Quantum Technologies: a Review of the Patent Landscape

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Draft * The technological advancements were so- Work in progress. ∗ References1 Introduction The extinction of dinosaursancestors possibly gifted a our chain jackpot to offer dominatefew to centuries, the we climb made earth. unprecedented advances theno food Over other theday, species we last possess could theplanet technology ever several to times dream destroy 22 overpandemic our and of; ever. cure thevancements to- in History largest science, often closely shapingrather ideologies, followed than the ad- other way around. cial revolutions ofgine their and time. the internalraw The combustion mechanical steam engine power made en- soomy cheap freed that the humanspursuits. econ- to work The onated information by more revolution the acceler- creative puters transistor’s fast and discovery affordable madeto that com- they advance enabled research us andlaborate industries internationally to and create a to truly col- unified 1 Abstract February 10, 2021 email:[email protected] Mathew Alex, Relecura Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 4.1.1 Quantum Dots .4.2.1 . . Quantum4.2.2 . Annealing . . . Error . Correction . 14 .4.3.1 .17 . Quantum . Key Distribution . 19 18 Quantum Technologies is a term that is getting broader with every passing year. Nan- otechnology and electronics operatealgorithms in like Shor’s this algorithm realm.Quantum that Key With can Distribution, break the which RSA inventioning offers encryption of unconditional in. on industry-disrupting security a incaptured quantum Here theory, computer investment with we and is a taxonomize pour- experience, comprehensive and along query analyze with in 48,577to the Relecura’s make patents company’s patent this in AI-based highly database.Reports this subjective tools consider area choice The and a of from author’s single scholarlyoverview taxonomy. 2015 technology, of subject literature, Though geography, to these or most were present technologies company, PatentThe utilized we Landscape physics as have of Analysis a tried each whole technology to and due give its to a role holistic their in collaborative the industry and is intertwined briefly nature. explained where possible. 5.1 Superconducting5.2 Devices . . Quantum Sensing ...... 20 . . . . . 21 3.1 Overview3.2 . Top3.3 . Countries . . . . Top Assignees ...... 4.1 ...... Nanotechnology ...... 6 .6 . .4.2 . . . . Quantum Computing . .12 ...... 4.3 . .12 Quantum . Cryptography .16 . . . . 18

Quantum Technologies: A Review of the Patent Landscape 5 Emerging Technologies6 Conclusions7 20 Acknowledgements 22 21 Contents 1 Introduction2 Literature Review3 The Taxonomy4 Top Technologies 3 1 4 12 arXiv:2102.04552v1 [cs.DL] 3 Feb 2021 Feb 3 [cs.DL] arXiv:2102.04552v1 Draft (Feynman [1982]). A quan- “Let the computer itself be built of quan- A closely related field, which too was Innovation is driven by the synergy be- The difficulty with a patent landscape tage. If quantumsuch vast many-body amounts systems of information,them involve why to not store use thisman information? was one Richard of Feyn- out- the first scientists totum point this mechanical elements whichmechanical laws. obey ” quantum tum computer meant thatture’s we tremendous get storage access capacities, to herfor knack na- executing physical phenomena indespite an the instant complexity inworking describing them, with and the fundamentalof building the universe. blocks coined byPlenty Feynman of in Room atto his the Enter Bottom: a lecture New Anman ”There’s Field Invitation [1960]) of is Physics,” nanotechnology.nipulating 1959 It materials (Feyn- involves at ma- the scalewhere of nanometers, the quantum natureent. of matter The isprocesses appar- efficiency come and prowess fromfacilitating of the them biological and molecularuse; the machines nanotechnology nanostructures is they arection step (Grzybowski in and this Huck [2016]). lead’s di- tween academia, industry,and and Quantum the TechnologiesPatents economy, are are an no excellentof different. indicator innovation, and of theywide the can pace variety be of subjectedmetric analyses to data. based a onvaluable Such the statistical to analyses biblio- researcherscause are and patents in- policymakers canto be- quantify measure otherwise phenomena difficult laboration, like the technological evolution col- space, of geographical the andpositions, technological company-wise predis- etc.onset of Increased computerization patentingin of reports and the often the fieldmillions exploring resulted of thousands documents.methodology or usually varies even between reports Thepending de- patent on the analysis ence context (Grant, and Van individual den Hof, prefer- and Gold [2014]). analysis of Quantum Technologies isUsually, multifold. such reportstechnology often or geography. focus Butway on there to is cut a no away quantum single clean communication from 2 One of the most promising solutions to The second roadblock is more profound, To keep up with the exponential pace of these problems cameics from itself: quantum rathertum than mechan- trying effects, to we mitigate quan- can use them to our advan- thrusting deep into theuniverse. quantum nature of The the puter memory simulations requirement ofnentially of quantum grows com- systems with(or expo- the degrees number ofimpossible of freedom), making to particles such modelers. systems even withtemperature supercomput- Many superconductivity remain emergent obscure due phenomena to like theirity high- and quantum the impasse description’s with(Tangpanitanon numerical complex- and simulations Angelakisscientists [2019]). are Some evening approaches moving to to go beyondproximation machine the techniques traditional learn- where ap- theyluminate failed important to unexplored il- problems (Car- leo and Troyer [2017]). innovation, we need faster computers.scaling Dennard (Dennard, Gaensslen, Yu, Rideout, Bas- sous, and LeBlancing [1974]) the states features of thathigher a clock shrink- chip speed allow for running thewords, power same it demand power; at scales in with a other theperformance area scales while with thetors. number of Some ingenious transis- ideas alwaysgrowth redeemed the of computational powering through more transistors pack- pertory area every when time it innology his- was took about over to whentor scaling fail. logic bipolar transis- CMOS becameplateaued, tech- Dennard impractical. scaling endedmulticore in When technology 2004, met and CMOS themand performance (Shalf de- andthe Leland art [2015]). movesperformance from As 7nm boosts state to are of age 5nm not currents in due stellar, to 2020,coming and quantum the an tunneling leak- extensive are hassle be- toprobe circumvent as deeper. we be One the quantum answer to technology thisipated may roadblock decades that ago, was at antic- leastcomputation. for certain types of global community. Yet, bycentury, we the bumped end into of acould few the circumscribe roadblocks last this that saga of progress. Draft , α , 0 P embed- , and pro- R , where β C word2vec α R 0 P = , public R&D P P as C are constants. This model accounted for Wu, Zhang, Lv, Liu, Yu, Zhao, Chen, and While we resorted to subject matter ex- Bettencourt, Trancik, and Kaur [2013] β and the discrepancy as aR&D combined and effect increasing market. of public Ma [2019] used a neural network to do data- ing PageRank values, theyas interpreted patents a time-evolvingnew complex technologies system emergethe as in old on recombination which apaper of mesoscopic established that scale. laser/inkjet printer Specifically, technology the emerged from existinging sequential print- and staticby studying image the