Baldwin & Halstead.
    [Show full text]
  • And the Origin and Evolution of the Ankylosaur Pelvis
    Pelvis of Gargoyleosaurus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) and the Origin and Evolution of the Ankylosaur Pelvis Kenneth Carpenter1,2*, Tony DiCroce3, Billy Kinneer3, Robert Simon4 1 Prehistoric Museum, Utah State University – Eastern, Price, Utah, United States of America, 2 Geology Section, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America, 3 Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado, United States of America, 4 Dinosaur Safaris Inc., Ashland, Virginia, United States of America Abstract Discovery of a pelvis attributed to the Late Jurassic armor-plated dinosaur Gargoyleosaurus sheds new light on the origin of the peculiar non-vertical, broad, flaring pelvis of ankylosaurs. It further substantiates separation of the two ankylosaurs from the Morrison Formation of the western United States, Gargoyleosaurus and Mymoorapelta. Although horizontally oriented and lacking the medial curve of the preacetabular process seen in Mymoorapelta, the new ilium shows little of the lateral flaring seen in the pelvis of Cretaceous ankylosaurs. Comparison with the basal thyreophoran Scelidosaurus demonstrates that the ilium in ankylosaurs did not develop entirely by lateral rotation as is commonly believed. Rather, the preacetabular process rotated medially and ventrally and the postacetabular process rotated in opposition, i.e., lateral and ventrally. Thus, the dorsal surfaces of the preacetabular and postacetabular processes are not homologous. In contrast, a series of juvenile Stegosaurus ilia show that the postacetabular process rotated dorsally ontogenetically. Thus, the pelvis of the two major types of Thyreophora most likely developed independently. Examination of other ornithischians show that a non-vertical ilium had developed independently in several different lineages, including ceratopsids, pachycephalosaurs, and iguanodonts.
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Stegosaur Specimens from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA
    Editors' choice Two new stegosaur specimens from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA D. CARY WOODRUFF, DAVID TREXLER, and SUSANNAH C.R. MAIDMENT Woodruff, D.C., Trexler, D., and Maidment, S.C.R. 2019. Two new stegosaur specimens from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64 (3): 461–480. Two partial skeletons from Montana represent the northernmost occurrences of Stegosauria within North America. One of these specimens represents the northernmost dinosaur fossil ever recovered from the Morrison Formation. Consisting of fragmentary cranial and postcranial remains, these specimens are contributing to our knowledge of the record and distribution of dinosaurs within the Morrison Formation from Montana. While the stegosaurs of the Morrison Formation consist of Alcovasaurus, Hesperosaurus, and Stegosaurus, the only positively identified stegosaur from Montana thus far is Hesperosaurus. Unfortunately, neither of these new specimens exhibit diagnostic autapomorphies. Nonetheless, these specimens are important data points due to their geographic significance, and some aspects of their morphologies are striking. In one specimen, the teeth express a high degree of wear usually unobserved within this clade—potentially illuminating the progression of the chewing motion in derived stegosaurs. Other morphologies, though not histologically examined in this analysis, have the potential to be important indicators for maturational inferences. In suite with other specimens from the northern extent of the formation, these specimens contribute to the ongoing discussion that body size may be latitudinally significant for stegosaurs—an intriguing geographical hypothesis which further emphasizes that size is not an undeviating proxy for maturity in dinosaurs. Key words: Dinosauria, Thyreophora, Stegosauria, Jurassic, Morrison Formation, USA, Montana.
