DOCSLIB.ORG

Sea Buckthorn

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sea Buckthorn HerbalGram 78 • May – July 2008 Kampo: Japanese Herbal Medicine • Ginkgo for Computer Users • Hawthorn for Heart Failure • Herbal Market Report Heart 2006–2007 www.herbalgram.org for • Hawthorn Users Failure – July 2008 Kampo: 78 • May HerbalGram Computer Japanese Herbal Medicine • Ginkgo for Kampo: Japanese Herbal Medicine • Ginkgo for Computer Users • Herbal Market Report 2006–2007 The Journal of the American Botanical Council Number 78 | May – July 2008 US/CAN $6.95 Sea Buckthorn www.herbalgram.org Harvesting Chamomile flowers on the Pharm Farm. PURE HERBS MAKE PURE HERBAL EXTRACTS How we grow and harvest our herbs At Herb Pharm only the highest quality herbs go into our herbal extracts. That’s why we created the “Pharm Farm” – our certified organic farm located near our manufacturing facility in rural southern Oregon. There we grow and process our herbs as nature intended – without the use of genetically modified seeds, synthetic agricultural chemicals, fumigants, or irradiation. For those cultivated herbs we can’t grow ourselves, we procure directly from other organic farmers who we personally know and You’ll find Herb Pharm at trust. This often requires traveling to such remote and exotic loca- fine natural food stores, tions as the Pacific islands of Vanuatu in search of Kava roots, to healthcare clinics, or at a 16,000-foot high Peruvian altiplano sourcing Maca roots, and to the foothills of the Himalayas for Darjeeling Green Tea. www.herb-pharm.com We also harvest our wild herbs in a responsible and sustainable manner – what we’ve termed “Custom Wildcrafted.” Our strict harvesting protocols assure proper botanical identification of each herb species, and their sustainable harvest in their natural wild habitat. We work very hard and go to great lengths to produce herbal products that we feel are purely and simply the best. FFullull SpectrSpectrumum HerbalHerbal Extracts,Extracts, MadeMade WithWith EnvironmentalEnvironmental Responsibility Responsibility Herb Profile Sea Buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides Family: Elaeagnaceae INTRODUCTION Typically found in the thickets of mountain slopes, standards” established for the seed oil, the fruit oil, high-altitude meadows, river banks, and seashores, sea and for “flavones powder” (powdered extract of fruit buckthorn is a deciduous, hardy, thorny shrub.1,2 It pulp and leaves standardized to isorhamnetin). There produces yellow-green flowers in the spring followed are non-official industry standards established for the by yellow and orange fruits that have a passion fruit juice, juice concentrate, powdered juice (spray-dried flavor when sweetened.1 The dried fruit has a sour and freeze-dried), and wine.11 Sea buckthorn oil, and astringent taste. Native to Asia and Europe, sea extracted from the seeds and/or the fruits, is used exter- buckthorn is widely distributed from China, India, nally in cosmetics as a natural ultraviolet light filter, in Mongolia, and the Russian Federation, to Afghani- skin-regenerating compositions, and as a natural plasti- stan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, cizer and emulsifier.12 In Europe, CO2 extracts of the Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and parts of Europe.3 The fruit pulp and of the seeds (oily or semi-solid extracts material of commerce comes primarily from China ©2008 Stevenfoster.com containing CO2-soluble lipohilic components) are and Russia, with increasing production in Kazakh- produced for pharmaceutical products, cosmetics for stan, India, and Germany.4 Pharmacopeial quality sea buckthorn skin care, sunburn, and for essential fatty acid food used in the Chinese system of medicine is collected in autumn and supplements. Sea buckthorn fruit is high in vitamin A and C,1,12 winter when ripe or frozen hard, removed from foreign matter, and protein, fatty acids,13 carotene,14 and vitamin E.15 The fruit is used sun dried or dried after steaming. It must contain a minimum of to make bonbons, marmalades, syrups, fruit-flavored herb teas, 15% ethanol-soluble extractives, minimum 1.5% of total flavonoids liquors, dietary supplements, and medicinal herbal products. (calculated as rutin), and not less than 0.1% of isorhamnetin as deter- Sea buckthorn also has environmental value. Between 1950 and mined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography.5 The material 1985, 200,000 hectares (just over 494,210 acres) of sea buckthorn used in the Tibetan system of medicine is collected from August were planted in China for erosion control and fuel wood produc- to October and processed into a