The Garrison Gazette Winter - 2010 ISSN 1837-8234

Web Link: http://www.historyalive.org.au/ Welcome to the Powder food and accommodation will be Winter - 2010 issue of available at no cost to you or your group. the Gazette. The ANA is putting a bus on from to the Thanks to the venue and back. contributors for this issue, More information, please contact the Orderly Anne Davey, Ron Ray and Room. Peter Davey All contributions gratefully The Second Annual National Napoleonic accepted. All contributions should be sent in Times th New Roman in a plain unformatted Word document. Conference and Dinner (NNCD) – 7 August If you attend an event or have some Venue: The , The Rocks, information, or interest, write something and send it to Sydney, NSW the editorial desk (or via the 73rd Orderly Room). Registration and Information: http://73rdregiment.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/ The Editor sitebuilderfiles/anaconf2010.pdf Dave Sanders

  Request for NNCD

In this issue Presenters and Speakers

 Request for NNCD Presenters and The organiser of the upcoming 2nd Annual Speakers from Anne Davey National Napoleonic Conference and Dinner,  The 73rd Regiment of Foot (NNCD) Anne Davey, is calling for conference presenters and speakers. If you are interested, or  , Father of know of others who may be interested, please – 200th Anniversary by John Miller with an contact Anne Davey at introduction and notes by Niell Francis [email protected]. rd Please provide Anne with a title, précis,  “Captain” Lyttleton of the 73 by C. length of presentation (20-30 minutes) and audio- Craig visual requirements. Presenters will be contacted  The Flinders Bar, an Historical closer to the Conference date with the actual time Perspective by Peter Davey for your presentation which will be between 1.00-5.30 pm. Presenters should also need to register for the  The Michael Howe from Conference. Warren Fahey’s “Australian Folklore Unit”  The 73rd Regiment of Foot  The first detachment of the 73rd Regiment Upcoming Events arrived in on Monday 14

th th August 1809 on board the convict transport Boyd. History Alive 2010 – 12 & 13 June The vessel had sailed from Cork via the Cape of Venue: Fort Lytton Qld Good Hope, carrying 132 male convicts and three 1 officers of the 73rd Regiment (Captain H. J. Trincomalee on the 25 June, and landed at Cameron, and Lieutenants John Pike and Thomas Gravesend on 10 November 1821. Initially Wright) and 30 rank and file soldiers. stationed at Weedon, the regiment was soon The full complement of the first battalion relocated to Chichester, where most of the men of the 73rd Regiment arrived four months later on who had returned were soon invalided out of the 28 December 1809 on board H.M. Storeship regiment. Dromedary and her naval escort H.M.S. Hindostan. References On arrival the regiment was augmented by The 20 August 1809 [No. 294] p.2a. transfers from the departing 102nd regiment (formerly NSW Corps). In fact more than half this Historical Record of the Seventy-Third Regiment: regiment, 447 men, chose to remain in the Colony. containing an account of the formation of the Regiment from Of these men, 265 transferred into the 73rd the period of its being raised as the Second Battalion of the Regiment (for a bounty of three guineas), while a Forty-Second Highlanders in 1780 and of its subsequent services to 1851. Compiled by Richard Cannon. London: further 111 men joined a specially formed Parker, Furnivall & Parker, 1851. 'Veteran Corps' for 'invalids' (ie. those soldiers with more than 20 years' service). However, all See: the officers of NSW Corps serving at the time of http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/all/journeys/related/73rd.html recall in 1810 were required to return to Britain to answer any possible charges arising out of the  'rebellion' of 1808. Many of these men returned Lachlan Macquarie, Father of Australia later to New South Wales where they settled and - 200th Anniversary continued to exert an influence on the by John Miller development of the Colony long after their with an introduction and notes by Neill Francis regiment's recall. Additional detachments of soldiers serving Lachlan Macquarie became Governor of New in the 73rd Regiment continued to arrive in the South Wales on 1st January 1810. He was Governor period 1810-1813. In most instances they acted as for 11 years. He is often called the "Father of guards on transport vessels bringing convicts to Australia." He was the first to officially name this New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land: the continent Australia Anne on 27 February 1810; the Indian on 16 December 1810; the Providence on 2 July 1811; Governor Macquarie to under Secretary Goulburn. the Admiral Gambier on 29 September 1811; the (dispatch per ship Harriet) Government House, Guildford on 18th January 1812; the Indefatigable Sydney, N.S. Wales. 21st December 1817, Sunday evening. on 19 October 1812; the Archduke Charles on 16 "Lieutenant King expects to be absent from Port February 1813; the Fortune on 11 June 1813; and Jackson between eight and nine months, and I trust in the Earl Spencer on 9 October 1813. that time will be able to make very important additions After its tour of duty in New South Wales to the geographical knowledge already acquired of the and Van Diemen's Land the 1/73rd was posted to coasts of the continent of Australia, which I hope will Ceylon () where it served from 1814- be the name given to this country in future, instead of 1821. The men of the 73rd Regiment departed for the very erroneous and misapplied name, hitherto Ceylon on five vessels; Earl Spencer (January given it, of "," which properly speaking 1814);General Hewitt (April 1814); Windham only applies to a part of this immense continent." (April 1814); General Browne (December 1814); and Kangaroo (April 1815). They were garrisoned He is renowned for his building programme, the establishment of new towns throughout the Colony, in Colombo, Galle, Kandy and Trincomalee, as convict emancipation and religious freedom. During well as serving in the field during the Uva his time in office free settlers started to arrive in Rebellion in 1817-1818. Most deaths in the increasing numbers and NSW changed from a regiment during its tour of duty were from tropical penitentiary to a thriving colony. diseases rather than military combat. To mark this important anniversary, I have The first detachment returning to England downloaded this very interesting address by John embarked as 'marines' on board H.M.S. Alligator Miller, to the Hawkesbury Historical Society, on on 22 May 1821; the remainder of the regiment 2002. embarked on board the transport Elizabeth at

