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JOURNAL OF CHINA AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Special Issue: China and Brazil at BRICS: “Same Bed, Different Dreams?” Introduction China and Brazil at BRICS: “Same Bed, Different Dreams?” Alexandre Cesar Cunha Leite and Li Xing A Decade of Emergence: The BRICS' Institutional Densification Process Leonardo Ramos, Ana Garcia, Diego Pautasso, & Fernanda Rodrigues New Globaliser in the Hood: How is China Globalising the Brazilian Economy? Diego Trindade d'Ávila Magalhães New Institutions on the Block: The BRICS Financial Institutions and the Roles of Brazil and China Fernanda de Castro Brandão Martins Brazil-China Energy Cooperation: Did BRICS Change Anything? Philipe Pedro Santos Xavier, Elia Elisa Cia Alves, Andrea Quirino Steiner, & Fabíola Faro Eloy Dunda Defense Economy and National Development: Exploring the Models and Synergies between China and Brazil Sabrina Evangelista Medeiros, Rita de Cassia Oliveira Feodrippe, & Laura Martucci Benvenuto Brazil, China and Internet Governance: Mapping Divergence and Convergence Louise Marie Hurel & Maurício Santoro Aalborg University University of International Relations Aalborg University Press ISBN: 978-87-7112-078-3 Special Issue ISSN: 2245-8921 2018 2018 Journal of China and International Relations Editor in Chief Special Edition Editor Li Xing, Aalborg University, Denmark Alexandre César Cunha Leite, PPGRI/UEPB, Brazil Assistant Editors Ane Bislev, Aalborg University, Denmark Lin Limin, University of International Relations, Beijing, China Editorial Board Members Steen Fryba Christensen, Aalborg University Zhang Shengjun, Beijing Normal University Osman Farah, Aalborg University Wang Qi, University of Southern Denmark Søren Dosenrode, Aalborg University Camilla T. N. Sørensen, University of Copenhagen Wolfgang Zank, Aalborg University Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard, Copenhagen Business School Birte Siim, Aalborg University Hatla Thelle, Danish Institute for Human Rights Du Xiangyun, Aalborg University Carsten Boyer Thøgersen, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Poul Duedahl, Aalborg University Clemens Stubbe Østergaard, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Anette Borchorst, Aalborg University Andreas Steen, University of Aarhus Tao Jian, University of International Relations Cecilia Milwertz, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Yang Mingjie, University of International Relations Jørgen Dige Pedersen, University of Aarhus Wu Hui, University of International Relations Woody Clark, Clark Strategic Partners, USA Li Qing, University of International Relations Raúl Bernal-Meza, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Zhu Sumei, University of International Relations Provincia de Buenos Aires Kjeld Allan Larsen, Denmark Amado Cervo, University of Brazil Timothy M. Shaw, Aalborg University Yang Jiang, Copenhagen Business School Rasmus Gjedssø Bertelsen, Aalborg University Paul Opoku-Mensah, GILLBT, Ghana 黄日涵（封面设计） 春霞（文稿校对、编辑） Published by Aalborg University Press, DIR & Department of Culture and Global Studies at Aalborg University in collaboration with University of International Relations, Beijing Distribution Download as PDF on www.journals.aau.dk/index.php/jcir Design and layout Cirkeline Kappel The Secretariat Kroghstraede 1 Aalborg University 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark Tel. +45 9940 9150 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: www.journals.aau.dk/index.php/jcir Table of Contents Dedication to Steen Fryba Christensen Introduction - China and Brazil at BRICS: “Same Bed, Different Dreams?” ......................... i – vii Alexandre Cesar Cunha Leite & Li Xing A Decade of Emergence: The BRICS’ Institutional Densification Process ............................. 1 – 15 Leonardo Ramos, Ana Garcia, Diego Pautasso, & Fernanda Rodrigues New Globaliser in the Hood: How is China Globalising the Brazilian Economy? ............... 16 – 35 Diego Trindade d'Ávila Magalhães New Institutions on the Block: The BRICS Financial Institutions and the Roles of Brazil and China ............................................................................................................................................ 36 – 52 Fernanda de Castro Brandão Martins Brazil-China Energy Cooperation: Did BRICS Change Anything? ...................................... 53 – 73 Philipe Pedro Santos Xavier, Elia Elisa Cia Alves, Andrea Quirino Steiner, & Fabíola Faro Eloy Dunda Defense Economy and National Development: Exploring the Models and Synergies between China and Brazil ......................................................................................................................... 74 – 97 Sabrina Evangelista Medeiros, Rita de Cassia Oliveira Feodrippe, & Laura Martucci Benvenuto Brazil, China and Internet Governance: Mapping Divergence and Convergence ............ 