DOCSLIB.ORG

Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Drinking Water Resources of Sarayan County, Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Drinking Water Resources of Sarayan County, Iran Iranian Journal of Health Sciences 2018; 6(3): 36-44 http://jhs.mazums.ac.ir Original Article Corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water resources of Sarayan County, Iran Habibeh Momeni1 Hakimeh Nekounam2 Elham Rahmanpour Salmani3* 1. MSc of Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Center for Research on Social Determinants of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran 2. BSc of Environmental Health, Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran 3. 3. MSc of Environmental Health Engineering, Dr. Sheikh Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran *Correspondence to: Elham Rahmanpour Salmani [email protected] (Received: 23 Jan. 2018; Revised: 28 Apr. 2018; Accepted: 18 Jul. 2018) Abstract Background and purpose: In the area of water quality issues, much attention has been paid to water corrosivity and scaling potential since the water tendency to each of them can impose huge financial losses and many health problems. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 38 water samples were collected from 19 sampling sites including wells and aqueducts of Sarayan, Iran, in spring and autumn seasons of 2015, and analyzed for total dissolved solids (TDS), calcium hardness, total alkalinity, water temperature, pH, Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Aggressive Index (AI), and Puckorius Index (PI). The results were analyzed by Excel and water stability analyzer Software and were compared with standard limits. Results: It was found that TDS, temperature, pH, alkalinity, and hardness of water were lower than the maximum allowed limits, but calcium hardness was also lower than the optimum value for drinking water. The average value of LSI, RSI, AI, and PI in spring was 0.437±0.264, 7.25±0.368, 12.33±0.273, and 7.37±0.432, while the average values of these indices in autumn were 0.501±0.229, 7.231±0.359, 12.55±0.225, and 7.33±0.503, respectively. Conclusion: According to corrosion indices, drinking water of Sarayan County was relative scaling. Considering the negative effects of scale-forming water on pipe diameter, and flow rate Downloaded from jhs.mazums.ac.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.18502/jhs.v6i3.195 ] and probable economic damages, control measures must be taken to prevent scaling in water resources. Keywords: Corrosion and Scaling potential; Corrosion indices; Drinking Water Distribution System Citation: Momeni H, Nekounam H, Rahmanpour Salmani E*, Corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water resources of Sarayan County, Iran. Iran J Health Sci. 2018; 6 (3): 36-44. Copyright © 2018, Published by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences on behalf of Iranian Journal of Health Sciences and Health Sciences Research Center. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited. Iran J Health Sci 2018; 6(3): 36 Corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water resources H. Momeni et al. 1. Introduction pollutants into the pipelines by creating The quality and health of drinking water cavities in the pipes and distribution system has a vital importance in terms of human (7). Corrosion imposes astronomical costs health, and economic and aesthetic aspects. to the water utilities. It is responsible for 10- Corrosion and scaling are considered as 32% of the total costs of production in important indictors regarding the chemical utilities. According to a study conducted by quality of drinking water supply sources the Federal Highway Administration (1,2). The occurrence of corrosion and (2002), the direct cost of corrosion in public scaling phenomena, can adversely affect drinking water in U.S. represented $22 the economy of the treatment industry, and billion. A same trend can be observed in the transmission and distribution of water. studies conducted in other countries, such The entry of compounds separated from the as Australia, Great Britain, Japan, and body of the pipes into drinking water, the where costs of corrosion was estimated to occurrence of health problems, and the be approximately 3-4% of the Gross reduced lifetime of pipes and fittings are National Product. It is reported that the some of the other adverse effects of average unaccounted water in Iran is about corrosion. Scaling also reduces the flow of 30%. Moreover, it is believed that a pipes and efficiency of valves and fittings significant portion of this water is (2). As a result, it can be said that corrosion attributable to leaks due to corrosion (8). and scaling problems currently account for Scaling is another qualitative factor of a significant percentage of per capita water. During the scaling process, the income in different countries (1). bivalent cations react with other dissolved Temperature, alkalinity, pH, ions, in compounds in water and are scaled in the particular, chloride and sulfate, and pipe form of a layer in the inner wall of the pipe. material are considered as factors that affect This layer that is constituted due to the corrosion. In low alkaline water, in the saturation of dissolved solids in water is presence of residual chlorine concentration called sediment (9,10). The main sediments of 0.4 mg/l and more, the corrosion rate that disrupt the water distribution system increases. Corrosion leads to the dissolution include calcium carbonate, magnesium of metals from the pipes and fittings into the carbonate, calcium sulfate, and magnesium water, some of which are harmful to human chloride. In addition, these sediments lead health, such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, to clogging pipes, reduce the inner diameter copper, and selenium (3-6). Apart from of the pipe, increase transferring and Downloaded from jhs.mazums.ac.