YALE LAW JOURNAL.

A TENTATIVE CODIFICATION OF THE OLD TESTAMENT LAWS.

The Old Testament laws in their present form are a confusing labyrinth in which the modern reader who dares to enter is quick- ly lost. Civil, criminal, constitutional, humane and ceremonial regulations are mingled together with only an occasional attempt at systematic classification. Primitive and very late laws are also grouped together without distinction, so that it is almost impossible to trace the historical development of a given institution. The in- evitable result is that this large and exceedingly important legal lit- erature is practically a terra incognita to most -students of law and religion. The prevailing confusion is primarily due to the fact that these laws come from the East, where systematic arrangement is the exception rather than the rule. The -successive re-editing of the Old Testament books in which they are found has also increased the disorder. It is perfectly obvious, therefore, that before the Old Testament laws can be intelligently read and utilized by mod- em western readers, they must be systematically codified, (i) logi- cally, according to subject matter, and (2) chronologically, within each group. so that the enactments and usages of successive peri- ods can be studied in their true historical order. The work of logical, scientific classification is here especially difficult, since the Old Testament laws in their origin, character and aims, are fundamentally different from the codes with which we are to-day familiar. In many cases the Israelitish laws do not fit into any of the modern systems cf codification, all of which are derived from Roman sources. The peculiar genius' and content of the Old Testament codes must ever be regarded; and where, as in Exodus 21: 1 to 22:20 and in certain parts of Deuteronomy a gen- eral principle of classification is discernible, it should be followed. At the same time, modern accepted canons of classification must, as far as possible, be adopted if the best practical results are to be achieved. Fortunately the scientific Biblical scholarship of the past cen- tury has definitely distinguished the four or five great original codes that underlie the Old Testament legislation and has deter- mined the approximate date of each. While the decisions which CODIFICATION OF OLD TESTAMENT LAWS. 285

Moses rendered and the principles that he promulgated establish forever his position as the father of Israelitish law, the evidence is conclusive that the different codes gradually grew as new needs and new institutions developed in the life of the Hebrew nation. The theory which attributed all Israelitish laws to one man and generation first originated with the later Jewish scribes; but unfortunately it was generally accepted by the Christian Church, and for centuries has tendede to conceal the true character and his- torical relations of the different Old Testament codes. The oldest laws, found in Exodus 20:22 to 23 :i9, bear on their face the evidence of their antiquity. They assume as their basis a primitive nomadic and agricultural life and the simplest family anl tribal organization. While they were probably not committed to writing before the ninth or eighth centuries before Christ, they include many customary laws, which doubtless go back to the time of Moses and even earlier. They therefore represent th6 development of Israel's civil, humane and religious institutions between 12oo and o B. C., and may be appropriately de- signated as the Primitive Codes. The law book brought forth by the counsellors of King Josiah and by him made the basis of the sweeping reformation instituted in 612 B. C. constitutes the basis of the book of Deuteron- omy. This legal book includes many laws found in the primitive codes of Exodus 20 to 23; some of these earlier enactments it also modifies or reverses. The original law book of Josiah has also been supplemented by other regulations; but the laws found in Deut- eronomy, as a whole, evidently represent the growth of Israel's legal institutions between 8oo and 6oo B. C. In part contemporary with the Deuteronomic codes are a group of liws found in Levit- icus 7 to 26. Some of them are evidently very old; many of them were known to Ezekiel, who wrote between 592 and 572 B. C.; most of them appear to have been committed to writing early in the Babylonian exile. Since they constantly emphasize the obli- gation of Jehovah's people to be holy in act and ceremonial, the collection as a whole is known as the Holiness Code. The destruction of the temple at Jerusalem in 586 B. C. and the transportation of many of the Jewish priests to Babylonia gave them the leisure and a powerful incentive to edit and expand their laws and above all to record in permanent literary form the culto- mary usages and ceremonial institutions that had grown up about the pre-exile sanctuary. The priestly editors also improved the opportunity to correct defects in the older system and still further 286 YALE LA W JOURNAL.

