Isolation, Characterisation, and Biological Activity Evaluation of Essential Oils of Cymbopogon Validus (Stapf) Stapf Ex Burtt Davy and Hyparrhenia Hirta (L.) Stapf
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Traditional Artifacts from Bena Grass [Chrysopogon Zizanioides (L.) Roberty] (Poaceae) in Jajpur District of Odisha, India
Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 13 (4), October 2014, pp. 771-777 Traditional artifacts from Bena grass [Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty] (Poaceae) in Jajpur district of Odisha, India BK Tripathy1, T Panda2 & RB Mohanty3* 1Department of Botany, Dharmasala Mohavidyalaya, Dharmasala, Jajpur-755001, Odisha; 2Department of Botany, Chandabali College, Chandabali, Bhadrak-756133, Odisha; 3Department of Botany, NC (Autonomous) College, Jajpur – 755001, Odisha E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Received 27.06.13, revised 19.08.13 The paper reports the utility of a common wetland plant Bena in traditional craft making in some rural pockets of Jajpur district of Odisha. The field survey was conducted during the year 2010-2012 to access the present status of this unique plant based craft as well as the condition of the artisans involved in this craft making. Data were collected through interview with elderly artisans of the area of study. The result revealed that making artifacts from Bena is exclusively the hand work of female folk belonging to SC (Scheduled caste) and ST (Scheduled tribe) communities. Most of these artisans are either daily wage labourers or marginal farmers while making such craft is their secondary occupation. They collect the raw material, i.e. Bena stem from the nearby field, process it and make around two hundred varieties of attractive craft items both for traditional use in socio-religious rituals and as modern life style accessories. These artifacts are appreciated for their intricate design and glazing golden yellow colour. The existing conditions of this folk craft as well as the artisans were analysed. -
SERAI MAKAN Scientific Name : Cymbopogon Citratus (DC.) Stapf
SERAI MAKAN Scientific name : Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Common name : Lemongrass Local name : Serai makan Family : Graminae Introduction Lemongrass is a fragrant tropical grass, closely related to Citronella. It is said to be indigenous to India where it has been cultivated for its oil since 1888. The strong lemon odour of the oil contained in the leaves is responsible for its nomenclature. Due to its characteristic smell, the oil is extensively used for scenting soaps, detergents and other product. This crop is one of the chief sources of citral, whick is an important raw material for perfumery, confectionery and beverages. Plant Description Lemongrass is a tall fragrant perennial grass, throwing out dense fascicles of leaves from a stout rhizome. It can grow up to a height of 1 m. The leaves are sessile, simple, green, linear, equintantly arranged and can grow to an average size of 40cm long x 1.0cm wide. The leaf is glabrous, venation parallel with acuminate apice and sheathing base. The leaf sheath is tubular in form and acts as a pseudostem. This plant produces flowers at a very matured stage of growth. The rhizome is stout, creeping, robust and creamish yellow in section. Plant habit Lemongrass grows wildly in many tropical countries of Asia, America and Africa. In Malaysia, it is normally cultivated in home gardens. Lemongrass is a very hardy crop and can adapt itself to a variety of soil and climatic conditions. However, for high oil content, it was reported that the most suitable conditions for growth are well-aerated soils with good fertiliy. -
ETD Template
