Conservation Management Zones of Australia

Home , Acacia cambagei, Acacia grandifolia, Acacia harpophylla, Brachychiton rupestris, Cadellia, Carnarvon Gorge

Brigalow Woodlands

Prepared by the Department of the Environment Acknowledgements This project and its associated products are the result of collaboration between the Department of the Environment’s Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE; Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (DoA), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.

Special thanks to CSIRO researchers Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns underpinned identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.

Image Credits Front Cover: Carnarvon Gorge National Park – Photo by Dan Proud, www.danproud.com.au Page 4: Northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) – Darren Jew Page 10: Relic bottle tree (Brachychiton rupestris) amongst brigalow scrub near Barcaldine – Allan Fox Page 14: Giant pink slug (Triboniophorus aff. graeffei), Mt Kaputar National Park – R Cleary Sean Australia/OEH Page 16: Rufous Bettong (Aepyprymnus rufescens) – Bernard Dupont Page 18: Grass trees (Xanthorrhoea glauca subspecies angustifolia), Warrumbungle National Park – Richard Lukacz Page 21: Pilliga Mouse, Poolkoo (Pseudomys pilligaensis) – Justin McDowell Page 22: Star Finch (Neochmia ruficauda) – JJ Harrison Page 25: Ornamental Snake (Denisonia maculata) – Steve Wilson Page 32: Yakka skinks (Egernia rugosa) – Steve Wilson Page 33: Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey, Bimble box (Eucalyptus populnea) – Wendy Hawes @ The Envirofactor Page 34: Brigalow forests and woodlands (Acacia harpophylla) – Murray Fagg Page 35: Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey, Mount Kaputar National Park – Jessica Stokes/OEH Page 36: Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey (Corymbia citriodora) – Brooker and Kleinig Page 37: Eucalyptus open woodlands with a grassy understorey (Eucalyptus microcarpa) – R.W. Purdie Page 38: Other Acacia forests and woodlands (Acacia pendula) – Murray Fagg Page 39: Blue grass (Dichanthium) and tall bunch grass (Chrysopogon) tussock grasslands – Department of the Environment Page 40: Dry rainforest or vine thickets (Brachychiton rupestris) – Murray Fagg Back Cover: Carnarvon Gorge National Park – Photo by Dan Proud, www.danproud.com.au

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Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Contents

Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ��2 Introduction ��2 Zone at a glance ��3 Population characteristics ��6 Employment, volunteering and incomes ��9 Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice ��11 Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas �� 13 Zone vegetation characteristics �� 15 Nationally Important Wetlands ��17 World and National Heritage �� 18 Major National Reserve System properties �� 19 EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities �� 20 EPBC Act (1999) threatened species �� 21 EPBC Act (1999) migratory species �� 26 Threatened endemic species �� 27 Invasive species �� 29 Vegetation profiles and management recommendations �� 32

Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.

Introduction The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.

The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with local action.

The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.

The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.

Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socio-economic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural resources more effectively.

The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.

2 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Arid Shrublands and Desert Zone at a glance

Area of zone: Population density: 34,219,347 hectares

% of Australia: 1.25 people 4.45% per square kilometre

Zone population characteristics Zone employment characteristics 500,000

3.5% 450,568 400,000

300,000

Number of people 200,000

100,000

0 otal T er 65 Ov a second language English as

ndigenous 96.5% I outh (15–24) Y

Employed Unemployed

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

3 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Major cities and towns Population Top five agricultural commodities Value per annum Dalby 10,861 Beef $1,344m Dubbo 32,335 Cereals for grain $881m Emerald 12,896 Other broadacre crops $623m Tamworth 36,160 Poultry $207m Toowoomba 96,221 Vegetables for consumption $204m Total value of Warwick 13,371 $4,254m agricultural commodities Rural centres Population Biloela 5,809 Climate characteristics* Blackwater 4,846 Mean annual temperature 19.6 Celsius Calliope 3,058 Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month 32.7 Celsius Chinchilla 4,774 Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month 4.6 Celsius Coonabarabran 2,566 Dysart 3,010 Mean Annual Rainfall 634.9mm Gracemere 7,576 Dominant rainfall season Summer

Gunnedah 7,901 * The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) Highfields 7,947 representing the period prior to the onset of rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012) Moranbah 8,624 Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), Moree 7,722 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces version 2.1 Mount Morgan 2,557 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package). For future climate projections please refer to: Narrabri 4,040 http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/ Oakey 4,299

Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions Hunter Local Land Services NSW Central Tablelands Local Land Services NSW Central West Local Land Services NSW North West Local Land Services NSW Northern Tablelands Local Land Services NSW Queensland Murray Darling Basin Committee Inc QLD Burnett Mary Regional Group for NRM QLD Condamine Alliance QLD Fitzroy Basin Association QLD NQ Dry Tropics Group Inc QLD

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

4 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Native Title area National Reserve System area

3% 5%

97% 95%

Native Title area Other area NRS area Other area

Native vegetation clearance level Number of threatened species by class

5 4 16

1 15

43.9% 56.1% 14

133

Cleared (ha) Uncleared (ha) Plants Reptiles Birds Mammals Frogs Fish Other

Status of EPBC Act listed threatened species, communities and migratory species

Vulnerable species 120

Endangered species 61

Critically endangered species 8

Migratory species 28

Threatened ecological 11 communities

0285684 112 140

Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).

5 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Population characteristics

Population

Population by age group Indigenous population by age group

4% 14% 22%

22%

37%

13% 32%

19%

19% 18%

0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Farmer and farm managers by age group Gender of farmers and farm managers

18% 24% 4,570

10,731

56%

15–24 years 25–39 years Male Female 40–64 years 65 years and over

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

6 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Languages spoken at home English 91.43% Other languages 3.01% Not stated 5.47%

Non-English languages spoken at home* Indigenous languages spoken at home**

5.06% 8% 15.93% 7.36% 4% 1.12%

0.72% 0.79% 15% 14.29% 11.30%

3.80% 3%

7.62% 18.49% 70%

14.32%

Northern European Arnhem Land and Daly River Region Languages (including Scandinavia, Celtic, Germanic, Dutch) Cape York Peninsula Languages Southern European Torres Strait Island Languages Eastern European Northern Desert Fringe Area Languages Central Asian, Turkic, Iranic and Semitic Other Australian Indigenous Languages Southern Asian, Dravidan and Indo-Ayran South-East Asian ** Please note, these gures are based on the proportion East Asian of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census that they spoke an Indigenous language at home. Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander African Paci c / Oceanic Sign language

* Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census that they spoke a language other than English at home.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

7 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Education

Highest level of educational attainment Highest level of educational attainment – total population – Indigenous community 40% 60%

35% 50% 30% 40% 25%

20% 30%

15% 20% 10% 10% 5%

0% 0% l l e e e e w w ve ve Le Le ti cat ti cat /Not stated /Not stated ti cate ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 ears 11 and 12 ars 10 or belo Y Y Cer Cer ears 10 or belo Ye Y Diploma and Diploma and School School nadequately described nadequately described I I School School No Educational Attainment No Educational Attainment Bachelor Degr Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer Diploma & Graduate Cer P P 15–24 years 25–39 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 65 years and over 40–64 years 65 years and over

Highest level of educational attainment Post-school qualication types* – farmers and farm managers 18,000 60% 16,000

50% 14,000 12,000 40% 10,000

30% 8,000 6,000 20% 4,000

10% 2,000 0 0% l e e w ve 65 years Le ti cat and above /Not stated 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old ti cate ee/Graduat ee/Advanced ears 11 and 12 ars 10 or belo Y Cer

Ye Natural and Physical Sciences Diploma and School

nadequately described Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies I School

No Educational Attainment Health and education Bachelor Degr ostgraduate Degr Diploma & Graduate Cer

P Architecture, building, society and culture and creative arts 15–24 years 25–39 years Information Technology, Management 40–64 years 65 years and over and Commerce and service industries

* Please note, this table omits quali cations of mixed eld, quali cations that are not adequately described, and information relating to census respondents who have not stated their quali cation or are not applicable (i.e. Not of age to have post-school quali cation). Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

8 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Employment, volunteering and incomes

Employment

Employment status of general population* Employment by industry

100%

7% 11% 80% 2% 13% 7% 60%

7% 40%

20% 14%

14% 0% 6% 65 years

and above 19% 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old

Employed Agriculture, forestry and sheries Unemployed Mining Not in labour force or not stated Manufacturing Utilities, construction and transport Employment* Please note the %status gures are of relative general to each population* of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are Employmentaggregates of the following status Au ofstra Indigenouslian Bureau of Statis population*tics categories: Employed = Employed full-time;Health, Employed Social par Assistance,t-time; Education and training and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time 100%100% Public administration and safety work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the populationWholesale that is not and of r etail trade 80% working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for Serthisvices report, 80%as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population. Food, accommodation, arts and recreation Unknown/not stated 60%60%

40%40%

20%20%

0% 0% 65 years 65 years and above and above ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous I I I I 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old 15–24 years old 40–64 years old 25–39 years old

EmployeEmployed d UnemployeUnemployed d Not Notin labour in labour force fo orrce not or statednot stated * Please note the % gures are relative to each of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are aggregates of the following Australian Bureau of Statistics categories: Employed = Employed full-time; Employed part-time; and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the population that is not of working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for this report, as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

9 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Volunteering Income

Volunteering rates Total household income (% of households)*

80%

70% 12%

60% 22.1% 4.4% 50%

40% 12.4% 30%

20%

10%

65 years 49.1% and above 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old

Not a volunteer Under $20,800 $20,800–64,999 $65,000–$103,999 Volunteer Over $104,000 Not Stated/Partially Stated Not stated or not applicable * Please note these gures have been derived from the ABS Equivalised Total Household Income (HIED)Census 2011 data. ABS data categories have been aggregated for the purposes of this report. For more information see: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome. nsf/home/statementsdwellinghied?opendocument&navpos=430 In the 2011–12 nancial year, persons who earned $67,500 or less were eligible for Low Income Tax Oset. Human Services applied the following de nitions of “low income” as eligibility criteria for the Low Income Supplement in the 2012–13 nancial year: Income below $30,000 for singles, $45,000 combined for couples, or $60,000 combined for couples or singles with a dependent child.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

10 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice Australian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key environmental custodians.

Number of people employed in agriculture, shing, forestry and downstream industries

Agriculture industry employment (production) 21,233

79 Agriculture industry employment (downstream – including services, 7,272 food and beverage)

Fishing industry employment, including production and 204 downstream seafood processing 25 and wholesaling 83 Forestry industry (including production, logging, sawmilling 1,056 and downstream wood and paper product manufacturing)

Agricultural commodity values

Value of agricultural commodities^ $1,500

$1250

$1,000

$750 illions M

$500

$250

$0 y y y rk ol rui t ops Ha Po F Beef Nuts Eggs Wo Dair Lamb Goats oultr r grain P e cr or seed Oilseeds oadacr gume fo Cereals for grain or consumptio n Le egetables f V ther br O Nurseries and cut owers egetables f V

^ Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced. The value estimates in this publication are derived by the multiplication of price and quantity estimates of agricultural commodities. Price information is estimated based on the average unit value of a given commodity realised in the market place. For more information please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/7503.0Explanatory%20Notes12010-11?OpenDocument

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

11 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Natural resource management practices and sources of NRM advice

Feral animal control* Native vegetation protection and regeneration* (% of agricultural holdings) (% of agricultural holdings) 90% 7%

80% 6% 70% 5% 60%

50% 4%

40% 3% 30% 2% 20% 1% 10%

0% 0% e ol tio n ther O essur eral goats F eral animals cluding stock of f No management eral water bualo ther (unspeci ed) Managing weeds F eral animal contr f O Stopping mechanical or chemical destruc Reducing grazing pr encing o /ex F

* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey (LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only. For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4630.0

Sought advice when adopting Sources of advice**^ native vegetation management**

17.54% s s s s s s s No No No No No No No Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye 82.46% oup oup egion nment ch and ver tion gr e or farmer rmer gr Go Resear Fa A/NRM r tension ocer oduc ex CM pr ivate consultant or agribusiness agent eers or neighbours Landcar employed facilitator P Pr

Yes No elopment Corporation Dev

** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228 broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this reason, the figures presented here are indicative only. ^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents who identified they sought advice. For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domestic-forestry/prep-for-future/drivers-practice-change.pdf

