Cover: Sorghum head with midge damage (left), female midge fly, Contarinia sorghicola (top right), head bug, Calocoris angustatus (bottom right). Proceedings of the International Sorghum Entomology Workshop 15-21 July 1984 Texas A&M University College Station, Texas, USA Sponsored by USAID Title Collaborative Research Support Program on Sorghum and Pearl Millet (INTSORMIL) Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru P.O., Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India 1985 Correct citation: ICRISAT (International Crops Reserarch Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1985. Proceedings of the International Sorghum Entomology Workshop, 15-21 July 1984, Texas A&M Univer- sity, College Station, TX, USA. Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: ICRISAT. Workshop Coordinators and Scientific Editors K. Leuschner and G.L. Teetes Publication Editor Vrinda Kumble ISBN 92-9066-108-9 The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics is a nonprofit scientific educational institute receiving support from donors through the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Donors to ICRISAT include governments and agencies of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, People's Republic of China, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States of America, and of the following international and private organizations: Asian Development Bank, International Development Research Centre, International Fertilizer Development Center, International Fund for Agricultural Development, The European Economic Community, The Ford Foundation, The Leverhulme Trust, The Opec Fund for International Development, The Population Council, The Rockefeller Foundation, The World Bank, and the United Nations Development Programme. Responsibility for the information in this publication rests with ICRISAT or the individual authors. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorse- ment of or discrimination against any product by the Institute. Contents Foreword L.D. Swindale and P.L. Adkisson IX Setting the Scene Objectives of the Workshop K. Leuschner 2 Sorghum Production in Relation to Cropping Systems N.G.P. Rao 3 Sorghum Entomology Research: Programs and Need in the Developing World K. Leuschner 13 Sorghum Entomology Research: Programs and Needs in the Developed World in Relation to Developing Countries G.L. Teetes 21 Regional and Country Reports Sorghum Insect Pest Situation in Eastern Africa K.V. Seshu Reddy and E.O. Omolo 31 Sorghum Insect Pests in West Africa Kanayo F. Nwanze 37 Sorghum Insect Pests in India K.P. Srivastava 45 Sorghum Insect Pests in South East Asia B. Meksongsee and M. Chawanapong 57 Sorghum Insect Problems in Australia T. Passlow, B.A. Franzmann, and P.G. Allsopp 65 Insect Problems on Sorghum in the USA H.N. Pitre 73 Insect Problems on Sorghum in Mexico Gabriel Diaz Castro 83 Sorghum Insect Pest Problems in Central America R. Reyes 89 Sorghum Insect Problems in Brazil Paulo Afonso Viana 97 Soil Insects, Shoot Fly, and Greenbug Importance of Soil Insect Pests in Relation to Sorghum Production G.K. Veeresh 105 Resistance Screening and Mechanisms of Resistance in Sorghum to Shoot Fly S.L. Taneja and K. Leuschner 115 Mechanisms of Resistance to Shoot Fly in Sorghum: A Review A.K. Raina 131 Insect Behavior in Sorghum Resistance R.F. Chapman and 137 Mechanisms S. Woodhead Biology and Control of the Greenbug Attacking Sorghum K.J. Starks and Z.B. Mayo, Jr. 149 Stem Borers Lepidopterous Stem Borers of Sorghum K.M. Harris 161 Methods of Artificial Infestation with Diatraea Species and Evaluation of Stem Borer Resistance in Sorghum JA Mihm 169 Methods of Rearing, Infestation, and Evaluation for Chifo partellus Resistance in Sorghum S.L Taneja and K. Leuschner 175 Screening for Sorghum Stem Borer Resistance K.P. Srivastava 189 Improving Host-plant Resistance to Fall Armyworm and Sugarcane Borer in Sorghum Vartan Guiragossian and John A. Mihm 201 Integrated Approach to the Control of Sorghum Stem Borers K.V. Seshu Reddy 205 Panicle-feeding Insects IPM of Fall Armyworm and Panicle Caterpillars in Sorghum B.R. Wiseman 219 The Sorghum Midge: A Review of Published Information, 1895-1983 K.M. Harris 227 Sorghum Midge Biology, Population Dynamics, and Integrated Pest Management G.L. Teetes 233 Importance de la cecidomyie en tant que facteur limitant la production du sorgho au Burkina Faso et au Mali S.M. Bonzi et Y.O. Doumbia 247 Sorghum Midge as a Limiting Factor in Sorghum Production in Burkina Faso and Mali S.M. Bonzi and Y.O. Doumbia 257 Screening Sorghums for Midge Resistance K.A. Kulkarni 265 Screening for Sorghum Midge Resistance and Resistance Mechanisms H.C. Sharma 275 Sorghum Midge: Host-plant Resistance Mechanisms C.J. Rossetto 293 Head Bugs: Methodology for Determining Economic Threshold Levels in Sorghum G.L. Teetes 301 Screening for Host-plant Resistance to Mirid Head Bugs