Yingshanosaurus Jichuanensis И Gigantspinosaurus Sichuanensis, Примитивные Юрские Стегозавры Из Китая
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Two New Stegosaur Specimens from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA
Editors' choice Two new stegosaur specimens from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA D. CARY WOODRUFF, DAVID TREXLER, and SUSANNAH C.R. MAIDMENT Woodruff, D.C., Trexler, D., and Maidment, S.C.R. 2019. Two new stegosaur specimens from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64 (3): 461–480. Two partial skeletons from Montana represent the northernmost occurrences of Stegosauria within North America. One of these specimens represents the northernmost dinosaur fossil ever recovered from the Morrison Formation. Consisting of fragmentary cranial and postcranial remains, these specimens are contributing to our knowledge of the record and distribution of dinosaurs within the Morrison Formation from Montana. While the stegosaurs of the Morrison Formation consist of Alcovasaurus, Hesperosaurus, and Stegosaurus, the only positively identified stegosaur from Montana thus far is Hesperosaurus. Unfortunately, neither of these new specimens exhibit diagnostic autapomorphies. Nonetheless, these specimens are important data points due to their geographic significance, and some aspects of their morphologies are striking. In one specimen, the teeth express a high degree of wear usually unobserved within this clade—potentially illuminating the progression of the chewing motion in derived stegosaurs. Other morphologies, though not histologically examined in this analysis, have the potential to be important indicators for maturational inferences. In suite with other specimens from the northern extent of the formation, these specimens contribute to the ongoing discussion that body size may be latitudinally significant for stegosaurs—an intriguing geographical hypothesis which further emphasizes that size is not an undeviating proxy for maturity in dinosaurs. Key words: Dinosauria, Thyreophora, Stegosauria, Jurassic, Morrison Formation, USA, Montana. -
Stegosaurus Scelidosaurus Huayangosaurus Cheeks: No
Huayangosaurus Scelidosaurus Stegosaurus Cheeks: No reptile has ever had a ‘buccinator’ muscle Answer: highly flexible tongue Brains 0.001% of stegosaur body weight Compared to 1.8% in humans (1000x larger per unit body weight!) Brains Brains Locomotion Graviportal Locomotion Elephantine hind feet (weight-bearing) Shin bones fused with astragalus/ calcaneum Femur: Long compared to humerus Columnar Facultative Tripodality? Stocky forelimbs- could be used for turning/posturing (Bakker) Dermal Armour? Pattern of plates and spines is species-specific Plates paired or staggered (Stegosaurus) Plates were probably not for defense... not tough enough Rotation? Surface markings => symmetrical. Rotation unlikely Potential uses: Thermoregulation? Warm up (ectotherms), Cool down (endotherms) Signaling? positioned for maximal lateral visibility Sexual Selection Mate Recognition Grooves for blood vessels Sexual dimorphism Differences between males and females of the same species **New finding** published in 2015 Stegosaurus Morrison formation, Colorado Dinosaur Sex Figuring out how Stegosaurus even could have mated is a prickly subject. Females were just as well-armored as males, and it is unlikely that males mounted the females from the back. A different technique was necessary. Perhaps they angled so that they faced belly to belly, some have guessed, or maybe, as suggested by Timothy Isles in a recent paper, males faced away from standing females and backed up (a rather tricky maneuver!). The simplest technique yet proposed is that the female lay down on her side and the male approached standing up, thereby avoiding all those plates and spikes. However the Stegosaurus pair accomplished the feat, though, it was most likely brief—only as long as was needed for the exchange of genetic material. -
The Systematic Position of the Enigmatic Thyreophoran Dinosaur Paranthodon Africanus, and the Use of Basal Exemplifiers in Phyl