to expand the ritual that it might meet the demands of the changed situation. Ezekiel's code in chapters 4o to 48 of his prophecy illus- trates this tendency. It proposes a new program for the restored Jewish community; and yet it is based on earlier ceremonial cus- toms. Many other priests in the leisure of the exile devoted them- selves to collecting and codifying older laws and formulating new ones. The ritual commanded their chief attention. The results of their labors are preserved in parts of Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers; the groups of laws that thus grew up between 6oo and 4oo B. C. are known as the Priestly Codes. At the request of the editors of the YALE LAw JOURNAL NAL the following tentative codification of the Old Testament laws is submitted for criticism and suggestion. The classification, when revised, will be made the basis of the fourth volume of my Stu- dent's Old Testament, which will include a new translation of the laws, with introductions and notes. Charles F oster Zent. A TENTATIVE CODIFICATION OF OLD TESTAMENT LAWS. 207

PERSONAL AND FAMILY Classification and Approximate Dates of the Codes 1200-8oo B.C. 8oo-6oo B.C. 700-550 B.C. 6oo-4oo B.c. LAWS I Primitive Deutero- I Holiness Priestl A. PERSONAL RELATIONAND Codes no nic Codes Code Codes CONDITION I. Parents and Children r. Honor and Obedience Due Parents Ex. 2115,17 Dt. 516 Lv. 193a 2012* 2118-21 2020a 2716 2. Father and Unmarried Daughter Nu. 303-5 l1. Marriage Relation Nu. 512-7 Husband and Wife Ex. 217-11 Dt. 2110-14 r. 306-8,12-15 2. Illigitimate Marriage Dt. 2230 Lv. 186-18,24 2720,2,23 2011.r14-17- 19-1I 3. Marriage with Aliens Ex. 3412,15,16 Dt. 71-6 Nu. 256-15 4. Marriage with Female Captive Dt. 2110-14 5. Marriage of Priests Lv. 217,1815 6. Marriage after Seduction Ex. 2216 Dt. 222 -29 7. Levirate Marriage Dt. 255-10 8. Laws of Divorce Gn. 218,A23,4 Dt. 2114 Ex. 217-10 2219,28-29 241-4 III. Masters and Hired Servants Dt. 2414,15 1913b2561 Ex. 1245

IV. Masters and Slaves r. Enslavement of Israelites and 2 Aliens Lv.253,40,4 Lv.2544,46 2. Permanent Slavery Ex. 215-6 Dt, 1516-17 3. Sale of Slaves Ex. 217-8 4. Manumission of Slaves Ex. 212-4,26, Dt. 1512-15,18 Lv. 2510 27 Lv. 2547-55 5. Redemption of Slaves 6. Reception of Fugitive Slaves Dt. 2315-16 Ex. 2 1 M21, 7. Penalty for Injury to Slaves 2r-27 8. Reparation for Injury to Slaves Ex. 2132 9. Religious Privileges of Slaves Dt. 1217-18 Ex. 1244 1610-11 Nu. 1515-16, V. Resident Aliens Ex. 2221 Dt. 2719 Lv. 1 910,33,84 29-31 239 233-7,20 178-10 3515 B. RIGHTS OF PROPERTY I. Restoration of Lost Property Ex. 224-5 Dt. 221-4 1i. Reparation for Damage to Property Ex. 212&3-6 Lv. 2418,21 226-15 61-5 Ill. Theory of Ownership of Land Lv. 2523 IV. Conveyance of Real Property Lv. 2515,16.34 Lv. 2524-27.29 V. Redemption of Hereditary Land 32 Lv. 2513.28. VI. Reversion of Hereditary Land 31b.33 Nu. 363-4 VII. Rights of lnheritanoe of Primogeniture Dt. 2115-17 i. Law 255-6 2. Legal Heirs Nu 271-11 3. Heiress to Marry within Tribe Nu. 361-12 YALE LAW JOURNAL.

