The Application of Metabolomics for the Study of Cereal Corn (Zea Mays L.)
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What Is Still Limiting the Deployment of Cellulosic Ethanol? Analysis of the Current Status of the Sector
applied sciences Review What is still Limiting the Deployment of Cellulosic Ethanol? Analysis of the Current Status of the Sector Monica Padella *, Adrian O’Connell and Matteo Prussi European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate C-Energy, Transport and Climate, Energy Efficiency and Renewables Unit C.2-Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy; [email protected] (A.O.); [email protected] (M.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 16 September 2019; Accepted: 15 October 2019; Published: 24 October 2019 Abstract: Ethanol production from cellulosic material is considered one of the most promising options for future biofuel production contributing to both the energy diversification and decarbonization of the transport sector, especially where electricity is not a viable option (e.g., aviation). Compared to conventional (or first generation) ethanol production from food and feed crops (mainly sugar and starch based crops), cellulosic (or second generation) ethanol provides better performance in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions savings and low risk of direct and indirect land-use change. However, despite the policy support (in terms of targets) and significant R&D funding in the last decade (both in EU and outside the EU), cellulosic ethanol production appears to be still limited. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the status of cellulosic ethanol production in EU and outside EU, reviewing available literature and highlighting technical and non-technical barriers that still limit its production at commercial scale. The review shows that the cellulosic ethanol sector appears to be still stagnating, characterized by technical difficulties as well as high production costs. -
Transcript of Flowchart Showing the Uses of Corn
Flowchart Showing the Uses of Corn, 2009 Corn Whole Corn Products Dry Grind Ethanol Fractionated Products Dry-milled Corn Wet-milled Corn Native Starch Cob & Kernel Whole Kernel Products Cob or Stover Alkali Cooked Fermentation Grits & Cones Flour Hominy Feed Germ Oil Meal Steepwater Germ Gluten Feed Gluten Meal Modified Starch Sweeteners Glucose Fructose Fermentation Food baby corn pickled baby corn boiled sweet corn canned corn frozen packaged IOWA DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL AFFAIRS 600 E. LOCUST ST. DES MOINES, IA 50319 IOWACULTURE.GOV Industrial Decorative items (pod & Indian corn) Food popcorn snack food corn nuts posole canned corn soup mixes canned hominy frozen packaged Feed livestock feed wild animal feed Industrial polishing media furfural (chemical feedstock) liquid spill recovery media dust adsorbent construction board cosmetic powders Food tortilla flours hominy corn chips tortilla chips taco shells sopapillas atoles posole menudo tostados Industrial & Fuel fuel ethanol distillers dried grains with solubles oil for biodiesel Food breakfast cereals fortified foods pinole snack foods maize porridges alkali cooked products breads & bakery products fermented beverages unfermented beverages pet foods corn bread Industrial wallpaper paste floor wax hand soap dusting agents Food bakery products masa flour snack foods baby foods baking mixes batters desserts pie fillings gravies & sauces salad dressings frozen foods meat extenders non-meat extenders thickening agents Industrial fermentation media explosives gypsum wallboard paper -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Foreword . 2 Introduction. 3 Industrial Uses of Refined Corn Products . 7 Industrial Markets for Starch and Corn-derived Chemicals . 11 The Enzyme Advantage . 15 Plastics from Corn—The Vision Becomes Reality . 19 Renewable Resources Bring Sustainability to DuPont’s Newest Polymer Platform . 22 Corn Industry Statistics Shipments of Products of the Corn Refining Industry - 2000 . 3 Member Company Products . 5 Corn for Grain: Yield and Production . 14 Corn: Food and Industrial Uses . 16 U.S. Per Capita Sweetener Consumption . 18 World Corn Production, Consumption and Stocks . 21 Corn: Supply and Disappearance . 23 Exports of Products from Corn . 24 2001 Corn Annual Foreword The 2001 Corn Annual focuses on industrial uses and markets for refined corn products. Of the tradi- tional products of the industry—corn starch, sweeteners, oil and feedstuffs—starch has been the leader in industrial applications. In several industrial sectors, the use of starch is well established, but development of new uses and the extension of existing applications continue. Applications for sweeteners are rooted in food manufacturing, but advances in processing technology have opened several opportunities. By exploring the uses of starch in the established sectors of paper, adhesives and textiles, we hope to convey a better understanding of how starch can advance the production process. The review is also intended to provide an appreciation for product characteristics attributable to starch. An examination of the current and potential industrial markets for corn starch and corn-derived Charles F. Conner chemicals shows promising growth for the corn wet milling industry. This market analysis is President intended to provide insight to the dynamic of the relationship between supplier and consumer Corn Refiners as well as identify the factors that will influence growth. -