12 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas

Land tenure Land use

7% 10% 22.9% 24.2% 2% 1% 10%

11.5% 0.4%

3.5% 37.6% 63%

Crown Land – Private – Leased Conservation and Natural Environments Crown Land – Public Grazing Native Vegetation Crown Land – Public – Leased Production Forestry (native vegetation) Crown Land – Unknown – Leased Grazing Modi ed Pastures Freehold – Unknown Cropping and Horticulture No Data/Unknown Production from Irrigated Agriculture and Plantations Other Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program (ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to: http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/Pages/Default.aspx

Traditional Owners Registered Native Title Body Corporate Hectares % of zone Bulganunna Aboriginal The Jangga People 1,104,080 3.2 Corporation RNTBC

13 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Local Government Areas Local Government Areas Coonamble Shire Council NSW Banana Shire QLD Dubbo City Council NSW Barcaldine Regional QLD Gilgandra Shire Council NSW Blackall Tambo Regional QLD Gunnedah Shire Council NSW Central Highlands Regional QLD Gwydir Shire Council NSW Charters Towers Regional QLD Inverell Shire Council NSW Gladstone Regional QLD Liverpool Plains Shire Council NSW Goondiwindi Regional QLD Mid-Western Regional Council NSW Isaac Regional QLD Moree Plains Shire Council NSW Livingstone Shire QLD Muswellbrook Shire Council NSW Lockyer Valley Regional QLD Narrabri Shire Council NSW Mackay Regional QLD Narromine Shire Council NSW Maranoa Regional QLD Singleton Shire Council NSW Murweh Shire QLD Tamworth Regional Council NSW North Burnett Regional QLD Tenterfield Shire Council NSW Rockhampton Regional QLD Upper Hunter Shire Council NSW South Burnett Regional QLD Walcha Council NSW Southern Downs Regional QLD Walgett Shire Council NSW Toowoomba Regional QLD Warrumbungle Shire Council NSW Western Downs Regional QLD Wellington Council NSW Whitsunday Regional QLD Balonne Shire QLD Woorabinda Aboriginal Shire QLD

14 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Zone vegetation characteristics

Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVS) with >1% original distribution within zone 40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

0% ey ey ey ey ey ets ests with ests with ests with r r r ests with a ysopogon) r fo fo fo fo with tussock grass tussock grasslands est or vine thick ests and woodlands ests and woodlands ests and woodlands a grassy understor r r r or a shrubby understor a shrubby understor fo fo fo ther tussock grasslands O with a grassy understor tussock grass understor y rainf Eucalyptus open woodlands Eucalyptus open Eucalyptus open Eucalyptus open Dr Blue grass (Dichanthium) and Callitris Eucalyptus open Brigalow (Acacia harpophyylla) tall bunch grass(Chr Eucalyptus low open woodlands ther Acacia O

Pre 1750 percentage of CMZ area Present day percentage of CMZ area

Source: The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS). See overleaf for more information on this dataset.

15 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.

Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.

It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.

Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.

For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system

16 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Nationally Important Wetlands

Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria Bingeringo Aggregation QLD 2,336 1, 2, 3 Boggomoss Springs QLD 399 1, 3 Bowen River: Birralee – Pelican Creek QLD 156 1, 2, 3, 5 Broad Sound QLD 364 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Dalrymple and Blackfellow Creeks QLD 5 1, 3, 5 Fairbairn Dam QLD 15,406 1, 3 Fitzroy River Floodplain QLD 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Lake Broadwater QLD 215 1, 2, 3, 5 Lake Dalrymple QLD 27,341 1, 2, 3 Lake Elphinstone QLD 300 1, 2, 3 Lake Goran NSW 6,788 1, 3, 4 Lake Nuga Nuga QLD 2,070 1, 3 Palm Tree and Robinson Creeks QLD 50,223 1, 5 Rollston River and Molly Darling Creek Aggregation QLD 2,801 1, 2, 3, 5 Scartwater Aggregation QLD 332 1, 2, 3 The Gums Lagoon QLD 343 1, 3 Turkey Mound Spring QLD 20 1, 3 and Iron Pot Spring Aggregation Why Not Aggregation QLD 3 1, 2

Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria: 1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia. 2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex. 3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail. 4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa. 5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level. 6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance. Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directory-important-wetlands-australia-third-edition

17 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands World and National Heritage

Heritage values World or National Heritage Heritage type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone The Greater World and Natural NSW 113268.66 0.33 Blue Mountains Area National Heritage Gondwana World and Natural NSW 109.54 0.00 Rainforests of Australia National Heritage Myall Creek Massacre National Heritage Indigenous NSW 23.17 0.07 and Memorial Site Moree Baths National Heritage Indigenous NSW 1.01 0.00 and Swimming Pool Warrumbungle National Heritage Natural NSW 23611.98 0.33 National Park

Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage

18 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Major National Reserve System properties

Major National Reserve System properties IUCN Name Property type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone category Carnarvon National Park II QLD 301,335 0.88 Castlevale Nature Refuge VI QLD 146,571 0.43 Wollemi National Park IB NSW 113,444 0.33 Expedition National Park II QLD 109,622 0.32 (Limited Depth) Pilliga Nature Reserve IA NSW 83,475 0.24 Goulburn River National Park II NSW 74,107 0.22 Carnarvon Station Nature Refuge VI QLD 56,752 0.17 CCA Zone 3 State Goonoo II NSW 54,396 0.16 Conservation Area Mount Kaputar National Park II NSW 51,309 0.15 Blackdown Tableland National Park II QLD 47,874 0.14 Timallallie CCA Zone 1 National Park IV NSW 39,218 0.11 Goodedulla National Park II QLD 25,480 0.07 Palmgrove National Park (Scientific) IA QLD 25,071 0.07 CCA Zone 3 State Pilliga East II NSW 24,549 0.07 Conservation Area Warrumbungle National Park II NSW 23,864 0.07 Dthinna Dthinnawan CCA Zone 1 National Park II NSW 22,085 0.06 Coolah Tops National Park II NSW 16,246 0.05 Theresa Hut Nature Refuge VI QLD 12,120 0.04 Taunton National Park (Scientific) IV QLD 11,687 0.03 Dipperu National Park (Scientific) IA QLD 11,285 0.03

The IUCN categories are as follows: Ia Strict Nature Reserve IUCN protected area management categories Ib Wilderness Area classify protected areas according to their II National Park management objectives. The categories are recognised by international bodies such as III Natural Monument or Feature the United Nations and are utilised by many IV Habitat/Species Management Area national governments, including the Australian V Protected Landscape/ Seascape Government, as the global standard for VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources defining and recording protected areas.

Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/ For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system

Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.

19 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities

Threatened ecological communities Name Listing status % of total distribution* % of zone** Natural Grasslands of the Queensland Central Endangered 94.7 23.3 Highlands and the northern Fitzroy Basin Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla dominant Endangered 87.5 3.3 and co-dominant) Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) Endangered 85.7 0.7 and Nandewar Bioregions Natural grasslands on basalt and fine-textured Critically alluvial plains of northern New South Wales 62.6 24.6 Endangered and southern Queensland Coolibah – Black Box Woodlands of the Darling Riverine Plains and the Brigalow Belt Endangered 58.3 64.6 South Bioregions Weeping Myall Woodlands Endangered 42.0 83.7 New England Peppermint Critically 22.8 4.2 (Eucalyptus nova-anglica) Grassy Woodlands Endangered Grey Box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) Grassy Woodlands and Derived Native Endangered 9.7 10.1 Grasslands of South-eastern Australia White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Critically Red Gum Grassy Woodland and 5.1 3.5 Endangered Derived Native Grassland The community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from Endangered 3.9 0.1 the Great Artesian Basin Critically Lowland Rainforest of Subtropical Australia 0.3 0.1 Endangered * % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may be to find within the zone.

The threatened ecological communities above are listed underThe Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities

20 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened species

Threatened mammals % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat, Yaminon Lasiorhinus krefftii Endangered 100 0.01 Pilliga Mouse, Poolkoo Pseudomys pilligaensis Vulnerable 60.63 0.96 Koala (combined populations of Phascolarctos cinereus Queensland, New South Wales and (combined populations of Vulnerable 26.07 31.83 the Australian Capital Territory) Qld, NSW and the ACT) Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata Vulnerable 10.88 1.31 Bridled Nail-tail Wallaby Onychogalea fraenata Endangered 6.82 0.04 New Holland Mouse, Pookila Pseudomys novaehollandiae Vulnerable 3.79 1.05 Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus Vulnerable 3.67 1.85 Hastings River Mouse, Koontoo Pseudomys oralis Endangered 3.39 0.29 Spot-tailed Quoll, Dasyurus maculatus maculatus Spotted-tail Quoll, Tiger Quoll Endangered 2.67 1.37 (SE mainland population) (southeastern mainland population) Northern Quoll Dasyurus hallucatus Endangered 1.29 2.30 Water Mouse, False Water Rat, Yirrkoo Xeromys myoides Vulnerable 0.02 0.002 Semon’s Leaf-nosed Bat, May be May be Hipposideros semoni Endangered Greater Wart-nosed Horseshoe-bat present present May be May be Long-nosed Potoroo (SE mainland) Potorous tridactylus tridactylus Vulnerable present present May be May be South-eastern Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus corbeni Vulnerable present present May be May be Large-eared Pied Bat, Large Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri Vulnerable present present May be May be Greater Bilby Macrotis lagotis Vulnerable present present

21 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Threatened birds % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Star Finch (eastern), Star Finch (southern) Neochmia ruficauda ruficauda Endangered 59.82 71.00 Squatter Pigeon (southern) Geophaps scripta scripta Vulnerable 57.35 60.03 Black-breasted Button-quail Turnix melanogaster Vulnerable 38.12 15.69 Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Endangered 17.91 12.51 Red Goshawk Erythrotriorchis radiatus Vulnerable 17.24 51.77 Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor Endangered 9.13 4.79 Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii Vulnerable 4.97 2.63 Black-throated Finch (southern) Poephila cincta cincta Endangered 4.81 0.91 Coxen’s Fig-Parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni Endangered 1.26 0.01 Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered 1.17 1.27 Eastern Bristlebird Dasyornis brachypterus Endangered 0.94 0.13 Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis Endangered 0.89 0.50 Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Vulnerable 0.44 1.36 Critically May be May be Yellow Chat (Dawson) Epthianura crocea macgregori Endangered present present May be May be Masked Owl (northern) Tyto novaehollandiae kimberli Vulnerable present present * % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.

22 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Threatened reptiles % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Allan’s Lerista, Retro Slider Lerista allanae Endangered 100 0.47 Ornamental Snake Denisonia maculata Vulnerable 93.72 19.74 Five-clawed Worm-skink, Anomalopus mackayi Vulnerable 66.94 2.56 Long-legged Worm-skink Dunmall’s Snake Furina dunmalli Vulnerable 58.19 1.55 Border Thick-tailed Gecko, Uvidicolus sphyrurus Vulnerable 57.91 7.85 Granite Belt Thick-tailed Gecko Yakka Skink Egernia rugosa Vulnerable 47.29 11.19 Collared Delma Delma torquata Vulnerable 45.47 1.33 Grassland Earless Dragon Tympanocryptis pinguicolla Endangered 41.81 0.35 Mount Cooper Striped Lerista Lerista vittata Vulnerable 9.94 0.19 Pink-tailed Worm-lizard, Aprasia parapulchella Vulnerable 5.28 0.57 Pink-tailed Legless Lizard Broad-headed Snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides Vulnerable 4.06 0.37 Bell’s Turtle, Western Sawshelled Turtle, Namoi River Turtle, Wollumbinia belli Vulnerable 0.77 0.01 Bell’s Saw-shelled Turtle May be May be Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink Coeranoscincus reticulatus Vulnerable present present

Other threatened fauna % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Critically Boggomoss Snail, Dawson Valley Snail Adclarkia dawsonensis 100 0.0004 Endangered Australian Lungfish, Queensland Lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri Vulnerable 15.1 0.18 Fleay’s Frog Mixophyes fleayi Endangered 7.81 0.06 Booroolong Frog Litoria booroolongensis Endangered 7.75 0.33 Mary River Cod Maccullochella mariensis Endangered 0.91 0.004 Kroombit Tinker Frog, Critically Taudactylus pleione 0.79 0.0005 Pleione’s Torrent Frog Endangered May be May be Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis Endangered present present May be May be Giant Barred Frog, Southern Barred Frog Mixophyes iteratus Endangered present present May be May be Littlejohn’s Tree Frog, Heath Frog Litoria littlejohni Vulnerable present present May be May be Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii Vulnerable present present