medicinal concentrated decoction tion.16 It is being used to reclaim wasteland and mined areas in form. The pith of the stem is also used medicinally.6 In the European Canada, Germany, Hungary, Romania, and Russia. Anthroposophical system of medicine, the fresh branches with fruit, MODERN RESEARCH the fresh fruits, and the fatty oil obtained from the seeds and/or fruit are used medicinally.7 Both clinical and animal research has shown that sea buckthorn preparations, especially the oil obtained from the seeds or fruit, HISTORY AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE taken internally can treat clinical indicators associated with heart For over a thousand years, preparations made from sea buckthorn disease,17,18,19 and a powdered extract of the fruit and leaf, stan- have been used medicinally in Mongolia, China, and Tibet.2 The dardized to total flavones, was shown to improve heart function first documented benefits of sea buckthorn were recorded in the clas- in a small randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.20 A sic 8th century CE Tibetan medical text rGyud Bzi (The Four Books randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of an undefined of Pharmacopeia). Young branches and leaves were used in ancient sea buckthorn dry extract granule (Sichuan Pharmaceutical Co. Greece as horse feed, which resulted in weight gain and a healthy LTD) concluded that the extract may be useful for prevention and shine to the horses’ coats, and accounts for the genus name, Hippo- treatment of liver fibrosis.21 A small open-label pilot study inves- phae (shining horse). Sea buckthorn selection and breeding began tigated the treatment of chronic vaginal inflammation with orally in Russia in 1933, and researchers there have investigated active administered capsules containing a mixture of oils extracted from compounds in the plant’s fruits, leaves, and bark since the 1940s.8 sea buckthorn seeds and berries using supercritical CO2 (Omega 7 Russian cosmonauts incorporated the fruit juice into their diet and Sea Buckthorn Oil manufactured by Aromtech Ltd, Finland). Based the fruit pulp oil into a cream to help protect them from solar radia- on improvements seen in the trial, larger clinical trials are justi- tion. An estimated 1.2 million hectares (nearly 3 million acres) of sea fied.22 The same authors carried out a double-blind, placebo-con- buckthorn are found in China, half of which have been cultivated, trolled trial using the same sea buckthorn oil preparation in female with about 150 processing plants that produce over 200 industrial patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (an immunologic disorder charac- and consumer products such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.9 Sea terized by the progressive destruction of the exocrine [tear, salivary buckthorn fruit is an official medicine in the Chinese pharmacopeia, and sweat] glands). Results of the trial suggest beneficial effects of indicated for the treatment of cough with profuse expectoration, sea buckthorn oil capsule on the overall condition of the mucous indigestion, stagnancy of food with abdominal pain, amenorrhea due membranes of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome.23 to blood stagnation, and traumatic swelling and bleeding under the Sea buckthorn oil is very stable and has shown promise for exter- skin (eccymosis).10 nal use as a therapeutic skin cream ingredient.24 Numerous trials Various medicinal forms of sea buckthorn are prepared for oral suggest its efficacy in wound and burn healing, skin grafts, and and topical administration in Chinese medicine. In addition to the reducing tissue inflammation.25 Sea buckthorn pulp and seed oil Chinese pharmacopeial standard for the dried fruit (Fructus Hippo- has also been found to improve cases of radiation-induced dermati- phae PPRC), which is used in decoctions, there are other “national tis, wounds, and burns.26 One human clinical trial has shown sea www.herbalgram.org 2008 HerbalGram 78 | 1 SEA BUCKTHORN Continued from page 1 buckthorn oil to be successful in treating skin pigmentation disorders Paris: Lavoisier;1999. and prematurely aging skin, as well as in removing freckles.27 Both 13. Solonenko L.P., Shishkina E.E. Proteins and amino acids in sea buckthorn sea buckthorn pulp oil and seed oil internally have been helpful in fruits. Biologiya, Khimiya I Farmakologiya Oblepikhi. 1983;67-82. Cited alleviating dermatitis in humans.28 (Although the chemistry of the 2 in Li TSC, Beveridge THJ. Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): Production and Utilization. Ottawa: NRC Research Press; 2003. oils differs, they are often combined into one product.) 