98 – 115 Louise Marie Hurel & Maurício Santoro Preface In Commemoration of Our Dear Colleague and Friend Steen Fryba Christensen On April 9, 2018, Steen Fryba Christensen, our closest and dearest colleague and friend, suddenly left us forever. His departure is a great loss to me, our research group, our department, and Aalborg University. In particular, it is a great loss to Brazilian studies in Denmark, an area to which Steen had made significant contributions. Steen Fryba Christensen was Associate Professor at the Research Centre on Development and International Relations (DIR), Department of Culture and Global Studies, Aalborg University, Denmark. His teaching and research interests and areas included development studies, foreign policy studies, international relations, international political economy, emerging powers, Latin American studies, and the world order. His main research focus was on Brazilian and Latin American engagement in global political economy, China-Latin America relations, and analyses of the changing global order. He acted as advisor to the Danish Foreign Ministry and received a grant from the Danish Agency for Science, Technology, and Innovation for research collaboration between Brazilian and Danish scholars. This same Agency invited him to participate in research network activities in São Paulo. He had been very active in the Danish media, giving expert commentary on Brazilian and other Latin American issues. This special issue is thematically about China-Brazil relations. Although Steen was not directly involved in this issue (he was involved in the previous special issue on China-Latin American Relations in 2016), in recent years he had been working extensively on China-Latin America relations in general, and China-Brazil relations in particular. I wanted to find a way to honour Steen as Editor in Chief. Therefore, I decided to add a preface to this Special Issue of the JCIR to express both my sorrow for Steen’s passing away, and my sincere thanks for his partnership, cooperation, loyalty, support, and love for me and other DIR members over the past two decades we had been working together. Steen was such a good and invaluable partner, and together we had accomplished a lot. During my Professorship inaugural reception on April 5, 2018, Steen made a very sweet speech – a gift I will treasure – in which he presented a chronological evolution of our personal and professional relationships, including some funny stories about our international conference trips. I still have difficulty in believing the fact that Steen has left us forever, and that I have lost my closest colleague and dearest friend. Steen was a senior and important member of the DIR research group. DIR colleagues will miss him and love him always. As the saying goes, death leaves a heartache no one can heal, while love leaves a memory no one can steal. The memory of Steen will always be in the hearts and minds of all his DIR colleagues. This special issue on China-Brazil relations is dedicated to Steen’s memory. May his spirit remain with us and encourage us to continue our work and lives. Li Xing, on behalf of the DIR group. Alexandre Cesar Cunha Leite & Li Xing JCIR Special Issue (2018) Introduction China and Brazil at BRICS: “Same Bed, Different Dreams?” Alexandre Cesar Cunha Leite1 and Li Xing2 The Placement of the Discussions In the first quarter of the 21st century, China and Brazil have emerged on the international scene as proactive players in international relations. Both countries have an interest in participating more actively in shaping the international order via a coalition of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). The BRICS as a group has come to play an important role on the global political scene, as they have coordinated foreign policy positions on key issues in different international institutions that provide direction to different aspects of global and regional governance. In this sense, the BRICS may be interpreted as a sort of “balancing coalition.” Often, the BRICS constituent is seen as one the main challenging forces to Western powers in international negotiations. At the same time, the BRICS as a group – as well as individual BRICS countries – have taken initiatives to establish new institutions led by themselves, such as the New Development Bank (the BRICS Bank) and the China-led Asian Infrastructure Bank (AIIB), etc. Since 2009, they have also been engaged in yearly summits that, apart from focusing on coordinating their voice within international institutions, also focuses on intra-BRICS cooperation. The rapid global attention on the BRICS was closely followed by the world financial crisis in 2008 with the decline of the hegemonic dominance of the US-led world order. The rise of emerging powers has successfully penetrated