1 The systematic position of the enigmatic thyreophoran dinosaur Paranthodon africanus, 2 and the use of basal exemplifiers in phylogenetic analysis 3 4 Thomas J. Raven1,2 ,3 and Susannah C. R. Maidment2 ,3 5 61Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, UK 72School of Environment & Technology, University of Brighton, UK 8 3Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK 9 10Corresponding author: Thomas J. Raven 11 12Email address: [email protected] 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21ABSTRACT 22 23The first African dinosaur to be discovered, Paranthodon africanus was found in 1845 in the 24Lower Cretaceous of South Africa. Taxonomically assigned to numerous groups since discovery, 25in 1981 it was described as a stegosaur, a group of armoured ornithischian dinosaurs 26characterised by bizarre plates and spines extending from the neck to the tail. This assignment 27that has been subsequently accepted. The type material consists of a premaxilla, maxilla, a nasal, 28and a vertebra, and contains no synapomorphies of Stegosauria. Several features of the maxilla 29and dentition are reminiscent of Ankylosauria, the sister-taxon to Stegosauria, and the premaxilla 30appears superficially similar to that of some ornithopods. The vertebral material has never been 31described, and since the last description of the specimen, there have been numerous discoveries 32of thyreophoran material potentially pertinent to establishing the taxonomic assignment of the 33specimen. An investigation of the taxonomic and systematic position of Paranthodon is therefore 34warranted. This study provides a detailed re-description, including the first description of the 35vertebra. Numerous phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the systematic position of 36Paranthodon is highly labile and subject to change depending on which exemplifier for the clade 37Stegosauria is used. -
Dinosaurs.Pdf
DINOSAURS COMPILED BY HOWIE BAUM THIS IS THE FIRST OF 3 PAGES THAT HELP TO PUT THE 165 MILLION YEAR REIGN OF THE DINOSAURS, IN PERSPECTIVE. IT IS A CALENDAR THAT IS DESIGNED SO THAT ALL OF THE TIME, SINCE THE BIG BANG HAPPENED – 13.8 BILLION YEAR AGO, UP TO THE PRESENT TIME, IS COMPRESSED INTO 1 YEAR. period First Dinosaurs Dinosaurs lived for 165 million years !! Humans have only existed for 0.004% of the age of the Earth ! The rocks of the Cincinnatian series were deposited between approximately 451 and 443 million years ago, during the Ordovician period, when all the land was underwater ! BASIC DINOSAUR FACTS •Dinosaurs are a group of reptiles that have lived on Earth for about 165 million years. About 60% of dinosaurs ate plants (herbivores) and 40% ate meat (carnivores) •In 1842, the English naturalist Sir Richard Owen coined the term Dinosauria, derived from the Greek deinos, meaning “fearfully great,” and sauros, meaning “lizard.” •Dinosaur fossils have been found on all 7 continents. •All non-avian (non-bird) dinosaurs went extinct about 66 million years ago (MYA). •There are roughly 700 known species of extinct dinosaurs. •Modern birds are a kind of dinosaur because they share a common ancestor with non-avian dinosaurs. The Archosaurs consist of a diverse group of Triassic living and extinct reptiles that are subdivided into crocodiles, the 2 main types of dinosaurs, and pterosaurs. ORNITHISCHIAN AND SAURISCHIAN DINOSAURS As shown on the previous diagram, there are 2 types of Dinosaurs. Dinosaurs and reptiles have hip girdles, or pelvises, and all of them are composed of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. -
Sauropod and Small Theropod Tracks from the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation of Zigong City, Sichuan, China, with an Overview
Ichnos, 21:119–130, 2014 Copyright Ó Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1042-0940 print / 1563-5236 online DOI: 10.1080/10420940.2014.909352 Sauropod and Small Theropod Tracks from the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation of Zigong City, Sichuan, China, with an Overview of Triassic–Jurassic Dinosaur Fossils and Footprints of the Sichuan Basin Lida Xing,1 Guangzhao Peng,2 Yong Ye,2 Martin G. Lockley,3 Hendrik Klein,4 W. Scott Persons IV,5 Jianping Zhang,1 Chunkang Shu,2 and Baoqiao Hao2 1School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China 2Zigong Dinosaur Museum, Zigong, Sichuan, China 3Dinosaur Trackers Research Group, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA 4Saurierwelt Palaontologisches€ Museum, Neumarkt, Germany 5Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Keywords Grallator, Parabrontopodus, Hejie tracksite, Ma’anshan A dinosaur footprint assemblage from the Lower Jurassic Member, Zigong Ziliujing Formation of Zigong City, Sichuan, China, comprises about 300 tracks