Classification and Approximate Dates of the Codes. CONSTITUTIONAL LAWS 6 o200-800BC. S. oo B . C. 700-550 B. C. So4oo s. c. A. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Primitive Deutero- Holiness Priestly Codes nomic Codes Code Codes 1. Qualification for Citizenship Dt. 231-8 Nu. 11-8 Ii. The Census 314-15 41.8,, ,2,80 II. Division of the Land Josh. 182-10 Nu. 262-88 1947 3354 3413-15 IV. Rulers in General Ex. 2228 V. The Kingship Dt. i 714-20 B. MILITARY REG ULA TIONS I. Organization of the Army Nu. 12,8 . Legal Age of Service 262

2. Exemptions from Service Dt. 205-8 Nu. 149 245 238 3. Officers Dt. 209 II. Ceremonial gleanliness of Army Dr. 239-14D9 -1 t 4N . 2 Nu.u . 51-810 9 31 s III. Manner of Attack Dt. 201-4,10-12 Nn. 317-1 IV. The Spoils of War I. Sam. 302- Dt. 2010-20 3871,2,16X-24 2110-14 C. THE JUDICIARY I. Appointment of Judges Ex. 1812-26 Dt. 1618 2418-14 II. Duties of Judges Ex. 236,8 Dt. i 618-20 Lv. 1915,85 116-17 2725211-9 251-2 Ill, The Supreme Court of Appeal Dt. 178-11 Nu. 3522-25 IV. Number of Witnesses Required to Convict DL 1915176a Nu. 3580 V. Duties of Witnesses Ex. 231-2 D. 520177a Lv. 1918 2016 Nu. 51 VI. Punishment of False Witnesses Dt. 1916-21 Vii. Execution of Judicial Sentenioe Dt. 25-3 Vilii. Punishment for Contempt of Court Dt. 17r12- IX. Object of Cities of Refuge Ex. 2112-14 Dt. 191-1 Nu 359-82 441-43 D. PUBLIC INSTRUCTION Dt. 271-4,8 1. Publishing the Law Josh. 880-02 H. Public Reading of the Law josh.D. 3110-18 8" Ill. Instruction of Children Dt. 66-7,20-25 118-21 CRIMINAL LAWS 1. Crimes Against Jehovah z. Worshiping other Gocls Ex. 34142220 Dt. 57614-16 324,82,18b 819-m I 116-17,26-28 3017-18 172-7 4 TENTATIVE CODIFICATION OF OLD TESTAMENT LAWS. 289

CRIMINAL LAWS Classifleation and Approximate Dates-of the Codes. 12o-800 B. C. 8oo-6oo B. C. 700-50 B. C. 600-400 B. C. (Continued) Primitive Deutero. Holiness Priestly I. Crimes Against Jehovah Codes nomic Codes Code Codes 2. Apostasy Ex. 3417 Dt. 131-18 3. Idolatry 203344 D. 5G-10 Lv. 194261 1621-2 75122-32715 41-M 4. Divination and Sorcery Ex. 2218 D. 189.14 Lv. 188,24 202 ,27 1926b,81 206 S. Sacrifice of Children to Heathen Gods Dr. 1229-81 Lv. 1821a 1810a 202,3 Lv. 204- 6. Blasphemy Ev.. 22280207 Dt. 511 Lv. 1912 1821b Lv. 241o-14,24 2410,16 7. False Prophecy Dt. 131-5 1819-22 8. Desecration of Sacred Things Lv. 19303228 Lv. 720,21 Nu, 417-20 1822 9. Labor on the Sabbath Ex. 342,2312 Dt. 512-15 Lv. 198 838 318b 208-11 Ex. 352,3 31I18-17 Crimes Against the State Nu. 15a2-36 U. 5 r. Bribery Ex. 238 DL 16193272 2. Perjury Ex. 2016 Dt.520 1916-21 Lv. 1912 3. Perverting Justice Ex. 231-3.6-7 Dt. 1619a. Lv. 1915,35a Lv. 51-4 4. Defiance of the Law DL 1712-13 Nu. 158"1-8 Il. Crimes against Morality and Decency z. Adultery Ex. 2014 DL 518 Lv. 18202010 Nu. 512b-31 2222-24 2, Ex. 2216-17 Dt. 2228,29 Lv. 1920-22 Seduction Dt. 2280 Lv. 186-18 3. Unlawful Marriage 2011,12.14,17, 2720,22,28 19-21 4. €Sodomy Dr. 2317,18 Lv. 18222018 5. Bestiality Ex. 2919 Dt. 2721 Lv. 18232011, 18102018 6. Prostitution Dt 2317.18 Lv, 1929219 2218-21 7. Immodesty of Women D. 2511,12 8. Interchange of Dress Dt. 225 9. Unnatural Mixtures Dt. 229-11 Lv. 1919 io. Kidnapping Ex. 2116 Dt. 247 ii. Covetousness Ex. 2017 DL 521 12. Lying Lv. 1911 IV. Crimes against the Person x. Dishonoring Parents Ex. 2117 Dt.5182 118-21 Lv. 198a209 2716 2. Murder Ex. 2018 Dt.5171911 :18 Lv. 2417,21b Gen. 954 21 V14,20-21 Nu. 3514-34 3. Assault Ex. 2115,18-z Dt. 2724 Lv. 2419 4. Personal Injury Ex. 2128-3 DL 2225-27 S Rape - 6. Wronging the Defenseless Ex. 2221 24 D. 2414-15 Lv. 1914"3 239 2718,19 7. Slander Ex. 231a Lv. 1916 YALE LA W JOURNAL.