14. Kostryrko DR. Introduction of useful plants into the Donetsk FUTURE OUTLOOK Botanic Garden of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Introd Akklimat Rast.1990;14:31-34. (from Hortic. Abst. 61: 3368). Cited in Li TSC, Sea buckthorn occurs in sizable stands across the Eurasian conti- Beveridge THJ. Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): Production and nent and there is some concern about its being invasive, although Utilization. Ottawa: NRC Research Press; 2003. there are both natural and conventional agricultural ways of control- 15. Bernath J., Foldesi D., Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhaminoides L.): ling its spread.2 Conversely, it is rarely observed in the wild in A promising new medicinal and food crop. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. Hungary and is protected there as an endangered species. Some 1992;1:27-35. Cited in Li TSC, Beveridge THJ. Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae experts on sea buckthorn think that this protection needs to be rhamnoides L.): Production and Utilization. Ottawa: NRC Research Press; extended and that considerable research and development needs to 2003.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Botanical Drugs: a Future for Herbal Medicines
    Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy (1985-2015) Volume 19 Issue 1 Article 6 2002 Botanical Drugs: A Future for Herbal Medicines Weishi Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/jchlp Recommended Citation Weishi Li, Botanical Drugs: A Future for Herbal Medicines, 19 J. Contemp. Health L. & Pol'y 117 (2003). Available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/jchlp/vol19/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Contemporary Health Law & Policy (1985-2015) by an authorized editor of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOTANICAL DRUGS: A FUTURE FOR HERBAL MEDICINES Weishi Li* INTRODUCTION In recent years, herbal medicines have attracted strong attention in the United States and worldwide, as part of a larger fascination with natural products. This paper explores the future of herbal medicines in the United States and makes the case that botanical drugs, as a new drug model for herbal medicines, will lend a much-needed arsenal to the perennial fight against human diseases. The current regulatory state of affairs regarding herbal medicines is sub-optimal as it fails to spur rigorous efforts to research and develop effective drugs from herbal medicines. Due to an unfavorable regulatory climate, few U.S. companies engage in developing drug products from herbal medicines. It is argued here that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should promote industrial efforts in exploring herbal medicines by approving botanical drugs using a substantially lower regulatory standard.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio
    136 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 4(6): November-December 2015 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093*** ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE …………!!! “HIPPOPHAE GYANTSENSIS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW” Gill N.S*, Kaushar Anmol,Kaur Manpreet Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Railmajra, SBS Nagar, Punjab, India. KEYWORDS: ABSTRACT H.gyantensis, Anticancer, H. gyantsensis is commonly known as sea buckthorn belonging to Anti-inflammation, Anti family Elaeagnaceae. Their species are found in china, Europe, diabetic, Antimicrobial, Mongolia and Canada. This plant is used to treat different type of Antifungal. diseases. This plant contains flavanoids, vitamin c, fructose, glucose, For Correspondence: Gill N.S.* carotenoids and sterols. It has been reported that H. gyantsensis and Address: their species shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyper Rayat Institute of lipidemic, immune modulator, anti diarrhoeal, anti diabetes and Pharmacy, Railmajra, anthelmintic activities. The present study about H. gyantsensis reveals SBS Nagar, Punjab, up to date information of phytochemistry and pharmacological India. activity. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 137 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 INTRODUCTION: H. gyantsensis is fugacious shrubs in the family Elaeagnaceae, Tree growing to 15m. Its flowering month is "April" and in Sep-Oct the seeds are ripened. The male and female flowers are grown in separate tree. It is not self-fertile. The suitable conditions for this plant is, light(sandy, medium(loamy) and heavy(clay).It is suitable for the pH is acid, neutral, basic(alkaline).It can grow in the open area and sunlight is required.