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.18502/jhs.v6i3.195 ] health effects, this phenomenon can also pumping costs, and cause environmental have aesthetic effects, such as the problems as a result of emission of appearance of some stains on the surfaces pollutants (8,11,12). To reduce water of restrooms and clothes; for example, corrosion and scaling, as one of the copper leaves blue-green stains on modifying actions, it must be stabilized plumbing fixtures, iron imparts a red color before entering to water distribution to water, and manganese is generator of network (13). black color. Moreover, corrosion causes One of the indirect methods for the leakage and loss of water, creates negative measurement and determination of pressure, and increases the entry of corrosivity and the tendency of water to Iran J Health Sci 2018; 6(3): 37 Corrosion and scaling potential of drinking water resources H. Momeni et al. precipitate is application of corrosive totally taken through grab sampling from indices. The assessment of corrosive 19 wells and aqueducts in Sarayan in two indices is based on their ability in seasons. To achieve the study goal, the determining the under-saturation and the indicators determining water corrosivity over-saturation mode of water in terms of and scaling potentials including LSI, RSI, calcium carbonate and the prediction of AI, and PI, and factors affecting the water capacity in maintaining, generating physicochemical quality of water including or dissolving calcium carbonate sediment. TDS, total hardness, calcium hardness, These indexes are Langelier Index, calcium concentration, sulphate Corrosivity Index, and Puckorius Index concentration, alkalinity, pH, and (14). temperature were measured in the samples The Langelier Index indicates the degree of of water taken from different points of saturation of calcium carbonate in water, Sarayan drinking water resources. All which presents the concept of saturation sampling and analytical procedures were using pH as the main variable. Ryznar conducted according to the standard Index expresses the relationship between method for the examination of water and experimental data with thickness of wastewater book (17). Accordingly, sterile observed cortex in urban water system to glass bottles were used to collect samples. chemistry of water that is based on Prior to sampling, water samples were saturation level. Indices of Langelier and tested for remained chlorine. In the Ryznar express the difference between real presence of chlorine in water, before pH of water and pH of water saturated with collecting water, bottles containing enough calcium carbonate. Index of Puckorius is sodium thiosulfate were used to neutralize based on buffer capacity of water, and chlorine of water. pH was then measured in shows the maximum rate of required the sampling site using a portable pH- sediment for creating balance in water. So, meter. Hardness was determined through for this index, balance pH is used more than complexometric method using standard real pH (15, 16). solution of EDTA, ErioChrome Black T Considering the importance of providing and Murexide. Alkalinity was also safe potable water for human consumption measured through titration using HCl. and with respect to the role of corrosion Table 1 provides methods of calculation for control in maintaining the quality of water corrosiveness indices based on the and pipes and fittings, this study was measured parameters. Table 2 provides Downloaded from jhs.mazums.ac.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.18502/jhs.v6i3.195 ] conducted to predict the potential of scale water behavior under different values of formation and corrosivity in the tap water corrosion indices. After calculating the resources of Sarayan using corrosion corrosion indices, the obtained results were indices. analyzed using Excel and water stability analyzer Software and studied according to 2. Materials and Methods water national and international standards. This descriptive cross-sectional study was (Ethical Code: IR.BUMS.REC.1395.261) conducted in Sarayan County in spring and autumn of 2015.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment of Agricultural Water Resources Sustainability in Arid Regions Using Virtual Water Concept: Case of South Khorasan Province, Iran
    water Article Assessment of Agricultural Water Resources Sustainability in Arid Regions Using Virtual Water Concept: Case of South Khorasan Province, Iran Ehsan Qasemipour 1 and Ali Abbasi 1,2,* 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Resources Section, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +31-15-2781029 Received: 30 December 2018; Accepted: 22 February 2019; Published: 3 March 2019 Abstract: Cropping pattern plays an important role in providing food and agricultural water resources sustainability, especially in arid regions in which the concomitant socioeconomic dangers of water shortage would be inevitable. In this research, six indices are applied to classify 37 cultivated crops according to Central Product Classification (CPC). The respective 10-year data (2005–2014) were obtained from Agricultural Organization of South Khorasan (AOSKh) province. The water footprint concept along with some economic indicators are used to assess the water use efficiency. Results show that blue virtual water contributes to almost 99 percent of Total Virtual Water (TVW). In this occasion that an increasing pressure is exerted on groundwater resources, improper pattern of planting crops has to be beyond reproach. The improper cropping pattern in the study area led to the overuse of 346 × 106 m3 of water annually. More specifically, cereals cultivation was neither environmentally nor economically sustainable and since they accounted for the largest share of water usage at the province level, importing them should be considered as an urgent priority.