Corn Has Diverse Uses and Can Be Transformed Into Varied Products
Maize Based Products Compiled and Edited by Dr Shruti Sethi, Principal Scientist & Dr. S. K. Jha, Principal Scientist & Professor Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa New Delhi 110012 Maize is also known as Corn or Makka in Hindi. It is one of the most versatile crops having adaptability under varied agro-climatic conditions. Globally, it is known as queen of cereals due to its highest genetic yield potential among the cereals. In India, Maize is grown throughout the year. It is predominantly a kharif crop with 85 per cent of the area under cultivation in the season. The United States of America (USA) is the largest producer of maize contributing about 36% of the total production. Production of maize ranks third in the country after rice and wheat. About 26 million tonnes corn was produced in 2016-17 from 9.6 Mha area. The country exported 3,70,066.11 MT of maize to the world for the worth of Rs. 1,019.29 crores/ 142.76 USD Millions in 2019-20. Major export destinations included Nepal, Bangladesh Pr, Myanmar, Pakistan Ir, Bhutan The corn kernel has highest energy density (365 kcal/100 g) among the cereals and also contains vitamins namely, vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (niacin), B3 (riboflavin), B5 (pantothenic acid) and B6. Although maize kernels contain many macro and micronutrients necessary for human metabolic needs, normal corn is inherently deficient in two essential amino acids, viz lysine and tryptophan. Maize is staple food for human being and quality feed for animals. -
Identification of Valuable Corn Quality Traits for Starch Production
Identification of Valuable Corn Quality Traits for Starch Production By: Lawrence A. Johnson Center for Crops Utilization Research Food Science and Human Nutrition C. Phillip Baumel Economics Connie L. Hardy Center for Crops Utilization Research Pamela J. White Food Science and Human Nutrition A project of the Iowa Grain Quality Initiative Traits Task Team Funded by the Iowa Corn Promotion Board 306 West Towers 1200 35th St. West Des Moines, IA 50266 October 1999 Center for Crops Utilization Research Iowa Agriculture & Home Economics Experiment Station Iowa State University, Ames, IA 2 Acknowledgment This report is intended to provoke discussion and debate that will lead to a vision among researchers in public institutions, seed companies, and the starch processing and food industries for modifying corn traits for starch (and other complex carbohydrates) production to enhance utilization and profitability of growing corn. The report attempts to provide direction to farmer organizations and to the corn industry about potential targets for investing research funds. One should recognize that some of the modifications considered required speculation about functional properties and potential applications. Additional research on the relationship between the structures of starch and other complex carbohydrates and functionality in food and industrial applications may refute some of that speculation. Also, this document is a consensus report taking into account the recommendations and reviews of the consultants and advisors identified below. Dr. Jay-lin Jane, Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA Dr. Morton W. Rutenberg, Emmar Consultants, North Plainfield, NJ Dr. Henry Zobel, ABCV Starch, Darien, IL Dr. Robert Friedman, Cerestar USA, Inc., Hammond, IN Dr. -
Corn - an A-Maizing Plant
Corn - An A-Maizing Plant Grade Level: 4-6 Approximate Length of Activity: Two to three class periods Objectives: Teacher: 1. Guide students in a discussion on corn production. 2. Help students understand the history of corn production. Students: 1. Locate and label the states on a U.S. map that make up the "Corn Belt". 2. Become familiar with the parts of the corn kernel. 3. Recognize products made from corn used in our daily lives. 4. Be able to distinguish, through dissection, the four different parts of a corn kernel. Michigan Content Standards: (Social Studies) II.2.2; II.2.3; IV.2.3 Introduction: The Corn Belt is a group of states where most of the corn in the United States is produced. Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and Minnesota produce 50 percent of all the corn grown in the US. Other major corn growing states include Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, South Dakota, Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and Ohio. These 12 states make up the Corn Belt. Corn is the major feed grain grown by farmers in the U.S., leading all other crops in value and volume of production. Corn is a major component in foods like cereals, peanut butter, and snack foods. An ear of corn has an average of 16 rows with 800 kernels. A pound of corn consists of approximately 1,300 kernels. An acre (about the size of a football field) of corn, yielding 100 bushels, produces approximately 7,280,000 kernels. Most of the weight of a bushel of corn is the starch, oil, protein, and fiber, with some natural moisture. -
Annualreportofdi72fiel.Pdf