2 Researching and extracting parts of His policy for the Aborigines reflected Macquarie's life for this subject was a fascinating practical philanthropy. He established a Native experience. The young Lachlan arrived from Mull Institution for twelve Aboriginal children, six with a basic education and broad Gaelic speaking boys and six girls, under the supervision of accent sometime before 1776 to Edinburgh where William Shelley at in 1814. By 1820, his schoolmaster a Mr Miller, prepared him for a 37 aboriginal children were received, 6 busy military life. He served in America, India absconded, 2 died, 1 taken by father, 28 and Egypt. His character was to be moulded by completed their studies. Maria Lock, these experiences for his great challenge in Yarramundi's daughter being a student. In 1823 it N.S.W. was moved to the "Black's Town" (Rooty Hill). We are fairly sophisticated today. We can Blacktown got its name when the railway to the be anywhere in the world by aircraft if we're game west crossed the road to the Blacks Town. He in 24 hours. We have been brought up looking at always valued one aspect of his administration movies showing us the Wild West and the great above the rest and deemed it to be his most frontiers of America. It is hard to imagine that for meritorious accomplishment. In his third dispatch the first 26 years after settlement of the Colony, to Castlereagh, written on 30th of April 1810, he the and the Blue Mountains spelt out an issue on which he claimed to differ was the frontier and food basket of this country markedly from his predecessors: until Cox under the direction of Governor Macquarie built the road west in 1814. How “I have, nevertheless, taken upon myself to adopt fortunate we are here tonight, to be dining in the a new line of conduct, conceiving that room, which was once graced by the presence of emancipation, when united with rectitude and one of the true great liberalists, visionaries and long tried good conduct, should lead a man back town planners of our country's early foundation to that rank in society which he had forfeited, and years. do away, in as far as the case will admit, all This was Governor Lachlan Macquarie, retrospect of former bad conduct.” who was born on the island of , The Hebrides, on 31st January 1761. He This principle was to be the foundation of arrived here in on board the what he would call his policy: that a "Dromedary" at the end of December 1809, aged convict, on the expiry or remission of his 48 years, as Lieutenant of the 73rd sentence, provided he were well-behaved, ought Highland Regiment, with his second wife to be treated as if he had never transgressed the Elizabeth Campbell. law and should possess the same rights as a free He took over officially as Governor on 1st man. Andrew Thompson, an emancipated convict, January 1810, thus, bringing to an end the "Rum was a successful example of this policy. He saved Rebellion" of the NSW Corps and its coup against the lives of many people in the Hawkesbury Governor Bligh. To every intent and purpose floods. Macquarie sought his advice on planning Macquarie's commission enabled him to act with for high flood free land in Windsor and made him unrivalled authority as autocrat over half a a Magistrate. Unfortunately, Andrew developed a continent. Macquarie changed the colony from chest complaint after being in flood waters 3 days one of chaos and hopeless despair into visionary and nights saving lives in 1809. Andrew died in hope and achievement. He was open minded, October 1810 aged 37 years. Macquarie named candid, unprejudiced, favourable to constitutional the square out front of the Macquarie Arms, change, legal and administrative reforms, tending previously known as Bell Post Square, Thompson in the direction of freedom and democracy. A Square in his honour. great believer in private enterprise, Macquarie This building is a great example of private gave people, who showed a willingness to work enterprise that Macquarie encouraged by giving hard, every opportunity to prove themselves in an emancipated convict Richard Fitzgerald a this new land. Whether a free man or emancipated parcel of land on the 12th January 1811, to build a convict. His commission also invited him to commodious inn of two storeys. It was completed conciliate the affection of the aborigines and to and opened by Macquarie on 26th July, 1815, and prescribe that British subjects live in amity and is now 186 years old. The oldest existing hotel in kindness with them. Australia still being used for its original purpose. A celebration was held in this room after the

3 laying of the foundation stone of St Mathews Roman times and were commonplace in medieval Anglican Church on 11th October 1817, when the geography, but were not based on any rim of a Spanish dollar was laid , under the stone. documented knowledge of the continent. The first While the Governor and his party were here recorded use of the word Australia in English was drinking a "bumper" as a toast, someone stole the in 1625, in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, dollar, a second one laid was also stolen. written by Master Hakluyt" and published by On 1st December 1810 Macquarie and his Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus. The family with W.M. Cox and crossed Dutch adjectival form Australische was used by the Hawkesbury near Agnes Banks on a tour of Dutch East India Company officials in Batavia to Richmond Hill, to visit the Bells of Belmont and refer to the newly discovered land to the south in the Kurry Jung brush, the Kurry Jung Hill and 1638. Australia was used in a 1693 translation of Richmond Terrace left bank to the Green Hills, on Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la horseback with his wife Elizabeth. Apparently Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a Kurry Jung Hill was named Mt Maurice by A. 1676 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny, under Thompson in honour of Lt O'Connell. On the 6th the pen-name Jacques Sadeur. Alexander December, 1810, Gov. Macquarie named the 5 Dalrymple used it in An Historical Collection of Macquarie towns at Government house Windsor, Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific (Richmond, Castlereagh, Pitt Town, Wilberforce, Ocean (1771), referring to the entire South Pacific Windsor). Between the 2nd and 6th December region. In 1793, George Shaw and Sir James 1810, Macquarie extensively traveled the Smith published Zoology and Botany of New Hawkesbury by boat and carriage as far as Holland, in which they wrote of "the vast island, Portland Head (Ebenezer), dining with Dr Thomas or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or Arndell at the new Presbyterian Church and New Holland". It also appeared on a 1799 chart by school. As well as a visit to Caddye (Cattai) and James Wilsoni - Ed]. Blighton Farm, then returning to Sydney. Then in 1770, Cook claimed all the land to Australia Day as we know, commemorates the east of 1350 east longitude, approximately half the beginning of European settlement when of the continent, and called that half "New South Governor Phillip landed at Sydney Cove on 26th Wales." Here, then, was a huge geographical January 1788. The day was first proclaimed a entity, one half of which lay still unclaimed, public holiday in 1838, the fiftieth anniversary of bearing two names. In his circumnavigation of the founding, but some form of celebration had this country 1801-3, , having been held in Sydney as early as 1818. In this year found no strait dividing the continent, felt of 1818 Governor Lachlan Macquarie became the compelled as a matter of cartographic necessity to first to celebrate 30 years of settlement on 26th give a single name to the continuous whole. His January, when he ordered a 30 gun salute, for choice of the term "Australia' seems to have been what was then called "Anniversary Day". His wife dictated by a wish to avoid confusion with the Elizabeth held a dinner and ball for the occasion. ancient, mythical "Terra Australis Incognita", as They had been reluctant to celebrate the date well as being a matter of taste. before, as it was also the date of the coup against In his Voyage to Terra Australis, or Governor Bligh in 1808. Australia, published in 1814, Matthew Flinders Different names, including Anniversary wrote in a footnote, "Had I permitted myself any Day and Foundation Day, were formerly used in innovation upon the original term Terra Australis, different states, but eventually the other States it would have been to convert it into Australia". followed the lead given by Victoria in 1931 and He didn't have enough influence to have the name adopted the name Australia Day, a title long changed in England. In 1817, Governor Lachlan advocated by the Australian Natives' Association. Macquarie received a copy of the charts by In 1946 the Australia Day Council was formed in Matthew Flinders, who had circumnavigated the Melbourne to foster national appreciation of the continent between 1801-03 in the "Investigator". day's significance. What will happen to our Publication of his charts was held up due to his National Day and celebration date in the future imprisonment on the Isle of France (Mauritius will be a subject for much debate over the next few years. i Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia#Etymology [Legends of an "unknown land of the This replaces Mr Miller’s original paragraph which the south" (terra australis incognita) date back to Editor felt was incorrect.