    [Show full text]
  • Water-Saving Scenarios Based on Input–Output Analysis and Virtual Water Concept: a Case in Iran
    sustainability Article Water-Saving Scenarios Based on Input–Output Analysis and Virtual Water Concept: A Case in Iran Ehsan Qasemipour 1 , Ali Abbasi 1,2,* and Farhad Tarahomi 3 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Resources Section, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands 3 Economic Development Department, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran 19938 93973, Iran; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 3 December 2019; Accepted: 20 January 2020; Published: 22 January 2020 Abstract: The strong desire for achieving self-sufficiency in developing and mostly water-scarce regions has endangered socioeconomic and environmental sustainability. South Khorasan is particularly exposed to such insecurities, largely due to its limited water resource endowments and its comparatively intensive agriculture. In this paper, we apply the water footprint accounting method (WFA) along with a regional input–output (IO) model to analyze the efficiency of the total (direct + indirect) water consumption in different economic sectors and water footprint of the region in 2011. Results show that agriculture is responsible for more than 95% of water consumption in the area, while it accounts for just 27% of value-added. Additionally, this sector has the largest contribution to water footprint composition (92%) when compared to other sectors. Three water-saving scenarios are simulated by the use of IO economic model and water footprint accounting method. Applying the proper cropping pattern has the greatest impact on water conservation with 348.46 Mm3 per year.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Fieldwork Report. Human Remains from Kaleh Kub, Iran, 2018
    Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 12:76–80 (2018) Short fieldwork report Human remains from Kaleh Kub, Iran, 2018 Pegah Goodarzi1, Mohammad H. Azizi Kharanaghi2, Masashi Abe3, Arkadiusz Sołtysiak*4 1 Institute of Archaeology, University of Tehran, Building No.13, Poorsina St., Qods St., Enghelab St., 14176-53911, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Prehistory, National Museum of Iran, Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, 30 Tir St., Imam Khomeini St., 113196711, Tehran, Iran 3 Japan Center for International Cooperation in Conservation, Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, 13-43 Ueno Park, Taito-ku, Tokyo, 110-8713 Japan 4 Department of Bioarchaeology, Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland email: [email protected] (corresponding author) ◦ 0 00 ◦ 0 00 e ancient site of Kaleh Kub (33 52 56 E, 58 21 54 N) is located SW of Ayask, a small town in Sarayan county, South Khorasan province, Iran (Figure 1). It covers 7ha of a modern agricultural area (Anani et al. 2014:60). Discovered in 2008, it was first excavated over three seasons (2008, 2009 and 2011) by Sahab Yousefi (Anani 2012). Based on pottery, three occupation phases were defined, from the Late Neolithic and Transitional Chalcolithic (late 6 and early 5 millennium BCE) through Proto- Elamite period (4 millennium BCE) to the Early Bronze Age (late 4 and early 3 millennium BCE) (Azizi Kharanaghi et al. 2018). In the excavated area, the remains of houses and human burials were found together with pottery (including beveled-rim bowls), stone tools, beads, and seals (Yousefi et al.