Sulfur Based Cyclizations by Intramolecular Carbometallation and Applications to Natural Product Syntheses by Kai Deng BS, Peking University, 1996 MS, Peking University, 1999 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of University of Pittsburgh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2004 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Kai Deng It was defended on Oct. 15, 2004 and approved by Dennis P. Curran Paul E. Floreancig Richard D. McCullough Theodore Cohen Dissertation Director ii Advisor: Professor Theodore Cohen Sulfur Based Cyclizations by Intramolecular Carbometallation and Applications to Natural Product Syntheses Kai Deng, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2004 The versatility of intramolecular carbolithiation of simple unactivated alkenes to yield cyclopentylmethyllithiums by unconjugated organolithiums is greatly increased (1) by generating the organolithiums by reductive lithiation of phenyl thioethers with aromatic radical anions and (2) by using allylic alcohol groups on the receiving alkenes. This type of reductive lithiation allows virtually any kind of organolithium to be generated, usually in a connective manner. Furthermore, the allylic lithium oxyanionic groups on the alkenes greatly accelerate the reactions and lead, in most cases, to completely stereoselective cyclization at -78 °C. Most significantly, the trans stereoselectivity is the opposite from that observed when the organometallic is allylic. A four-membered ring has also been generated by this method. Using allyl phenyl sulfones instead of using allyl acetates as precursors of Pd-catalyzed allylzinc formation greatly facilitates the efficiency of substrate preparation. The resulting allylzinc smoothly undergoes the Zn-ene cyclization onto a simple alkene or an alkyne. -
Natural Products Chemistry Code: C-402 by Prof. Dr. Ahmed A
Natural Products Chemistry Code: C-402 By Prof. Dr. Ahmed A. Mahmoud Department of Chemistry - Faculty of Science Minia University By Prof. Dr. Ahmed A. Mahmoud 280 Fats, Oils, Waxes & Terpenes Fats, Oils, and Fatty Acids Fatty acids: refers to long, straight-chain saturated and unsaturated acids, typically from C12 - C20. saturated fatty acids: CH3(CH2)nCO2H n=10, lauric acid (C12) n=12, myristic acid (C14) n=14, palmitic acid (C16) n=16, steric acid (C18) unsaturated fatty acid CO2H C18, oleic acid polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) CO2H C18, linolenic acid 6 CO2H C18, linoleic acid 6 CO2H C20, arachidonic acid 1 Fats and Oils: Triglycerides (triaceylglycerols) are tri-esters of glycerol (1,2,3-trihydroxypropane) and fatty acids. O The R groups can be OH H2C O C R1 fatty O saturated or unsaturated, HO OH + acids - H O HC O C R2 the same or different 2 O glycerol H2C O C R3 O O O when some of H C O C R H2C O C R1 H C O C R 2 1 the R groups are 2 1 O O unsaturated H2, catalyst O HC O C R HC O C R2 HC O C R2 2 H2, catalyst O O O H C O C R H2C O C R3 2 3 H2C O C R3 Partially hydrogenated: Hydrogenated- only saturated some cis double bond are fatty acids isomerized to trans double bonds 2 Waxes Esters of long chain fatty acids (C16 - C36) with long chain alcohols (C24 - C36) CH3(CH2)nCO2–(CH2)nCH3 3 Terpenes and Terpenoids The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products. -
Etd-Tamu-2004A-RLEM-Byenkya-1
IMPACT OF UNDESIRABLE PLANT COMMUNITIES ON THE CARRYING CAPACITY AND LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE IN PASTORAL SYSTEMS OF SOUTH-WESTERN UGANDA A Dissertation by GILBERT STEVEN BYENKYA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2004 Major Subject: Rangeland Ecology and Management IMPACT OF UNDESIRABLE PLANT COMMUNITIES ON THE CARRYING CAPACITY AND LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE IN PASTORAL SYSTEMS OF SOUTH-WESTERN UGANDA A Dissertation by GILBERT STEVEN BYENKYA Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved as to style and content by: __________________________ _________________________ Jerry W. Stuth Urs Kreuter (Chair of Committee) (Member) __________________________ _________________________ Fred E. Smeins William E. Grant (Member) (Member) __________________________ Steven G. Whisenant (Head of Department) May 2004 Major Subject: Rangeland Ecology and Management iii ABSTRACT Impact of Undesirable Plant Communities on the Carrying Capacity and Livestock Performance in Pastoral Systems of South-Western Uganda. (May 2004) Gilbert Steven Byenkya, B.Sc., Makerere University, Uganda; M.Sc., Edinburgh University, U.K. Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Jerry W. Stuth The impact of undesirable plant communities (Cymbopogon afronardus and woody species dominated by Acacia species) on livestock carrying capacity and performance was investigated on 15 farms in an Acacia/Cymbopogon dominated pastoral system of south-western Uganda. Species prevalence based on basal cover for grasses, frequency for forbs and effective canopy cover for trees/shrubs were determined on farms. The PHYGROW model was used to predict forage productivity for computation of carrying capacity. -
