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Sir Humphry Davy 1St Baronet PRS MRIA FGS

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Sir Humphry Davy 1St Baronet PRS MRIA FGS Barry K James December 2017, HumpfryDavyRevC.ppt CANNOCK CHASE U3A SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY GROUP A Famous Scientist: Sir Humphry Davy 1st Baronet PRS MRIA FGS Brilliant Experimentalist, Chemist & Poet JAN 2018 WHAT YOU PROBABLY KNOW DAVY FOR… In 1815, Davy began the work that established his popular fame. In response to a series of mine disasters in the north-east, he designed a safety lamp that would light collieries without causing explosions. WHAT YOU PROBABLY DON’T KNOW ABOUT HUMPHRY DAVY. By 1818, Davy was known across Europe as a chemistry genius. He invented cathodic protection and helped stop the copper sheathed warships of the Royal Navy from corrosion with a sacrificial metal. He showed chlorine and iodine were elements. He experimented with the effects of Nitrous Oxide N2O. Melted a diamond with a lens, concluding it to be carbon. Davy concluded that acids contained replaceable hydrogen ions; hydrogen that could be replaced by metals when reacted. E.g. H+Cl- + Na+OH- = a salt + water He formulated chemicals to manufacture gunpowder. Napoleon awarded him a medal and the Prince Regent made him a baronet. AND THERE’S LOADS MORE YOU PROBABLY DIDN’T KNOW. He pioneered electrolysis using electricity from a battery of Voltaic piles. He discovered 9 new elements using electrolysis around 1808. Invented a very early form of incandescent light bulb, and the arc light. (Before Edison!) Was a founding member of the Geological Society in 1807. In 1804 Davy became a Fellow of the Royal Society, later being the President in 1820. Davy employed a Michael Faraday… He was also a poet (over 160 manuscripts). And there’s the miner’s lamp of course. DAVY’S EARLY YEARS… THE PNEUMATIC INSTITUTE Born in Penzance in 1778. Apprenticed to a surgeon after schooling. Practised chemistry at Bartholomew’s hospital near Hayle, but no Uni. Davy appointed to the Pneumatic Institute in 1798 moving to Bristol. It was started by Thomas Beddoes in 1793, a physician from Shifnal, Shropshire. Davy was asked to be an assistant. Formed to study the medical effects of the gases that had recently been discovered, hoping to cure illnesses with them. Hoped to cure sufferers from tuberculosis and respiratory complaints by inhaling gases like hydrogen and oxygen and nitrous oxide. Even James Watt took part because of his son dying from TB. He designed much apparatus and techniques necessary to produce and administer various gases. Apparatus designed by James Watt in preparation of the Pneumatic Institution Davy headed the laboratories from 1798, and started experimenting with N2O, nitrous oxide. THE RI RI was founded by the president of Royal Society in 1799 to use science for practical purposes. Labs were in the basement. Few elements had been discovered in the the 1800’s, nor the table of elements. The Royal Institution obtained the services of the twenty two year old Humphry Davy in 1801 with a promise of funding for his work in “galvanism”. The RI began to stage spectacular and entertaining, not to say dangerous, demonstrations of scientific experiments. His lectures were wildly popular with over 500 attending which created the necessity for the first one way street in London. Davy associated with lords and ladies to gain funding for his battery experiments. Davy loved the showmanship in his lectures. Davy became a full lecturer & Professor of Chemistry in1802 at the RI. Davy’s Nitrous Oxide antics proved to be a good lecture… A side effect of N2O? New Discoveries in Pneumaticks! or - an Experimental Lecture on the Powers of Air DAVY & NITROUS OXIDE Joseph Priestly first heated iron filings dampened with nitric acid to produce N2O. Called it phlogisticated nitrous air. Davy used nitrate of ammoniac bubbled in a heated retort to produce the N2O. The escaping gas was collected in a hydraulic bellows before seeping through water into a reservoir tank from which a sealed box was filled. While seated in the box breathing deeply, Davy felt the effects from his previous experiments. Then inhaled some more gas after exit. It had a sweet taste, followed by a gentle pressure in the head as he continued to inhale. Within seconds the sensation of soft, probing pressure had extended to his chest, and the tips of his fingers and toes. This was accompanied by a vibrant burst of pleasure. Nitrous oxide made Davy laugh when inhaled. So he named it “laughing gas”. The machinery used to create his experimental gases HEALTH & SAFETY. WHAT HEALTH AND SAFETY? His experimenting eventually proved N2O had no cure for diseases. N2O was also thought useful for performing surgical operations to reduce pain. His thoughts were ignored. Anaesthetics were not regularly used in medicine or dentistry until decades after