CRIMINAL LAWS Classification and Approximate Dates of the Codes 1200-800 H.C. Soo-6oo 0. C. 700.550 0.C. 600-400 0. a. (Continued) Primitive Deutero- Holiness Priestly V. Crimes against Property Codes nomic Codes Code Codes x. Theft Ex. 2015 Dt.5192324,25 Lv. 1911713b Lv. 62-7 221-4 2. False Weights and Measures Dt. 251S-16 Lv. 1935-r, 3. Land Stealing Dt. 19142717 4. Damage by Fire Ex. 226 5. Trespass Ex. 225

HUMANE LAWS 1. Kindness towards Animals x. The Threshing Ox. Ex. 2310,11 Dt. 254 2. Wild Animals Ex. 2212 Lv. 255.7 3. Beasts of Burden 4. The Mother and her Young Dt. 226,7 Lv. 2227,28 II. Consideration for the Unfortunate i. In Taking Pledges Dt. 2410.11 2. Return of Garments Taken in Pledge Dt. 2412,13 3. Not to Take Mill-stone in Pledge Dt. 246 4. Precaution against Accident Dt. 228 Ill. Treatment of Dependent Classes i. Hired Servants DL 2414.15 Lv. 1913b Ex. 2312 Dt. 1512-15,18 Lv. 2539,40a 2. Slaves 4.3 3. Captives Dt. 2 110-14 4. The Defenseless Ex. 2222 Dt. 2411,18 2719 S. The Poor Ex. 236 Dt. 157-11 Lv. 2535 IV. Various Philanthropic Provisions for the Needy x. Leaving the Gleanings Dt. 2419,22 Lv. 199,10 2322 2. Sharing Offerings Dt. 1610-12 2611 3. Distributfon of the Tithe Dt. 1428-29 1612,13 4. Remission of Interest Ex. 2225 Dt. 2319,20 Lv. 2535-38 OBLIGATIONS TO JEHOVAH i. National x. To Abstain from Apostasy and Idolatry Ex. 3414-17 Dt. 57.10 Lv. 261 201-5,22.23 614-15 2715 2. To Abstain from Heathen Rites Dt. 189 Lv. 1832023 1229"31 19r.28 141.2 3. To Abolish Heathen Shrines Ex. 3412,13 Dt. 122,3 2324 75-25 4. To Preserve the Law Dt. 42 5. To Study and Remember the Law Dt. 49-1466,7 II 18z 6. To Wear Constant Reminders of the Law Dt. 68,9 Nu. 1537 41 1 118b-20 2212 A TENTATIVE CODIFICATION OF OLD TESTAMENT LAWS. 291

OBLIGATIONS TO JEHOVAH Classification and Approximate Dates of the Codes. o oo8oo B. C. s. c ooo-6oo. 600-400B. C., (continued)Pri ive Deutero- Holiness Priestly I. Natlhai Codes nomic Codes Code 'Codes 7. To follow its Commands Dt. 51,A33 Lv. 1 84,5,26 68a,17 1919a,37 711-1281,11-14 2018,22 1012,13 I 11,8,9,32 2616,1745,6 2710,263015,10 8. To Make no Heathen Alliances Ex.3412,1i3,15, Dt. 71.4 16 2331-33 9. To be a Holy Nation Ex. 2231a 196 Dt. 76142,21c Lv. 1824,25 18132616-19 1922026 289,10 II Individual Dt. 410529 Lv. 1939c Y. Reverence 62,18,2486 1012,20134 14231719 3112,13 Dt. 610,12 2. Gratitude 810,19 3. Loyalty Ex. 34142313 DL 56,7 4. Obedience Dt.617,181 016 308-10 5. Love Dt. 64,5 1012,13 I 11,13-15 3015,16,19,20 Lv. 2555 6. Service Ex. 2325 Dt.6131012,20I 113,15