4 Island) by the French for 7 years, on his way back official sanction by parliament of the use of the to England. Flinders died in England, the day after name 'Australia'. his work was published and delivered to his On the 5th August 1850 an Act for the house, on l9th July, 1814. He was only 40 years of better Government of Her Majesty's Australian age. Colonies was presented to the colonies of NSW, On receipt of these charts, in April 1817, Victoria, Van Diemans Land, South Australia and Governor Macquarie appears to have used the Western Australia. All of the states eventually word "Australia" officially in his correspondence joined together forming the Commonwealth of to under-secretary Goulburn, 21st December Australia on the 1st January 1901, thus 1817, thereby giving vice-regal approval to a eliminating customs duty on trade of goods word that was beginning to enter common usage between the states, uniting us as one nation. in the colony. By that time the first native-born However, it was Governor Lachlan Macquarie members of the white population had reached who first gave official vice-regal approval to the maturity and were taking part in colonial affairs. It name Australia on 21st December 1817, in his can be well understood that their preference, when correspondence to under Secretary Goulburn in referring to themselves, would be for the simple England. He wanted to encourage everyone to be word "Australian" rather than the clumsy "New proud of their new country. South Welshman" or "native-born colonial". It is also noteworthy that the charts of (Extract from Historical Records of Australia, Ser. Phillip Parker King (qv), a native-born Australian, 1 Vol. lx p 747). published by the Admiralty in 1824 were entitled as parts of the coast of Australia. Likewise another Governor Macquarie to under Secretary native born Australian, W.C. Wentworth (qv) in Goulburn. (dispatch per ship Harriet) his Statistical Account (3rd edition, 1824) Government House, Sydney, N.S. Wales. advocated the use of the name "Australia" naming 21st December 1817, Sunday evening. his newspaper published in 1824, The Australian". There are many passages in books of that period My dear Sir, The Ship "Harriet" (which conveys that indicate that the word "Australia" had been Home my Public Dispatches) not having sailed accepted by the colonists. On the whole, the this day, as was intended, gives me an opportunity naming of Australia can be said to have been of informing you that His Majesty's Cutter brought about through local usage by Australians "Mermaid", commanded by Lieutenant P. P. King themselves, the word being introduced probably of the , sailed from hence early this by the early naval officers. morning on her destined Voyage of Discovery, It wasn't until 1829 that the British and for the purpose of Surveying the Western Government officially used the name Australia. Coast of Australia intending to proceed along the The Colony of Western Australia founded said coast to the northward and eastward, as far on the 2nd May 1829 by a British naval officer, as the northwest monsoon can carry him, and then Captain Charles , formally took return to Port Jackson by the western coast on the possession for Great Britain of the whole of setting in of the south east monsoon. The Australia that had not up to that time been "Mermaid Cutter" has been fitted out here in the included within the boundaries of New South completest (sic) manner possible. She is almost a Wales, This amounted to one third of the new vessel, well found in stores of every Australian continent. A month later Captain James description, provisioned and watered for eight Stirling, RN, arrived with the ships "" months, and is very well manned in respect to and "Sulphur", having on board a party of officers and crew for the service she is intended officials, a detachment of soldiers and several for. Lieutenant King expects to be absent from hundred settlers, to commence the new British Port Jackson between eight and nine months, and colony of Western Australia. While Captain I trust in that time will be able to make very Stirling was on the way to the colony, an Act of important additions to the geographical the British parliament authorized him as knowledge already acquired of the coasts of the lieutenant-governor , with the advice of his continent of Australia, which I hope will be the officials, to make laws in 'His Majesty's name given to this country in future, instead of the Settlements in Western Australia, on the western very erroneous and misapplied name, hitherto coast of New Holland', and this was the first given it, of "New Holland", which properly

5 speaking only applies to a part of this immense the newly completed Convict Barracks in 1820 continent. Mr Cunningham, the King's Botanist until it was converted into a hospital in 1823. lately sent out to this country, has proceeded in Services were then held in the house of Patrick the Mermaid with Lieut. King. Mr Lewin, the Garrigan. painter of natural history, declined going on this The St Matthews Catholic church built in expedition on account of his having a family to 1840 in Windsor is the oldest existing Catholic provide for. church on the Australian Main land. The Catholic St Matthews Primary School in Windsor is the I have, & c., L. Macquarie. oldest in the whole of Australia. £500 and £200 being donated by James Doyle of the Lord Nelson Two disadvantaged groups who benefited from Inn (site of the Doctor's House, Windsor). the governor's patronage were the so called St Patrick's Day was unique among Dissenters and Catholics. Though he had set a national occasions. The great majority of Irish personal example, and had compelled many of the exiles and emigrants who were Catholics took convicts to attend Anglican services, by 1820 only saints more seriously than their Protestant fellow a minority of the citizenry voluntarily went to colonists did, and they found more cause to stick church and religious observance tottered. In together. In the towns of Australia, as in such December of that year Macquarie provided land other places as Boston and New York and upon which the missionary, Walter Lawry, Philadelphia, St Patrick's Day became a time for planned to erect the first Wesleyan chapel at the Irish to affirm their communal solidarity and Parramatta. The building's dimensions of 24 feet to talk of their achievements, hopes and in width and 41 feet in length were Lilliputian, but grievances. Governor Macquarie gave benign its diminutive beginnings did not lessen the recognition to the anniversary in 1810 when he warmth with which the governor entertained the provided entertainment on 17th March for Wesleyans or the sincerity of his toast to the convicts employed by the government. It became success of their labours. Advising them to spread the custom for a committee of the most reputable the gospel, particularly among the Aborigines, he Irishmen both Catholic and Protestant to arrange a assured them of his firm support for their pious dinner for 17th March in a Sydney hotel. The purpose. While Lawry's fellow evangelist, governor attended or was represented, the first Benjamin Carvosso, despised the Catholics, the toast was to the king, and hopes were expressed governor had a greater measure of tolerance. On for the continued entwining of the shamrock with the 3rd May 1820, Fathers John Therry and Philip the rose and the thistle. After 1830 Roger Therry, Conolly arrived in Sydney to celebrate mass an Irish Catholic who was appointed officially for the first time since 1804, following Commissioner of the Court of Requests (small the Irish Rebellion and Battle of Vinegar Hill. debts) in New South Wales in 1829, the year of Macquarie showed them favour and good will. He Catholic emancipation, spoke regularly at these gave land for their chapel in Sydney, donated 20 dinners. At the Royal Hotel in George Street on guineas to the building and laid its foundation 17th March 1832, Therry proposed: stone. On the 29th October 1821 the faithful sang hymns as a procession wound its mystical way The sons of England, Scotia and Erin, and south east of the convict barracks to the trenches may their affections and energies be ever united in of St Mary's. The ten year old acolyte, Columbus support of the power and the glory of the British Fitzpatrick, passed a silver bladed and ivory empire. handled trowel to Father Therry who presented it to the governor. Sir landed in Sydney on Macquarie told the priest not to fuss, 7th November 1821 and prepared to take over though he had never before set the first stone of a from Macquarie as Governor on the 1st of Catholic chapel, he jokingly confided in the cleric December. Macquarie had hoped to have 3 that he was an old mason. Vowing to keep the months in which to familiarize Brisbane with his trowel in remembrance of the day, he promised to administration and policies before handing over support the religious liberty of Therry's flock. The the government to him, but Sir Thomas Brisbane assembled crowd cheered mightily. St Marys would have none of that. The 30th November burnt down in 1865. Rebuilding commenced the 1821 was Macquarie's final day in power and he same year. Father Therry held mass in Windsor in wrote his final dispatches. Seventy three days