interaction production betweenthrough US technologies Classes citations over the years. pertise to taxonomizepatent the landscaping patents, is the automated future,perts’ freeing the valuable ex- time forprocess research. is tedious The andsubject manual expensive, expert requiring the tothe go query and back theture and result all multiple forth the times valid to between patents.Choi cap- Choi, [2019] Lee, proposed Park,patent and an landscaping ingenious model automated that using deep achieved learning thetion performance. state The of modelbedding the used with Graph Self art Em- Clusteringrithm classifica- (GEMSEC) (Rozemberczki, algo- Davies, Sarkar, andton Sut- [2019]), whichembedding the preserves graph, to clusteringCPC, encode while IPC, the metadata, and USPCabstract codes is in handled thislayer case. by (Vaswani, a The transformer Shazeer,Jones, encoder Gomez, Parmar, Kaiser, Uszkoreit, to and learn Polosukhin the [2017]) latentding. space of a Theyual concluded classification, that althoughin as context-dependent general, it the isamong CPC the in codes, three man- the bibliometrics,ter most classification guarantee performance. detailed bet- conducted an interesting study aboutin patenting energy technologiespaced that innovation answers in the2000s renewable fast- despite energy sustainedcount in low for the funding. thisnon-linear observation, relationship To between they the ac- introducedquantities cumulative patents a duction levels 3 ´ Erdi 5 yields best results for 85 used by Brin and Page . . , a measure of how much d = 0 d In this publication, we try to give a holis- is intuitive. Apart from pulling the most d [2016] used aranking citation-based based recursive onBrin, patent Motwani, PageRank and Winograd algorithm(Page, [1999]),algorithm the Google first usedrank patents to according rank tothey the webpages, contributed information to to flow throughThey forward citations. studied theof damping results factor, for different values each node benefits fromobserved indirect that citations, and for webpages.say, ten A webpages following web hyperlinks,searchers surfer but are re- not may usuallycited go beyond interested two up in levels. patents Hence, to, of this lower value relevant patents from the USTPO database us- tic account of Quantumfrom Technologies, analyzing starting the patenting landscape connections and to mak- scholarlyas literature needed. as often corporating We Quantum could Technologies as not aincluding whole, find Quantum Information, any Nanotechnol- ogy, study Electronics, in- etc., inresearch patents contexts. and Yet, scientific someweighing on excellent different reviews techniques havefore, come and be- this publicationfrom has them. benefited greatly 2 Literature Review Bruck, Réthy, Szente, Tobochnik, and patents rather than 0 quantum cryptography or nanotechnology from semiconductor devices, atpatents. least for Moreover, thisthis set the field of forefront cannoting of possibly to be R&D a covered in America by single stick- is geography leading orputing, company. research thanks in to North the quantumin US’s com- tech this giants field invested company and to D-Wave sell in computerseffects. exploiting Canada, quantum the China first redefining is the making limits newstion of and frequently quantum cryptography. for The communica- lap considerable between over- someas technologies well is that aSection we hindrance 3.1). had to drop some nodes (see Draft 394 patents from this area filed in the , Quantum technologies is an umbrella term patents dominating all the statistics.4, In we Section centered thegies discussion from the top the technolo- pointeach field. of view We also of providedof a top emerging short assignees technologies description identified in byin Relecura Section 5. 3 The Taxonomy Some expertsinto classify two quantum[2002]). technologies generations(Dowling and Thesistors, first lasers, Milburn generation etc.,mechanical principles. which includes work tran- Thecomprises on second quantum computers, generation quantum quantummunication, com- etc., wherelate the quantum we mechanics underlying actively theverse uni- manipu- for our advantage.about the This second entire generationnologies, article of which is quantum were tech- difficulttheir to predecessors. separate from the In incandescent bulb a work onnomenon, broader a the quantum sense, black-body phe- even radiationlem that (the gave prob- birth to quantum mechanics). hosting an arsenalevery of field technologies and penetrating findingday. new With applications every theand advances machine in learning,tum big we technologies’ data patent can landscape analysis with holistically analyze limited quan- manualthe labor. 44 Herelast we five examine years, capturedquery using a in comprehensive Relecura’snot patent claim database. thesethe patents tolerances We to were do be reasonable.uments exhaustive, Irrelevant that doc- but may besabotage present the are overall not statistics and enoughanalysis. the to following We avoidedbased brute on force keywordsceiving subtraction to and unbiased keep towards patents thenologies and taxonomy tech- yet to re- come. 4 This report is a middle ground between A more physics-centered review of Quan- Kurek [2020] extensively studied patents the worksgraphs, mentioned attempting in to balancetween the the patenting analysis last trends be- explore and two the physics. para- patents’ overallsection, We trends will in including thefirst-level an next nodes overlap and studycountries a and short between top discussionple assignees. of of top techniques We toand used evaluate Chinese the a quality patents; cou- ofChinese this US patents was necessary alone since account for half of the tum Computing can be foundalthough in Preskill quantum [2018], communication, cryptography, and sensing area cut out. top The scientistrent author, also in state the ofScale field, Quantum the (NISQ) defined art computersthat and the as physics argued cur- Noisy simulationsimmediate Intermediate- might use. be He encouragedpered their ’optimism with tem- only caution’ aboutwe this closely technology, and subscribed towork. his arguments in this in Quantum Technologies, emphasizing the economics, geographies, key players,novation and areas. their The in- publicationargued quantitatively that China is leading onmunications Quantum Com- while thein US technologies remains related thequantum to leader computers. the manufactureration The of of State China, Griddistributor, the Corpo- is world’s taken largest as anChinese electricity example advances to in illustrate quantum communication. driven technological forecastingcompanies, which for is often high-tech acompanies difficult decision to for makeFuture on human research instincts andfluenced alone. R&D by a directions company’sweaknesses present are in standing the in- patent and to landscape, sensitivity their competitors,Deep and market Technology forces. Forecastingwork The proposed (DTF) incomplex frame- this interactions work betweentechnologies companies can by and quantitatively predictstrengths analyzing the and their weaknessesscape, in the identifying patent competitortheir land- filing companies trends, and tions and among the technologies. collaborative rela- Draft Quantum Technologies taxonomy created in Relecura. See this link for the up to date interactive web version. Figure 1: Draft , where Quantum Computing Overlap between first level nodes Figure 2: the difference isChina only is at a the fewtum forefront communication, of hundred and innovation cryptography in patents. and quan- US the still hold its edge in quantum computing. 