CEREMONIAL LAW A. SACRED OBJECTS AND SHRINES I. The Original Tent of Meeting Ex. 335-11 II. Post Exilic Conception of the Tent of Meeting or Tabernacle x. The Tabernacle Proper Ex. 251-18 261-3 Ex. 25-0 2. Its Furnishings 271.8 Nu. 84 Ex. 3017-21,1-6 Ex. 2 63-36 Ex. 263-30 3. Its Court Ex. 279-19 4. Its Service Ex. 2530 Lv. 24r-9 Ex. 2720,21 Shrines Lv. 241-4 Il1, Pre-Exilic Ex. 2938,42 307-10 x. The Ark Nu. 1033-86 Dt. 101-4 Josh. 363,1, 3 Ex. 251- Places of 14 2. Ancient Altars and Sacrifice Ex. 2024-26 Dt. 275-7 YALE LAW JOURNAL.

CEREMONIAL LAW Classifica ion and Approximate Dates of the Codes :zOO-8OO w, C: 8o-6oo B. C. 7o-5o7. B.C. 6oo-400 C. (Continued) Primitive D entero- Holiness Priestly Ill. Pre-Exilic Shrines Codes nomic Codes Code Codes I. K. 6,713-51 3. Solomon's Temple 4. Later Law of the Central Sanc- tuary Dt. 1213-21,26-8 Lv. 173-9 142%w 2626 1519,20 Ex. 258 165,63110,11 121-12 IV. Ezekiel's Temple Ezk. 406-w i. Outer Gates and Courts Ezk. 402847 2. Inner Courts 4318-17 Ezk. 4048- 3. The Temple and its Adjuncts 4126 Ezk. 421-14 4. Other Buildings 4619-24

B. SACRED OFFICIALS IN THE PRE-EXILIC HEBREW STA TE

the Sons of Levi I. The Priests, Ex. 322 -29 Dt. 108 i. Call of the Tribe of Levi Dt. 338a,10 Dt. 1917215 2. Duties 178-13 1 0 8 185-7319 26143125-26 211-5248-9 202-4 Dt. 1211,12,17- 3. Means of Support 19 142P-2 1610-151 81-8 Dt I8IAS 4. Property 108,9 Josh. 926-27 [i. Slaves of the Sanctuary

C. SACRED OFFICIALS IN EZEKIEL'S HIERARCHY Ezk.446- 4517 D. THE POST EXILIC HIER- ARCHY

I. Traditions Regarding its Origin Nu. 35-10 171-11 II. The Levites 181.7 Nu. 824-2 z. Legal Age of Service Nu. 85-22 2. Consecration Nu.3 5-9 181-6 3. Duties 82 426l7-53 325-3V44,5,15, 4. Property and Means of Support Nu. 18321,24 31 280M47 351-8 Lv. 2529-N A TENTATIVE CODIFICATION OF OLD TESTAMENT LAWS. 293