6 were to pass before he left New South Wales. In erection of Schools, (Macquarie had schools that time he toured the colony, receiving tributes erected in the Hawkesbury in 1820. St Johns and making his farewells. Wilberforce is the only one remaining) the On the 28th December he went to the patronage afforded to benevolent and charitable annual gathering of the aboriginal chiefs and clans institutions, but for the great zeal manifested in at Parramatta where Macquarie said goodbye to correcting vice and encouraging virtue, your own the original Aboriginal inhabitants whose conduct having exhibited a pattern worthy of predicament was reminiscent of what he had seen imitation. in the highlands of Scotland, Cape Town South With every sentiment of regard, we now take our Africa and Surat in India. As the Aborigines farewell of your Excellency, trusting that your feasted on roast beef washed down with copious Excellency's Conduct will receive the approbation draughts of beer, he examined the children of the of our most Gracious Sovereign, and conscious Native Institution. He knew that the rapid increase that in retirement you will experience the in British population and the progress of British happiness resulting from a life spent in honorable agriculture and industry had driven these people pursuits. N.B. It was resolved at the meeting of the from their ancient habitations; he also knew how Inhabitants of the Districts of the Hawkesbury, contact with Europeans in the townships had which took place on this occasion to request of degraded the Blacks, he planned to establish a Governor Macquarie to sit for a half length refuge for them on 10,000 acres at Moss Vale Portrait in England to be put up in the New Court where their existence would be relatively House at Windsor to defray the expense of which undisturbed, but the Colonial Office ignored his Seventy Guineas were immediately subscribed. proposal. The New Year saw him dining with his Windsor, 12th December, 1821. very dear friends the Fitzgeralds' at Windsor. On True copy L. Macquarie the 4th January 1822 he rose at dawn and rode Presented to the Governor, 4th Jan 1822. past crops of maize on the river flats. At 10am a deputation from the Hawkesbury region waited on Macquarie wrote back to the Hawkesbury him. Its chairman, , praised the many inhabitants agreeing to sit for a half length portrait advantages of his wise and mild administration when he arrived back in England. You see here and, as a token of undissembled (sic) regard, tonight a copy of the original oil painting, that asked him to sit for a half length portrait in currently hangs in , England which Cox proposed to hang in the local reproduced by permission of the Attorney courthouse. General. The painting is attributed to Scottish The inhabitants of the Hawkesbury District artist, Colvin Smith, a follower of Sir Henry thought so much of Macquarie that they prepared Raeburn R.A. a written address prior to the Governors departure Macquarie and his family boarded the for England in 1822. "Surrey" on the 12th February 1822, however due to adverse weather conditions it was the 15th To His Excellency Major General Macquarie, before the ship weighed anchor at Watsons Bay. It etc., etc., cleared Port Jackson's heads to take Macquarie Sir, back to England after 12 years in the colony, a Twelve years having nearly elapsed since you took man who's chief aim and happiness had been the charge of the Government of this Colony, at the colonists' good. Before him lay the prospect of close of this period calling to our grateful countering his critics in London following the recollection the many advantages we have 'Bigge Report' on his administration of the colony enjoyed under your wise and mild administration, in New South Wales. we feel ourselves bound by the ties of gratitude to He was to have many disappointments, offer you this address as a grateful memorial and and his health eventually deteriorated. Major tribute to our undissembled regard. General Lachlan Macquarie died in London on 1st When we take a retrospective view of the Colony July 1824. Two years after leaving his beloved on your arrival, and compare it with its present Australia, aged 63 years. His body was improved state, we cannot but admire your and buried on the on the wisdom and indefatigable perseverance, not only 29th July, 1824, with his infant daughter Jane in the convenience and comfort derived from the (died 5th of December 1808). Eight years later his construction of Roads, public Buildings, the wife Elizabeth had a lengthy eulogy inscribed in

7 red granite on his grave which was moved later to it identified at the National Portrait Gallery his mausoleum when it was built. It was London. The inscription suggested by the Keeper appropriate that the first monument on which the of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery word Australia appears is on Macquarie's own "Attributed to Scottish artist, Colvin Smith, mausoleum on the Isle of Mull. follower of Sir Henry Raeburn, R.A. The long eulogy ending with the words In 1970 the Mitchell Library purchased at "the rapid improvement of the colony during his auction in Sydney a holograph letter from auspices and the high estimation in which both his Macquarie to Richard Fitzgerald dated London, character and government were held, rendered October 10, 1823. him truly deserving of the appellation by which he has been distinguished, "The Father of Australia". Dear Fitzgerald, Prior to her death on 11th March 1835, I have had the pleasure of receiving your Elizabeth corresponded with Richard Fitzgerald, several letters and return you many thanks for the the original owner of this hotel, appointing him to communications contained in them I have had my have power of attorney over their estates with 950 portrait painted lately, and after being head of cattle here in Australia at the time handsomely framed and carefully packed up first (possibly depastured on a property called in tin, and afterwards in a strong wooden case, it "Windmill Hill" which, it has been suggested, was has been shipped off a few days ago for New Macquarie's 2000 acre grant adjoining Fitzgerald's South Wales, addressed to Mr Cox and you do not "Dabee", Rylstone). She commented that she was know the name of the ship but that I will inform about to commence the journey that no-one has you of in my next letter. I hope it will come safe to yet returned. Richard Fitzgerald, or "our dear Fitz" hand, as it is an excellent likeness. as Elizabeth Macquarie called him, was a very Be so good as to write me when it arrives. valued and trusted friend of the family, he We set off for Scotland tomorrow. Mrs M and regularly sent her money from her estates, and she Lachlan are both in pretty good health and desire asked him to spend fifty pounds out of the funds to unite with me in kindest regards to yourself and of their estates to procure for himself a likeness of family and all our friends in your part of the Macquarie. I don't know if it is In existence country. anywhere in Australia, I'm still searching! I remain, Dear Fitzgerald, Your sincere friend, However, we have complied with Elizabeth's L. Macquarie. wishes here and erected his likeness in this room. The "Governor Macquarie Dining Room" in the With regard to the uniform being that of a , Thompson Square, Lieutenant Governor as claimed by the Windsor, N.S.W. Will you now join me in three biographer, in 1971 the owner of a copy of the cheers to Governor Lachlan Macquarie and his courthouse portrait sent a photograph to the great contribution, of laying the sound Imperial War Museum in London, asking for foundations, to advance Australia toward being information as to the rank of the wearer. As the the great nation it is today. "To the Father of Imperial War Museum deals only with the period Australia". from 1914, it was forwarded to the National Army Museum, and the Research Assistant to the Notes Director replied that the uniform was that of a Major-General and in view of the provenance of Following the address by John Miller the the portrait it was presumably, that of Lachlan President of Hawkesbury Historical Society and Macquarie. Mayor of Hawkesbury City, Cr. Dr Rex Stubbs Recently I wrote to the National Army officially opened the "Governor Macquarie Dining Museum for confirmation, also asking of the style Room" and unveiled Macquarie's portrait. of the uniform would be correct for 1823. The Attributed to Colvin Smith a Scottish artist and reply stated that it was correct from 1811-1828, follower of Sir Henry Raeburn, R.A. l822. and confirming that Macquarie was a Major- There have been many arguments over the General in 1823, Enclosed was a Photostat copy years on the subject of who painted the portrait of the entry for him in "Historical Record of the and was it really Macquarie. The painter was 73nd Foot” published in 1851. originally thought to be R. Read Snr, however a letter from the Attorney Generals department had

