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The Mechanisms of Failure and Behaviour of the Portland 135 Durham E-Theses Mechanisms of failure of jointed rock masses and the behaviour of steep slopes Kimber, Owen Graham How to cite: Kimber, Owen Graham (1998) Mechanisms of failure of jointed rock masses and the behaviour of steep slopes, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4910/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Mechanisms of failure of jointed rock masses and the behaviour of steep slopes Owen Graham Kimber Department of Geography University of Durham The copyright of this thesis rests with the autlior. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of the author and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 1998 h FEB 1998 This tbo,i. i. lb: result ormy own wori< and contain, OOIhing which i. lb: oulcome of wor~ clone in collaboration, No ... of the malrrial has pn:viously betn submined for. <leg"", almi. or OIly ",lie. univer.;ity. It does "", excoed 80.000 worrls in ~ . Owm G. Kimller """"'"Sep\ember 1998 SI.tO""Dl of Copyright n.. copyrighl of thi, thesis res1s ,,;th ,he "u,hor. No quotAtion from il should be publi:lbcd witi>ooltlleir priOf wrinen COII$<nt ond information dui,ed from i, >hould be acknowledged. • ii • Abstract The geomorphological behaviour of steep jointed rock slopes has been studied using distinct element method computer models. In order to model steep slopes effectively, methodologies need to be combined from the studies of environmental modellers, geomorphologists and engineers. The distinct element method is ideal for the study of the development of jointed rock masses as the discontinuum approach can model the progressive failure of rock blocks along discontinuities. Initial, theoretical modelling identified the limiting boundary conditions between the multiple block failure mechanisms of toppling, sliding and toppling-and-sliding, based upon the discontinuity geometry for a theoretically modelled limestone rock mass. It is demonstrated that joint dip, friction angle and spacing exert the greatest control upon rock mass failure mechanisms. Two field locations, the Colorado Plateau and the Isle of Purbeck, have been chosen to provide a link between theoretical modelling and classic rock mass landforms which are controlled by variation in discontinuity geometry. In the Portland Limestone of the Isle of Purbeck, it is the joint geometry variation which influences development. Bedding steepens and average block size decreases in the coastal rock cliffs from east to west. Comparison between the model outputs highlighted that there is an increase in the rate of simulated cliff retreat from Winspit in the east to Durdle Door in the west. The Colorado Plateau rock cliffs form large, embayed plan-form escarpments and detached monoliths. It is the variation of joint set spacing in the cap-rock of cuesta-form composite scarps that controls development. Model results suggest there is a continuum of rock mass landforms, with buttes becoming detached at plan-form necks in the escarpment as determined by the joint geometry. The results show excellent similarity with the landforms observed in the field. This thesis introduces a research tool that can provide an understanding of slope behaviour. - Hi Acknowledgments This thesis has been made possible by the support I have received from many sources. Those who have offered freely their advice and time are such in number that it would be impractical to name them all individually. While thanks are collectively theirs, there are those who warrant additional credit. Part of the fieldwork for this study was conducted on the Colorado Plateau, USA. In the USA, I was made to feel very welcome by Judi Lofland, Todd Overbye and Patrick Perotti of the US National Park Service at the Colorado National Monument, who provided accommodation, research permits and numerous barbecues. Further welcome was given by Rob Johnson of the Mesa State College, Nel Caine of the University of Colorado and Dave Wood of Canyonlands National Park. Access to Dead Horse Point State Park, Utah, was allowed by Lee Sjoblom. Finally, Ian Harwood acted as a field assistant and companion for the long, hot days. My field experience of the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset benefited from several sources. I greatly appreciated the opportunity provided by Mr and Mrs J. McGalliard of a boat trip along the coastal cliffs. I also gained much from several days