Evaluation of Trace Metal Profile in Cymbopogon Validus and Hyparrhenia Hirta Used As Traditional Herbs from Environmentally Diverse Region of Komga, South Africa
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry Volume 2016, Article ID 9293165, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9293165 Research Article Evaluation of Trace Metal Profile in Cymbopogon validus and Hyparrhenia hirta Used as Traditional Herbs from Environmentally Diverse Region of Komga, South Africa Babalwa Tembeni,1 Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji,1 Ikechukwu P. Ejidike,1 and Adebola O. Oyedeji2 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P.O. Box X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa 2Department of Chemistry, School of Applied and Environmental Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South Africa Correspondence should be addressed to Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji; [email protected] and Ikechukwu P. Ejidike; [email protected] Received 20 April 2016; Revised 15 June 2016; Accepted 3 August 2016 Academic Editor: Miguel de la Guardia Copyright © 2016 Babalwa Tembeni et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. FAAS was used for the analysis of trace metals in fresh and dry plant parts of Cymbopogon validus and Hyparrhenia hirta species with the aim of determining the trace metals concentrations in selected traditional plants consumed in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The trace metal concentration (mg/kg) in the samples of dry Cymbopogon validus leaves (DCVL) showed Cu of 12.40 ± 1.000;Zn of 2.42 ± 0.401;Feof2.50 ± 0.410;Mnof1.31 ± 0.210;Pbof3.36 ± 0.401 mg/kg, while the samples of fresh Hyparrhenia hirta flowers (FHHF) gave Cu of 9.77 ± 0.610;Znof0.70 ± 0.200;Feof2.11 ± 0.200;Mnof1.15 ± 0.080;Pbof3.15 ± 0.100 mg/kg. -
Urochloa Mosambicensis
TECHNICAL HANDBOOK No. 28 Management of rangelands Use of natural grazing resources in Southern Province, Zambia Evaristo C. Chileshe Aichi Kitalyi Regional Land Management Unit (RELMA) RELMA Technical Handbook (TH) series Edible wild plants of Tanzania Christopher K. Ruffo, Ann Birnie and Bo Tengnäs. 2002. TH No. 27. ISBN 9966-896-62-7 Tree nursery manual for Eritrea Chris Palzer. 2002. TH No. 26. ISBN 9966-896-60-0 ULAMP extension approach: a guide for field extension agents Anthony Nyakuni, Gedion Shone and Arne Eriksson. 2001. TH No. 25. ISBN 9966-896-57-0 Drip irrigation: options for smallholder farmers in eastern and southern Africa Isaya V. Sijali. 2001. TH No. 24. ISBN 9966-896-77-5 Water from sand rivers: a manual on site survey, design, construction, and maintenance of seven types of water structures in riverbeds Erik Nissen-Petersen. 2000. TH No. 23. ISBN 9966-896-53-8 Rainwater harvesting for natural resources management: a planning guide for Tanzania Nuhu Hatibu and Henry F. Mahoo (eds.). 2000. TH No. 22. ISBN 9966-896-52-X Agroforestry handbook for the banana-coffee zone of Uganda: farmers’ practices and experiences I. Oluka-Akileng, J. Francis Esegu, Alice Kaudia and Alex Lwakuba. 2000. TH No. 21. ISBN 9966-896-51-1 Land resources management: a guide for extension workers in Uganda Charles Rusoke, Anthony Nyakuni, Sandra Mwebaze, John Okorio, Frank Akena and Gathiru Kimaru. 2000. TH No. 20. ISBN 9966-896-44-9 Wild food plants and mushrooms of Uganda Anthony B. Katende, Paul Ssegawa, Ann Birnie, Christine Holding and Bo Tengnäs. -
Thatch Grass (Hyparrhenia Rufa)
Thatch grass (Hyparrhenia rufa): NT Weed Risk Assessment Technical Report www.nt.gov.au/weeds Thatch grass Hyparrhenia rufa This report summarises the results and information used for the weed risk assessment of Thatch grass (Hyparrhenia rufa) in the Northern Territory. A feasibility of control assessment has also been completed for this species and is available on request. Online resources are available at https://denr.nt.gov.au/land-resource- management/rangelands/publications/weed-management-publications which provide information about the NT Weed Risk Management System including an explanation of the scoring system, fact sheet, user guide, a map of the Northern Territory weed management regions and FAQs. Please cite as: Northern Territory Government (2013) Thatch grass (Hyparrhenia rufa): NT Weed Risk Assessment Technical Report, Northern Territory Government, Darwin. Cover photo (top): Infestation in Queensland (J. Clarkson, Queensland Parks and Wildlife). Cover photo (bottom): Infestation near Fogg Dam, Northern Territory, (L. Elliott, Department of Land Resource Management). Edited by Louis Elliott (Department of Land Resource Management). Final version: January 2013. Acknowledgments The NT Weed Risk Management (WRM) System was jointly developed by Charles Darwin University (CDU) and the Weed Management Branch, Department of Land Resource Management (DLRM); our thanks to Samantha Setterfield, Natalie Rossiter-Rachor and Michael Douglas at CDU. Project funding for the development of the NT WRM System, obtained by Keith Ferdinands and Samantha Setterfield, came from the Natural Heritage Trust. Our thanks to the NT WRM Reference Group for their assistance in building the NT WRM System and the NT WRM Committee for their role in building the system and their ongoing role in weed risk assessments. -
Species Convergence Into Life-Forms in a Hyperseasonal Cerrado in Central Brazil Silva, IA.* and Batalha, MA
Species convergence into life-forms in a hyperseasonal cerrado in central Brazil Silva, IA.* and Batalha, MA. Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar, CP 676, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil *e-mail: [email protected] Received September 21, 2006 – Accepted November 30, 2006 – Distributed May 31, 2008 (With 3 figures) Abstract Whether the functional structure of ecological communities is deterministic or historically contingent is still quite con- troversial. However, recent experimental tests did not find effects of species composition variation on trait convergence and therefore the environmental constraints should play the major role on community convergence into functional groups. Seasonal cerrados are characterized by a sharp seasonality, in which the water shortage defines the community functioning. Hyperseasonal cerrados experience additionally waterlogging in the rainy season. Here, we asked whether waterlogging modifies species convergences into life-forms in a hyperseasonal cerrado. We studied a hyperseasonal cerrado, comparing it with a nearby seasonal cerrado, never waterlogged, in Emas National Park, central Brazil. In each area, we sampled all vascular plants by placing 40 plots of 1 m2 plots in four surveys. We analyzed the species convergences into life-forms in both cerrados using the Raunkiaer’s life-form spectrum and the index of divergence from species to life-form diversity (IDD). The overall life-form spectra and IDDs were not different, indicating that waterlogging did not affect the composition of functional groups in the hyperseasonal cerrado. However, there was a seasonal variation in IDD values only in the hyperseasonal cerrado. As long as we did not find a seasonal variation in life-form diversity, the seasonal variation of convergence into life-forms in the hyperseasonal cerrado was a conse- quence of the seasonal variation of species diversity. -
Revisiting Marine Bioprospecting of Tropical Indonesian Macroalgae from West Timor
REVISITING MARINE BIOPROSPECTING OF TROPICAL INDONESIAN MACROALGAE FROM WEST TIMOR Turupadang, Welem Linggi A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry. Victoria University of Wellington 2018 Abstract Marine algae are an important and historically rich source of new marine-based natural products. This thesis describes the screening of 40 Indonesian macroalgal samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based molecular networking, and the subsequent nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-guided isolation and structural elucidation of a 6-deoxy-6-aminoglycoglyrecolipid (60). Molecular networking was performed using LC-MS/MS data through the online Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform directly from crude extracts. NMR spectroscopy-guided screening was also employed targeting unique peaks detected by 1H NMR to validate any hits from GNPS. Out of 40 macroalgae specimens collected from West Timor waters, six samples were prioritised by the molecular networking screening. Proton NMR revealed three specimens with significantly interesting peaks but only one specimen, Laurencia snackeyi was purified further, which yielded