23 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** a shrub Bertya granitica Endangered 100 0.01 a shrub Homoranthus decumbens Endangered 100 0.85 Hando’s Wattle, Percy Grant Wattle Acacia handonis Vulnerable 100 0.08 Kogan Waxflower Philotheca sporadica Vulnerable 100 0.46 None Eucalyptus beaniana Vulnerable 100 0.06 None Kennedia retrorsa Vulnerable 100 0.06 None Logania diffusa Vulnerable 100 0.07 None Prostanthera discolor Vulnerable 100 0.02 None Corymbia clandestina Vulnerable 100 0.07 None Newcastelia velutina Vulnerable 100 0.01 None Acacia eremophiloides Vulnerable 100 0.02 None Acacia deuteroneura Vulnerable 100 0.01 None Xerothamnella herbacea Endangered 100 0.05 None Microcarpaea agonis Endangered 100 0.01 Prostanthera sp. Dunmore None Vulnerable 100 0.11 (D.M.Gordon 8A) None Aristida annua Vulnerable 100 1.03 None Acacia porcata Endangered 100 0.02 None Hakea pulvinifera Endangered 100 0.03 Queensland White Gum, Queensland Western White Gum, Lapunyah, Eucalyptus argophloia Vulnerable 100 0.21 Scrub Gum, White Gum Sandy Hollow Commersonia Commersonia rosea Endangered 100 0.004 Yarwun Whitewood Atalaya collina Endangered 100 0.01 None Acacia lauta Vulnerable 99.32 0.08 None Lasiopetalum longistamineum Vulnerable 96.86 0.03 None Decaspermum struckoilicum Endangered 95.51 0.01 None Ozothamnus tesselatus Vulnerable 93.35 0.14 None Westringia parvifolia Vulnerable 91.38 1.35 None Indigofera efoliata Endangered 90.57 0.08 Hawkweed Picris evae Vulnerable 89.92 0.97 Belson’s Panic Homopholis belsonii Vulnerable 89.79 0.05 Ingram’s Zieria Zieria ingramii Endangered 87.17 0.13 Leucopogon sp. Coolmunda None Endangered 87.1 0.01 (D.Halford Q1635) Small-leaved Denhamia Denhamia parvifolia Vulnerable 87.02 2.97 None Eucalyptus virens Vulnerable 86.79 3.13 None Rulingia procumbens Vulnerable 85.7 2.39

24 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Critically Denman Pomaderris Pomaderris reperta 84.53 0.01 Endangered Finger Panic Grass Digitaria porrecta Endangered 80.64 12.32 Austral Cornflower, Native Thistle Rhaponticum australe Vulnerable 79.89 3.11 None Zieria verrucosa Vulnerable 76.95 0.16 None Daviesia discolor Vulnerable 75.81 0.18 None Tylophora linearis Endangered 74.2 3.75 bluegrass Dichanthium setosum Vulnerable 73.71 1.34 Ooline Cadellia pentastylis Vulnerable 72.87 19.36 None Calytrix gurulmundensis Vulnerable 72.52 0.20 None Philotheca ericifolia Vulnerable 69.61 6.77 None Polianthion minutiflorum Vulnerable 69.4 0.15 None Homoranthus darwinioides Vulnerable 66.28 0.30 King Blue-grass Dichanthium queenslandicum Endangered 66.26 5.43 None Acacia grandifolia Vulnerable 52.95 1.11 Cobar Greenhood Orchid Pterostylis cobarensis Vulnerable 47.81 5.15

* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone. The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

25 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands EPBC Act (1999) migratory species

Migratory birds Common name Scientific name Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Campbell Albatross Thalassarche impavida Cattle Egret Ardea ibis Coxen’s Fig-Parrot Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis Flesh-footed Shearwater, Fleshy-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Great Egret, White Egret Ardea alba Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris Latham’s Snipe, Japanese Snipe Gallinago hardwickii Little Curlew, Little Whimbrel Numenius minutus Little Tern Sterna albifrons Marsh Sandpiper, Little Greenshank Tringa stagnatilis Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato) Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus Spectacled Monarch Monarcha trivirgatus Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola

26 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Threatened endemic species

Threatened endemic species Taxonomic group Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status Not recorded Critically Critically Frogs Taudactylus pleione in reserves Endangered Endangered Mammals Pseudomys pilligaensis Recorded in reserves Vulnerable Data Deficient Not recorded Molluscs Jardinella exigua n/a Endangered in reserves Critically Molluscs Adclarkia dawsonensis Recorded in reserves n/a Endangered Not recorded Plants Cycas cupida n/a Vulnerable in reserves Plants Macrozamia crassifolia Recorded in reserves Vulnerable Vulnerable Plants Macrozamia fearnsidei Recorded in reserves Vulnerable Least Concern Plants Macrozamia platyrhachis Recorded in reserves Endangered Vulnerable Not recorded Plants Acacia deuteroneura Vulnerable n/a in reserves Plants Acacia eremophiloides Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Not recorded Plants Acacia handonis Vulnerable n/a in reserves Plants Acacia porcata Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Not recorded Plants Indigofera efoliata Endangered n/a in reserves Not recorded Plants Microcarpaea agonis Endangered n/a in reserves Plants Bertya granitica Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Plants Decaspermum struckoilicum Recorded in reserves Endangered n/a Plants Homoranthus decumbens Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Not recorded Plants Aristida annua Vulnerable n/a in reserves Not recorded Plants Philotheca sporadica Vulnerable n/a in reserves Not recorded Plants Atalaya collina Endangered n/a in reserves Not recorded Critically Reptiles Lerista allanae Endangered in reserves Endangered

27 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Concentrations of unreserved endemic species

0 50 100 200 Kilometres

Data Sources: - All biodiversity data have been derived from the Australian Natura l Heritage Assessment Tool, which includes species location records from Australian museums, Australian herbaria, Birds Australia, CSIRO, state and territory governments and other sources. Concentration of Endemics - Weighted endemism / richness scores are calculated for all species Australian Natural Heritage within a specified group with the exception of vascular plants (includes 1 only 75 families) and vertebrates (does not include fish species). Assessment Tool For a full list of taxa included in ANHAT see 2 www.environment.gov.au/heritage/index.html Brigalow Woodlands CMZ - Drainage and waterbodies have been derived from the Geoscience 3 Australia GEODATA TOPO 10M 2002 - Locality data have been derived from the Geoscience Australia Concentrations of unreserved 4 - 11 GEODATA TOPO 10M 2002 data layer Caveat: While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and endemic species Brigalow Woodlands completeness, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken by the Commonwealth for errors or omissions and the Commonwealth does CMZ Boundaries not accept responsibility in respect of any information or advice given in relation to, or as a consequence of, anything contained herein.