    [Show full text]
  • Shrub List for Brighton 2010
    Shrub List For Brighton 2010 Large Shrubs 10’ -20’ Tall by 6’ – 25’ wide Acer ginnala Amur Maple Acer tataricum Tatarian Maple (better than Amur Maple) Acer grandidentatum Bigtooth Maple Amelanchier alnifolia Saskatoon Serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis Shadblow Serviceberry Caragana arborescens Siberian Peashrub Cercocarpus ledifolius Mountain Mahogany Cotoneaster lucidus Peking Cotoneaster Cowania mexicana Quince Bush, Cliffrose Crataefus ambigua Russian Hawthorn Forestiera neomexicana New Mexican Privet Hippophae rhamnoides Sea Buckthorn Juniperus species Juniper Kolkwitzia amabilis Beauty Bush Pinus mugo Mugo Pine species Prunus americana American Plum Prunus virginiana ‘Shubert’ Canada Red Chokecherry Ptelea trifoliata Wafer Ash or Hop tree Quercus gambelii Gambel Oak Rhus typhina Staghorn Sumac Robinia neomexicana New Mexico Locust Sambucus species Elders Shepherdia argentea Buffaloberry Syringa vulgaris Common Lilac Viburnum lantana Wayfaring Tree, Viburnum Medium Size Shrubs >10’ high by >8’ wide Amorpha fruticosa False Indigo Atriplex canescens Fourwing Saltbush Buddleia davidii Butterfly Bush Cercocarpus montanus Mountain Mahogany Chamaebatiaria millefolium Fernbush Chrysothamnus nauseosus Rubber Rabbitbrush Cornus sericea Redtwig Dogwood Cotinus coggygria Smoke Tree Cotoneaster species Cotoneaster Cytisus scoparius ‘Moonlight’ Moonlight Broom Euonymus alatus Burning Bush Forsythia x intermedia Forsythia Hibiscus syriacus Rose-of-Sharon Juniperus species Juniper Ligustrum vulgare Privet Lonicera species Honeysuckle Mahonia aquifolium Oregon Grape Holly Philadelphus species Mockorange Pyracantha coccinea Firethorn Physocarpus opulifolius Common Ninebark Prunus besseyi Western Sand Cherry Pyracantha coccinea species Firethorn Rhamnus frangula Glossy Buckthorn Ribes species Currant Sambucus species Elder Spiraea x vanhouttei Vanhouttei Spirea Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry Syringa meyeri „Palibin‟ Dwarf Korean Lilac Syringa patula „Miss Kim‟ Dwarf Lilac Viburnum species (dozens of different types) Small Size Shrubs > 5’ tall by >6.
