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A 2009 Survey in Huntington, Miami and Wabash Counties, Indiana

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A 2009 Survey in Huntington, Miami and Wabash Counties, Indiana Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Wabash River Valley: A 2009 Survey in Huntington, Miami and Wabash Counties, Indiana Grant #21719-13 by Andrew Smith Rachel Klabacka with a contribution by Beth McCord Reports of Investigation 76 Volume 1 July 2009 Archaeological Resources Management Service Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306-0435 Phone: 765-285-5328 Fax: 765-285-2163 Web Address: http://arms.iweb.bsu.edu/ Archaeological Investigations in the Upper Wabash River Valley: A 2009 Survey in Huntington, Miami and Wabash Counties, Indiana Grant #21719-13 by Andrew Smith Rachel Klabacka with a contribution by Beth McCord Principal Investigator _______________________________ Reports of Investigation 76 Volume 1 July 2009 Archaeological Resources Management Service Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306-0435 Phone: 765-285-5328 Fax: 765-285-2163 Web Address: http://arms.iweb.bsu.edu/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF STATE AND FEDERAL ASSISSTANCE This project has received federal financial assistance for the identification, protection and/or rehabilitation of historic properties and cultural resources in the State of Indiana. However, the contents and opinions contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the view or policies of the Department of the Interior. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin or disability in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office for Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20240. i ACKNOWLEDEMENTS This project was a shared effort of numerous people. We are indebted to the following individuals for their assistance in completing this project. We would first like to thank the Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology and Ball State University for making this project possible. This project was funded in part by a Department of the Interior grant administered by the Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DHPA). Thanks to DHPA staff Steve Kennedy, Malia Vanaman and Cathy Draeger for your assistance in this project. Matching funds for this project were furnished by Ball State University. Thanks to Jay Javed in Contracts and Grants at Ball State for managing the accounting for this project. The Archaeological Resources Management Service also covered supplies and the radiocarbon for the project. We greatly appreciate the assistance of the Corps of Engineers staff that helped to implement this project. Mr. Keith Keeney of the Louisville District provided guidance during the project. Mr. Tom Harvey, the Park Manager of J. Edward Roush Lake was flexible to our schedule. Mr. Jeff Reed, Property Manager in the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, provided open access to the mounds. Drs. Bill Monahan and Tim Baumann of Glenn A. Black Laboratory at Indiana University provided access and assistance in reviewing the Big Bangs and Little Bangs collections. The project could not have been completed without access to agricultural fields along the Little River and Wabash River valley. We would like to thank Mr. Lymon Bond, Mrs. Clotene Garwood, Mr. Ed Jackson, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Pence, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Schenkel, Mr. and Mrs. Donald Stouffer, Mr. Kenneth Tieman, Mr. and Mrs. David Wolfrum and Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Yarnell. We appreciate your interest in this project. The field work was completed by the authors and the following Ball State students: Chris Chambers, Keirstien Cumings, Michael Dean, Ashley Hall, Kristen Weems, Sheila Pierce, Mari Poulos, Andrew Wells, Chris Keller, Julie Koogler, Jessica Yann, Andrew Ozga and Vanessa Wirth. Laboratory processing, cataloguing and site form completion were assisted by the authors, Chris Keller, Michael Dean, Vanessa Wirth and Keesha Whitaker. Don Cochran helped write the grant proposal and even though he retired from the university, he offered insights during the project. Thank you all. ii ABSTRACT The Archaeological Resources Management Service (ARMS) at Ball State University conducted a data enhancement project for threatened archaeological resources in the Little River and Wabash River valley in Miami, Wabash and Huntington Counties, Indiana, for a FY2008 Historic Preservation Fund Grant (Grant #21719-13). This Historic Preservation Fund grant project investigated the archaeological resources of the Little River and Wabash River valleys in Huntington, Miami and Wabash counties, Indiana. Approximately 791 acres (320 hectares) of agricultural land were surveyed and 467 new archaeological sites were recorded. The survey recovered 10, 237 prehistoric artifacts and 556 historic artifacts from fourteen locations within the Little River and Wabash River valleys. All periods including Paleo-Indian, Early Archaic, Middle Archaic, Late Archaic, Early Woodland, Middle Woodland and Late Woodland/Prehistoric components were documented from the precontact era. The average site density recorded for the project area for precontact sites was one site per 1.7 acres. The highest artifact densities were encountered in survey areas with expansive sections of Genesee (Gessie) soils. This soil is a well drained alluvial soil. The project suggests that precontact populations used the Wabash River valley and its tributary valleys for long term settlements as well as short term extractive camps. Site duration was most intensive at areas where chert and food resources would have been concentrated. In addition to the pedestrian survey limited excavations were conducted for three mounds recorded at J. Edward Roush Lake: Big Bangs (12-Hu-25), Little Bangs Mounds (12-Hu-26), and an unnamed mound (12-Hu-27). The project was conducted under ARPA permit # DACW27-4- 09-010 and DHPA approved plan # 2008026. The limited excavations documented that Big Bangs (12-Hu-25) and Little Bangs (12- Hu-26) contained intact deposits. The recovery of a Triangular Cluster biface and a radiocarbon date between cal AD 420 and 600 indicated a late Middle Woodland to early Late Woodland time period for the construction of the mounds. While the temporal affiliation of the mounds was better defined by the project, the cultural affiliation of the mounds was still ambiguous. From a regional perspective, no identified cultural groups have been named for this period in the Upper Wabash drainage. The two mounds are the only known surviving examples of mounds in the Upper Wabash drainage. The mounds provided a unique opportunity to further explore the settlement system of MiddleWoodland/Late Woodland populations and offered a rare opportunity to examine the ceremonial and ritual aspects of the inhabitants of the area. The mounds were determined eligible for listing on the State and National Registers of Historic Places. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDEMENTS ............................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................ 8 Environmental Setting ................................................................................................................ 8 Location .................................................................................................................................. 8 Geology ................................................................................................................................... 8 Glacial History ...................................................................................................................... 11 Physiography......................................................................................................................... 12 Soils....................................................................................................................................... 12 Water Resources ................................................................................................................... 14 Climate .................................................................................................................................. 14 Biotic Communities .............................................................................................................. 16 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 18 Archaeological Background...................................................................................................... 18 Culture History.....................................................................................................................
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