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Reakcija Sorti Ozime Pšenice Na Prouzrokovača Fuzarioze Klasa Fusarium Graminearum Schw

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Reakcija Sorti Ozime Pšenice Na Prouzrokovača Fuzarioze Klasa Fusarium Graminearum Schw UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU POLJOPRIVREDNI FAKULTET REAKCIJA SORTI OZIME PŠENICE NA PROUZROKOVAČA FUZARIOZE KLASA FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM SCHW. DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA Mentor: Kandidat: Prof. dr Ferenc Bagi, redovni profesor Msc Nina Skenderović Novi Sad, 2021. godine UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU OBRAZAC – 5a NAVESTI NAZIV FAKULTETA ILI CENTRA KLjUČNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA Vrsta rada: Doktorska disertacija Ime i prezime Nina Skenderović autora: Mentor (titula, prof. dr Ferenc Bagi, redovni profesor, Poljoprivredni fakultet u ime, prezime, Novom Sadu zvanje, institucija) Reakcija sorti ozime pšenice na prouzrokovača fuzarioze klasa Naslov rada: Fusarium graminearum Schw. Jezik publikacije Srpski latinica (pismo): Stranica 101 Poglavlja 9 Referenci 216 Fizički opis rada: Tabela 11 Slika 5 Grafikona 16 Priloga 0 Naučna oblast: Biotehničke nauke Uža naučna oblast Fitopatologija (naučna disciplina): Ključne reči / fuzarioza klasa, indeks oboljenja, FDK, otpornost, pšenica predmetna odrednica: Gljiva Fusarium graminearum (telemorf Gibberella zeae (Schwein) Petch), prouzrokovač fuzarioze klasa pšenice je dominantan patogen pšenice u toplim i humidnim regionima (Stack & McMullen, 1985). Bolest je identifikovana kao glavni ograničavajući faktor proizvodnje pšenice u mnogim delovima sveta (Stack, 1999). U Srbiji su tokom godina pogodnih za razvoj Rezime na jeziku fuzarioze klasa zabeležene zaraze pojedinih parcela 20 - 40% rada: (Balaž i sar., 1995). Gubici prinosa pšenice uzrokovani vrstama roda Fusarium variraju 1,8 – 38,3%, u zavisnosti od sortimenta i vremenskih uslova (Lević i sar., 2008). Genetička osnova otpornosti pšenice na fuzariozu klasa je poligene prirode. Schroeder & Christensen (1963) su utvrdili dva tipa otpornosti i to tip I, koji predstavlja otpornost na inicijalnu infekciju i tip II, koji predstavlja otpornost na širenje infekcije unutar klasa. Kasnije su Mesterházy et al. (1991) opisali još 3 tipa otpornosti i to otpornost na akumulaciju mikotoksina, infekciju zrna i tolerantnost na fuzariozu klasa. Faktori koji utiču na pojavu fuzarioze klasa i kretnje vrednosti prinosa su bili predmet brojnih ispitivanja, međutim kombinovani efekat abiotičkih i biotičkih faktora koji utiču na fuzariozu klasa, prinos i komponente prinosa, kao i njihove međusobne interakcije nije u potpunosti definisan. Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja povezanosti parametara ocene fuzarioze klasa (indeks oboljenja i Fusarium Damaged Kernels = FDK), prinosa i komponenti prinosa su često suprotstavljeni i nisu u potpunosti razjasnili odnose navedenih parametara (Brennan et al., 2005). U ovoj disertaciji je evaluirana varijabilnost odnosa pokazatelja fuzarioze klasa, prinosa i komponenti prinosa u poljskim uslovima tokom dve vegetacione sezone (2013/2014 i 2014/2015) uključujući 44 sorte pšenice koje se komercijalno gaje u Srbiji. Veliki broj sorti je predstavljao značajan izvor varijabilnosti s obzirom da su se međusobno razlikovale pre svega u odnosu na otpornost prema fuzariozi klasa. Različite reakcije osetljivosti sorti pšenice prema fuzariozi klasa su razmatrane uzimajući u obzir kombinovane efekte specifičnosti sorti, različitosti godine i prisustva patogena F. graminearum kao celine. Proizvodnja inokuluma i veštačka inokulacija su urađene po metodi Gilbert &Woods (2006). Faktori koji su uticali na vrednost indeksa oboljenja i FDK su se razlikovali, što ukazuje da su oni bili uslovljeni različitim mehanizmima odgovora biljke domaćina na promene u spoljašnjoj sredini. Prosečan indeks oboljenje (29,92%) i FDK (17,74%) tokom 2014. godine su se značajno razlikovali u odnosu na prosečan indeks oboljenja (11,05%) i FDK (3,74%) tokom 2015 godine. Posmatrajući povezanost indeksa oboljenja i FDK utvrđena je statistički značajna srednje pozitivna korelacija (r=0,640, P<0.001). Indeks oboljenja je bio više povezan sa prinosom, dok je FDK bio više povezan sa masom 1.000 zrna. Faktori koji utiču na kretanje prinosa u različitim uslovima sredine i širokom rasponu pritiska patogena su bili ispitivani, ali se do sada nije obraćala poseba pažnja na komponente prinosa. Analizom faktora koji utiču na masu 1.000 zrna i njenu povezanost sa parametrima bolesti doprinosi boljem razumevanju zaraze zrna fuzariozom klasa, što je važno sa stanovišta bezbednosti hrane. Razlike u značajnosti faktora koji su uticali na prinos, masu 1.000 zrna i hektolitarsku masu ukazuju na različite mehanizme koji određuju ove osobine. Primećuje se veća stabilnost hektolitarske mase i mase 1.000 zrna u odnosu na prinos kada se posmatra delovanje različitih uslova sredine i pritiska patogena. Između prinosa i mase 1.000 zrna uočena