    [Show full text]
  • FDA and Marijuana: Questions and Answers 1
    FDA and Marijuana: Questions and Answers 1. How is marijuana therapy being used by some members of the medical community? A. The FDA is aware that marijuana or marijuana-derived products are being used for a number of medical conditions including, for example, AIDS wasting, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, treatment of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis, and cancer and chemotherapy-induced nausea. 2. Why hasn’t the FDA approved marijuana for medical uses? A. To date, the FDA has not approved a marketing application for marijuana for any indication. The FDA generally evaluates research conducted by manufacturers and other scientific investigators. Our role, as laid out in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act, is to review data submitted to the FDA in an application for approval to assure that the drug product meets the statutory standards for approval. The FDA has approved Epidiolex, which contains a purified drug substance cannabidiol, one of more than 80 active chemicals in marijuana, for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome in patients 2 years of age and older. That means the FDA has concluded that this particular drug product is safe and effective for its intended indication. The agency also has approved Marinol and Syndros for therapeutic uses in the United States, including for the treatment of anorexia associated with weight loss in AIDS patients. Marinol and Syndros include the active ingredient dronabinol, a synthetic delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is considered the psychoactive component of marijuana. Another FDA-approved drug, Cesamet, contains the active ingredient nabilone, which has a chemical structure similar to THC and is synthetically derived.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossy Buckthorn Rhamnusoriental Frangula Bittersweet / Frangula Alnus Control Guidelines Fact Sheet
    Glossy buckthorn Oriental bittersweet Rhamnus frangula / Frangula alnus Control Guidelines Fact Sheet NH Department of Agriculture, Markets & Food, Division of Plant Industry, 29 Hazen Dr, Concord, NH 03301 (603) 271-3488 Common Name: Glossy buckthorn Latin Name: Rhamnus frangula / Frangula alnus New Hampshire Invasive Species Status: Prohibited (Agr 3800) Native to: Japan leaves (spring) Glossy buckthorn invasion Sapling (summer) Flowers (spring) Roadside invasion of saplings Fleshy fruits (fall) Gray bark w/ lenticels (Summer) Emodin in berries - effects to birds Fall foliage (Autumn) Description: Deciduous shrub or small tree measuring 20' by 15'. Bark: Grayish to brown with raised lenticels. Stems: Cinnamon colored with light gray lenticels. Leaves: Alternate, simple and broadly ovate. Flowers: Inconspicuous, 4- petaled, greenish-yellow, mid-May. Fruit: Fleshy, 1/4” diameter turning black in the fall. Zone: 3-7. Habitat: Adapts to most conditions including pH, heavy shade to full sun. Spread: Seeds are bird dispersed. Comments: Highly Aggressive, fast growing, outcompetes native species. Controls: Remove seedlings and saplings by hand. Larger trees can be cut or plants can be treated with an herbicide. General Considerations Glossy buckthorn can either grow as a multi-stemmed shrub or single-stemmed tree up to 23’ (7 m) tall. Leaves are deciduous, simple, and generally arranged alternately. Leaves are dark-green and glossy above while dull-green below. The leaf margins are smooth/entire and tend to be slightly wavy. Flowers are small, about ¼” and somewhat inconspicuous forming in May to June. They develop and in small clusters of 2-8. Fruits form in mid to late summer and contain 2-3 seeds per berry.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of a Rust Fungus Infecting Rhamnus Frangula and Phalaris Arundinacea
    Biology of a rust fungus infecting Rhamnus frangula and Phalaris arundinacea Yue Jin USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) Nature Center, Roseville, MN Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) and glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) From “Flora of Wisconsin” Ranked Order of Terrestrial Invasive Plants That Threaten MN -Minnesota Terrestrial Invasive Plants and Pests Center Puccinia coronata var. hordei Jin & Steff. ✧ Unique spore morphology: ✧ Cycles between Rhamnus cathartica and grasses in Triticeae: o Hordeum spp. o Secale spp. o Triticum spp. o Elymus spp. ✧ Other accessory hosts: o Bromus tectorum o Poa spp. o Phalaris arundinacea Rust infection on Rhamnus frangula Central Park Nature Center, Roseville, MN June 2017 Heavy infections on Rhamnus frangula, but not on Rh. cathartica Uredinia formed on Phalaris arundinacea soon after mature aecia released aeiospores from infected Rhamnus frangula Life cycle of Puccinia coronata from Nazaredno et al. 2018, Molecular Plant Path. 19:1047 Puccinia coronata: a species complex Forms Telial host Aecial host (var., f. sp.) (primanry host) (alternate host) avenae Oat, grasses in Avenaceae Rhamnus cathartica lolii Lolium spp. Rh. cathartica festucae Fescuta spp. Rh. cathartica hoci Hocus spp. Rh. cathartica agronstis Agrostis alba Rh. cathartica hordei barley, rye, grasses in triticeae Rh. cathartica bromi Bromus inermis Rh. cathartica calamagrostis Calamagrostis canadensis Rh. alnifolia ? Phalaris arundinacea Rh. frangula Pathogenicity test on cereal crop species using aeciospores from Rhamnus frangula Cereal species Genotypes Response Oats 55 Immune Barley 52 Immune Wheat 40 Immune Rye 6 Immune * Conclusion: not a pathogen of cereal crops Pathogenicity test on grasses Grass species Genotypes Response Phalaris arundinacea 12 Susceptible Ph.