3.2 Top Countries China surpassed theternational US patents in filed annually theUS in number has 2019. of been The the in- ical center of revolutions, almost from all the technolog- the incandescent Silicon bulb Valley revolution to andof the top patents source sinceestablished. the international The system patenttechnologies, when was numbers considered in in quantum isolation,gests a sug- Chinese dominance. Chinatimes holds the several patents the USnode has in except every first-level for 6 Quan- Quan- , Quantum Nanotech- Cryptogra- nodes share , and Quantum Mechan- Quantum Cryptogra- child node are unique as well. The different node to be representative , and , and we will discuss them Quantum Computing Electric Elements Communication , too, is an important node, which , and the The concept map (see Figure 3) for this The organization of this discussion will trio, these are the main patent clusters nodes have an almost symmetric overlap Nanotechnology Electric Elements Electric Elements , is connected with 89% of the patents, vali- 3.1 Overview The taxonomy has a significant overlapfirst-level between nodes (see Figure 2). The nology most patents, and to tum Sensing we will discuss last. patent setcept generated extractor indicates using thatpatents almost Relecura’s utilize all con- ofform. quantum the mechanics The largest in bubble, some child nodes arefrom a like different perspective. looking TheSuperconducting at Devices patents in these the patents in Section 5. Together with the ics dating this taxonomy. between each pair.joice in A the subject patentthe sets’ expert concepts overlap they will reminiscent represent. re- ics of Modern operate electron- invances the in nanotechnology nano replacingcircuit realm, traditional elements. with newture in ad- Security quantum computation istion and communica- where a the built-inon collapse fea- measurement of and theforbids the quantum copying state no-cloning dataQuantum theorem and Cryptography). eavesdroppingquantum communication (see and Advancements cryptography will in facilitate the development ofternet, the an ideal quantumcessors. in- way to connect quantum pro- keep these overlaps inthe its heart. We will take Computation phy where innovation is proceeding rapidly. phy of tum Communication Draft One of the crucial factors determining the The citation network provides a represen- the star ratings (see Figurethat 6 ) US arguably patents reveals 68% are of a more normal distributiona valuable. is standard concentrated in deviation Around value. distance For from US the patents,and in it mean the is case from of China, 1.37 it to is 2.81, fromimportance 1.13 to of 2.27. a patentoriginating is the from forward it. citations the The taxonomy 8,935 accounttations, US for whereas patents 71,755 in 23,36044,612 forward Chinese ci- forward patents citations. have previous patent means Ais that patent building the on citing the citingthe a knowledge patent cited available patent. through tation of the innovationprimary process. technique Although the foredge diffusion, evaluating there are this concernscitation over knowl- using network, particularly the the potential bias or noise added bycitations examiner that citations reflects the andrather inventor’s self- than knowledge knowledge flow(Alcacer from and other Gittelman patents [2006]).this But noise, even the with citationof data can information be if aMakovi, goldmine used Somogyvári,Strandburg, Tobochnik, withVolf, and discretion [2012]). Zalányi (Erdi, 7 Concept Map 5. . Figure 3: 5, whereas the US has . Figure 4 Some resources suggest that most Chinese patents are of inferior quality(Kurekcause [2020]) be- researchers in Chinaexpense patent of more novelty at toevaluation the of pass their the performance. strictcura We used objective star Rele- rating,considers a custom key rating patentand system parameters backward that citations, like geographicalily forward and values, fam- etc., torating study ranges this from observation. 0 The to 5 in increments of 0 Chinese patents caps at 3 patents up to 5. A normal distribution fit on Draft (b) b)CN . 8 − We have plotted the network of US and The same algorithm is used to pull out the hyperlinks but the interestusually in go patents beyond does citations not et of al. citations [2016]). (Bruck Wevalue will that be using obtained thisstudies, good well setting tested results theerance in iteration to 10 convergence previous tol- Chinese patents with the nodescording to color-coded PR ac- (see Figuregraph 8). form Evidently, the more US localizedPR, clusters whereas with higher themented Chinese with graph lower PR isclusters. values more for The frag- the drastic scattered the difference variety may of be technologies in duefiled which to in patents are China.and The Chinese patents concept (see mapssuch Figure for an 5) the is interpretation.more US open for evenly Chinese distributedcepts patents when among compared are the to the top US con- patents. top 20 patents1), from and the 18 taxonomy ofis them (see are absent Table from from the the US, list. and China 8 at it- i ) j t 5 to study ( . j m P Concept maps of US and Chinese patents. i =1 n j X d + ) d 85 used for ranking web (a) a)US . Figure 5: − N (1 is the count of incoming links is the PR value of node = i ) is called the “damping factor”. t is the count of outgoing links of n ( i is the total number of the nodes in d j +1) P t ( i m N P , , and t i i where We will use the PageRank (PR) algorithm controls the contribution to a node through the network, of node node d indirect citations andpatents it rather is than set 0 pages. to This 0 is becausemight move on through average tens a of web web surfer pages through (Bruck et al. [2016]),initial which days Google to rank usedtion websites, in to network. its study When theplace, cita- the internet Larry was Page awith messy and this Sergey recursivenodes Brin algorithm, (webpages) came which thatother up rewards are reliable well-connected nodes.to to study patents It(Patent after No. is the algorithm’s extensivelyPR US6285999B1) is patent used recursively expired computed in foring the the 2019. network formula us- eration Draft 9 (b) (d) (a) US (c) (a) Countrywise contribution of patents to major first-level nodes. Star rating distribution of US and Chinese patents fitted with a normal distribution. Figure 6: Figure 7: Draft 10 (a) US (b) CN Patent graph structure illustrating forward citations. In this plot, the node size is Figure 8: proportional to number of connections, and warmer colors mean a higher PageRank score. No. Publication Number Title Citations PageRank ×108 Country Code 1 US9199842B2 Quantum dot films, lighting devices, and light... 700 124623 US 2 US9037247B2 Non-invasive treatment of bronchial constriction 301 106395 US 3 US9049010B2 Portable data encryption device with configura... 297 104505 US 4 US9000353B2 Light absorption and filtering properties of v... 527 98960 US 5 US9430078B2 Printed force sensor within a touch screen 291 95658 US 6 US9019595B2 Resonator-enhanced optoelectronic devices and ... 497 89690 US 7 US9115348B2 Endoribonuclease compositions and methods of u... 351 88545 US 8 US10000788B2 Rapid and sensitive detection of molecules 254 85708 US 9 US9899123B2 Nanowires-based transparent conductors 255 84708 US 10 US9666702B2 Advanced heterojunction devices and methods of... 342 81985 US 11 US10572684B2 Systems and methods for enforcing centralized ... 223 77716 US 12 US8927968B2 Accurate control of distance between suspended... 217 75789 US 13 US9457139B2 Kits for systems and methods using acoustic ra... 186 62477 US 14 US9178123B2 Light emitting device reflective bank structure 337 59275 US 15 US9232618B2 Up and down conversion systems for production ... 178 58059 US 16 US8932940B2 Vertical group III-V nanowires on si, heterost... 210 56184 US 17 US9006704B2 Magnetic element with improved out-of-plane an... 248 53328 US 18 WO2009039854A8 MHC multimers in tuberculosis diagnostics, vac... 145 51330 WO 19 US9590089B2 Variable gate width for gate all-around transi... 162 50451 US 20 KR101635835B1 Coating method with colloidal graphine oxides 140 49776 KR