    [Show full text]
  • Clay Diagenesis and Low-Grade Metamorphism of Tithonian and Berriasian Sediments in the Cameros Basin (Spain)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by EPrints Complutense Clay Minerals (2001) 36, 325–333 Clay diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of Tithonian and Berriasian sediments in the Cameros Basin (Spain) J. F. BARRENECHEA1,*, M. RODAS1 ,M.FREY2 , J. ALONSO-AZCA´ RATE3 4 AND J. R. MAS 1 Departamento de Cristalografı´a y Mineralogı´a, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain, 2 Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut, Basel University, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland (deceased), 3 Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Fa´brica de Armas, 45071 Toledo, Spain, and 4 Departamento de Estratigrafı´a, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain (Received 29 February 2000; revised 13 October 2000) ABSTRACT: The clay mineral assemblages of the Tithonian and Berriasian sediments (Tera and Oncala Groups) in the eastern part of the Cameros basin are investigated at seven localities. The lowest-grade assemblage, located on the southern border of the basin, contains calcite + quartz + hematite + kaolinite + mixed-layer illite-smectite (R = 1, 65À85% illite layers) + discrete illite (IC = 0.5À0.65D82y). Systematic increases in the illite and chlorite crystallinities suggest increasing metamorphic grade from the northwest part of the basin to the southeast. This trend does not follow the pattern previously described for the overlying late Berriasian–early Aptian sediments (Urbio´n and Enciso Groups), which exhibit a higher metamorphic grade. This may result from local variations in sedimentary facies, as well as the circulation of hot migratory fluids. Tertiary compression occurring long after the main metamorphic event is considered to be responsible for the enhanced illite and chlorite crystallinities measured in the SE extreme of the basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Stegosaurus Scelidosaurus Huayangosaurus Cheeks: No
    Huayangosaurus Scelidosaurus Stegosaurus Cheeks: No reptile has ever had a ‘buccinator’ muscle Answer: highly flexible tongue Brains 0.001% of stegosaur body weight Compared to 1.8% in humans (1000x larger per unit body weight!) Brains Brains Locomotion Graviportal Locomotion Elephantine hind feet (weight-bearing) Shin bones fused with astragalus/ calcaneum Femur: Long compared to humerus Columnar Facultative Tripodality? Stocky forelimbs- could be used for turning/posturing (Bakker) Dermal Armour? Pattern of plates and spines is species-specific Plates paired or staggered (Stegosaurus) Plates were probably not for defense... not tough enough Rotation? Surface markings => symmetrical. Rotation unlikely Potential uses: Thermoregulation? Warm up (ectotherms), Cool down (endotherms) Signaling? positioned for maximal lateral visibility Sexual Selection Mate Recognition Grooves for blood vessels Sexual dimorphism Differences between males and females of the same species **New finding** published in 2015 Stegosaurus Morrison formation, Colorado Dinosaur Sex Figuring out how Stegosaurus even could have mated is a prickly subject. Females were just as well-armored as males, and it is unlikely that males mounted the females from the back. A different technique was necessary. Perhaps they angled so that they faced belly to belly, some have guessed, or maybe, as suggested by Timothy Isles in a recent paper, males faced away from standing females and backed up (a rather tricky maneuver!). The simplest technique yet proposed is that the female lay down on her side and the male approached standing up, thereby avoiding all those plates and spikes. However the Stegosaurus pair accomplished the feat, though, it was most likely brief—only as long as was needed for the exchange of genetic material.
    [Show full text]
  • Yingshanosaurus Jichuanensis И Gigantspinosaurus Sichuanensis, Примитивные Юрские Стегозавры Из Китая
    Р. Е. Уланский Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis и Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis, примитивные юрские стегозавры из Китая. R. E. Ulansky Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis and Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis, a primitive Jurassic stegosaurs from China. DINOLOGIA 2015 2 Введение Цитировать: Уланский, Р. Е., 2015. Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis и В 1983 году в верхнеюрских отложениях провинции Сычуань в Китае Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis, примитивные юрские стегозавры из Китая. экспедицией под руководством Wan Jihou был выкопан скелет небольшого Dinologia, 11 стр. стегозавра. Впервые имя этого стегозавра, Yingshanosaurus, упоминается в 1984 году в монографической статье Жоу (Zhou, 1984) с описанием Citation: Ulansky, R. E., 2015. Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis and среднеюрского примитивного стегозавра Huayangosaurus. Какое либо Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis, a primitive Jurassic stegosaurs from China. описание нового рода в данной работе отсутствовало, но автор представил Dinologia, 11 pp. [In Russian]. графические рисунки крестца и кожной пластины. В 1985 году также Жоу (Zhou, 1985) использовал имя Yingshanosaurus jichuanensis во время палеонтологического конгресса в Тулузе. Не смотря на то, что его лекция Article in Zoobank была опубликовано в 1986 году, название оставалось nomen nudum из-за недостаточного описания и отсутствия определения типового экземпляра. LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:70166B49-51E2-4030-955B-0F385864B352 Полное описание животного было опубликовано С. Жу (Zhu, 1994), на китайском языке. По этой причине описание оставалось совершенно Авторское право: Р. Уланский, 2014-2015 незамеченным большинством палеонтологов за пределами Китая на Российская Федерация, Краснодарский край, г. Краснодар. протяжении 20 лет. При этом, род и вид упоминались в различных фауновых Эл. Адрес: [email protected] или [email protected] списках и общих обзорах Stegosauria (Averianov, Bakirov and Martin, 2007; Copyright: R. Ulansky, 2014-2015 Maidment, 2010; Maidment, Norman, Barrett, and Upchurch, 2008; Olshevsky, Russian Federation, Krasnodar ter., Krasnodar.