of small tridactyl theropods and large sauropods preserved as concave epireliefs (natural molds). The INTRODUCTION theropod footprints show similarities with both the ichnogenera Zigong is famous for the Middle Jurassic Shunosaurus Grallator and Jialingpus. Three different morphotypes are fauna and the Late Jurassic Mamenchisaurus fauna. However, present, probably related to different substrate conditions and extramorphological variation. A peculiar preservational feature fossils from the Early Jurassic and the Late Triassic are com- in a morphotype that reflects a gracile trackmaker with paratively rare. Previously reported Early Jurassic fossils extremely slender digits, is the presence of a convex epirelief that include fragmentary prosauropod and sauropod skeletal occurs at the bottom of the concave digit impressions. -
Body-Size Evolution in the Dinosauria
8 Body-Size Evolution in the Dinosauria Matthew T. Carrano Introduction The evolution of body size and its influence on organismal biology have received scientific attention since the earliest decades of evolutionary study (e.g., Cope, 1887, 1896; Thompson, 1917). Both paleontologists and neontologists have attempted to determine correlations between body size and numerous aspects of life history, with the ultimate goal of docu- menting both the predictive and causal connections involved (LaBarbera, 1986, 1989). These studies have generated an appreciation for the thor- oughgoing interrelationships between body size and nearly every sig- nificant facet of organismal biology, including metabolism (Lindstedt & Calder, 1981; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984; McNab, 1989), population ecology (Damuth, 1981; Juanes, 1986; Gittleman & Purvis, 1998), locomotion (Mc- Mahon, 1975; Biewener, 1989; Alexander, 1996), and reproduction (Alex- ander, 1996). An enduring focus of these studies has been Cope’s Rule, the notion that body size tends to increase over time within lineages (Kurtén, 1953; Stanley, 1973; Polly, 1998). Such an observation has been made regarding many different clades but has been examined specifically in only a few (MacFadden, 1986; Arnold et al., 1995; Jablonski, 1996, 1997; Trammer & Kaim, 1997, 1999; Alroy, 1998). The discordant results of such analyses have underscored two points: (1) Cope’s Rule does not apply universally to all groups; and (2) even when present, size increases in different clades may reflect very different underlying processes. Thus, the question, “does Cope’s Rule exist?” is better parsed into two questions: “to which groups does Cope’s Rule apply?” and “what process is responsible for it in each?” Several recent works (McShea, 1994, 2000; Jablonski, 1997; Alroy, 1998, 2000a, 2000b) have begun to address these more specific questions, attempting to quantify patterns of body-size evolution in a phylogenetic (rather than strictly temporal) context, as well as developing methods for interpreting the resultant patterns. -
GEOL 204 the Fossil Record Spring 2020 Section 0102 Grace Kikuchi
Build (A+B+C) - Stood 26-30 feet long and 9 feet tall Stegosauria (Mesozoic) - Weighed in at about 6,800 pounds - Stegosaurus are known to have shorter necks and legs and a GEOL 204 The Fossil Record quadrupedal stance - Possesses alternating plates and terminal spikes (vary depending on Spring 2020 Section 0102 age) Grace Kikuchi, Rohan Sharma, Javier Ortiz, Alex Cohen - Spikes can function as offensive or defensive but plates are strictly defensive Background - Have a double row of plates which is a distinguishable trait in all - Stegosaurus comes from Greek; Stego= roof and Sauros= lizard stegosaurians - Stegosauria is a clade of Thyreophora “armored” Ornithischian dinosaurs known from - -Elongated and flat heads Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous strata worldwide. - Herbivorous, mostly feeds on moss and cycad - Thrived during the Late Jurassic when they were an important part of the global terrestrial Diversity of Stegosaurs (E) fauna. -As seen here there are four different varieties of Stegosaur pictured and they all vary slightly. - Diversity appears to have decreased after the Jurassic -The Stegosaurus stenops has the most broad spinal plates out of these - Thought to be extinct by the Middle Cretaceous varieties. -The Tuojiangosaurus multispinus had at least two, sometimes three, outward pointing robust spikes on the end of the tail. Fossil History (A+B+C) - The Kentrosaurus aethiopicus is a smaller member of stegosauria and - First partial skeleton discovered in a brick pit in the UK in 1874. Since then, numerous have they can be distinguished by how in the front third of the tail the been discovered from Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. -