Table 1: Top 20 patents in the taxonomy according to PageRank with d = 0.5. Draft , ). or Fabri- . Fabrica- QLEDs Nanotech- taken in iso- Semiconduct- , and the low- , which is ex- Quantum Dots Nanotechnology Nanotechnology are the major first-level . (704 patents) and (528 patents). BOE Tech- Quantum Dots ) dominate patents in this and 570 patents in Nanotechnology Nanotechnology QLEDs and Wires Quantum Computing, Communica- , and LG is more swayed towards Though Toshiba is known for its consumer The development of semiconductor tech- berry phones from 2016factures to mobiles 2020), which display manu- panelsing etc., heavily in is patent- cation Technologies nology, oneof of LCD, the OLED,similar world’s and patent largest profile flexible (434tion producer displays, Technologies patents has in Chinese a Academy ofdemic institution Science, ina the the well-balanced top portfolio only 10 ingies aca- quantum assignees, with technolo- has patents in all first-level nodes. ing Devices pected since its primary tradetronics. is consumer elec- Thesignees, other Samsung, Korean showsthat similar the giant numbers trend in must be except its top scaled. patents Almost come as- all under of electronics products, itness has model diversified to its include busi- ITcryptography solutions like in quantum 2020. Theypatents hold in hundred plus tion, and Cryptography 4 Top Technologies This report cannotlevel node. possibly We have cover establishednology that every and Quantum leaf Computing,tion, Communica- and Cryptography nodes in this taxonomy. even its child node lation, account for morepatent than set. half of We theour follow entire analysis, a with weighted theseprecedence approach nodes and in taking detailed the discussion. most 4.1 Nanotechnology The mostthis populated taxonomy is anddimensional dynamic nanostructures nodeWells ( in node. In aof quantum way, technologies. this node captures thenologies spirit in the last century was mostly limited 12 ; Nan- , which is Superconduct- node from their in- node with an over- Quantum Computing (283) and Figure 9 Quantum Computing and 280 in (388 patents). Nanotechnology The US companies are almost centered on TCL Corporation (the makers of Black- Quantum Computing the otechnology they are working onsors building collaborating quantum with proces- QuTechlands. in Northrop the Grumman, Nether- largest one defense of technology the providers and world’s of maker the renownedtively exploring B-2 new stealth disruptivenologies. quantum bomber, tech- is TheirQuantum Computing ac- portfolio ising Devices concentrated in flow to the vestment in the semiconductor industry.Alphabet’s 435 505 of patentspatents and 700 go of to not IBM’s a 876 surprise asof they the are field. the industry Intel has leaders got 459 patents in 3.3 Top Assignees The top assigneeswell-known in companies. the entire Mostin of patent this them set category are are because here research. of There the are four varietybet, US in companies IBM their Intel, (Alpha- and NorthropChinese Grumman), three companies (BOE Technology,Academy Chinese of Sciencestwo and Korean companies TCL (Samsung and Corporation), a LG), single and Japanese company (Toshiba) in10 the assignees. top Draft Nanotechnology, the engineering of func- Confinement doesn’t always mean that the While research in the past took the quan- The low dimensional nanostructures are took decades topure go blue from LED. blue-violet LED to a tional systems at a molecularferent scale, approach offers to a dif- thising difficulty crystals of fortrons synthesiz- their in energy a crystal levels.odic see lattice, a The and practically the elec- infinite solutionequation peri- of the (the Schrodinger differentialerns quantum equation behavior) that forergy this gov- bands system typical iswhen semiconductors. the en- charge However, carriersmore are dimensions confined to in the order onewavelength, of or the their de scale Broglie at whichdominate, quantum they effects willis know gone, that and the the periodicity bandgap changes. material is offinement. the Quantum length wells scaleare (2-d grown of as nanomaterials) carrier alternate layerswith con- of semiconductors different bandgaps.field was The entirely due progress to the ofvanced developments crystal in this growth ad- techniques like molecular beam epitaxy andScanning microscopy Tunneling techniques like Microscope,vided unprecedented visualization of which atomsbonds, and pro- and asof demonstrated moving in individual atoms 1990,and around capable (see His A Atom Boy this to technology). know how proud IBM istum of energy levels asgoes absolute, to nanotechnology theals next with level tunable electrical, tocal properties. optical, make Devices and novel crafted physi- gressively materi- replacing like traditional this circuit are elements with ag- their futuristic efficiency and speed. an exciting area oftersection research of working physics at anderate the chemistry. in- at the Theyscopic op- mesoscopic and scale, macroscopic between lawsthan micro- of a physics, larger fewenough that electrons their or degreestreated molecules fully of quantum freedom but mechanically. mustare small Scientists be dealing with hardcorewith quantum all mechanics itsfield quirks has here. even unveiledmovement The many of things research electrons in about in traditional the this devices. 13 Top Assignees in Nanotechnology The addition of blue LED completed the Figure 10: color spectrum withand the green LEDs, already and available thisLED trio red made screens its way and into blue the LEDs lighting you can industry read (thank thisability article). of The avail- highLEDs wavelength meant (and thaterated energy) other by blue colors phosphorsred could or and be combining green them gen- LEDs.the with power This grid invention load lightened andadoption expedited because solar of energy its power efficiency. But it by the difficulty inthe synthesizing desired materials with energy levels.material for When its you energywith choose levels, its a you chemistry. havelighting LEDs technologies to were with live their a power revolutionand efficiency in long life span, buttlenecked this by innovation the was bot- delayThe in first making a blue-violeting blue LED magnesium-doped LED. gallium was nitrideford developed University at in 1972. us- Stan- IsamuAmano, Akasaki, Hiroshi and Shuji Nakamura wereNobel awarded Prize the in Physics inof 2014 the for the blue invention LEDlium Nitride by crystals growing and high-quality creatingnels Gal- p-type in chan- it. Draft QDs make excellent pho- tions: UniversityDuke of University (23 Jinan patents), Harvardpatents), (31 (23 US patents), National Institute(21 of patents), Health andtre for French Scientific National Researchare (18 Cen- among documents) theTechnologies top (41 10 assignees. patents)Fortense (31 and Nanoco patents) Shenzhen aresignees. the top two as- Image Sensors todetectors, and QD imagethe sensors way. are on Traditionalture CMOS the sensors electrons cap- conductor ejected pixels from the throughand semi- traces, metal which contacts reflectdecreasing part efficiency of the andpoor light, contributing low light to performance.to this is The the solution back-illuminatedreadout sensor, electronics with under the detector,it but costs way more thanSmartphone its predecessor. camerasfast have in the developed past few so have years an that edge DSLRs under only do challenging not shots matter that tosoftware most has consumers, been but doing the mostlifting. of the Google heavy photography thrived to on establish computational thelaunched Pixel in lineup 2016;good that their they haven’t upgraded software thesensor image was (Sony IMX so 363)generations for of their phones. last three petitors But caught all up of in itsences 2020 com- between that brands the are differ- putational subtle photography and has com- plateaued. QD image sensorstake have the the industrysor from potential here. to iscept A fabricated for QD the in silicon sen- stead, photodetector QDs the part; are in- suspended same insprayed a onto solution way and the wafer, ex- This reducing the setup cost. offersilluminated sensor the without benefitcost. its of fabrication aone The back- QD photoelectron toelectrode. can another hop A to from because thin reach layer it the of can nearby than QD absorb silicon. is light enough and much They better high function light well scenarios in offering low a bet- 2. 