    [Show full text]
  • FDA Comments on CBD in Foods
    Popular Content Public Health Focus FDA and Marijuana: Questions and Answers 1. How is marijuana therapy being used by some members of the medical community? 2. Why hasn’t the FDA approved marijuana for medical uses? 3. Is marijuana safe for medical use? 4. How does FDA’s role differ from NIH and DEA’s role when it comes to the investigation of marijuana for medical use? 5. Does the FDA object to the clinical investigation of marijuana for medical use? 6. What kind of research is the FDA reviewing when it comes to the efficacy of marijuana? 7. How can patients get into expanded access program for marijuana for medical use? 8. Does the FDA have concerns about administering a cannabis product to children? 9. What is FDA’s reaction to states that are allowing marijuana to be sold for medical uses without the FDA’s approval? 10. What is the FDA’s position on state “Right to Try” bills? 11. Has the agency received any adverse event reports associated with marijuana for medical conditions? 12. Can products that contain cannabidiol be sold as dietary supplements? 13. Is it legal, in interstate commerce, to sell a food to which cannabidiol has been added? 14. In making the two previous determinations, why did FDA conclude that substantial clinical investigations have been authorized for and/or instituted about cannabidiol, and that the existence of such investigations has been made public? 15. Will FDA take enforcement action regarding cannabidiol products that are marketed as dietary supplements? What about foods to which cannabidiol has been added? 16.
    [Show full text]
  • ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS of the GUIANAS: an Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana
    f ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS: An Historical Perspective of Selected Garden Plants from Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana Vf•-L - - •• -> 3H. .. h’ - — - ' - - V ' " " - 1« 7-. .. -JZ = IS^ X : TST~ .isf *“**2-rt * * , ' . / * 1 f f r m f l r l. Robert A. DeFilipps D e p a r t m e n t o f B o t a n y Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. \ 1 9 9 2 ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Table of Contents I. Map of the Guianas II. Introduction 1 III. Basic Bibliography 14 IV. Acknowledgements 17 V. Maps of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana VI. Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas Gymnosperms 19 Dicotyledons 24 Monocotyledons 205 VII. Title Page, Maps and Plates Credits 319 VIII. Illustration Credits 321 IX. Common Names Index 345 X. Scientific Names Index 353 XI. Endpiece ORNAMENTAL GARDEN PLANTS OF THE GUIANAS Introduction I. Historical Setting of the Guianan Plant Heritage The Guianas are embedded high in the green shoulder of northern South America, an area once known as the "Wild Coast". They are the only non-Latin American countries in South America, and are situated just north of the Equator in a configuration with the Amazon River of Brazil to the south and the Orinoco River of Venezuela to the west. The three Guianas comprise, from west to east, the countries of Guyana (area: 83,000 square miles; capital: Georgetown), Surinam (area: 63, 037 square miles; capital: Paramaribo) and French Guiana (area: 34, 740 square miles; capital: Cayenne). Perhaps the earliest physical contact between Europeans and the present-day Guianas occurred in 1500 when the Spanish navigator Vincente Yanez Pinzon, after discovering the Amazon River, sailed northwest and entered the Oyapock River, which is now the eastern boundary of French Guiana.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Selected Economic Plants Virgil S
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1981 A Survey of Selected Economic Plants Virgil S. Priebe Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Botany at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Priebe, Virgil S., "A Survey of Selected Economic Plants" (1981). Masters Theses. 2998. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2998 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. T 11 F:SIS H El"">RODUCTION CERTIFICATE TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reproduce theses. The University Library is rece1vrng a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce disse rta tions for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to l end my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or res e ar ch holdings• . �� /ft/ ff nfl. Author I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because -----� ---------- ---··· ·--·· · ----------------------------------- Date Author m A Survey o f Selected Economic Plants (TITLE) BY Virgil S.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle Ages Health