    [Show full text]
  • I N D I a a F G H a N I S T a N T a J I K I S T a N China
    60°0’0"E 62°30’0"E 65°0’0"E 67°30’0"E 70°0’0"E 72°30’0"E 75°0’0"E Stantslya-Karakul Ak-Rabat Mirza-Kala Urgut Katta-Kayrakly Iory Karamyk Kyrchin Karakul Karaulbaza Samarkand Saugan Dzhar Khishkat Matcha Zldzhik Urtabus Dashti-Kazy Paldarok Dekhisor Osh Khal’fa Kyrk-Archa Pastigov Kyrgyzstan Khodzha-Kenepsi Maydayap Airitam Kochkar-Bulak Ispanza Gus Ayní Devona Deynau Aral Dzhailgan Yerbent Mubarek Shurbazar Markansu Opal Kaushek-Kyzyltakyr Bukhara Farab Leninabad Farab-Pristan’ Farab Mumincha Kara-Yantak Tuyavoshi Dzhergatol Karakendzha Kallyg Oktyabr’ Sivaz Ravat Kalai-Lyabi-Ob Turkmenistan Azlyar-Tepe Kalanak TURKMENABAD Kasan Gubalyak Khozar-Nova Tadzhikabad Ta-shih-ma-li-ho Chardzhou Ayman Novabad Garm Muji Khodzha-Khairon Chirakchi Kutchi Kizyl-Imchak Chaltut Chandyr Mudin Gissarak Navdonek Ozero Karakul’ Komsomolsk Kuchkak Sartuldi ChaydaryIsat Bay-Kurgan Dashti-Mazar Dzheynau Denau Bay Deg-Danak Pashimgar Karakul’ Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu Sakar Tamshush Pugus Khokhu Shikh Kamashi Chapukh Murza-Khan Komsomalabad Kamashi Patran Karshi Obi-Dzhuk Tadzhikistan Territories Kakhlyak Chim Dzhur Karry-Cherlya Sayat Chukur Ramit Obigarm Sangvor Bakhardok Tura-Kul’Faizabad Kosh-Tepe Kalaynay Yezgan Khankui Kapakly Imeni Stalina Yargunchi Akkishlak Tavildara Pay-Mazar Batash Bulungkol Bakhcha Dushanbe Ordzhonikidzeabad Rovand Cheshme Vtoroy Dambe Guzar Dainabad Gissar Tangan Talbar Kashkadarya Shurguzar Chaknak Khodzhimard Kevron Rangkul China To rt u l i Regar Akuyli Bashkyngash Akbaytal Peski Dashmandy Siyakopa Turkmenistan Territories Chungurli
    [Show full text]
  • Wikivoyage Iran March 2016 Contents
    WikiVoyage Iran March 2016 Contents 1 Iran 1 1.1 Regions ................................................ 1 1.2 Cities ................................................. 1 1.3 Other destinations ........................................... 2 1.4 Understand .............................................. 2 1.4.1 People ............................................. 2 1.4.2 History ............................................ 2 1.4.3 Religion ............................................ 4 1.4.4 Climate ............................................ 4 1.4.5 Landscape ........................................... 4 1.5 Get in ................................................. 5 1.5.1 Visa .............................................. 5 1.5.2 By plane ............................................ 7 1.5.3 By train ............................................ 8 1.5.4 By car ............................................. 9 1.5.5 By bus ............................................. 9 1.5.6 By boat ............................................ 10 1.6 Get around ............................................... 10 1.6.1 By plane ............................................ 10 1.6.2 By bus ............................................. 11 1.6.3 By train ............................................ 11 1.6.4 By taxi ............................................ 11 1.6.5 By car ............................................. 12 1.7 Talk .................................................. 12 1.8 See ................................................... 12 1.8.1 Ancient cities
    [Show full text]
  • Check Hydraulic, Structural, Water Mill "Kah Kooh" Sarayan City of South Khorasan
    Science Arena Publications Specialty Journal of Agricultural Sciences Available online at www.sciarena.com 2017, Vol, 3 (1): 1-11 Check hydraulic, structural, water mill "Kah Kooh" Sarayan city of South Khorasan Abbas GHorbani1* , Ali Asghar Mahmoudi Nasab2, Ezat sezavar3 and Mahdieh shukohi4 1*Student of hydraulic structure, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Ferdows, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Student of Islamic period archeology, Tarbiat Modarres University in Tehran, Iran. 3 Master's degree in paleontology and stratigraphy, Payam Noor University of Birjand, Iran. 4 Bachelor of Geology, University of Birjand, Iran. Abstract: Using the power of water storage and its conversion into mechanical energy for economic exploitation, the most important achievement of the construction of buildings such as mills for grinding cereals which of these structures, particularly wheat and barley has been used . In this study, the introduction of active mill Kah Kooh of Sarayan in South Khorasan province that is the type of mill chimney has been paid. The present study analyzes this space in terms of water supply and water flow in the headrace channel slope according deals. Also, the water pressure inside the headrace on the amount of time grinding grains and cereals are examined. Finally, according to calculations showed that the headrace how quickly water from 0/84 meters per second to zero and back to 16/32 meters per second will. Keywords: mill chimney, Kah Kooh, headrace, channel slope, water volume, speed, Manning, height. INTRODUCTION With increasing consciousness of men and their need for different products, the manufacture of equipment were needed.