14 In Lower dimensional materials are mate- Biological Tagging and Labelling biological tagging,advantages QDs over conventional have fluorophores (a significant fluorescent tag thata selectively specific binds region to or functionaltarget group molecule). on the TheProtein Green (GFP), Fluorescent naturallyparticular occurring jellyfish, in andsynthetic a other fluorescent chemically dyescommon were biological the tagging methods. most shine QDs here dueturing to light their to efficiencythe give in same a cap- irradiation brightertional compared image fluorophores. to for organic Thanks tradi- origin, to they don’tchemical their undergo degradation in- photo- fromposure prolonged to the ex- excitation source.tunable Their nature size- allows a completecolors. gamut QDs of find usegle in protein drug tracking, discovery, sin- and diseaseMaybe detection. someday, we will have thelight ability up to any biologicalcolor phenomena scheme! in any Since this is stillogy, an most experimental assignees technol- are academic institu- 1. rials restrictedmore to dimensions atomic (Gellertwo-dimensional, [2001]): scales and a graphene indimensional quantum is by dot one this definition. ischarge or Confinement zero- carriers of inotic such structures electronic leads andby to optical ex- their properties sizequantum tunable and dots composition. (QD)resce can For from be example, blue adjustedticle to size. to red fluo- by TheyLEDs, increasing displays, find lasers, the potential and par- We applications biological will in showcase imaging. a fewof important QDs applications here. 4.1.1 Quantum Dots Lowpatents), dimensional particularlypatents), quantum nanostructures dots absolutelyin (25,058 (32,529 crushes sheer everything numbersaccounts in for else more our thanwill taxonomy. half go of down Since the thisnanotechnology patents, it node, we and most representative quantumgeneral, of technologies to discuss in its applications. Draft However, the cost of manufacture is a sig- their website, labelingLCD technology, it is actively as doingthis R&D a area. in gimmicky Even though bothimprovements OLED over and QLED theit are LCD is technology, hardOLEDs to can crown produceliver one light practically infinite of of contrast and theirmost them an to al- 180-degree better. de- viewing angle.be manufactured They as can transparent ordisplays flexible (the reason for thefoldable recent phones onset and of bezel-lesstuck phones the that display under theattach visible the screen controls). to However, OLEDsexpensive are to manufacture asThe cost large will panels. increase asearth we run elements out required, oflongevity rare and is the a screens’ serious issue. QLED displaysOLED are ones, andefficient, cheaper lasts they than like arecolor LCDs, the more and purity power- offerWhile and QLED more is a a fantastic comebackbacklit of wider technology the and offers color healthypetition com- gamut. against OLEDsket, in they the areinto TV unlikely smartphone mar- to screens make dueability their to of way the flexible avail- added OLED weight screens of andYet, these the the corporations’ backlightingvestment serious setup. suggests R&D in- thatinto the they next big can thing in evolve time. nificant hindrance to thetechnology, early adoption and of the this volved (for toxicity example, of Cadmium)The chemicals is EU another in- hit. hasRoHS issued (Restriction a of temporary Hazardousquantum Materials) relaxation dots, for of which willical expire applications soon. are Biolog- tion limited due from to massresearched adop- the solution is toxicitybreaking to factor. down design by QDs Anterm immune to retention cells actively evade of heavy to metalsther avoid in way the long body. a Ei- non-Cadmium(Jin, Hu, based Liu, QD and is Wuin [2011]). urgent the QDs can air, oxidize display which panels, is but not must a be taken problem into in account enclosed 15 ter dynamic range(Palomaki and Keuleyan [2020]). Due toQDs their can size-tunable be nature, well. used Since silicon’s in bandgap isthe infrared higher than cameras energy as ofcameras have to infrared go through light,sle the of added present integrating has- a IR differentinto semiconductor the silicon wafer. QDmanufacture sensor for is both easy IR to applications. and visible range Samsung (67 patents), Canon (60 patents), and Fujitsu (26 patents), all ofufacture whom cameras man- inare one form the or topsensors. another, three assignees ining The QD with third image Fujitsu,founded top InVisage by assignee Technologies, TedQuantumFilm is Sargent, technology ty- when whoProfessor he pioneered was at a QuantumFilm the is University the suspendedQDs of version to of Toronto. bementioned previously. coated onheated The up industry the when was Apple, imagethis a area but sensor lowkey the player company in whichcamera nailed the performance intheir every phones, acquired iteration InVisage. of Apple Although is silent aboutwith a its QD R&D, image anin sensor iPhone the is near likely future to to release industry claim back for the hardware. camera QLEDs Although quantum dotstechnology, are the industry an deemed it emerging commercial ripe for displays.like Several Samsung companies areQLED TVs aggressively as marketing thethis next big might thing. be Maybe, generation the quantum technology onlycan that piece buy you right of now. second- Out ofQLEDs, the Samsung 3,138patents, patents dominates closely listed with followednology by under 354 (307 BOEStar patents), Tech- Optoelectronics (192 ShenzhenCorporation patents), (121 China TCL patents).patents) and TCL HiSenseto producing (58 QLED compete TVs against(104 Samsung. patents), who Even denounces LG QLEDs in 3. Draft numbers and N Quantum computers work best in prob- Niche algorithms have been developed for qubit array can store 2 parallel process themQuantum efficiently(Jozsa [1997]). computersparallelly can by evaluate encodingposition the functions state inputs and aswe evaluating a can once. super- notmeasurement However, assess will allthough collapse of the the the informationcome state. outputs is with as algorithms there, respecting one weirdness Even we to the take need quantum advantage of to it. lems that areverify easy an for answer’s a truth,posite classical like computer number. factoring to aquantum com- computer The offers an Shor’sup exponential speed algorithm to on thecryptography system, a factorization which problem.ficulty relies of on the The findingite dif- prime RSA number, is factors atfrom of its stake record a if of factoring this compos- ico, the algorithm number Saleem, 35 scales (Am- andcomputer Kumph employing [2019]). a few thousandbreak A qubits the quantum can RSAphy and (ECC) Elliptic-Curve systems. Cryptogra- other