Fiche Filmique Du Film “Freedom Writers” De Richard Lagravenese

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Fiche Filmique Du Film “Freedom Writers” De Richard Lagravenese Fiche filmique du film “Freedom Writers” de Richard LaGravenese 1/ Biographie du réalisateur Né le 30 octobre 1959 à Brooklyn, New York, aux États-Unis, Richard LaGravenese commence sa carrière en écrivant des sketchs et des monologues pour une petite troupe de théâtre, après avoir étudié le théâtre expérimental à New York. Il débute au cinéma en 1989 et coécrit le script “Rude Awakening”; mais ce n’est qu’en 1991 que sa situation évolue, où Terry Gilliam adapte son scénario “Fisher King” sur grand écran. Le film, ayant un succès critique et public, rapporte à LaGravenese une nomination à l’Oscar du meilleur scénario. Sa carrière cineaste lancée, il travaille tout au long des années 90 aux côtés des grands acteurs comme Clint Eastwood (“Sur la route de Madison”) et Robert Redford (“L’homme qui murmurait à l’oreille des chevaux”). En 2007, le cinéaste réalise “Freedom Writers” (“Ecrire pour Exister”) et “P.S. I Love You”, tous deux ayant pour personnage principal l’actrice Hilary Swank (“Freedom Writers” marque la deuxième collaboration entre Hilary Swank et Patrick Dempsey, après “Iron Jawed Angels” en 2004). Jusqu’aujourd’hui, il a tourné 24 films et possède huit nominations, incluant deux aux BAFTA Awards ou Orange British Academy Film Awards, un aux Emmy Awards et quatre aux Festival du Film de Cabourg. 2/ Résumé du film (en 10 lignes approximativement) Erin Gruwell, enseignante novice de 25 ans, tente de prendre comme premier poste un lycée difficile de Long Beach, à Los Angeles en Californie dans les années 1990, dans lequel il y a un énorme contraste entre les classes d’élites et les classes avec des difficultés, et où se côtoie des élèves de toutes origines sociales et ethniques. Elle hérite une classe d’élèves ayant des problèmes scolaires et liés à d’insertion, qui l’ignorent, se regroupent en clans, et sont présents en cours contre leur volonté. Malgré des tentatives sincères et maladroites de leur prendre en main, l’ambiance se dégrade au fil des mois – pas à pas, à travers l’initiation de la parole, la lecture et l’écriture, Erin parvient à instaurer avec la classe un vrai rapport de confiance. En leur libérant de leurs contraintes, ils créent chacun un journal intime, intitulé “Freedom Writers” et évoquant les conditions dangereuses, violentes et injustes de la discrimination et des gangs aux Etats-Unis en 1992. 3/ Cadre spatio-temporel (du film et du moment) Le contexte historique du film est celui des Etats-Unis en 1992, pendant que les lois de discrimination à l’école furent passées. Au début des années 1990, les Etats-Unis connaît une détérioration de ses revenus économiques. Elle se traduit par les suppressions d’emplois massives et une réduction des dépenses militaires (ces années marquent la fin de la Guerre Froide, le 12 décembre 1990 étant la signature du traité d’unification allemande). Or, à la même période, la Californie connaît des flux migratoires venant d’Amérique Latine et d’Asie très élevés – de nombreux citoyens voient l’immigration comme un lien avec la baisse productive, en voyant “qu’en 1995, les Hispaniques et les Asiatiques représentaient respectivement 25% et 10% de la population californienne, laquelle comprenait également 7% de Noirs, et comptait donc, au total, 42% des habitants des Etats-Unis”. Mais dès 1971, la Cour Suprême autorise le “busing”, c’est-à- dire l’affectation des élèves dans des écoles éloignées de leurs quartiers d’origine pour favoriser la mixité raciale, car la diversité était considérée comme une chose positive pour tous les corps sociaux. Cette loi suscita des oppositions violentes, situées vers le début des années 1990 et donc le cadre spatio-temporel du film. Un lien peut être fait entre le désir de vivre dans une société égale sans discriminations, montré à travers les répliques des élèves d’Erin (“Les Blancs veulent toujours qu’on les respecte, comme si c’était un truc qui leur était gratuit. Ils pensent qu’ils sont les maîtres du monde et qu’ils ont le droit de tout faire” ou “La ville c’est comme la prison, c’est toujours la guerre pour nous”) et les actions du Black Panther Party, un mouvement révolutionnaire afro-américain, formé en Californie en 1966 par Bobby Seale et Huey P. Newton. L’organisation est connue pour son utilisation du terme “pigs” (cochons) pour décrire les agents de police Blancs ainsi que pour avoir apporté des armes à feu à l’assemblée législative californienne. En janvier 1967, quand le parti ouvre officiellement son premier bureau à Oakland, il crée une campagne de patrouilles visant à surveiller les agissements de la police de la ville. L’action est censée répondre au septième point de son programme, “Nous exigeons la fin immédiate des brutalités policières et des assassinats des