mmmmm , THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY SOT CENTRAL CIRCULATION BOOKSTACKS The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its renewal or its return to the library from which it was borrowed on or before the Latest Date stamped below. The Minimum Fee for each Lost Book is $50.00. Theft/ mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. TO RENEW CALL TELEPHONE CENTER, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN MAR 9 1991 When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. L162 Field Museum of Natural History Reports, Vol. VII, Plate XXI ERNEST R. GRAHAM Trustee of the Museum and member of the Building Committee Field Museum of Natural History Founded by Marshall Field, 1893 Publication 248 Report Series Vol. VII, No. 2 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR TO THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR 1927 nf -"^ THE imm JUL 3 1323 Of 'LUNOIS UNlVWSltY Chicago, U. S. A. January, 1928 OF THE tiW^ViiuSHY Of ILimOlS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS ^ i V BEQUESTS Bequests to Field Museum of Natural History may be made in securities, money, books or collections. They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to the memory of a person or cause, to be named by the giver. For those desirous of making bequests to the Museum, the following form is suggested: FORM OF BEQUEST I do hereby give and bequeath to Field Museum of Natural History of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois, Cash contributions made within the taxable year to Field Museum of Natural History to an amount not in excess of 15 per cent of the taxpayer's net income are allowable as deduc- tions in computing net income under Article 251 of Regula- tion 69 relating to the income tax under the Revenue Act of 1926. -
Insights Into the Genetic and Environmental Bases of Mycotoxin Contamination in Kenyan Maize
INSIGHTS INTO THE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BASES OF MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN KENYAN MAIZE A Dissertation Presented To the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Samuel Kilonzo Mutiga January 2015 © 2015 Samuel Kilonzo Mutiga ii INSIGHTS INTO THE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BASES OF MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN KENYAN MAIZE Samuel Kilonzo Mutiga, Ph.D. Cornell University, 2015 Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate an estimated 25% of foods globally. Aflatoxin and fumonisin are major mycotoxins that contaminate maize in tropical countries. Kenya’s frequent aflatoxicosis outbreaks and the associated human fatality rates have received global attention. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate the extent and the drivers for mycotoxin contamination in Kenyan maize. Between May 2009 and March 2010, surveys were conducted in three provinces (Rift Valley, Western and Nyanza) of western Kenya, the country’s grain basket and a region where mycotoxin outbreak had not been recognized. Aflatoxin contamination above the regulatory limit of 10 ppb was observed in 15% of the flour samples that had been collected from the patrons of local mills. Drought and monocropping were identified as drivers for increased aflatoxin contamination. A longitudinal survey in farmers’ storage sheds and at local mills in Western Province revealed vulnerability of the most popular varieties to mycotoxins. Surveys were conducted in 10 districts of Eastern Province during an aflatoxin outbreak in 2010. Aflatoxin contamination above 10 ppb was observed in 39% of the flour samples from patrons (n=1500) of local mills, while 37% were above the 1 ppm regulatory limit for fumonisin. -
Conversion of Corn-Kernel Fiber in Conventional Fuel-Ethanol Plants National Corn to Ethanol Research Center
Project No. 0340-19-03 (short version) November 11, 2018 Conversion of Corn-Kernel Fiber in Conventional Fuel-Ethanol Plants National Corn to Ethanol Research Center Executive Summary Ethanol derived from corn-kernel fiber is qualified as cellulosic biofuel since its production results in a 60% reduction in greenhouse gas production relative to a 2005 baseline for petroleum fuels according to the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) (U.S. EPA). A conventional fuel-ethanol plant can achieve a potential 9% increase in ethanol production (compared with the starch based ethanol), if they can successfully convert and ferment the cellulose and hemicellulose (xylose and galactose) in corn-kernel fiber; and achieve an additional 3% increase in ethanol production if they can ferment the arabinose derived from hemicellulose. Although complete conversion of all the corn-kernel fiber sugars to ethanol (total of 12% increase) is not possible because some byproducts are always produced, the economic benefits through the production of cellulosic ethanol for a conventional fuel-ethanol plant are much greater than 12%. Commercial technologies have been developed to optimize the conversion of corn-kernel fiber to ethanol, and they are currently available in three categories: (1) in situ technologies, in which fiber is converted to ethanol simultaneously with starch conversion, (2) technologies in which fiber is physically separated from other components of the corn kernel followed by processing of the fiber-rich material independently of the starch process train, and (3) technologies in which post-distillation residual solids from the conventional starch-based ethanol process provide the feedstock for conversion of the fiber fraction into ethanol. -