mathematical problems as well thattum quan- computers changed thesical paradigms of computing; clas- theycomplexity even class introduced (see acomputation. BQP) new inup the Even with theory revolutionary though algorithms of they scientists decades have ago, not came materializedcomputer to on have a any physical real impactThe quantum as accelerated of research yet. ining recent times to is try- mitigateof this qubits gap. in100 a as quantum The of computer mosthundreds now, is and number and less the this thousands than forrithms must quantum to shoot algo- change up thenot to world. pose the a But challenge still,cause to only they personal a do handful computers of be- algorithmsoffering are quantum available, speedup in verylems. specific prob- Quantum computersout are to likely the to reach world through the cloud as most quantum systemsweighted to with occupy differenttanglement, multiple probabilities, the and states ability en- entangled of particles spacially to separated parallel act process onN vast each amounts other, of to data. An 16 . It N √ Top Assignees in Quantum Com- Quantum computers ingeniously use elements in a time propotional to Figure 11: quantum superposition, the property of will be anquantum awful computer waste to of play a resources movie. to code a puting when designing imagetime, sensors. accelerated research Inbreaking in the these quantum barriers mean- dots andniche is finding uses. them more 4.2 Quantum Computing This node mightin be all the quantumshifting most implications technologies magical if with realm cially. ever Quantum paradigm- computing realized uses commer- e the universe’s fundamental buildingelectrons, blocks protons, (single etc.)ements. atoms, as computational However,versible el- they gates cannot likeare execute AND never irre- and meant toers, NOT, replace even and though consumer they they comput- far, are only Turing a complete. few algorithms So manipulate are available quantum that mechanics can toponential achieve speedup ex- over classicalquantum computers. computer employing A Shor’s algorithm can factor primetography numbers (RSA used numbers), in whileimpossible RSA it for cryp- is a virtually able classical timescales. computer in Grover’splete reason- algorithm an can unstructuredN com- search in a database of Draft Another specialty of this area in the patent Optimization techniques look at a func- Quantum annealing uses a quantum me- and other researchers in thea field. milestone in Even computing, though has quantum a supremacy relaxed definition: theneed algorithm to does perform not anythingthat useful, it which can means vances be in achieved error beforeachieved correction. soon, significant if ad- not It already. is likelylandscape to is the be presence ofwith the universities. big Along names like MIT,nese Caltech, and etc., Chi- Korean institutionsparable are number filing of aUS patents com- is to increasing industries. fundinging for The research quantum comput- atcontribution universities is and expected to the grow. academic 4.2.1 Quantum Annealing ’Annealing’ means torecrystallization heat temperature a and material coolmove past it defects and to its internal re- stresses.to Nature loves settle to theif minimum given energy time, configuration optimization no problem matter is how inables complicated the involved; number the of this vari- coal, is form how under gems, slow geological rather processes. than tion’s local geometrylution, to but move they tolocal a are extreme better prone values. so- methods to add Stochastic get an optimization trapped elementthe of at algorithm randomness from to free beingues. trapped Classical/simulated annealing at is such atic stochas- val- optimization methodabilistic in which jumps these mimicdescription prob- of the the statisticaltum annealing annealing physics improves the process. classicaltechnique annealing by replacing Quan- thefluctuations’ with simulated quantum ’thermal fluctuationsquantum in systems. real chanical system in which theas cost potential function energy, a acts termimize. nature tries Whereas to the min- climb classical the algorithm height had ofthe the to function’s next ’hills’ minimum, totunnel find the through quantum the systemheight) barrier gets can as small. theperforms Hence classical width annealing, this (not at algorithm least out- in theory, 17 Most of these top assignees work to The big names in the computing industry The best in the business is taking up this achieve quantum supremacy,strate i.e., that to aclassically intractable quantum demon- problem. computer Google claimed in can solve October a supremacy 2019 using thatnamed a “Sycamore”(Arute, it Arya, Babbush, achieved new Ba- con, Bardin, quantum 54-qubit Barends, Biswas, processor Boixo,Buell, Brandao, Burkett, Chen,Courtney, Dunsworth, Chen, Farhi, Chiaro, Foxen,tinis and Collins, [2019]). Mar- However, this is disputed by IBM here competing againstlaborating each with other, smaller oftenleader companies, col- in to this beof technology the the of 7,867holds the patents, 700 future. patents the to leadshift patent Out in to champ this research area. IBM kept and On close their consulting to services, quantum computingbest they python to library create Qiskit, the whichin is widely academia, used to simulateexecute quantum circuits them and onthrough the IBM’s cloud. quantumMicrosoft offers Google processors Q# offersof as Circ-q, competition, them and provide butputers. access none to Plus, real500 quantum IBM companies and com- collaborates top universitiesIBM with through the Quantum fortune Networkated program research for and acceler- quantum early computing solutions. commercializationtenders of The are next con- Grumman Google (282 (434 patents),and patents), Intel D-Wave Systems Northrop (280 (231 patents), patents). challenge. Evencloud service though provider the byzon, market world’s does share, not largest Ama- taxonomy, have they a areness strong performing well an presence integrating placed role in betweenferent dif- in this quantum processors the developedcompanies. busi- by other year, Amazon allows Bracket, customersquantum to released algorithms build on last on and simulators simulate different as quantum wellD-Wave’s computers. quantum as annealing TheySection processors 4.2.1) offer (see andRigetti gate-based and computers IonQ. from of the current realizationstemperatures, operate requiring at bulky cryogenic cooling systems. Draft Multi qubit error correction is so daunt- Google (38 patents), IBM (32 patents), that is notdue an to option the in Nothat no Cloning quantum algorithm Theorem, computing can whichquantum copy states states. arbitrary unknown ing that manyfrom introductory them. reviews However, the shy mathematicstum away of mechanics quan- has ledlations, to many including elegant the formu- stabilizerman codes [1997]). (Gottes- Singlelies qubit on error coding correctionof a multi-qubit re- logical states. bit For example,encodes in Shor’s one code a logical superposition bitand into subsequent algorithms a reduced nine thefrom qubit number nine. state, and Microsoft (24 patents), whodustry are also leaders the in in- quantumtop assignees computers, in quantum are error the correction.is expecting IBM to operate acomputer 1000+ by qubit 2023, quantum according toAt their this roadmap. scale,the quantum computers world can andexample change move scale away problems it fromBetter solved the error in correction its textbook codes infancy. aretween all the 65 there qubit is and be- ers the 1,121 mentioned qubit in comput- IBM’s roadmap. 