8 References acknowledged. 1810 a company under Major Gordon arrived at Port Dalrymple in the Tryall, and for a short time D.G. Bowd - "Macquarie Country" M. H. Ellis - "Lachlan Macquarie His life, adventures and Lyttleton was attached to the Commissariat times" Department. In 1812 he was appointed Naval James Kohen -'The and their neighbours" Officer at Port Dalrymple. John Ritchie - "Lachlan Macquarie - A Biography" On 4 January 1812 Lyttleton married Ann, Library of Australian History - "Lachlan Macquarie - daughter of Private James Hortle of the New Journals of His Tours NSW" Historical Records of Australia - Series 1, Volume IX page South Wales Corps. In June 1814 the Windham 747 took two companies of the 73rd Regiment from Mitchell Library - Fftzgerald Papers - correspondence with Town to Ceylon and in 1821 the regiment the Macquaries 1827-1835. returned to England. Lyttleton was granted leave M. Whymark - "The case for the Court House Portrait" on grounds of ill health from February 1820 to Hawkesbury City Library - Fitzgerald documents Oral background material obtained when personally visiting January 1822 but in November 1824 he sold his the Chris and Helen Cox family property at Mudgee, commission and retired from the army. Claiming "Burrundulia" on the Cudgegong River. possession of 500 cattle in , and a capital of more than £2000, he sailed from Leith in the Note: The Fitzgerald and eventually Evans property Triton with his wife and family, and after arrival "Dabee'; and "Windmill Hill" Lachlan Macquarie Farm which has been suggested as the grant made to the at Hobart on 4 October 1825, was granted 560 Macquarie family nearly 13 years after the Governors death acres (227 ha) near Westbury and 800 acres (324 and eighteen months after Elizabeth Macquarie died. A ha) in the Meander district. With William Archer Land Titles Office search has shown the accuracy of this he rented another 2560 acres (1036 ha) at Norfolk grant. Confirmed by Governor R. Burke on the 11th of Plains. February 1837, joins Fitzgerald's farm "Dabee" on the Narrango - Dunn's Swamp Road, opposite the front gate of In November 1829 he was appointed "Dabee" Rylstone NSW. police magistrate and deputy-chairman of Quarter Sessions at Launceston. In 1833 he convicted an Mr Richard Evans the last owner of "Dabee", a descendant assigned convict, Samuel Arnold, of cattle of Fitzgerald, says it was Pt 1 Parish of Rylstone. He has the stealing and sentenced him to death, but after the original grant document framed at home in Sydney which I have personally viewed and am obtaining a copy with trial suggested that 'another person' was the real permission of Mr and Mrs Evans and the new owners of culprit. This was taken to refer to Arnold's master, "Dabee" Mr and Mrs Rothwell. William Bryan, who sent a friend to issue a challenge. Lyttleton declined and sent an account Contributed by Ron Ray of the matter to the attorney-general. The challenger was prosecuted, and Lieutenant-  Governor (Sir) George Arthur dismissed Bryan “Captain” Lyttleton of the 73rd from the Commission of the Peace and recalled all by C. Craig his assigned servants. Lyttleton is supposed to have built two William Thomas Lyttleton, (1786?-1839), notable late Georgian houses in Tasmania. He soldier and settler, was a distant connexion of the built probably only the western side of Hagley well-known Lyttelton family of Hagley Hall, House, Hagley, but there is certainly evidence to Stourbridge, Worcestershire, England. He used connect him with Pinefield, at Longford, which the family crest on his silver, gave a family name, the government bought for a parsonage in 1830, Westcote, to one of his sons, and the name, for Rev. Robert Davies, who in 1835 married Hagley, to his property in Van Diemen's Land and Lyttleton's daughter. Lyttleton was also a talented to the near-by village. He entered the army as an amateur artist; two of his local paintings of 1811 ensign in the 73rd Regiment in April 1809. For and about 1830 are in the Mitchell Library, five years he was wrongly listed as W. H. Sydney. He also drew the original picture from Lyttleton in the Army Lists and he even signed as which was copied the well-known lithograph of 'W.H.' when he married. He was gazetted Panshanger, the seat of Joseph Archer. lieutenant in November 1810, but though known In 1835 Lyttleton resigned his post at as 'Captain' Lyttleton in Tasmania, he never Launceston and on 14 January 1836 he sailed for officially gained that rank. The regiment left England in the Ann. He died on 7 June 1839 in Yarmouth in the Hindostan and Dromedary and London and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery, arrived in Sydney in December 1809. In February where a tablet to his memory is in the chapel. His 9 widow returned to Van Diemen's Land in 1843, on the earth was not. The Flemish mounted their then lived in New Zealand for some time, came compasses askew so that the needle pointed to back to Tasmania in 1863, died at Hobart in 1874 true north and not magnetic north. On his first and was buried at St John's cemetery, Launceston, voyage to the new world Columbus had in the Davies family vault. She had six other compasses that pointed to true north and magnetic children, of whom the third son, Thomas north and he was astounded as he sailed west to Hamilton (1826-1876), was superintendent of find that one compass continued to point to police in Victoria. The novelist G. B. Lancaster magnetic north while the other gradually changed. (1874-1945) was a great-granddaughter and some This discovery so alarmed the ship’s company that of her characters are said to be modelled on they mutinied, asserting and believing that they Lyttleton. would never to able to return to Spain. Columbus had to address their concerns to overcome this Select Bibliography mutiny. Upon his return to Spain his statement Historical Records of Australia, series 3, vol 1; Launceston that the compass had varied its direction was not Advertiser, 31 Oct 1839; correspondence file on W. T. Lyttleton (Archives Office of Tasmania). More on the believed. resources Admiralty instructions required ships’ captains to determine and record the magnetic Print Publication Details: C. Craig, 'Lyttleton, William variation daily, using the Polaris star, Southern Thomas (1786? - 1839)', Australian Dictionary of Cross or the Sun at noon.iii After all, a captain Biography, Volume 2, Melbourne University Press, 1967, p. 143. could not steer an accurate course unless he knew See: http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020128b.htm the magnetic variation in that locality. Variation was used by voyagers to the East Indies in the early seventeenth century, who made use of the  variation to determine when they had passed the Cape of Good Hope in their progress across the Indian Ocean. In fact, their successors were still The Flinders Bar, an Historical following the same habit as late as the beginning Perspective of the nineteenth century. by Peter Davey In 1701, Edmund Halley (of Comet fame) produced nautical charts on which lines of equal “The compass is the soul of the ship” Victor Hugo variation, known as isogonics lines, were drawn. 1866. By referring to these a true course could be steered or plotted. If Victor Hugo is correct, then the Flinders In 1538, Joa`o de Castro, the Chief pilot of Bar together with the compensating magnets and ii the Portuguese India Fleet, had noted another the quadrantal balls are its conscience. They keep puzzling behavior of a compass needle and finally her from being diverted from the true course and put it down to iron. He surmised that this lead mariners away from the perils of the sea. variation was “troubled by the proximity of The earliest known records of a compass artillery pieces, anchors and other iron.” A were used by the Chinese in the eleventh century century later a Captain Smith, in Mariners’ using a small magnetic needle. The earliest Magazine warned that the compass needle could European records are in the thirteenth century. It be drawn aside by guns in the steerage or iron was thought that magnetic rocks might abound in near the compass. William Dampier, celebrated the Polar Regions. Methods used were usually a buccaneer, voyager and adventurer, noted circular sealed box floating in a bowl of water. discrepancies in his compass. He noted, “These The mystery of the magnetic poles was of great wonder and perplexity to map makers, seaman, and astronomers. The difference between true north and magnetic north is known as variation. iii In the Southern Hemisphere, true north could be obtained Although this was known before Columbus, the from the North Pole Star, Polaris; there is no Pole Star in the fact that it changed as you changed your position southern heavens to indicate the position of the True South. In the 16th century it was found possible to use the Southern Cross. When the top and bottom stars are vertical they are at ii Quadrantal balls. So called because they remove the their maximum altitude they indicate true south. deviation on the quad courses that is North East, South East, South West and North West 10 things do puzzle me”. This was about 1680. vertical iron bar to correct compass error. There About one hundred years later during Cooks were maritime disasters before this was done. second voyage on the Resolution, William Wales During Captain Flinders R.N. survey and the expedition astronomer, states that “variations circumnavigation of Australia, in the Investigator, observed with the ship’s head in different he compiled what is known as the “Book of positions, and even different parts of her, will Bearings”, a 329 page document containing 2,500 materially differ from one another.” Cook, on the compass bearings. Flinders noted that the same voyage, showed that he was well aware of compass experienced an error which he put down the dangers of iron near the compass having to the compass being attracted by the Iron on entered in his journal on the chances of finding board the Investigator, he also noted the larger the Longitude by using Variation “Who ever magnetic dip the larger the error. Magnetic dip is imagines he can find the Variation within one related to variation, the line of magnetic dip degree will often find himself much deceived, for follows the lines of variation and they are zero at besides, the imperfections in the construction of the magnetic equatorv and 90 degrees at the the instrument or power of the needle, the motion magnetic poles. The greater the dip the larger the of the ship, or attraction of the Iron work, or some error experienced. As the ship altered course the other causes not discovered, will frequently cause bearings of prominent points altered. They should far greater errors than this.” Meanwhile ships have remained the same. Flinders observed that continued to replace wood with iron. Iron knees, compass-bearings of a distant object were tanks, bolts, cables, iron ballast for shingles etc different in different parts of the ship. The until ships were built entirely from iron. This compass gave true bearings, after being corrected escalation made the problems experienced due to for variation, of a distant object when the ship’s iron, and then steel even more pronounced. head was north or south. The greater error was Mariners were aware that there was when the ship’s head was