    [Show full text]
  • By Howard Zimmerman
    by Howard Zimmerman DINO_COVERS.indd 4 4/24/08 11:58:35 AM [Intentionally Left Blank] by Howard Zimmerman Consultant: Luis M. Chiappe, Ph.D. Director of the Dinosaur Institute Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 1629_ArmoredandDangerous_FNL.ind1 1 4/11/08 11:11:17 AM Credits Title Page, © Luis Rey; TOC, © De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images; 4-5, © John Bindon; 6, © De Agostini Picture Library/The Natural History Museum, London; 7, © Luis Rey; 8, © Luis Rey; 9, © Adam Stuart Smith; 10T, © Luis Rey; 10B, © Colin Keates/Dorling Kindersly; 11, © Phil Wilson; 12L, Courtesy of the Royal Tyrrell Museum, Drumheller, Alberta; 12R, © De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images; 13, © Phil Wilson; 14-15, © Phil Wilson; 16-17, © De Agostini Picture Library/The Natural History Museum, London; 18T, © 2007 by Karen Carr and Karen Carr Studio; 18B, © photomandan/istockphoto; 19, © Luis Rey; 20, © De Agostini Picture Library/The Natural History Museum, London; 21, © John Bindon; 23TL, © Phil Wilson; 23TR, © Luis Rey; 23BL, © Vladimir Sazonov/Shutterstock; 23BR, © Luis Rey. Publisher: Kenn Goin Editorial Director: Adam Siegel Creative Director: Spencer Brinker Design: Dawn Beard Creative Cover Illustration: Luis Rey Photo Researcher: Omni-Photo Communications, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zimmerman, Howard. Armored and dangerous / by Howard Zimmerman. p. cm. — (Dino times trivia) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-59716-712-3 (library binding) ISBN-10: 1-59716-712-6 (library binding) 1. Ornithischia—Juvenile literature. 2. Dinosaurs—Juvenile literature. I. Title. QE862.O65Z56 2009 567.915—dc22 2008006171 Copyright © 2009 Bearport Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Second Edition
    MASS ESTIMATES - DINOSAURS ETC (largely based on models) taxon k model femur length* model volume ml x specific gravity = model mass g specimen (modeled 1st):kilograms:femur(or other long bone length)usually in decameters kg = femur(or other long bone)length(usually in decameters)3 x k k = model volume in ml x specific gravity(usually for whole model) then divided/model femur(or other long bone)length3 (in most models femur in decameters is 0.5253 = 0.145) In sauropods the neck is assigned a distinct specific gravity; in dinosaurs with large feathers their mass is added separately; in dinosaurs with flight ablity the mass of the fight muscles is calculated separately as a range of possiblities SAUROPODS k femur trunk neck tail total neck x 0.6 rest x0.9 & legs & head super titanosaur femur:~55000-60000:~25:00 Argentinosaurus ~4 PVPH-1:~55000:~24.00 Futalognkosaurus ~3.5-4 MUCPv-323:~25000:19.80 (note:downsize correction since 2nd edition) Dreadnoughtus ~3.8 “ ~520 ~75 50 ~645 0.45+.513=.558 MPM-PV 1156:~26000:19.10 Giraffatitan 3.45 .525 480 75 25 580 .045+.455=.500 HMN MB.R.2181:31500(neck 2800):~20.90 “XV2”:~45000:~23.50 Brachiosaurus ~4.15 " ~590 ~75 ~25 ~700 " +.554=~.600 FMNH P25107:~35000:20.30 Europasaurus ~3.2 “ ~465 ~39 ~23 ~527 .023+.440=~.463 composite:~760:~6.20 Camarasaurus 4.0 " 542 51 55 648 .041+.537=.578 CMNH 11393:14200(neck 1000):15.25 AMNH 5761:~23000:18.00 juv 3.5 " 486 40 55 581 .024+.487=.511 CMNH 11338:640:5.67 Chuanjiesaurus ~4.1 “ ~550 ~105 ~38 ~693 .063+.530=.593 Lfch 1001:~10700:13.75 2 M.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinosaurs British Isles
    DINOSAURS of the BRITISH ISLES Dean R. Lomax & Nobumichi Tamura Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett (Natural History Museum, London) Skeletal reconstructions by Scott Hartman, Jaime A. Headden & Gregory S. Paul Life and scene reconstructions by Nobumichi Tamura & James McKay CONTENTS Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett.............................................................................10 Foreword by the authors........................................................................................11 Acknowledgements................................................................................................12 Museum and institutional abbreviations...............................................................13 Introduction: An age-old interest..........................................................................16 What is a dinosaur?................................................................................................18 The question of birds and the ‘extinction’ of the dinosaurs..................................25 The age of dinosaurs..............................................................................................30 Taxonomy: The naming of species.......................................................................34 Dinosaur classification...........................................................................................37 Saurischian dinosaurs............................................................................................39 Theropoda............................................................................................................39
    [Show full text]