Noirs”. La Seconde Guerre Mondiale, avec les camps de concentration, les totalitarismes et l’explosion de la bombe atomique, peut être comparé au sentiment d’absurdité, d’oppression et de désintégration que sentent les élèves d’Erin, confrontés à une violence quotidienne, discriminatoire et tragique, avec des assassinats et des meurtres de personnes innocents faites par les policiers Blancs. Les élèves possèdent une existence similaire à celle des Juifs persécutés et déportés à cause de leur origine religieuse. Le film est basé sur un livre publié en 1999, “The Freedom Writers Diary: How a teacher and 150 teens used Writing to change Themselves and the World around them”. Cette oeuvre non-romanesque est composée de différents journaux intimes qu’Erin Gruwell demande à ses élèves d’écrire sur les troubles de leur passé, leur présent et leur futur. Son groupe de 150 élèves à Woodrow Wilson High School à Long Beach, en Californie, arrivent à ingénieusement retrouver un parallèle entre leurs vies et celle d’Anne Frank, en lisant son journal, “Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl”. En fidèlement enregistrant leurs pensées et leurs sentiments, il font hommage au groupe de droits civiques des années 1960 nommé les “Freedom Riders”, qui voyagèrent entre différents états du sud avec des groups raciaux mixtes pour défier les lois locales de ségrégation aux Etats-Unis. Les “Freedom Rides” renforcèrent la crédibilité du “American Civil Rights Movement” (nom regroupant les différents mouvements des Etats-Unis des années 1960, dont l’objectif fut d’arrêter la ségrégation raciale et la discrimination contre les afro- américains, mais aussi de mettre en vigueur leur droit de vote – leurs campagnes étaient majoritairement basées sur la résistance civile, caractérisée par des manifestations pacifiques) à cause des reactions violentes qu’ils provoquèrent. 4/ Les personnages Le personnage principal du film est Erin Gruwell, une jeune enseignante qui est attribuée une classe de deuxième année, “endommagée” et “incapable de lire”. Son courage augmente peu à peu, à travers le film, et son investissement dans la classe est un acte de charité qu’aucun des élèves n’oubliera. Furieuse d’avoir intercepté une caricature à caractère raciste d’un des élèves, faisant parti d’un gang, elle compare le dessin à la propagande utilisée par les Nazis, et instruit la classe sur le racisme: “Si les Latinos, les Noirs ou les Asiatiques n’étaient pas là, tout ce passerait mieux, n’est-ce-pas? Les Nazis ont supprimé tous ceux qui l’ont gêné: ils se rapprochaient des animaux. Vous croyez que ça changerait quelquechose si vous auriez passé dans un gang? Si vous êtes morts respectés, comme des guerriers?” En comprenant que le monde extérieur est ignorant de leurs situations (“Le collège, ce n’est qu’une garderie pour qu’ils partent”) et qu’il y a un manque de solidarité, et sachant pertinemment que ses élèves n’aiment ni l’anglais, ni la lecture, mais connaissent intimement la violence, elle leur propose de lire le “Journal d’Anne Frank”. Elle incarne la vertu, le respect, le dynamisme et la révolte, et au fur et à mesure, en découvrant l’environnement violent et injuste dans lequel évoluent ses élèves, elle réalise que les textes sur lesquels les élèves travaillent sont le reflet de leur propre expérience, et leur propose alors de tenir chacun un journal – en leur donnant de l’espoir, avec des voyages, excursions culturelles et rencontres qui rythment leurs cours, les opinions méprisants des élèves commençent à changer: “Toutes les raisons de croire que rien ne changera jamais, s’évanouissent; maintenant, c’est votre tour de briller. Mais si tu demandes aux gens du respect, tu dois en avoir envers eux”. Un autre personnage important est le père d’Erin, Steve Gruwell. Un ancient militant des marches pour les droits civiques afro-américains, avant l’assassinat de son chef, Martin Luther King, le 4 avril 1968, ses expériences auront une influence importante sur les décisions d’Erin. Même s’il demeure extrêmement réticent dès que sa fille accepte son poste (“Tu n’es pas responsable de leur vie dehors – ce n’est jamais qu’un boulot” ou “La réussite résulte de l’expérience et il y a déja un système en place”), son personnage évolue à travers le film – ses avis très arrêtés changent à partir du moment qu’il commence à aider Erin à transporter ses élèves en voiture pour les sorties, ou à les récupérer de leurs lieux d’habitation (“Tu es une prof extraordinaire – la vie t’a fait ce beau cadeau de vertuosité et de courage extrêmes, et je t’admire. Ce genre de courage est inimaginable”). Erin et Steve partagent une relation paternelle admirable et importante, car son père lui sert de support pendant ses moments traumatisants et difficiles. En la soutenant dans ses choix, ils possèdent une des relations intimes essentielles dans le film.
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