East or West. He another more insidious force working on the concluded that the local attraction in the ship compass. Changes in magnetic fluxiv were being would be different in different parts of the ship experienced which changed with the course being and changed with the change in latitude. steered; the position of the compass; cargo carried Flinders was in detained in La France and changes in Latitude. These changes were (Mauritius) for the period 1803-1809, because the related to the amount and position of the iron Governor refused to accept his passportvi. During carried. Matthew Flinders was the first mariner to this period wrote a paper “Concerning the seriously tackle this problem... Difference in the Magnetic Needle, on board the Flinders Investigator arising from the Alteration in the carried out direction of the ships head.” It was published in experiments on the 1805. Investigator by When Flinders returned to England, and removing the two with the support of Admiralty he carried out cannons which measurements of deviationvii in six different ships stood either side of the compass and v Magnetic Equator. A line connecting all points on the placing them in the earth's surface at which the magnetic field is parallel to the hold and affixed his Earth's surface. A balanced magnetic needle on the magnetic compass exactly equator stabilizes in a perfectly horizontal position. It is amidships. He roughly parallel to the geographical equator. observed “a considerable difference in the vi direction of the magnetic needle when there was Passport. In the days of the explorers passports were accepted by nations as a means of giving safe passage to no other apparent cause than the change of the enemy or possible enemy ships when they were sailing on ship’s head being in a different direction”. voyages of scientific exploration. Cook, Bligh, La Perouse, In a lengthy appendix to Flinders’ “A Baudin, and D’Entrecasteaux all had them and Flinders also Voyage to Australis” he suggested the use of a carried one. His passport was made out to the original ship Investigator, she had been condemned in 1803, and he was now in command of the Cumberland iv Magnetic flux. A measure of the quantity of magnetism, being the total number of magnetic lines of force passing through a specified area in a magnetic field vii Deviation is an error of a magnetic compass caused by a ship’s own residual and induced magnetism. The first 11 at various ports in the Channel. His report recommended that the Admiralty should appoint confirmed his earlier work. In wooden ships of an inspector of compasses, that there should be at the time, the focal point of the magnetic force was every dockyard an officer for re-touching forward of the compass, as were most of the guns compasses, and that a magnet for re-touching and shot. Flinders found that the magnetic force should be carried on each flagship. They were could be counterbalanced by placing a vertical bar implemented in reforms in 1810. of soft iron just aft of the compass binnacleviii. Flinders concluded, and correctly, that the In Flinders’ day the delicacy of the local attraction in ships would be different in compass, its liability to error, the nature of the different parts of the world, and that it would magnetic force to which it responds, and the change with the magnetic dip (Latitude). Flinders necessity of proper care were very little gave examples observed by William Wales, the appreciated. Flinders wrote “Among the nautical astronomer with Cook on the second voyage in instruments taken to sea there are none so ill- 1772-75. constructed, nor so little care is taken of as the The opinion amongst naval officers was compass.” Compasses were supplied to by the that since ships were steered to the nearest Admiralty by contract, and were not inspected, quarterxpoint of the compass, and moreover, they were stowed in a storehouse without any variation of the compass by the earth's magnetism regard to the attraction to which the needles might was so high around the British Isles, the additional be exposed. They might be kept in store for a few small error caused by the effect of the ship's iron years; and they were sent on board ships without could be safely disregarded. Despite this ships remagnetising. When a compass was sent aboard a were being led astray by their compasses. There ship of the Navy, it was delivered into the charge was little interest in public, nautical or scientific of the boatswain and put into a store, or sail room. interest in Flinders’ lifetime, due to his early Perhaps it was put on a shelf with his knives and death. It was the increasing number of iron ships marlin spikes. Flinders urged that spare and their compass problems combined with compasses should be preserved carefully in marine disasters thatfinally brought on major officers’ cabins. Magnets for re-touchingix were changes. not kept on one ship in a hundred. Under these Masters knew that they if they steered a circumstances, he added “can it be subject a reciprocal course (after correcting for variation) surprise that most experienced navigators are on their return to trip that the compass would those who put the least confidence in the compass, invariably lead them astray.. or that ships running three of four days, without The Navy also began to take an interest in an observation, should be found in a situation very magnetism, both in the matter of variation and in different from what was expected of them? The the reports on ship's deviation, due to the question currents are easily blamed, and sometimes with of safe navigation and to the worldwide activity in reason. Ships come home from the Baltic and hydrographic surveying and more accurate finding themselves upon the shores of the Dutch charting. The Admiralty Compass Committee, coast, when they were thought to be on the instituted in 1837, was active in this field for a English side, blame it to the currents; but the same number of years. It devised a standard compass currents, as I am informed, do not prevent when binnacle, to which was attached a square iron steering the opposite direction.” Flinders strongly plate, this had been suggested by Barlow in 1820 in his Essays on Magnetic Attraction, but this known use of the word deviation, in this sense, was in 1796 plate only partially fulfilled the results of a by the inventor of the Walker compass (Walker compass satisfactory counteraction, which had been was originally thought to be able to ascertain longitude by achieved by Flinders' proposal of a vertical soft using compass variation.) iron bar. For that reason, Barlow's Plate never became popular. Professor Sir George Biddell viii Binnacle. The binnacle is a wooden case or box, which Airy (later Astronomer Royal), in his account of contains the compass, and a light to illuminate the compass at night. The modern binnacle also contains correcting magnets, soft iron balls and the Flinders Bar. x Quarter point. These points, as they were known, of 11 ¼ degrees, were originally as close as a good helmsman could ix Re-touching (or refreshing) the needle. Remagnetizing of be expected to steer, but, as ships got more sophisticated, the compass needle is achieved by stroking with a magnet they could steer half points then quarter points and then three of four times from the needle’s centre to its end, using degrees. Compass cards are still marked with the 32 points the north end for the needle’s north end and south for south. as well as 360 degrees. 12 Experiments on Iron-built Ships, instituted for the error and Sextantal and Octantal Deviationxii still purpose of discovering a correction for the remained. Deviation of the Compass produced by the Iron of Deviation was still rearing her ugly head. the Ship (published in the Philosophical Airey’sxiii method was refined this time using Transactions of the Royal Society for 1839), three magnets and iron chain piled in two boxes. suggested horizontal magnets and boxes of soft Airey thought he had solved the problem. iron chain to correct the compass; but neither In 1840 the Admiralty Standard Compass Barlow's Plate nor the magnets or the boxes of was adopted by the Royal Navy and most foreign chain proved a satisfactory counterbalance to the navies (including the United States). With ship's magnetism. There were other papers by modifications it was in use until 1944. An Barlow and Airy, as well as a considerable unusual feature was four needles instead of one. number of other contributors to this magnetic This eliminated the worst feature of a single problem, extending well past the nineteenth needle compass. A single heavy needle aligned century. itself with the direction of the ships roll. Long before this, however, the Admiralty Unknown to the inventors was that it could also be Compass Committee decided it would be better to used to compensate for Sextantal and Octantal choose a good position in the ship, where the Deviation. In 1844 the R.N. Admiralty Standard ship's magnetism affected the compass the least; Compass was ranked alongside the chronometer and on finding that position, not to correct the as a precious navigating instrument. Both compass further but to rely on a deviation table, instruments now became a specific charge of the checked constantly. In 1838 Francis Beaufortxi the vessel’s commanding officer. It was required that head of the hydrographic department wrote to the whenever they were moved from ship to ship, or Astronomer Royal, George Airey, requesting he ship to shore, it had to be done in the presence of investigate compasses and magnetic problems the master or a commissioned officer. (Flinders being experienced on the iron hulled steam ship would have applauded this). Admiralty decided to Rainbow. On his request a Magnetic Observatory use uncorrected compasses and to have their was added to the building at Greenwich. vessels swung for deviation at regular intervals. Airey had the ship taken into the basin at They kept a record in deviation tables in stark Deptford shipbuilding and victualing yard (known contrast to the merchant marine that was leaning to sailors as Old Weevil), and carefully measured towards the Airey’s mechanical means to correct for deviation; on some heading the compass was compasses. A tragic shipwreck was the trigger for out by 50 degrees. With magnets up to 2 feet long change. What has been described as the “First and a scroll of iron he set about correcting the Titanic” was the fate of the iron clipper Tayleur, compass. Finally the Rainbow was swung; her hailed as the perfect emigrant ship. On her maiden voyage was a success. He then repeated maiden voyage from Liverpool to Melbourne in this successfully on the first iron sailing ship January 1854 whilst carrying 488 passengers, 75 Ironside. crew and 5 stowaways. She carried two The first iron gunboat, the Nemesis was compasses. They had been corrected but gave launched in 1839 and sailed for the China Sea. different courses. The captain put his faith in the Her compasses were corrected using the Airey steering compass he steered what he thought was method. She ran aground two days later being 20 a safe course. She hammered into a rising sea miles off course due to compass error. Heeling under reduced canvas. She was wrecked near Dublin after a voyage of only two days. Three hundred and fifty passengers, mostly women and