je srednja pozitivna korelacija (r=0.349, p<0.001), međutim nizak koeficijent determinacije (R2 = 24%) ukazao je na ograničenu mogućnost predviđanja vrednosti mase 1.000 zrna na osnovu vrednosti prinosa. U ovom istraživanju ispitana je reakcija izabranog sortimenta prema inicijalnoj infekciji (tip I otpornosti), širenju infekcije u okviru klasa (tip II otpornosti) i otpornosti na zarazu zrna (tip III otpornosti). Potencijal da se predvidi prinos na osnovu indeksa oboljenja je bio limitiran s obzirom na statistički značajnu srednje negativnu korelaciju između ovih veličina (r=- 0,574; P=0,000). Prinos većine sorti je odstupao od predviđenog vrednostima indeksa oboljenja, te nije moguće sa sigurnošću predvideti kretanje prinosa sorti na osnovu ove vizuelne ocene. Primećuju se sorte koje i pored visokih vrednosti indeksa oboljenja ostvaruju prinose značajno više od predviđenih linijom regresije, na taj način pokazujući potencijalno veću otpornost na ostvarenje i širenje zaraze. Kao u slučaju modela koji objašnjava odnos indeksa oboljenja i prinosa, vrednost FDK većine ispitivanih sorti odstupa od linije regresije (R2=35,9), s obzirom na statistički značajno srednje pozitivnu korelaciju imeđu indeksa oboljenja i FDK. Poređenjem vrednosti indeksa oboljenja i FDK uočava se da postoje sorte koje se ne razlikuju značajno u oceni indeksa oboljenja, ali se statistički značajno razliku u stepenu zaraze zrna. Sorte kod kojih su FDK vrednosti značajno niže i pored statistički značajno sličnih vrednosti indeksa oboljenja mogu posedovati otpornost na zarazu zrna. Rezultati ove disertacije kroz analizu kompleksa faktora životne sredine, paramatera bolesti, prinosa i komponenti prinosa doprinose boljem razumevanju varijabilnosti navedenih parametara i njihovih međusobnih odnosa, što je važno za predviđanje pojave i intenziteta fuzarioze klasa. Razlike u reakcijama osetljivosti/otpornosti sorti prema fuzariozi klasa ukazuju da više pažnje treba posvetiti analizi specifičnostima reakcije između sorti i kombinovanim faktorima sredine kako bi se osigurala održiva i predvidiva proizvodnja pšenice. Disertacija doprinosi poboljšanju metode ocenjivanja reakcija sorti pšenice u odnosu na odgovor prema nastanku i širenju zaraze, kao i zaraze zrna fuzariozom klasa. Testiranje reakcija lokalnog sortimenta prema prouzrokovaču fuzarioze klasa je veoma važno sa stanovišta pronalska novih izvora otpornosti. Ocena i izdvajanje pojedinih genotipova na osnovu reakcija osetljivosti/otpornosti pri širokom spektru uslova koji su vladali tokom dve vegetacione sezone doprinosi efikasnijem izboru sorti kao roditelja u daljem procesu oplemenjivanja na fuzariozu klasa. Datum prihvatanja 07.12.2017. teme od strane nadležnog veća: Datum odbrane: (Popunjava odgovarajuća služba) Predsednik: prof. dr Radivoje Jevtić, naučni savetnik, Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad Mentor: prof. dr Ferenc Bagi, redovni profesor, Poljoprivredni Članovi komisije: fakultet u Novom Sadu (titula, ime, prezime, zvanje, institucija) Član: dr Vesna Župunski, viši naučni saradnik, Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad Napomena: UDC: 633:632.9 (043.3) 1 Аутор докторске дисертације потписао је и приложио следеће Обрасце: 5б – Изјава о ауторству; 5в – Изјава o истоветности штампане и електронске верзије и о личним подацима; 5г – Изјава о коришћењу. Ове Изјаве се чувају на факултету у штампаном и електронском облику и не кориче се са тезом UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD FACULTY OR CENTER KEY WORD DOCUMENTATION Document type: Doctoral dissertation Author: Nina Skenderović Supervisor (title, PhD Ferenc Bagi, full professor, Faculty of Agriculture, first name, last University of Novi Sad name, position, institution) Reaction of winter wheat genotypes to fusarium head blight Thesis title: (Fusarium graminearum Schw.) Language of text Serbian language latin script. (script): Pages 101 Chapters 9 Physical References 216 description: Tables 11 Illustrations 5 Graphs 16 Appendices 0 Scientific field: Biotechnical sciences Scientific subfield Phytopathology (scientific discipline): Subject, Key FHB, FHB index, FDK, resistance, winter wheat words: Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by pathogen Fusarium graminearum (telemorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein) Petch) is the dominant wheat pathogen in warm and humid regions (Stack & McMullen, 1985). The disease has been identified as a major limiting factor in wheat production in many parts of the world (Stack, 1999). In Serbia, Balaž et al. (1995) recorded that in years conductive to FHB infection some plots can be infected up to 20-40%. Yield losses caused by species of Abstract in English the genus Fusarium may vary from 1,8 to 38,3%, depending on language: genotypes and climatic conditions (Lević et al., 2008). Wheat resistance to FHB has a polygenic nature. Schroeder and Christensen (1963) identified two types of resistance, type I, which represents resistance to initial infection, and type
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