in the field with Professor Denys Brunsden of King's College, London. I must acknowledge two main providers of the resources. The Natural Environment Research Council provided the funding for a studentship and fieldwork expenses. The University of Durham provided a fantastic working environment. Computing assistance was provided by Chris Mullaney and Mark Scott of the Department of Geography. Dr David Toll and Mr John Wilson of the Department of Engineering allowed my attendance at parts of their M.Sc. course in Engineering Geology and other assistance. Many Geography staff have given much advice and commented upon my work and I would like to thank Professor Tim Burt, Dr Ian Evans, Dr Martin Evans, Dr David Higgitt, Dr Anthony Long, and Professor Ian Simmons in particular. I have been part of the Department of Geography at the same time as many good postgraduate friends. IV Particular mention goes to Alastair Kirk, Neil Coe, Helen Dunsford, Peter Hocknell, Richard Johnson and John Thompson. Finally and most importantly, there are three acknowledgments to be made. Without the support of my two supervisors, Dr Robert Allison and Dr Nicholas Cox, this thesis would not have been possible. It was their inspiration which developed the project initially, and their belief which has carried me through the three years. Bob has been a continual motivator with endless enthusiasm and support for my work. Nick has always been available for me whenever I have needed his help and I particularly appreciate his thorough reading of this text. My family gave me the initial encouragement to take on this project. They have made it possible for me to be ambitious in my goals and have always been available to help me. Finally, I wish to thank Hazel McGalliard. While I have gained the benefit of the many great experiences of this work, it seems at times that she has only had to bear my more difficult moments. I would like to thank her for always being a companion to me throughout my studies. Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgments iv Contents vi List of Tables xi List of Figures xiv List of Plates xxxii List of Appendices xxxiv Notations xxxix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Research objectives 2 1.2 Background to the present study 3 1.3 UDEC rock mass computer modelling 4 1.4 Approach and organisation of thesis 5 Chapter 2: Background: The characteristics and study of jointed rock 7 masses 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Environmental modelling 8 2.2.1 Background to slope study in geomorphology 11 2.3 Intact rock strength characteristics 15 2.3.1 Schmidt hammer testing 15 2.3.2 Standard testing methods 17 2.3.3 Sonic wave propagation 21 2.3.4 Representation and accuracy of test results 22 2.4 Discontinuity characteristics 24 2.4.1 Genesis 24 2.4.2 Measurement and analysis 24 VI 2.4.3 Strength properties 27 2.5 Rock Mass Stability 28 2.5.1 The effect of joint properties on rock mass strength 28 2.5.1.1 Scale effects upon rock mass properties 31 2.5.2 The stability of rock masses 32 2.5.2.1 Failure mechanisms in jointed rock masses 34 2.6 Conclusion 37 Chapter 3: Modelling approaches 38 3.1 Development of rock mass models used in engineering 39 3.2 The Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) 43 3.2.1 The UDEC calculation procedure 44 3.2.2 The operation of UDEC 51 3.2.3 Verification and applications 56 3.3 Conclusion 60 Chapter 4: Simulations of failure mechanisms in jointed rock masses 61 4.1 Background 62 4.1.1 DeFreitas and Watters' study of failure mechanisms 62 4.1.2 Methodology: the boundary conditions for modelled hard jointed 63 rock mass failure 4.2 Results: The sliding and / or toppling of modelled rock masses 69 4.2.1 The activity of rock slope failure mechanisms 71 4.2.2 The effect of varying rock block height 73 4.2.3 The effect of using rectangular blocks 73 4.2.4 Summary 74 4.3 Material property variation 75 4.3.1 Joint friction angle 75 4.3.2 Intact rock properties: limestone, granite and sandstone 78 4.3.3 Deformable blocks 81 Vll 4.4 Discontinuity variation 87 4.4.1 Spacing variability 87 4.4.2 Dip variability 88 4.4.3 The effect of joint persistence 90 4.5 Other relevant parameters 91 4.5.1 Groundwater level and water flow 91 4.5.2 Joint stiffness 95 4.5.3 Geometry of the model boimdary conditions (length of the wave- 97 cut platform) 4.5.4 Failure mechanisms of rock masses above a softer base 98 4.6 Conclusion 100 Chapter 5: The field
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