xii Sextantal and Octantal Deviation are caused by when a xi Beaufort was the Hydrographer to the Admiralty. From single long compass needle being placed close to a this post, he outlined the hydrographic studies for many compensating magnets and soft-iron correctors. As the ship British expeditions including that of H.M.S. Beagle, goes through 360 degrees the magnets produce six points of commanded by his protégé Robert Fitzroy. Of his many maximum deviation (sextantal), and the soft-iron correctors achievements, Admiral Beaufort is remembered today most produce eight points of maximum deviation (Octantal). for the Wind Force Scale which now bears his name. The These are eliminated by the use of multiple needles. scale, which he conceived in 1805 and the British Navy xiii Airey’s method did not remove heeling and Sextantal and adopted in 1838, however, underwent major changes in the Octantal Deviation error and that the magnetic polarity of 100 years following its initial adoption. the ship’s vertical soft iron changed as she sailed from the northern magnetic latitudes to the southern. 13 children lost their lives. The Board of Trade and itself. Because a ship at sea is constantly moving the Maritime Board of Liverpool came to the the effect of the magnetic dip is constantly conclusion that the fault lay with the compass. changing with the magnetic attraction and In the 1850 Parliamentary enquiry showed, repulsion being changed by the magnetic that in every week there were at least ten British induction of the earth. In the Southern hemisphere merchant ships wrecked, stranded, or seriously the highest or upper parts of the iron will possess damaged; and these ships were constantly running south magnetic poles, and the lowest north. The in one direction on a compass course, which the south points of the compass needle will be drawn Master firmly believed was perfectly safe. All towards the ship’s head and the north point these, and many more, were blamed on the repelled towards the stern and hence the compass deviation of the compass and finally forced the will indicate a course further to the south than the authorities to conquer deviation. ship steers. At the Magnetic equator there is no The major problem was induced effect and in the Northern hemisphere the above is magnetism. When non magnetic iron is brought reversed. within the influence of a magnet (the earth) it When a ship heels, the compass remains becomes a magnet and remains so as long as it is steady (it is on gimbalsxiv ) and the iron and steel in the magnetic field. This is known as induced hull and superstructure moves around it. This magnetism. If the magnetic field is withdrawn the changes the ships magnetic field and the compass induced magnetism soon dissipates. needle. Heeling error is compensated by having a A Deviation varies according to the magnet hung below the compass. It has no effect heading of the ship, because as a ship changes when the ship is upright but acts in the opposite course, the metal in her changes its magnetic direction when the ship heels. induction in relation to the compass. When a The magnetic attraction varies with the ship rolls from side to side, equal and opposite distance, the force it exerts is found to be magnetic forces act upon the compass needle and inversely proportion to the square of the distance cause it to oscillate on each side of the true from an object. If an iron mast at 18 feet from a magnet direction of the ship’s keel. The total compass causes a deviation of one degree it magnetic field is generally considered as having would at half the distance deflect 4 degrees and at two components: the horizontal component; and 4.6 feet 16 degrees. the vertical component. These components change As more iron ships ploughed the world’s as the magnet (the ship and the magnetic oceans a number of different binnacles were compass) is moved around the globe. The patented. In 1854 John Gray’s binnacle which horizontal component is greatest at magnetic contained correcting magnets which could be equator and decreases in the direction of either adjusted in any direction by means of rack and pole. The vertical is zero at the magnetic equator pinions. It also had a vertical magnet which (where it changes polarity) and increases in the compensated for deviation caused when the ship direction of either poles, Ship under construction heeled. He then brought out binnacle with 68 or major repair will acquire permanent magnetism pound cannon balls, mounted on brass pillars on due to hammering and jarring whilst sitting either side of the binnacle instead of the stationary in the earth’s magnetic field. After customary box of chain. Gray’s binnacle with its launching, the ship will lose some of this original adjustable spheres and magnets eliminated the magnetism, and will eventually reach a more or tedious practice of countersinking magnets in the less stable magnetic condition. The magnetism deck. which remains is the permanent magnetism of the In 1861 the Liverpool Compass ship. The error produced by this magnetism can Committee, in its final report recommended long be counteracted by properly placed permanent vertical bars of soft iron to be introduced into magnetism. ships. The term 'Flinders Bar' was not used in In general terms the permanent magnetism these reports. It was not until the sixth edition of the ship is opposed, or neutralized by artificial (1893) of the Admiralty Manual for ascertaining permanent magnets and the induced magnetism is and applying Deviation of the compass used by neutralized by soft iron correctors, so placed that the induction of the earth’s magnetism in these xiv GIMBALS. The two concentric brass rings, having their correctors is opposite in kind or effect upon the axles at right angles, by which a sea-compass is suspended compass from that of the soft iron of the ship in its box, so as to counteract the effect of the ship's motion. (Also used for the chronometers) 14 iron in a ship, issued by the Hydrograph of the vertical position direction under the compass. It Navy that the Flinders Bar was definitely named has no effect when the ship is upright. The and discussed. It was introduced into Sir William distance has to be adjusted as the ship changes Thomson’sxv patent binnacle in 1878 with latitude and the magnet is reversed at the magnetic adjustable magnets fore and aft, athwart ship,xvi equator. heeling magnets, soft iron spheresxvii and the Modern day binnacles are similar to Sir Flinders Bar. Initially a number of different William Thomas’s with improvements to the configurations existed with the bar being placed at compass. various distances forward and aft of the compass. A Gyro compass have an electrically By 1892 he had combined with a compass maker, driven gyroscope, the axis of which aligns itself employing 200 tradesmen and producing three along the meridian to point to true north and thus hundred compasses a year. has no variation of deviation to overcome. For a It was found to be easier to have a Flinders while magnetic compasses were discarded. In bar consisting of a bundle of iron rods contained 1947, HMS Vanguard with King George onboard in a case which is secured in a vertical position suffered a complete power failure. The pride of near the compass, the upper end level with of the the Royal Navy was reduced to steering by the needles. With this method the distance remains Stars. Today all navies, fighting and merchant fixed, the intensity of the force that it exerts is carry as a fail-safe measure the magnetic compass. varied by increasing or decreasing the number of Modern day ships, being built of steel do not have rods. Now days the highly polished brass cylinder as many problems as ships of old but they are still contains the Flinders Bar of soft iron of varying required to have their deviations checked. Ideally lengths from 6 to 24 inches, accordingly to the ships should have their compass swung annually; amount used needed to correct the component of it is particularly necessary after major work on the the compass. With modern ships being built of vessel, or if it has been sitting still for some time steel and the minimum use of iron, the Flinders and after a lightning strike. This can be done by a Bar used is of reduced size... number of methods: using the sun’s azimuth; the The ship’s soft iron produces vertical and bearings of distant objects such as mountain peaks horizontal deviation. The vertical is corrected by lighthouse or using a GPS. The ship is normally suitably placed soft iron spheres known as taken to a buoy and swung though 360 degrees Quadrantal Balls. They counteract the horizontal and comparing ship’s head with known bearings. component of the earth’s magnetic field. They are placed in brackets either side at the level of the Peter Davey. compass. They can be adjusted athwart ship. Seaman (sail) Being soft iron they also pick up the induced Barque James Craig. magnetism from the earth’s magnetic filed. By adjusting their distance from the compass they References. counteract the ships induced magnetism. The horizontal component of the induced magnetism is Practical Manual of the Compass. A treatise on the errors of the magnetic compass, with the methods employed in the counteracted by the Flinders Bar. This has to be U.S. Navy for compensating the deviation. The United adjusted as the ship changes latitude. States Naval Institute Annapolis, Maryland 1916. Heeling error is the sum of the permanent and induced magnetism. This magnetism is in The American Practical Navigator (colloquially often constant change and is at a maximum when referred to as (the) Bowditch) written by Nathaniel Bowditch. In 1866 the Hydrographic Office of the United steering north or south and at a minimum when States 1866 Practical Rules for ascertaining the Deviations steering east or west. The heeling error is of the Compass which are caused by the Ship’s Iron. corrected by a permanent magnet placed in a Practical Illustrations of the necessity for ascertaining the Deviation of the Compass (1st ed. 1847), Captain xv Later on he became Lord Kelvin, best remembers by the Edward J. Johnson. Kelvin scale for temperature. The magnetism of ships a rudimentary exposition of the xvi Athwart ships, in the direction of the beam; from side to induced magnetism of iron in sea going vessels. William side: in opposition to fore-and-aft. Walker Commander RN Piers. (Inventor of the above mentioned Walker compass) Piper Brothers London 1853. xvii