    [Show full text]
  • The ۳ Rd International and ۲۱ St National Conference Proceedings
    In the Name of GOD Conference proceedings “The 3rd International and 21st National Conference on Environmental Health” February 26-28, 2019 Zanjan, Iran سرشناسه: عنوان و نام پدیدآور: مشخصات نشر: شابک: موضوع: شناسه افزوده: ردهبندی کنگره: عنوان کتاب: Proceedings of The 3rd International and 21st National Conference on Environmental Health تهیه و تنظیم: زهره فرهمند کیا چاپ : ناشر: تیراژ: صفحه آرایی: قیمت: طراحی جلد: شابک: * مسئولیت هرگونه ایراد نگارشی بر عهده نویسندگان مقاﻻت میباشد. Organizers Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Iranian Association Of Environmental Health (IAEH) Conference Organization Chairman Dr. Parviz Ghezelbash PhD in Radiology Assistant Professor of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Scientific Secretary Dr. Mohammad Reza Mehrasbi PhD in Environmental Health Engineering Associate professor of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Executive Secretary Dr. Mazyar Peyda PhD in Environmental Engineering Assistant professor of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Responsible for the Secretariat Dr. Gholamreza Sadeghi PhD in Environmental Hydrogeology Assistant professor of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services Preface The 3rd International and 21st National conference on Environmental Health is held by Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in collaboration with Iranian Association of Environmental Health (IAEH) in Zanjan, Iran, on February 26th till 28th, 2019. The beautiful and ancient country of Iran has a history of several thousand years in the global advancement. The wise people of this land have shown a great deal of attention to the environmental, health and well-being of the people as shown in the ancient museums, monuments, and culture of this land.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Iran Prehistoric Archaeological Project: First
    Journal of Archaeological Studies Vol 12, Is 4 - Serial Number 24, Winter 2021 Eastern Iran Prehistoric Archaeological Project: First Season of Archaeological Excavations at Kale Kub, South Khorasan Province (2018), Relative and Absolute Chronology Mohammad Hossein Azizi Kharanaghi1&Masashi Abe2& Sepideh Jamshidi Yeganeh3& Afshin Akbari4 (127-151) Abstract Eastern Iran, especially in the prehistoric period, is a completely unknown region on the Iranian archaeological map. More than one hundred years after the beginning of archaeological excavations in Iran, the eastern regions have received little or no attention from archaeologists for various reasons, and there are very limited publications as well. Kale Kub is a prehistoric 2676 Print ISSN: site that is located in Ayask town, in Sarayan District, South Khorasan Province, eastern Iran. It has sufficient cultural deposits to provide a chronological timeframe of cultural sequence for the 10.22059/jarcs.2020.301243.142867 prehistoric cultures of this region. The first season of Kale Kub excavations, carried out in 2019, https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir led to the identification of unknown prehistoric cultures in the region, which are introduced in - 4288 this article. - Online ISSN: 2251 ISSN: Online Perhaps the most significant achievement of this excavation was the identification of the 4th Accepted: 10 March, 2021Accepted: 10 March, millennium BCE cultures, which are well known in the southwest of Iran and Mesopotamia and for which evidence has been obtained far from the centre of this culture. These cultural , 2020;, evidences, which can be considered to belong to the Susa II horizon or late Uruk cultures, - 9297 April include the typical pottery of this period, such as bevelled rim bowls, rough Banesh trays, 20 tubular and nose handle jars, and fine and painted wheel-made pottery, which is well known in the south-western, western, north-western, south-eastern regions and central plateau of Iran, but which have now been identified and introduced for the first time in eastern Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayors for Peace Gratefully Welcomes the Following New Members 52 New Cities Have Joined Mayors for Peace