Breeding for Grain Quality Traits L
Agronomy Publications Agronomy 2005 Breeding for grain quality traits L. M. Pollak United States Department of Agriculture M. P. Scott Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/agron_pubs Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ agron_pubs/170. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agronomy at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agronomy Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maydica 50 (2005): 247-257 BREEDING FOR GRAIN QUALITY TRAITS L.M. Pollak*, M.P. Scott USDA-ARS, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA Received February 9, 2005 ABSTRACT - Plant breeders have been extremely success- of vertically integrated grain utilization systems can ful at improving the yield of maize. Grain quality has re- capture the added value in an improved quality ceived less attention; however important advances have product. been made by breeders in this area as well. Maize with a The feasibility of breeding for grain quality in wide range of compositions and fractions within the major maize is best illustrated by the Illinois Long-Term grain components has resulted from breeders taking ad- Selection experiment for protein and oil. -
Anthocyanins Content in the Kernel and Corncob of Mexican Purple Corn Populations
MaydicaOriginal paper Open Access Anthocyanins content in the kernel and corncob of Mexican purple corn populations 1 1 2 Carmen Gabriela Mendoza-Mendoza , Ma. del Carmen Mendoza-Castillo *, Adriana Delgado-Alvarado , Francisco Javier Sánchez-Ramírez3,Takeo Ángel Kato-Yamakake1 1 Postgrado en Recursos Genéticos y Productividad-Genética, Campus Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México- Texcoco. 56230, Montecillo, Texcoco, estado de México, México. 2 Campus Puebla, Colegio de Postgraduados. Boulevard Forjadores de Puebla No. 205.72760. Santiago Momoxpan, Municipio San Pedro Cholula, Puebla, México. 3 Departamento de Fitomejoramiento, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Calzada Antonio Narro 1923, Buenavista, Saltillo, 25315. Coahuila, México. * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Zea mays L., purple corn,anthocyanins, native corn, and San Juan Ixtenco, Tlaxcala. Abstract Purple corn has acquired great interest by its high content of anthocyanins and bioactive properties. Among this type of corn the Andean purple corn has been the most studied, however, in Mexico, we have the “maíces mora- dos”, which is recognized by its dark purple color. Since there is no record about its content of anthocyanins, in this study we quantified the total anthocyanins (TA) accumulated in the pericarp, aleurone layer, kernel, and corn- cob of 52 corn populations with different grades of pigmentation. Results showed that TA was superior in purple corn than in blue and red corn. TA ranged from 0.0044 to 0.0523 g of TA ∙ 100 g-1 of biomass in the aleurone layer; in the pericarp from 0.2529 to 2.6452 g of TA ∙ 100 g-1 of pericarp; in the kernel from 0.0398 to 0.2398 g of TA ∙ 100 g-1 of kernel and in the corncob from 0.1004 to 1.1022 g of TA ∙ 100 g-1 of corncob. -
8/6/27 Agriculture Crop Sciences Department Denton Eugene Alexander Papers, 1865-1992
The materials listed in this document are available for research at the University of Record Series Number Illinois Archives. For more information, email [email protected] or search http://www.library.illinois.edu/archives/archon for the record series number. 8/6/27 Agriculture Crop Sciences Department Denton Eugene Alexander Papers, 1865-1992 Box 1: Biographical Vitae Correspondence 1961-1969 1971-1980 Correspondence, 1981-1982 Correspondence, 1989 Correspondence, 1990 Correspondence, 1991 Administrative Correspondence, 1991 Clint, Margill Correspondence , 1981-1989 Consulting Correspondence, 1987-1990 DuPont - Pfister Correspondence, Consulting, 1991-1992 John R. Snyder Correspondence, 1988 Agronomy Graduate Faculty Meeting Minutes and Graduate Faculty 1963-1965 Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Reports, 1961-1978 Amino Acids Protein Content Amino Acids Analyzer Report, 1964 Andreeson, March Articles, 1988 Bar-Tsur Avri Post Doc, 1986 Breeding Corn for High Oil Content Project Report 1963 Breeding Problems and Potentials of Modified Protein Maize Breeding for Protein Quality in Maize and Current Issues and Problems, 1973 1989-1990, 1990-1991 Budgets Corn as a Producer of High Quality Protein, 1969 Corn Breeding at the University of Illinois 1895-1900, P.G. Holden, 1948 Corn Marketing Board, 1984-1985 Corn Oil Symposium, 1961 Corn Oil Symposium, Illinois 1973 Corn Papers (In Russian) DuPont Report 1/11/90 DuPont 02, 110 1990 DuPont Grant, 1997 DuPont Meeting Feb. 20-21 1992 Wilmington DuPont-Pfister Report 7/9/91 Tech Comm Report 7/10/91 DuPont Pfister Tecchnical Committee mtg. Sept. 2, 1989, October 12, 1989 DuPont Lab 1989 DuPont Proposal (second) + High oreic patent Application 1995 Endosperm Phenotype and Protein Quality of some opaque 2 variants - Correspondence, Lab Davey Pub.