in Sorghum H.C. Sharma 317 Insect Pests of Stored Sorghum Grain R. Mills 337 Breeding for Insect Resistance in Sorghum and Other Control Approaches Breeding for Shoot Fly and Stem Borer Resistance in Sorghum B.S. Rana, B.U.Singh, and N.G.P. Rao 347 Breeding Sorghum for Midge and Greenbug Resistance in the USA G.C. Peterson 361 Breeding Sorghum for Resistance to Shoot Fly and Midge B.C. Agrawal and 371 C.V. Abraham Grain Sorghum Yield Stability in Relation to Plant Resistance to Insects K.J. Starks and D.L. Peters 385 Effects of Different Sorghum-based Cropping Systems on Insect Pests in Kenya E.O. Omolo and 395 K.V. Seshu Reddy Concepts for Biological Control of Arthropods Attacking Sorghum F.E. Gilstrap 403 Recommendations 415 Participants 421 Foreword Sorghum is one of the world's most important human food and animal feed crops in the developing world. It is also one of the mandate crops of such international and development-oriented institutions as ICRISAT, INTSORMIL, and Texas A&M University, whose sorghum improvement programs are aimed at developing high-yielding and stable varieties and hybrids, in collaboration with national agricultural programs. To achieve this objective much research effort is focused on yield-limiting factors, of which damage by insect and mite species is one of the most important. An end-product of such research is the development of control strategies that are adoptable by small farmers in the semi-arid tropics. It is now widely accepted that the most appropriate long-term strategy is to work towards an integrated pest management system (IPM) for the crop, based on the use of resistant cultivars, cultural and biological control procedures, and, to a limited extent, chemical insecticides. To achieve this, collaboration and exchange of ideas between international and national research institutions is essential. As an example of such collaboration, the joint efforts of sorghum researchers in ICRISAT, INTSORMIL, and Texas A&M University, and national collaborators across the world have already led to the production and adoption in Sudan of the first high-yielding hybrid sorghum (Hageen Durra 1), with a yield 4 to 5 times higher than the best local varieties. Also, the first midge-resistant variety from ICRISAT has reached the on-farm testing stage in midge-endemic areas of India. These are truly outstanding examples of the success that can be achieved by agricultural scientists when they are allowed to work cooperatively through the joint planning of research, the free exchange of germplasm, and the sharing of data. Workshops such as the recent one on International Sorghum Entomology play an important role in this regard, by fostering personal and professional relationships among the involved scientists and by validating the data on which research and development strategies can be based. We are pleased that our respective institutions planned and hosted this workshop, and believe that these proceedings will provide valuable reference material for many years to come. We congratulate the participants. L.D. Swindale Director General ICRISAT P.L. Adkisson Deputy Chancellor of Texas A&M University System and Member of ICRISAT Governing Board ix Setting the Scene Objectives of the Workshop K. Leuschner* It is a great pleasure to welcome you all to the first International Sorghum Entomology workshop. This meeting has been made possible through the generous support of the USAID Title XII Collaborative Research Support Program on Sorghum and Millet (INTSORMIL), the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station of the Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA, and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India. We are most grateful to all the three institutions. The idea of holding such a workshop c a m e from J.C. Davies, H.C. Sharma, and G.L. Teetes in 1 9 8 1 , before I joined ICRISAT. During the International Symposium on "Sorghum in the Eighties" it became evident that sorghum entomology has to play an essential part in the overall improvement of sorghum production. It also became clear that its role should be strengthened accordingly. Sorghum yields, especially in Africa and Asia, are pitifully low, ranging from 500 to 800 k g / h a . A major reason for this is insect attack, although reliable yield loss data are hard to c o m e by. Over the last two decades interest in sorghum for human consumption and animal feed has increased tremendously and so has the entomology input. A vast amount of literature from developed and developing countries is available and it was necessary to bring together researchers concerned with sorghum insect control to discuss their work and exchange views to evolve future research strategies and possible collaboration. We have basically two groups of scientists assembled here, one from the so-called developing world and the other from the developed one.