    People in the middle ages had a surprising knowledge of how the human body worked and many cures were based around plants and herbs which are still used nowadays. Fear and superstition played a large part in medieval medicine. Many people believed that an illness was a punishment from God and a cure would only come about through divine intervention. A patient might seek a cure through prayer or going on pilgrimage, rather than consulting a healer or physician. Imbalance of Humours Theory in Medieval Medicine The Hippocratic theory of the four humours of the body was to characterise medicine during the middle ages. Most doctors believed that illnesses were caused by an imbalance of humours in the body, which had to be restored to bring the patient back to health. This theory came from the teachings of ancient Greeks such as Hippocrates and Galen. Their texts referred to the four humours of the body – blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. These humours were associated with elements of the natural world: Black Bile - earth; Phlegm - water; Blood - air; Yellow bile - fire. It was believed that the four seasons of the year could affect the health of a patient and some physicians used astrology as part of their treatment, believing that the movements of the moon and stars affected when a cure was most effective. Bloodletting and Surgery in the Middle Ages Blood letting was a common cure, which was used for many years after the medieval period. A patient’s vein was cut, or leeches allowed to drink blood from the affected part of the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential of Sea Buckthorn-Based Ingredients for the Food and Feed Industry – Areview Arnau Vilas-Franquesa1, Jordi Saldo1,2* and Bibiana Juan1
    Vilas-Franquesa et al. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition (2020) 2:17 Food Production, Processing https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-020-00032-y and Nutrition REVIEW Open Access Potential of sea buckthorn-based ingredients for the food and feed industry – areview Arnau Vilas-Franquesa1, Jordi Saldo1,2* and Bibiana Juan1 Abstract Food industries seek to incorporate nutritious ingredients as they could bring added value to the final food products. One of the most interesting options is that sea buckthorn contains high concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids, tocopherols, and other bioactive compounds, in addition to the unique lipid profile in the berry pulp, seed, and peel. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of potential applications of sea buckthorn within the food and feed industry based on previously described applications. Products such as cheese, yoghurt or beverages already benefit from its application. Moreover, using sea buckthorn in feed products also derives into higher quality final products (e.g. meat quality, egg quality). Poultry, pig, and fish farming have been studied for that purpose. Despite all the accumulated articles depicted in the present review, the use of this fruit in food product formulation is nowadays scarce. New options for food product development with sea buckthorn are herein discussed. Keywords: Food science, Feed additive, Product development, Health, Bioactive compounds, Added value, Sea buckthorn Introduction The plant naturally grows in cold and dry regions Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Linnaeus) is a around the globe. Himalaya is the region with the high- flowering plant (Angiosperm) of the order Rosales and est density of this plant (Kalia et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Acanthaceae), a New Chinese Endemic Genus Segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae)
    Plant Diversity xxx (2016) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Plant Diversity journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/plant-diversity/ http://journal.kib.ac.cn Wuacanthus (Acanthaceae), a new Chinese endemic genus segregated from Justicia (Acanthaceae) * Yunfei Deng a, , Chunming Gao b, Nianhe Xia a, Hua Peng c a Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China b Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, Facultyof Life Science, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China c Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China article info abstract Article history: A new genus, Wuacanthus Y.F. Deng, N.H. Xia & H. Peng (Acanthaceae), is described from the Hengduan Received 30 September 2016 Mountains, China. Wuacanthus is based on Wuacanthus microdontus (W.W.Sm.) Y.F. Deng, N.H. Xia & H. Received in revised form Peng, originally published in Justicia and then moved to Mananthes. The new genus is characterized by its 25 November 2016 shrub habit, strongly 2-lipped corolla, the 2-lobed upper lip, 3-lobed lower lip, 2 stamens, bithecous Accepted 25 November 2016 anthers, parallel thecae with two spurs at the base, 2 ovules in each locule, and the 4-seeded capsule. Available online xxx Phylogenetic analyses show that the new genus belongs to the Pseuderanthemum lineage in tribe Justi- cieae.
    [Show full text]