Parks and Reserves Produced by: The Department of the Environment. © Commonwealth of Australia 2008

The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their known range outside of the National Reserve System. Concentrations of unreserved endemic species may be useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts. Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department of Environment Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-natural-heritage-assessment-tool

28 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Invasive species

Invasive mammals Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Felis catus 4.45 100 Red Fox, Fox Vulpes vulpes 5.55 100 Pig Sus scrofa 9.71 99.7 Rabbit, European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 6.16 98.6 House Mouse Mus musculus 7.32 76.0 Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris 7.11 51.8 Brown Hare Lepus capensis 15.2 44.2 Domestic Cattle Bos taurus 8.02 39.9 Black Rat, Ship Rat Rattus rattus 10.97 35.6 Goat Capra hircus 2.85 17.8 Horse Equus caballus 3.48 15.1 Feral deer species in Australia n/a 9.53 10.7 Brown Rat, Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus 2.19 1.2

Other invasive fauna Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** House Sparrow Passer domesticus 10.06 86.90 Cane Toad Rhinella marina 14.57 82.30 Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon Columba livia 9.35 69.65 Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 10.37 65.39 Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia chinensis 13.82 33.66 Common Myna, Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 17.09 25.84 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 8.01 16.56 Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula 6.12 16.36 European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 5.55 14.55 Nutmeg Mannikin Lonchura punctulata 17.63 13.69 Skylark Alauda arvensis 2.39 4.52 Asian House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus 4.71 3.10 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 2.87 0.67 Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 0.68 0.55

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

29 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Parthenium Weed, Bitter Weed, Parthenium hysterophorus 39.86 71.52 Carrot Grass, False Ragweed Parkinsonia, Jerusalem Thorn, Parkinsonia aculeata 9 41.59 Jelly Bean Tree, Horse Bean Rubber Vine, Rubbervine, India Rubber Vine, India Rubbervine, Palay Rubbervine, Cryptostegia grandiflora 18.02 35.83 Purple Allamanda Prickly Pears Opuntia spp. 31.25 34.67 Lantana, Common Lantana, Kamara Lantana, Large-leaf Lantana, Pink Flowered Lantana, Red Flowered Lantana camara 22.08 31.47 Lantana, Red-Flowered Sage, White Sage, Wild Sage Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Pinus radiata 18.86 25.19 Insignis Pine, Wilding Pine Salix spp. except Willows except Weeping Willow, S.babylonica, S.x 11.47 22.09 Pussy Willow and Sterile Pussy Willow calodendron & S.x reichardtii Prickly Acacia, Blackthorn, Vachellia nilotica 11.64 18.98 Prickly Mimosa, Black Piquant, Babul Blackberry, European Blackberry Rubus fruticosus aggregate 7.61 18.53 Prickly Acacia Acacia nilotica subsp. indica 5.21 17.50 Hymenachne, Olive Hymenachne, Water Stargrass, West Indian Grass, Hymenachne amplexicaulis 23.18 15.29 West Indian Marsh Grass Athel Pine, Athel Tree, Tamarisk, Athel Tamarisk, Athel Tamarix, Tamarix aphylla 7.18 15.16 Desert Tamarisk, Flowering Cypress, Salt Cedar Cotton-leaved Physic-Nut, Bellyache Bush, Cotton-leaf Physic Nut, Cotton-leaf Jatropha gossypifolia 12.79 14.96 Jatropha, Black Physic Nut African Boxthorn, Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum 6.9 10.61 Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper, Asparagus asparagoides 3.3 7.93 Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Salvinia molesta 7.73 7.00 Aquarium Watermoss, Kariba Weed Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Senecio madagascariensis 10.97 4.70 Madagascar Groundsel Mesquite, Algaroba Prosopis spp. 2.52 4.45 Serrated Tussock, Yass River Tussock, Nassella trichotoma 4.47 3.78 Yass Tussock, Nassella Tussock (NZ) Chilean Needle grass Nassella neesiana 4.61 3.75 Cat’s Claw Vine, Yellow Trumpet Vine, Dolichandra unguis-cati 19.94 3.31 Cat’s Claw Creeper, Funnel Creeper Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Silver Nightshade, Silver-leaved Nightshade, White Horse Nettle, Silver-leaf Nightshade, Tomato Weed, White Nightshade, Solanum elaeagnifolium 5.69 2.48 Bull-nettle, Prairie-berry, Satansbos, Silver-leaf Bitter-apple, Silverleaf-nettle, Trompillo Madeira Vine, Jalap, Lamb’s-tail, Mignonette Vine, Anredera cordifolia 8.52 2.32 Anredera, Gulf Madeiravine, Heartleaf Madeiravine, Potato Vine Prickly Pears Cylindropuntia spp. 12.47 2.29 Genista sp. X Broom 1.66 1.28 Genista monspessulana Bitou Bush, Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera 0.77 1.27 Water Hyacinth, Water Orchid, Nile Lily Eichhornia crassipes 3.81 1.05 Broom, English Broom, Scotch Broom, Common Broom, Cytisus scoparius 1.21 0.84 Scottish Broom, Spanish Broom Climbing Asparagus, Asparagus africanus 18.88 0.68 Climbing Asparagus Fern Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom, Common Broom, Genista monspessulana 1.25 0.55 French Broom, Soft Broom Climbing Asparagus-fern Asparagus plumosus 4.61 0.44 Climbing Asparagus-fern, Ferny Asparagus Protasparagus plumosus 4.61 0.44 Delta Arrowhead, Arrowhead, Sagittaria platyphylla 0.47 0.12 Slender Arrowhead Alligator Weed Alternanthera philoxeroides 0.45 0.11 Asparagus Fern, Ground Asparagus, Basket Fern, Sprengi’s Fern, Bushy Asparagus aethiopicus 1.14 0.10 Asparagus, Emerald Asparagus Buffel-grass, Black Buffel-grass Cenchrus ciliaris 0.01 0.10 Gamba Grass Andropogon gayanus 0.15 0.04

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**) indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone. For more information on invasive species please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species

31 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Vegetation profiles and management recommendations

Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.