Soft Iron spheres originally called Kelvin balls. Now days Flinders paper Chapter in the History of Magnetism. known as quadrantal balls. 15 pursuit of him and his gang at this time were Sailor's Word-Book: ADMIRAL W. H. SMYTH, London actually in communication with them, and 1867. received a share in the profits of the men’s crimes. The Explorers of the Pacific. Geoffrey Badger, 1988, Howe at tills time was accustomed to leave his Kangaroo Press. The Society for Nautical Research gang for short periods, and retire to some mountain fastness with a native girl, to whom it The Society for Nautical Research. THE MARINER’S was stated he was much attached; subsequently MIRROR CAPTAIN JAMES COOK 1911 TO 2006. she was captured and became useful to the “The Iron Ship” the story of Brunel’s Great Britain soldiers in discovering his favourite haunts to Moonraker Press 1975. them. At last Howe sent, through the medium of “The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea” Oxford a Yankee sailor, a proposal to the Governor to University Press 1988. surrender. The Governor (Sorell) sent Captain “Compass” Alan Gurney. W.W. Norton. New York 2005. Nairne to the rendezvous to meet with him and to give him an assurance of present safety and a Picture credits: promise of his intercession for his pardon if he http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=401 would come in, which offer Howe accepted. When on the plea of ill health he was allowed to take exercise under the charge of a constable, he  managed to give his guard the slip and again took The Bushranger Michael Howe to the bush. He found his gang nearly broken up, from Warren Fahey’s “Australian Folklore Unit” only two men remaining, Watts and Browne. Soon after his return Watts conspired with Michael Howe had been a seaman in the a stock-keeper named Drewe against Howe, and Royal Navy, and who was afterwards the owner of taking him unawares, they threw him down, a small coasting craft in which he had acquired disarmed him, and tied his hand behind his back. some notion of command, arrived in Van Leaving him thus lying on the ground, they ate Diemen’s Land in 1812, and was sent as an their breakfast, and then started with him to assigned servant to Mr. Ingle; he, however, Hobart Town, with the hope of obtaining the declared he would be no man’s slave, and, reward. Watts walked in front of their prisoner, escaping to the bush, joined a gang commanded and Drewe behind him. On the road Howe by a man named Whitehead. In this gang, which managed to get his hand loose unperceived by his consisted of about twenty outlaws, were a guard, when, springing suddenly upon Watts, lie deserter from the 73rd regiment, and two native seized his knife and fatally stabbed him, and then, women. taking his gun, shot Drewe dead on the spot. Soon after Howe’s joining them they Watts managed to reach Hobart Town, but attacked the settlement of New Norfolk, and there subsequently died of his wounds. A large reward procured a good supply of arms and ammunition; was now offered for the capture or death of Howe, thence they marched on Pittwater, committing together with freedom and a passage home, should many depredations, and sacking and burning the his captor be a convict; but for a long time lie houses and stacks of those who had made escaped all snares. But the temptation of the large themselves obnoxious to them; again they reward and tho free pardon, together with the attacked New Norfolk, and had a fight with the passage home, was a bait that could not be long settlers, in which the latter were worsted; but in withstood, and so a transported sailor named Jack the engagement Whitehead was seriously Worral conspired with one of Howe’s mates, wounded. Finding that he could not recover, he named Warburton, to effect his capture. appealed to Howe to finish him and to cut his Major Bell gave them the assistance of a head off, to prevent the reward that was offered soldier of the 48th regiment, named Pugh, these for his capture being obtained by any of the two secreting themselves in Warburton’s hut, who settlers; this Howe did, and then assumed the was to inveigle Howe into it. This Warburton did, command of the gang. but Howe discovered his danger and managed to It was subsequently asserted by them that break away, the shots fired at him not taking (there is good reason to believe his statements) effect. In running, however, he received a severe some of the police presumably most active in the fall which partially stunned him, and he then

16 tamed to fight: whilst engaged with one the other crept up, and knocked him down with the butt end of his musket and with the same weapon dashed his brains out, October 21, 1818. In a kangaroo skin pouch or knapsack which he carried, was found a record of his crimes and the names of many of his accomplices, with those of the receivers of stolen property, hitherto unsuspected.

Source: http://warrenfahey.com/bushrangers-3.htm

73rd Regiment Contact Information

73rd Regiment of Foot website: http://73rdregiment.tripod.com

Phone: Mr. Mark Koens 0408 170 789 or 02 4655 6586

Email: [email protected]

Contributions or comments may be sent to…

The 73rd Orderly Room at: [email protected]

Or to the Editor, David Sanders @ [email protected]

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