4.3 Quantum Cryptography All present cryptographic systemsone-way rely mathematical on problems; hard for RSA cryptography, it is the integerElliptic factorization, and Curve for Cryptographydiscrete (ECC), it logarithm. isers the When catch quantum up,power comput- the will take newly the ‘hard’ found labelproblems, away computational from so these post-quantumprimary cryptography concern is for a ernments. industries as If well quantumplanned, as computing gov- it develops as willHowever, these break two both cryptographychallenged systems by RSA Shor’s are and algorithm,challenged classical and ECC. cryptographies other that un- cansist re- attacks from aready available. quantum computer On the arequantum solution other al- to hand, this there quantum is problem. a 18 Quantum annealing is that important, and There is a company that does this and the promises ofD-Wave’s speed up latest are release,qubits, groundbreaking. but Pegasus, thisror is has correction not (see 5,000 a nextdesigned significant section) to feat since do in they annealingfind er- are any alone. conclusive studies We on couldcessor’s the performance. not D-Wave pro- 4.2.2 Error Correction Decoherence is thecomputing, Achilles confining heel itCompletely of to isolating quantum prolonged quantum systems, infancy. in this qubits case, from theto rest impossible; of anything the can universe couple is withtem’s next the dynamics sys- to send thethe quantum unknown, state into sabotagingficient the quantum calculation. algorithms Ef- scale make interference use between qubits, of whichdelicate. is large very It isnation difficult between to qubitsfrom achieve while unwanted this protecting influences. coordi- once them thought This to be problem socomputing was forbidding would that never quantum work.in Error classical computing correction relies on redundancy, but only this.sal Rather quantum than computer putting that(capable is out Turing of a complete computing univer- and everything able computable toalgorithm), run they all capitalize on algorithms quantuming like anneal- processors, the which only Shor’s ing. do quantum anneal- It ispany, that D-Wave Systems, sold a theploiting quantum Canadian world’s effects. first com- They computerdustry followed canon the ex- to in- put outuct a first-generation in prod- the marketWave than might be to the thrive best onthat example claims. for successfully a D- capitalized company onnology. quantum Soon tech- after itssity of inception British at Columbia, its the customerto base Univer- grew include Lockheedand Los Martin, Alamos National Google, Lab.computers NASA, Their are annealing finding moreday in applications optimization, every machine learning,terial and science. ma- if the functionthin landscape hills surrounding has the many minima. high but Draft R&D in this area focused on China, with Although four of the top 5 assignees in tails are omitted here forlent brevity, review see for this details excel- (Gisincannot and Thew be [2007])) interceptedmatter by how an equipped eavesdropper, he no act is. will change The the measurement state message to carrier’s quantum lettried to the intercept receiver the transmission. know thatthis someone country holdingpatents), the way most ahead patentsChina of has (2,465 the recently US beening (445 the in limits patents). the of QKD news tomunication for establish link a push- to secure com- theMicius low earth over orbit a satellite Cai, range Liu, of Zhang, 1,200Li, Li, kilometers(Liao, Chen, Ren, Sun, Yin,Wang, Jia, Shen, Zhou, Wu, Cao, Deng, Jiang, Li, Xi, Wang,Liu, Ma, Huang, Hu, Wang, Zhang, Zhu, Chen, Pan Lu, [2017]). Shu,are Terrestrial Peng, communication limited Wang, links to and to a transmission losses fewcloning in hundred theorem optical kilometers forbids fiber; noiseless due fication. the signal Free no- ampli- space communication hasvantage the that ad- the photonsroughly have 10 to kilometers getnegligible of through the absorption. atmospherecloser with to China’s the dream featnetwork. of a takes Though channel global loss us secure ina quantum optical hindrance, fiber is quantum repeatersproblem, can but solve this this technologyfor is practical still implementation. immature tists have Chinese establishedto optical scien- fiber 404 links kilometersLiu, of as up You, of Zhou, nowand et Chen, (Yin, al. Chen, Mao, [2016]). Yu, Huang, Zhang, this area are Chinese, Toshiba, apany, Japanese com- leads thisready offering group. QKD systems to addressbreach The the problems data company that cost isnies a and al- fortune to government organizations. compa- mated that IBM the esti- is average cost 3.86 ofage million a data of USD, breach 280breach. and days it Toshiba’s tothis takes solutions identify context are an and of appealingcation aver- contain the infrastructure. in the already They havewith shaken been QKD involved communi- from thethe 90s Toshiba Research onwards Laboratory after in starting Cambridge 19 Top Assignees in Quantum Cryp- The public key shared using QKD (the de- QKD provides unconditional security, the Figure 12: holy grail ofof encryption cryptography, keys. inproblems in Relying mathematics the for on encryption exchange hasproblem hard the one-way that ittional power gets catches up vulnerable withone as time. purchase Would computa- a any- lockIt that depends. gets For weak example,a over the time? person health records mustIf of remain health private data is inpanies, compromised, his employers, insurance etc., lifetime. com- caning make decisions discriminat- to increaserecord revenue. today’s Anyone internetkeys can traffic to decrypt and them thedata later, loses possibly public its before relevance the of considering ordinary the computers, growth let aloneputers. quantum com- tography 4.3.1 Quantum KeyQKD Distribution eliminates the vulnerabilityting encryption in keys transmit- when sharedsical through clas- communication channels.quantum cryptography relies Whereas on pre- ical its mathemat- complexity tolies on ensure the security,in no-cloning QKD quantum theorem, error re- our correction.the adversary QKD quantum dominates cryptographypatents. node with 3,718 Draft Top Assignees in Superconducting Superconducting qubits are the most Figure 13: Devices Superconductivity is theishing phenomenon electrical of van- resistanceat in sufficiently sometic low materials of temperatures thephenomenon characteris- material. finding applicationfrom in It everything strong is electromagnetsto a in qubits. purely MRI quantum machines sought after type of qubits inIBM the and industry; both D-Wave usecomputers. them on Even theirmicroscopic though quantum systems the like the alternatives electron,etc., are nucleons, which are wellnoise, isolated superconducting from qubit, thescopic being external system, aqubits is macro- (Devoret, Wallraff, easy and Martinis toAll [2004]). of couple the withreason. top other five assignees are here for that ing the implementationlimitations costs in its and present bandwidth form. 5 Emerging Technologies 5.1 Superconducting Devices 20 and Quantum Communication . This might be correlated to QKD requires specialized hardware, and NIST is actively looking at post-quantum The major US companies and govern- the industry ismance analyzing ratio. the priceare Existing to so optimized cryptography perfor- overeven systems time, made and into someAMD of instruction processors. them setshigh-stakes of communications QKD Intel at is and first, consider- likely to replace cryptography proposals; early adoptionan of such algorithm wouldcrypted ensure will that not the betive. data Using breached a while en- symmetric ittem key like cryptographic is Advanced sys- Encryption sensi- Standard(champion (AES) of the last NISTUS contest national in standard 2000 since and then)with akey doubled size wouldtime. be Symmetric key a systemsGrover’s good are algorithm, vulnerable