The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.

32 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

36%

41.31% Remaining 14.9% Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus crebra; Eucalyptus melanophloia; Eucalyptus platyphylla; Eucalyptus populnea; Eucalyptus melliodora;

Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Corymbia citriodora; y

Corymbia clarksoniana; Callitris glaucophylla; Casuarina -1750 Pre cunninghamiana; Acacia leiocalyx; Themeda triandra; esent da Bothriochloa bladhii; Aristida ramosa; tussock grass. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Encourage uptake Manage Encourage natural Protect mature trees Manage Coolatai of conservation grazing practices, regeneration with tree hollows. grass (Hyparrhenia agreements including avoiding through fencing hirta), African and covenants high-intensity and stock If few or no mature love grass on private land. set stocking. management. trees with hollows (Eragrostis curvula) exist within and Johnson Ban firewood Adopt rotational If there is no remnants, provide grazing practices grass (Sorghum harvesting and tree recruitment nesting boxes and halapense). retain standing and avoid grazing (regeneration) monitor these dead trees when ground layer around fenced regularly for invasive Grazing, burning and fallen timber. plants are flowering mature paddock species, such or soil disturbance and setting seed trees then plant as Noisy Miners. also favours the Protect paddock (usually spring to seedlings from introduction of trees through midsummer). locally sourced weeds. Monitor for fencing and Avoid application tube stock. weeds in grazed and removal of stock. of nitrogen disturbed sites. and phosphorous Replant fertilisers. species where appropriate using Avoid spray drift locally-sourced of herbicides, seed. pesticides and fertiliser from adjacent agricultural lands. Create artificial shade to prevent stock camping under trees.

33 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) forests and woodlands vegetation profile

Change in extent

20.3%

9.1% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Acacia harpophylla; Eucalyptus populnea; Eucalyptus cambageana; Casuarina cristata; Lysiphyllum 1.8% cunninghamii; Acacia argyrodendron; Eremophila y

mitchellii; Geijera parviflora; Carissa ovata; Paspalidium -1750 Pre caespitosum; Chloris ventricosa; Digitaria brownii; esent da Eragrostis megalosperma. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase high Manage grazing Connect In general, the Leave dead trees Manage high Manage foxes, feral quality remnants practices and shade-lines most appropriate standing and allow biomass exotic pigs and cats. into reservation. stocking rates; to one another fire regime for fallen timber and grasses (buffel or exclude grazing and keep them as Brigalow stands is leaf litter to rot grass, Rhodes grass, Encourage uptake entirely from wide as possible fire-exclusion. where it falls as this green panic grass). of conservation intact stands (ideally more provides key habitat agreements where possible. than 100 m). for reptiles and Minimise on private land insects and supports soil disturbance Adopt rotational Undertake food sources and monitor Create buffer zones grazing practices regeneration of high for other fauna. for weeds if around remnants. and avoid grazing value regrowth sites soil is disturbed. when ground layer and revegetation of Re-introduce Protect paddock plants are flowering degraded sites. microhabitat Use spot application trees and and setting seed features (e.g. rocks, of herbicides. clumps of regrowth. (usually spring Encourage logs and other woodland Minimise Protect shrubby to midsummer). woody debris) regeneration tree thinning. understorey and to sites that have Avoid application close to maintain dense been disturbed. of fertiliser, areas of existing stands of vegetation. or the aerial/broad woodland. scale spraying of herbicides.

Implement water management, sediment erosion and pollution control.

34 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

10.3%

60.46% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus crebra; Eucalyptus populnea; Eucalyptus sideroxylon; Eucalyptus fibrosa; Eucalyptus moluccana; 6.3%

Corymbia clarksoniana; Eremophila mitchellii; Callitris y

glaucophylla; Canthium oleifolium; Geijera parviflora; -1750 Pre

Cheilanthes sieberi. esent da Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Encourage uptake Manage grazing Encourage natural Severe and If few, or no hollow of conservation practices and regeneration too frequent bearing trees are agreements stocking rates; or through fencing fire can inhibit present within and covenants, exclude grazing and stock regeneration remnants, provide particularly entirely from management. capacity. nest boxes and on private land. intact stands monitor regularly for where possible. Undertake invasive species. Protect from replanting where firewood Avoid fertiliser appropriate, and if harvesting. drift from possible reconnect adjacent crops remnant patches Protect and pastures. with suitable paddock flora species trees. so that wildlife can move naturally through the landscape.

35 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

5.2%

4.4% 84.28% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Corymbia citriodora; Eucalyptus albens; Eucalyptus crebra; Eucalyptus melanoleuca; Eucalyptus cloeziana;

Corymbia trachyphloia; Eucalyptus siderophloia; Eucalyptus y

sphaerocarpa; Bursaria spinosa; Arundinella nepalensis; -1750 Pre

Eremophila mitchellii; Arundinella nepalensis; Acacia esent da decora; Acacia macradenia; Persoonia falcata; Themeda Pr triandra; Bothriochloa decipiens; tussock grass.

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect remnants Avoid spray drift Encourage natural from clearing. of herbicides, regeneration pesticides through Protect and fertiliser fencing and stock hollow-bearing from adjacent management. trees. agricultural lands Undertake Protect standing replanting where dead trees and appropriate, and if fallen timber. possible reconnect remnant patches with suitable flora species so that wildlife can move naturally through the landscape.

