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Etd-Tamu-2004A-RLEM-Byenkya-1 IMPACT OF UNDESIRABLE PLANT COMMUNITIES ON THE CARRYING CAPACITY AND LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE IN PASTORAL SYSTEMS OF SOUTH-WESTERN UGANDA A Dissertation by GILBERT STEVEN BYENKYA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2004 Major Subject: Rangeland Ecology and Management IMPACT OF UNDESIRABLE PLANT COMMUNITIES ON THE CARRYING CAPACITY AND LIVESTOCK PERFORMANCE IN PASTORAL SYSTEMS OF SOUTH-WESTERN UGANDA A Dissertation by GILBERT STEVEN BYENKYA Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved as to style and content by: __________________________ _________________________ Jerry W. Stuth Urs Kreuter (Chair of Committee) (Member) __________________________ _________________________ Fred E. Smeins William E. Grant (Member) (Member) __________________________ Steven G. Whisenant (Head of Department) May 2004 Major Subject: Rangeland Ecology and Management iii ABSTRACT Impact of Undesirable Plant Communities on the Carrying Capacity and Livestock Performance in Pastoral Systems of South-Western Uganda. (May 2004) Gilbert Steven Byenkya, B.Sc., Makerere University, Uganda; M.Sc., Edinburgh University, U.K. Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Jerry W. Stuth The impact of undesirable plant communities (Cymbopogon afronardus and woody species dominated by Acacia species) on livestock carrying capacity and performance was investigated on 15 farms in an Acacia/Cymbopogon dominated pastoral system of south-western Uganda. Species prevalence based on basal cover for grasses, frequency for forbs and effective canopy cover for trees/shrubs were determined on farms. The PHYGROW model was used to predict forage productivity for computation of carrying capacity. The NIRS/NUTBAL nutritional management system was used to determine cattle dietary CP and DOM through fecal scans and to estimate animal performance. Brachiaria spp. (33.57%), Sporobolus pyramidalis (20.35%), Hyparrhenia spp. (12.29%) and Cymbopogon afronardus (10.29%) were the most prevalent grasses while Acacia gerrardii (34.37%) and Acacia hockii (33.66%) were the most prevalent woody species. Forage productivity differed significantly among the farms with a mean long-term annual forage yield of 4560(SE+41) kg/ha. Farms with mixed high Cymbopogon and high woody species and the iv Cymbopogon dominated farms produced 27% and 25% less forage, respectively and had the lowest carrying capacity estimates (0.38 and 0.39 AU/ha, respectively). Improved farms (devoid of the undesirable species) and farms with a moderate woody species component had higher forage yields with higher carrying capacity estimates (0.49 and 0.52 AU/ha, respectively). Carrying capacity for the system was estimated at 0.44 AU/ha using a 25% harvest efficiency for ANPP. All the farms were overstocked, on average by 3.2 times. Livestock BCS, diet CP and DOM were significantly different (P<0.0001) among the farm types. BCS were highest on improved farms and lowest on Cymbopogon infested farms. However, dietary CP and DOM values were lowest on improved farms and highest on farms with a high woody component. High woody component farms exhibited intermediate BCS despite the high dietary CP. Cattle on Cymbopogon infested farms had consistently lower body weights although there were no significant differences in daily live weight gains among farms. These findings suggest that the undesirable plant communities have a negative influence on the grazing potential of south-western Uganda rangelands. Research into appropriate control measures, improvement of forage quality on improved farms including feed supplementation for improved breeds and farmer sensitization about overstocking are recommended. Integration of NIRS / NUTBAL and PHYGROW models into the research and management systems was desirable. The observed increase in Sporobolus spp. required investigation. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people and organizations have in many ways contributed to my being able to accomplish this undertaking. I will only mention a few. Special thanks go to Dr. Jerry W. Stuth, my committee chair. Dr. Stuth supported and guided me from the time we met under the Livestock Early Warning in East Africa through my enrollment and up to completion of my studies at Texas A&M University. He has been very helpful in all respects. I sincerely thank my committee members Dr. Urs P. Kreuter, Dr. Fred Smeins and Dr. William Grant, for accepting to be on my committee and on many occasions for giving their valuable time and expertise that have enabled me to successfully complete this program. Many thanks to Dr. Whisenant, the head of the department, the faculty and staff of the Department of Rangeland Ecology and Management for