Redescription of Gigantspinosaurus Sichuanensis (Dinosauria, Stegosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Sichuan, Southwestern China
Vol. 92 No. 2 pp.431–441 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Apr. 2018 Redescription of Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis (Dinosauria, Stegosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Sichuan, Southwestern China 1, * 2, 3, 4 1 1 2, 3, 4 HAO Baoqiao , ZHANG Qiannan , PENG Guangzhao , YE Yong and YOU Hailu 1 Zigong Dinosaur Museum, Zigong 643013, Sichuan, China 2 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China 3 CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China 4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Abstract: Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis is one of the six Stegosauria genera discovered from the Sichuan basin, which preserves the first skin impressions of stegosaurs around the world and a huge pair of ‘comma’ -shaped parascapular spines kept in situ, and being named after the latter feature. The holotype was firstly named and reported in an abstract of a lecture by Ouyang, 1992, since when it has never been detailed studied and the taxonomic position of Gigantspinosaurus is also vague. The morphological redescription shows that G. sichuanensis is a medium-sized stegosaur, with external mandibular foramen developed. The ratio of femur to humerus is large, and the intersacral fenestrae are big. According to the wear degree of teeth, the holotype of G. sichuanensis is regarded as an adult individual. On the basis of the recent data matrix of stegosaurs and the characters revisions of G. sichuanensis, its phylogenetic position has been determined again. By our detailed morphological and phylogenetic analysis, G. -
Reconsidering the Status and Affinities of the Ornithischian Dinosaur Tatisaurus Oehleri Simmons, 1965
Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKZOJZoological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4082© 2007 The Linnean Society of London? 2007 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk 150? brought to you by CORE 865874 Original Article provided by ESC Publications - Cambridge Univesity TATISAURUS RECONSIDEREDD. B. NORMAN Et al. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 150, 865–874. With 2 figures Reconsidering the status and affinities of the ornithischian dinosaur Tatisaurus oehleri Simmons, 1965 DAVID B. NORMAN1*, RICHARD J. BUTLER1,2 and SUSANNAH C. R. MAIDMENT1 1Sedgwick Museum, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK 2Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK Received April 2006; accepted for publication December 2006 The early Mesozoic fossil fauna collected from the Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan Province, China, has attracted considerable interest and attention since its discovery in the late 1930s. Its importance reflected a combination of its comparatively remote geographical position and, more particularly, the similarities of its fauna compared with approximately contemporary discoveries from Europe, North and South America, and southern Africa. The frag- mentary and poorly preserved Lufeng ornithischian dinosaur Tatisaurus oehleri was described in 1965 and proved taxonomically and systematically enigmatic from the start. Originally assigned, with some noted ambivalence, to the basal (‘primitive’) group of ornithischians known as hypsilophodontids, since 1965 Tatisaurus has been variously ignored, assigned to a more rigorously defined Hypsilophodontidae, referred to both of the armoured (thyreophoran) ornithischian dinosaur clades (Stegosauria and Ankylosauria), or referred to a more basal position within the thyreophoran lineage. -
A New Phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia)