Davy's death. Davy ran considerable risks inhaling gases like carbon monoxide, acidic gases, and nitrogen trichloride explosions around 1812. Losing two fingers and an eye in two separate explosions with it. ”It is not safe to experiment upon a globule larger than a pin's head”. "seemed sinking into annihilation." Davy faintly articulated, "I do not think I shall die”. Davy was able to take his own pulse as he staggered out of the laboratory, and he described it as "threadlike and beating with excessive quickness". And PPE? What protection equipment? DAVY’S LECTURES AT THE RI And he wrote books too DAVY & ELECTRICITY AT THE RI Davy was a pioneer in the field of Electrolysis. In 1800, the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta had introduced the first pile, which is what Davy used. The pile was 2 different metal discs (Cu + Zn) with cloth soaked in brine as an electrolyte. Each disc pair was ~0.76V. Voltaic piles were placed together in a trough by William Cruickshank of Woolwich. We know this now as a battery. Theoretically no limit to the voltage or energy. Davy used 2000 piles. Plenty of practical limits though, as we know! Davy used these trough batteries for his electrolysis experiments. THE ELECTROLYSIS EXPERIMENTS Davy used the Voltaic piles to split common compounds for what is now called electrolysis This produced many new elements and became a new electro- chemistry. He used common molten salts like KOH (caustic potash) to discover Potassium this way in 1807. Then followed sodium from molten sodium hydroxide. During the first half of 1808, Davy did further electrolysis experiments on “alkaline earths” including lime, magnesia, strontites and barytes. Davy identified 9 elements by these methods, calcium, strontium, barium, magnesium and boron etc. He also identified Chlorine and Iodine as elements. Davy loved demonstrations which involved explosions and spectacular events at the RI. Magnesium for instance. This made science memorable to people at the time. DAVY & THE LIGHT BULB In 1802, Humphry Davy had what was then, the most powerful electrical battery in the world at the Royal Institution. With it, Davy created the first incandescent light by passing electric current through a thin strip of platinum. Platinum was chosen because the metal had an extremely high melting point. It was neither sufficiently bright nor long lasting enough to be of practical use, but demonstrated the principle. o By 1808 he was able to demonstrate a much more powerful form of electric lighting to the RI in London. It was an early form of arc light which produced its illumination from an electric arc created between two charcoal rods. It used a 2000 pile battery. The Massey Pillars AND NOT JUST A CHEMIST… Although Davy was a scientist, he also wrote poetry from his youth to just before his death. He associated with Coleridge and Wordsworth. Davy thought both chemistry and poetry transformed the world. It is estimated that there are over 150 poems written by him during his lifetime, held at the RI. THE FIREDAMP PROBLEM Anyone for tea? After Tea: The FireDamp Solution THE FIREDAMP PROBLEM Robert Gray, a rector in County Durham, and other coal mine owners were concerned about fatalities in North East mines. The explosions were caused by the ignition of “Firedamp”, now known as Methane, CH4, killing 100’s of miners in the 1800’s. James Wilkinson, a lawyer from Durham formed a society for preventing accidents in mines in 1813. WHAT NEXT? The Wilkinson society approached Davy at the RI about preventing explosions from methane in 1815. Davy thought immediately about a lamp that would not ignite the gas rather than ventilate or neutralise. Davy stayed the night near a colliery at Hebburn where he was lent a safety lamp that Dr William Clanny had invented back in 1812. Used a bellows into an enclosed combustion chamber, stopping flame igniting surrounding gas. THE COMPETITORS Bellows lamp that had been invented by a Dr William Reid Clanny. Thought of not much practical use in a mine, because it would take a person to operate it. But Clanny was awarded a medal for the lamp in 1816 by the Arts Society. George Stephenson’s version of lamp. Developed at same time as Davy’s. His 2nd version had inlet tubes. Stephenson eventually gave up, to concentrate on locomotion. DAVY’S DEVELOPMENTS Davy collected samples of the firedamp gas and sent bottles of it to the RI in London. He deduced that it was a hydrocarbon from experiments, CH4. He found it would not explode through small tubes of 1/8th of an inch. (Stephenson also found this) He also made the exhaust exit of narrow tubes and eventually added bellows. He found that as the methane slowly entered the tubes, the flame would burn more brightly, exhausting the limited inlet oxygen, but not cause an explosion, as the flame would go out. This was the basis of his first 3 lamp designs.
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