    Mayors for Peace Gratefully Welcomes the Following New Members 52 new cities have joined Mayors for Peace. Thus, the Conference involves 6,374 cities in 160 countries and regions around the world. As of November 1, 2014 No Country City/Municipality Mayor 1 Iran Anabad Mr. Abolfazl Rezaee 2 Iran Arateh Mr. Seyed Mohammad Sadeghian 3 Iran Asadiyeh Mr. Reza Adineh 4 Iran Ayask Mr. Ali Masoudi 5 Iran Bajestan Mr. Morteza Raeis Mirzagholi 6 Iran Bakharz Mr. Abdolghader Eskandari 7 Iran Boshrooyeh Mr. Hossein Hosseinpour Avval 8 Iran Dargaz Mr. Reza Davari 9 Iran Deyhook Mr. Abolfazl Alavitabasi 10 Iran Dolatabad (Zaveh) Mr. Mohammadmahdi Alian 11 Iran ​Esfeden Mr. Hamed Khazaee 12 Iran Eshghabad Mr. Mahmood Maleki 13 Iran Ferdows Mr. Hamid Hallajmoghaddam 14 Iran Feyzabad Mr. Hossein Pouryousef 15 Iran Ghohestan Mr. Mohsen Alizadeh 16 Iran Hajiabad (South Khorasan) Mr. Ehsan Karimdadi 17 Iran Joghatay Mr. Hamid Salehi 18 Iran Kalat Mr. Ramezan Parvaneh 19 Iran Karaj Mr. Ali Torkashvand 20 Iran Khalilabad Mr. Seyedreza Alavi 21 Iran Kharv Mr. Ahmad Bandei 22 Iran Khezry Dasht-e Bayaz Mr. Moshirolhagh Abedi 23 Iran Khousf Mr. Mohammad Reza Gholasimood 24 Iran Mohr Mr. Saeid Eskandari 25 Iran Mood Mr. Morteza Sadegh Bakhteari 26 Iran Nashtifan Mr. Ebrahim Ghasemi 27 Iran Nasrabad Mr. Javad Heydari 28 Iran Neghab Mr. Rahmatalah Mohammadkhah 29 Iran Nehbandan Mr. Mohammad Hosein Madih 30 Iran Nodooshan Mr. Seyed Hadi Moosavi 31 Iran Ravar Mr. Malek Azhdari 32 Iran Royan Mr. Ahmad Tavakkoli 33 Iran Salehabad (Razavi Khorasan) Mr. Gholam Farhadynia 34 Iran Sangan Mr. Ardeshir Riahi 35 Iran Sarayan Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Economic Incentives on Population Instability in Rural Settlements (Case Study: Khoosf County)
    Propósitos y Representaciones Jan. 2021, Vol. 9, SPE(1), e888 ISSN 2307-7999 Special Number: Educational practices and teacher training e-ISSN 2310-4635 http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.888 RESEARCH ARTICLES The impact of economic incentives on population instability in rural settlements (case study: Khoosf county) El impacto de los incentivos económicos en la inestabilidad de la población en los asentamientos rurales (estudio de caso: condado de Khoosf) Mahdi Niyazi Department of Geography and Rural Planning, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-6863 Hamid Jafari Department of Geography, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2007-562X Katayoun Alizadeh Department of Geography, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-0977 Received 02-08-20 Revised 04-10-20 Accepted 01-11-21 On line 01-18-21 *Correspondence Cite as: Niyazy, M., Jafari, H., &Alizadeh, K.. (2021). The impact of Email: [email protected] economic incentives on population instability in rural settlements (case study: Khoosf county). Propósitos y Representaciones, 9 (SPE1), e888. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE1.888 © Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, 2021. This article is distributed under license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) The impact of economic incentives on population instability in rural settlements (case study: Khoosf county) Summary Today, population instability is one of the most important problems in Iran's rural settlements despite of planning, spending money, and large investments.
    [Show full text]