Raven, T. J. and Maidment, S. C. R. In press. Palaeontology A new phylogeny of Stegosauria (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) THOMAS J. RAVEN1 AND SUSANNAH C. R. MAIDMENT2* 1Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, [email protected]; 2School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom, [email protected] * Corresponding author 1 Raven, T. J. and Maidment, S. C. R. In press. Palaeontology ABSTRACT The stegosaurs are some of the most easily recognisable dinosaurs, but they are surprisingly rare as fossils. Consequently much remains unknown about their palaeobiology, and every new stegosaurian find contributes to understanding the evolution of the clade. Since the last attempt to examine the evolutionary relationships of Stegosauria, new specimens have come to light, including the most complete individual of Stegosaurus ever found, new taxa have been described and, perhaps most importantly, new methods for analysis of cladistic datasets have been produced. In the light of these new data and technological advances, the phylogenetic relationships of the stegosaurs and basal armoured dinosaurs are investigated. The inclusion of continuous data results in much better resolution than was previously obtained, and the resulting single most parsimonious tree supports re-erection of the genera Miragaia and Hesperosaurus, which had previously been synonymized with Dacentrurus and Stegosaurus respectively. The recently described genus Alcovasaurus is resolved as a basal thyreophoran, but this is likely to be due to a combination of a very high degree of missing data and the questionable ontogenetic stage of the specimen. -
Pebblego Animals Article List
PebbleGo Animals Article List AMPHIBIANS Hawks Iguanodon Compsognathus Sauroposeidon Frogs Herons Kentrosaurus Cryolophosaurus Suuwassea Mudpuppies Humboldt Penguins Kritosaurus Dahalokely Thecodontosaurus Newts Hummingbirds Lambeosaurus Daspletosaurus Salamanders Ibises Leaellynasaura Deinocheirus FISH Toads King Penguins Leptoceratops Deinonychus Angelfish Kingfishers Lexovisaurus Deltadromeus Barracudas ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Kiwis Lophorhothon Eoraptor Basking Sharks Animal Communication Little Penguins Maiasaura Eotyrannus Blue Sharks Animals in the Fall Loons Microceratus Falcarius Catfish Hibernation Macaroni Penguins Micropachycephalosaurus Gallimimus Clown Fish Migration Macaws Minmi Gasosaurus Coelacanths Nocturnal Animals Magellanic Penguins Montanoceratops Giganotosaurus Eels Orioles Muttaburrasaurus Guanlong Great White Sharks ANIMAL Ostriches Nedoceratops Herrerasaurus Hammerhead Sharks CLASSIFICATION Owls Nodosaurus Incisivosaurus Mako Sharks About Amphibians Parrots Olorotitan Labocania Megamouth Sharks About Birds Peacocks Oryctodromeus Liliensternus Nurse Sharks About Fish Pelicans Ouranosaurus Masiakasaurus Parrotfish About Insects Pheasants Pachycephalosaurus Metriacanthosaurus Piranhas About Invertebrates Puffins Pachyrhinosaurus Microraptor Puffer Fish About Mammals Quetzals Parasaurolophus Neovenator Salmon About Reptiles Robins Pawpawsaurus Ornithomimus Sea Horses About Spiders Rockhopper Penguins Polacanthus Ozraptor Swordfish Royal Penguins Protoceratops Protarchaeopteryx Stingrays ANIMAL HABITATS Snares Penguins Saurolophus -
The Postcranial Skeleton of an Exceptionally
RESEARCH ARTICLE The Postcranial Skeleton of an Exceptionally Complete Individual of the Plated Dinosaur Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A. Susannah Catherine Rose Maidment1*, Charlotte Brassey2, Paul Michael Barrett2 1 Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Maidment SCR, Brassey C, Barrett PM Although Stegosaurus is one of the most iconic dinosaurs, well-preserved fossils are rare (2015) The Postcranial Skeleton of an Exceptionally and as a consequence there is still much that remains unknown about the taxon. A new, Complete Individual of the Plated Dinosaur exceptionally complete individual affords the opportunity to describe the anatomy of Stego- Stegosaurus stenops (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, saurus in detail for the first time in over a century, and enables additional comparisons with U.S.A.. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0138352. doi:10.1371/ other stegosaurian dinosaurs. The new specimen is from the Red Canyon Ranch Quarry, journal.pone.0138352 near Shell Wyoming, and appears to have been so well preserved because it was buried Editor: Andrew A. Farke, Raymond M. Alf Museum rapidly in a pond or body of standing water immediately after death. The quarry is probably of Paleontology, UNITED STATES located in the middle part of the Morrison Formation, which is believed to be Tithonian in Received: March 27, 2015 age in this area.