idea to which offers inspeed a the up square mean- in root bit a key can brute provide force thebit same key attack, security in and as theVishi, a pre-quantum a 128- D., world 256- and (Mavroeidis, Jøsang [2018]). ment agencies, which are activelyin filing quantum patents computing,of have a patents small in Cryptography number the government levelNSA policy is about vocal about QKD;as the the post-quantum shortcomings cryptography. ofthe QKD eavesdropper Even cannot though de-codehe the can message, disruptthe the communication information by passed.gues reading that the Plus,and infrastructure the cost the is NSA theoreticallyto too ar- much, be secure vulnerable QKDtions in (Huang, is Navarrete, its known Curty, Sun, physical and Chaiwongkhot, implementa- MakarovMa [2019]Qi, Fung, [2005]Wei, Lo, Liu,Xiao, and Ma, and Yang,tacking Ji side Zhang, [2017]). is Sun, to coming up eavesdrop with Research orand new interupt in strategies the the the defendingthese communication, side vulnerabilities at- (Yuan, is Dynes, and trying[2010]Honjo, Shields Fujiwara, to Shimizu, Tamaki, eliminate Miki, Yamashita, Terai, Wang, and Sasaki [2013]). (1991). The company plansof to the own multibillion-dollar market a they fair expectQKD share for in the 2030s. Draft A similar benediction happened in the Quantum technologies are being launched While nanotechnology and quantum sens- (Dirac [1982]).plified But some quantum fields of mechanics physicschanics, sim- like and statistical the me- underlying mathematicalness rich- of the theory has some elegance totech it. world fromnologies. the onset Wequantum have of mechanics turned into something quantum every useful. tech- storage weirdness The demand of of quantumexponentially simulations with scaled the degreeswe of used freedom, and it toputing. our Quantum advantage systems into are quantum their highly environments, com- a sensitive hugecome challenge to in over- the scaling ofthat quantum computers, made but themhanced sensors. excellent The candidates no-cloningidated for theorem redundancy inval- en- measurestion for in error quantum computing, correc- nerstone of but quantum it cryptography. isfield The the encompasses whole cor- theperseverance. fruits of hard work and into the industrycivilization at and the earth.electronics are right working time Nanotechnologyout in devices and for conjunction that to our energy offer put better efficiency. performanceing and The solutions, semiconductor onset devices,lighten of our etc., energy better budget, will giving some lighting cushion- in the transition towardsIf renewable sources. ever realizedmore quantum than computers cutting couldon down do the computation. energylators We we to can spend study use molecularvelop quantum efficient interactions industrial simu- catalysts. and Through de- chemistry full solutions, efficient alternatives toHaber-Bosch the process, responsible foremissions, 1% global can bechemistries studied, can and be bettermization battery invented. algorithms can Quantumuse help of opti- our us resources makeing to accommodate better population the and grow- day climate even change plan and space missions. some- ing materializedof their promises productsquantum in in computing the the anda form communication market, grain with we ofNoisy salt. should Intermediate-Scale Quantum era, take The is most current state of the art, 21 Top Assignees in Quantum Sens- ing Quantum sensing capitalizessensitivity of on quantum systems the toturbations external extreme to per- make highgen, precision Reinhard, sensors and Cappellaro (De- [2017]).the Though atomic clockresearch is goes an hand in early handputers, with example, quantum with present com- qubitsprobe often their quantum useddots environment. as can also sensors Quantum befor employed to for reasons sensing discussed purposes in Section 4.1.1. 6 Conclusions Quantum mechanics wasrevolutions in one physics in of the lastmeans. the century by greatest any Ithigh explained precision so results, muchof of and the nature, drove day the gave attributed) nuts. geniuses quote, Einstein’s ”Godelucidates famous does his (correctly not loathingcists play of eventually dice,” this learned to theory.it live is with Physi- our ithad because best the theory opinion oflimits that nature. the only scales P.A.M. such at Dirac look a which can we theory become can a that fundamental meaningfully otherwise, theory because it will be an infinite ladder down Figure 14: 5.2 Quantum Sensing Draft Na- The Re- , 88(4):774– , 35(3):203– . , 100(1), Jul 2019. ´ Erdi. Recognition of Cryptologia http://dx.doi.org/10. , 8(10):e67864, October 2013. doi: Physical Review A , 574:505–510, 10 2019. doi: 10.1038/ Dave Bacon, Joseph Bardin,Rupak Rami Biswas, Sergio Barends, Boixo, Fernando Bran- dao, David Buell,Zijun Brian Burkett, Chen, Yu BenWilliam Chen, Courtney, Chiaro, Andrew Roberto Dunsworth,ward Ed- Collins, Farhi, Brookstinis. Foxen, and Johngrammable Quantum Mar- superconducting supremacy processor. ture using as41586-019-1666-5. pro- the one-time pad. 222, 2011. and Jasleen Kaur. Determinantsof of Global the Innovation in Pace EnergyPLoS Technologies. ONE 10.1371/journal.pone.0067864. Tobochnik, and Péter ISSN 2469-9934.100.012305. URL doi:1103/PhysRevA.100.012305 10.1103/physreva. citations as aThe influence measure of of examiner citations. view knowledge of flows: Economics and779, Statistics 2006. Kumph. Experimentaltoring study of algorithm shor’sence. using fac- the ibm q experi- Frank Arute, Kunal Arya, Ryan Babbush, Steven M Bellovin. Frank miller: Inventor of Lu´ıs M. A. Bettencourt, Jessika E. Trancik, PéterBruck, Judit IstvánRéthy, Szente, Jan onomizing the patents.team, particularly I Dr. thankHariharan the George Ramasangu, Relecura Koomullil, and Dr. helping Rohith Singh, me for understandpatent world the using dynamicsand Relecura’s the of invaluable AI-based insights the toolsthe they drafting shared of during thisRelecura report. ([email protected]) Please for reachformation out more to about in- theused. taxonomy and the tools References Juan Alcacer and Michelle Gittelman. Patent Mirko Amico, Zain H. Saleem, and Muir 22 There are no sure or impossible things in the tech world; theregies are and only opportunitynologies novel technolo- is costs. ainvestments giant Quantum more by tech- its thanwas promises, ever. introduced attracting 64 yearshumans IBM’s after went the Watson ENIAC, to and first the flight. moon Quantum technologies 66put have already years products after on the the the field market, is and iterativelyagencies as improving. and industries a Government are whole, ing globally collaborat- on anthe unprecedented promises scale ofbillion-dollar to this businesses materialize field. likeclear the energy, GPS, internet, etc., Many were nu- developed publicly of for funded military or today’s applications beforewas there a commercial market toquantum them. technology is If a anything, prodigy, optimistically set to changenext everyone’s decade life at positively the latest. in the 7 Acknowledgements This report isship the at culmination Relecura2020), of Pvt. Bengaluru, my India, intern- Ltd.ing investigating trends patent- (July-November in quantum technologies and tax- likely to benefitat quantum first physics (Preskill [2018]), simulations rors where are decoherence not er- undesirable,tion and with the maybe success optimiza- ofMany companies physicists like think D-Wave. that quantum computing is decades away fromtribution. making a Researchers significant are con- alsonative exploring computing alter- paradigms like neuromorphic computing (Schuman, Potok, Patton, Birdwell, Dean, Rose, andcomputing(Conrad Plank [1990]). 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