36 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Eucalyptus open woodlands with a grassy understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

5.1%

46.6%

Remaining 2.4%

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus melanophloia; Eucalyptus coolabah; Eucalyptus populnea; Corymbia leichhardtii; Eucalyptus crebra;

Eucalyptus microcarpa; Eucalyptus orgadophila; Corymbia y

clarksoniana; Corymbia dallachiana; Eremophila -1750 Pre mitchellii; Carissa ovata; Triodia pungens Thellungia esent da advena; Aristida ramosa; tussock grass; forb; sedge. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase remnants Manage total Revegetate Develop If few hollow Manage weeds Control feral Manage underlying of Coolibah Black grazing pressure gullies and stream appropriate bearing trees are including Lippia animals causes of dieback Box and Inland at important sites banks where fire management present place nest (Phyla canescens) contributing in New England Grey Box ecological through exclusion vegetation has plans. boxes in remnants; and African to grazing Peppermint and communities fencing or other been cleared monitor nest boxes Boxthorn pressure Grey Box, such into reservation. barriers. e.g. Fence and widen Provide maps for invasive species (Lycium and trampling. as outbreaks riparian areas the strip of to local and (e.g. Indian myna ferocissimum). of leaf-eating Encourage uptake and stream banks. riparian state Rural and noisy miners). insects, which can of conservation vegetation. Fire Services. Avoid proliferate in areas agreements Manage livestock inappropriate of weed infestation on private land. grazing practices Plant eucalypts chemical use or and in surrounding and density. that develop mowing/slashing Retain fallen timber modified pastures. hollows. to eradicate and hollow bearing Reduce fertiliser weeds. trees (including and herbicide Create or dead trees) and application. restore wildlife ensure that trees corridors and are always left to Implement linkages. grow to maturity. water efficiency measures for Protect and existing irrigation maintain water table and dryland and water flows by cropping wise use of water infrastructure. and maintenance of native vegetation.

Protect remnants during maintenance/road works.

37 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Other Acacia forests and woodlands vegetation profile

Change in extent

4.5%

48.8% Remaining 2.2%

Commonly found species within this community Acacia pendula; Acacia argyrodendron; Acacia cambagei; Acacia shirleyi; Eremophila mitchellii; Eucalyptus decorticans; Eucalyptus thozetiana; Carissa ovata; y

Alphitonia excelsa; Aristida caput-medusae; Croton -1750 Pre phebalioides; Canthium odoratum; Acalypha eremorum; esent da tussock grass; shrub; forb. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Encourage uptake Use lopping Replant understorey Implement fire Keep stock away Manage Control Bag shelter of conservation methods that do not species (such regimes that protect from known nesting sites to prevent moth outbreaks in agreements result in the death as chenopods) chenopod shrubs sites of ground introduction significant stands and covenants. of the dominant where they (e.g. saltbushes dwelling birds. of invasive of Weeping Myall. tree species. have been depleted. and native cotton plant species. Protect Weeping bushes). Seek advice Allow fallen Control introduced Myall from clearing Prevent trampling Repair, expand and from your local branches and Manage grassy pest animals and lopping for and excessive connect remnants. NRM organisation bark to remain on weeds such at known sites. drought fodder. grazing pressure on appropriate ground to provide as Buffel grass Collect and in Weeping Myall fire regimes. fauna habitat. (Cenchrus ciliaris) Avoid firewood Woodlands sites. store seeds for and Coolatai grass collection (dead future plantings. Do not remove (Hyparrhenia hirta). and fallen trees). Use strategic mistletoe from grazing to facilitate Weeping Myall Avoid cultivating Retain standing regeneration. trees, other acacias or disturbing the dead trees. and eucalypts soil to prevent Avoid fertiliser as these provide weed invasion. and herbicide important food application in or resources for birds near remnants. and mammals.

38 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Blue grass (Dichanthium) and tall bunch grass (Chrysopogon) tussock grasslands vegetation profile

Change in extent

3.8%

23.88% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community 0.9% Dichanthium fecundum; Astrebla sp+/-Panicum sp; Acacia harpophylla; Acacia pendula; Acacia victoriae; Corymbia erythrophloia; Eucalyptus melanophloia; chenopod shrub; y

Dichanthium sericeum; Astrebla lappacea; Astrebla -1750 Pre pectinata; tussock grass. esent da Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Avoid changes to Remove stock Revegetate Avoid burning Ensure chemicals Control the hydrology which during flowering areas that have during peak for weed control house mouse may affect water and seeding been treated for flowering season do not have (Mus domesticus). table levels and (Spring / Summer) weeds, and to (spring to summer). adverse impact. surface water flow. and manage total extend and buffer grazing pressure to remnant patches. Identify appropriate Control Lippia, Encourage maintain ground intensity and Coolatai Grass, conservation cover at all times. Use only plant interval of fire African Love Grass agreements native local species. to promote and Buffel Grass. and covenants Avoid spray drift seed germination. on private land. of fertilisers and Implement good herbicides into hygiene measures Purchase remnants remnant sites. for mowing and into reservation. grading equipment Avoid slashing and observe Protect during during peak appropriate road widening flowering season state protocols and maintenance (Spring to summer.) for moving stock. activities (or other infrastructure Avoid herbicide and or development fertiliser application. activities).

Avoid excessive soil disturbance.

39 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Dry rainforest or vine thickets vegetation profile

Change in extent

1.8%

31.04% Remaining

Commonly found species 0.6% within this community Brachychiton australis; Brachychiton rupestris; Flindersia australis; Canthium odoratum; Diospyros humilis; Geijera parviflora; Cheilosporum acutilobum; Croton insularis; y

Cassine australis; Paspalidium caespitosum; Ancistrachne -1750 Pre uncinulata; Eragrostis megalosperma; Sclerolaena esent da tetracuspis; tussock grass; forb; sedge. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase Exclude grazing Increase Use low intensity, Monitor and if Manage buffel grass Manage pigs and remnants into and fence connectivity cool season burns necessary, manage (Pennisetum ciliare) goats as well as reservation. significant remnant between to reduce biomass. over-populations and green panic other feral animals. vine thickets. remnants. of native grazers, grass (Megathyrsus Encourage uptake Use strategic aerial especially the maximus var. of conservation Provide alternative incendiary mosaic black-striped Pubiglumis) agreements watering points for burning techniques wallaby including in and covenants domestic stock to which mitigate (Macropus dorsalis). areas adjacent to on private land. discourage against hot frequent thickets to prevent incursion. wildlife, and Maintain dingo incursion of fire. Create buffer zones protect wildlife. populations to around remnants suppress over- Manage weeds, and revegetation Seek advice from populations of especially lantana areas. your local NRM native grazers. (Lantana camara) organisation and rubber vine Fence significant about appropriate Implement cane (Cryptostegia remnants to prevent fire regimes. toad ‘taste aversion’ grandiflora). stock and feral baiting activities in animal access. remnants containing populations of the northern quoll.

40 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands Notes

41 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Brigalow Woodlands ALC100.0915