compound 60. i Acknowledgements I am humbly grateful to Abba Father throughout my study at Victoria University of Wellington, how much knowledge and experience that has been passed on by academics (especially during my formative year doing my graduate Diploma), fellow students and postgrads, as well as technicians over the past two-and-a-half year in the School of Chemical and Physical Sciences (SCPS). Thank you very much. My fabulous supervisor Dr Rob Keyzers, thank you for your guidance, patience and wisdom; also, for being a guru and mentor during my study; I benefit not only academically and through laboratory skills but also how you have inspired me to be a good teacher and serve students from different backgrounds. -
Formulation and Evaluation of Cymbopogon Citratus Dried Leaf-Powder Tablets
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 6(48), pp. 3274-3279, 29 December, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPP DOI: 10.5897/AJPP12.575 ISSN 1996-0816 © 2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Formulation and evaluation of Cymbopogon citratus dried leaf-powder tablets A. Chime Salome 1*, C. Ugwuoke Christopher Emeka 2, V. Onyishi Ikechukwu 1, A. Brown Sinye 3, E. Ugwu Calister 1 and C. Onunkwo Godswill 1 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria. 2Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria. 3Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Accepted 23 November, 2012 The objective of this study was to formulate Cymbopogon citratus leaves powder into tablets using both acacia and gelatin as binders at concentrations of 2, 4, 6 and 8% w/w, respectively. The tablets were evaluated using the necessary official and unofficial tests. The results showed that all the batches of tablets passed the uniformity of weight test. The hardness of the tablets was significantly affected by the type of binder and concentration used during formulation (P < 0.05). Gelatin had higher crushing strength values than acacia. Friability values for all the tablet formulations were below 1%. The disintegration time of tablets formulated with acacia ranged from 29.10 ± 0.13 to 208.00 ± 0.13 min for tablets formulated with 2 % and 8 % acacia respectively and 2.31 ± 0.27 min to 8.20 ± 0.24 min for tablets formulated with 2 and 8% gelatin. -
Chrysopogon Zizanioides and Chrysopogon Nigritana) Available in South Africa Based on Sequencing Analyses And
Genetic diversity of Vetiver clones (Chrysopogon zizanioides and Chrysopogon nigritana) available in South Africa based on sequencing analyses and anatomical structure DIEDERICKS V 20331673 Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Magister Scientiae in Botany at the Potchefstroom Campus of the North-West University Supervisor: Prof. S. Barnard Co-supervisor: Dr. K. Conradie Assistant Supervisor: Dr. A. Jordaan November, 2013 Opsomming Vetiver gras of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty (1960) is ‗n steriele grasspesie wat vegetatief kan voortplant vanaf die wortelstok. Tesame met sy kragtige, diep wortelstelsel en vloed-toleransie, is dit die ideale kandidaat vir grond remediasie en die beheer van erosie. Hydromulch (Pty) Ltd. in Suid-Afrika is deel van die landskap, grondherwinning en erosie- beheer industrie. Hydromulch gebruik Vetiver vir verskeie toepassings en op grootskaal, en het ‗n aantal isolate versamel om as moontlike kiemlyne te dien. As gevolg van verskillende omgewingsbestuursmetodes en omgewingsfaktore, ontwikkel ‗n verskeidenheid ekotipes gedurende die kweking en aanpassing van die gras. Chrysopogon nigritanus (Benth.) Veldkamp (1999), is inheems tot Afrika en is naby verwand aan C. zizanioides. C. nigritanus en C. zizanioides verskil minimaal van mekaar op ‗n morfologiese vlak. Die hoof verskil tussen die bogenoemde spesies is dat C. nigritanus die vermoë het om vrylik fertiele saad te vorm en as gevolg van hierdie eienskap moet die spesies verkieslik nie gebruik word vir erosiebeheer nie. Die noodsaaklikheid het ontstaan om ander steriele lyne te vind en dus om addisionele genotipiese variteite op te spoor sodat die aanplantingsmateriaal se biodiversiteit behoue bly. Die hoof doel van die studie was om 19 verskillende Vetiver isolate, verkry vanaf Hydromulch (Pty) Ltd., genotipies te karaktiseer met genetiese volgorde analise van drie DNS fragmente, ITS, ndhF en rbcL.