making my life here enjoyable. I am grateful for the financial support by DANIDA extended to the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Uganda, through the Livestock Systems Research Project (LSRP) that enabled me to undertake this training. I am equally grateful to the Director General NARO and Director of Research, Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute (NAARI) for their support and permission to undertake the training. My appreciation goes to the National Coordinator, LSRP and Head, Animal Production Program, Dr. Cyprian Ebong for his support and encouragement from the start to the end. I thank the LSRP Research Advisory Committee vi (RAC) for the support and advise that guided this research. For colleagues at NAARI, I thank you all for the many various ways you assisted me. I appreciate the contribution of USAID funded GL-CRSP, Grant No. PCE- G-00-98-000-36-00 to Livestock Early Warning Systems (LEWS) project under which this study was conceived and immensely supported. Thank you. I extend many thanks to Jay Angerer, Dr. Abdi Jama, Dr. Robert Kaitho, Clint Heath and Jim Bucher for the work on PHYGROW, Doug Tolleson for help with NIRS/NUTBAL, and Colin Shackelford for very willingly walking me through PC-ord software. Dr. Robert Blaisdell was always ready to help when I ran into a software problem. Fellow graduate students Laban Macopiyo, Negusse Kidane and Dr. Kosi Awuma were helpful in many ways. Data collection in the field was no easy task, but with the help of Charles Sudhe, John Kigongo, Henry Sempagala, Constantine Mwesige, Hannington Kajja and many others we were able to manage. I am grateful to all of you. I am indebted to the many farmers and extension officers of Nyabushozi County who willingly allowed me to work with them on their farms. Extension officers John P. Kitimbo and Wilson Bagatuzayo were particularly very helpful. Lastly, but not least, I appreciate the patience and daily prayers by my loving wife and children who have had to endure my long absence from home. Your prayers were not in vain. Surely, this is yet another good work of the almighty God. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………. v TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………. vii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………. xi LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………….. xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………... 1 Objectives…………………………………………………………... 2 Hypothesis……………………………………………….…………. 3 The study area…………………………………….……………….. 3 Location……………………………………………………….. 3 Topography and climate…………………………………….. 6 Vegetation…………………………………………………….. 7 Land use………………………………………………………. 8 Livestock production…………………………………………. 9 Production constraints……………………………………….. 11 General materials and methods ………………………………… 11 II LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………… 14 Weeds in grazing systems……………………………………….. 14 Highlights of past research in the pastoral system of south- western Uganda…………………………………………………… 14 Cymbopogon afronardus…………………………………….. 15 Forage species nutritive values, cattle diet selection and diet quality……………………………………………….. 17 Stocking rates, grazing systems and animal performance. 19 Acacia hockii and other woody species……………………. 20 Cause and extent of shrub expansion…………………………... 22 Increase in herbivory………………………………………… 23 Changes in fire regimes……………………………………... 24 viii CHAPTER Page Patch coalescence and reduction of rangeland rodents and insects …………………………………………………… 25 Changes in climate, drought and drought tolerance……… 25 Influence of woody species on rangeland hydrological processes…………………………………………………………... 26 Woody species and interception……………………………. 27 Woody species and evapotranspiration……………………. 28 Woody species, infiltration and runoff……………………… 29 Soil water balance……………………………………………. 30 Rangeland shrub and weed management……………………… 31 Mechanical control of shrubs……………………………….. 31 Chemical control of shrubs and weeds…………………….. 32 Biological control of shrubs and weeds……………………. 33 The role of prescribed burning in the control of shrubs and weeds ……………………………………………………. 34 Global climate change and the carbon sequestration view……………………………………………………………. 34 Stocking rate and carrying capacity……………………………... 35 Body condition scoring as a useful range livestock management tool………………………………………………….. 37 Biophysical modeling and the PHYGROW model…………… 38 III PASTORAL SYSTEMS OF SOUTH-WESTERN UGANDA: SPECIES ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION……………………… 41 Introduction…………………………………………………………. 41 Objectives…………………………………………………………... 42 Methodology……………………………………………………….. 43 Results……………………………………………………………… 48 Grasses prevalence………………………………………….. 49 Trees and shrubs prevalence……………………………….. 56 Forbs / herbs
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