Classification and Approximate Dates of the Codes CEREMONIAL LAW o200-800 B. C. 600-400 B. C. Primitive Deutro- Holiness Priestly (Continued) Codes I odes Code Codes Ill. The Priests X. Qualifications Lv. 2116-24 2. Consecration Lv. 86 Ex. 29125,35, 36 Lv. 4012,14,15 3. Clothing Lv. 813 Ex. 284043 298,94014 4. Ceremonial Cleanliness Lv. 211-8 Lv. I 08,9,6,1 221-9 Ex. 3017-21 5. Authority over the Levites Nu. 0D,,9 181a2a 427,29 a 6. Duties Nu. 1812,5,7 45-16 Lv. 31761 Lv. 21 9,14-16 10101113-14 7. Means of Support Lv. 2315-20 1Nu. 1820 Lv. 711-14,28- 36 1 014,15 Ex. 2927-28 Nu. 189,10 Lv. 624-26 Lv. 71-7511.-1 7821-8614-18 101277,9,10 Nu. 619-20 18M3259-10 18,11,14,19 1520 Lv. 271-29 Nu. 1812,18,15-18 Lv. 248 Nu. 56-8 3125-29 Nu. 1881-82 IV. The High Priest - 2 x Consecration Lv. 620 8 Ex. 291-7 40123 2. Clothing Ex. 282-39 391-a 3. Ceremonial Cleanliness Lv. 2 110-15 108-11 4. Duties Ex. 2829,80 Lv. 16 Ex. 3010 E. REGULA TIONS REGARDING CEREMONIAL CLEANLINESS i. Food z. Clean and Unclean Animals Dt. 148-20 Lv. 2025,26 Lv. 111-28,26, 27,29,80,41-47 2. Blood and Fat Dt. 1216,23-25 Lv. 1710-14 Lv. 317723-25 1523 1926a Gen. 94 YALE LAW JOURNAL.

Classification and Approximate Datos of the Codes 20o-8oo r. c 800o600 B. c. 7o-550 B.c. 600-400 2. C. CEREMONIAL LAW Primitive Deutero- Holiness Priestly I. Food Codes nomic Codes Code Code 3. Flesh of Animals Torn Ex. 2231 Dt. 1421a Lv. 228,9175 Lv. 724 4. Meat Ceremonially Unclean Lv. 719a 5. Leaven Bread Ex. 3425a Ex. 1218-20 2318a 6. Fruit of Young Trees Lv. 19-5 7. Rules Regarding the Eating of Meat Dt. 1215,20-z, Lv. 173-9 Lv. 715-18 195-8 2210-16 II. Causes and Purification of Ceremo- nial Uncleanness i. Loathsome Diseases Dt. 248 Lv. 224a Lv. 1345,46 Nu. 514 Lv. 1415 2. Childbirth Lv. 121-8 3. Contact with the Dead Dt. 3122,23 Nu. 191121 3119 4. With Carcasses of Unclean Animals Lv. 52 S. With Persons Ceremonially Un- I 18,24-27.31-40 clean Nu. 1912 Lv. 58 Lv. 156-12,19- 27 6. With Spoils of War Nu. 3120-24 III. Special Law of the Nazarites and Priests Lv. 211-15 Nu. 62b4-12 222-9 F. THE LA WOF CIRCUMCISION Gen. 172-14 214 Lv. 128 Ex. 1248 G. THE SACRED DUES I. First-born Sons Ex. 3419av,2w Ex. 132 2298 311-18,44-1 I 311,12c,13c-1s 816-18 If. First-born of the Flock and Herd Ex.3419020a,b D. 1423-27 Nu. 1815-18 1311-182280 1519-22 Lv. 2726,27 li. First Fruits Ex. 34%a Dr. 261-11 Lv. 1924 Nu. 1518-21 2319a 184 2310-11 Lv. 214-16 IV. Tithes Dt. 14W2-29 Lv. 270-33 2612-15 Nu. 1826-82 V. Poll Tax Ex. 30M16 V1. Voluntary Offerings Ex. 34Wc Dt. 1610-17 Lv. 2218,19 2229a 12- VII. Things Vowed or Devoted DL 2321-2 ,1 Nu. 62-21 1210-V2X Lv. 271-29 Vill. Spoils of War Nu. 312 5-54 H. SACRIFICIAL OFFERINGS Lv. 12 ,8 I. Animals Suitable for Sacrifice D. 1521171 2219-a II. Different forms of Offering x. Ordinary Animal Sacrifice Ex. 10.25 DL 125,6,11,12 Lv. 31-7 1818 2. The Holocaust Gen. 820 Dt. 125.6,11, Lv. 18-1768-1s Ex. 2024 274 Dt. 278 A TENTATIVE CODIFICiITION OF OLD TESTAMENT LAWS. 295

CEREMONIAL LAWS Classification and Approximate Dates of Codes 1200-800 B.C. Boo-600 B. C. 70 0 B.C. I600-400 B. C (Continued) Primitijze Deutero- Holiness Priestly II. Different Forms of Offering Codes nomlo Codes Code Codes

3, Cereal Offerings Ex. 3425a Nu. 151-16 2318a Lv. 22b-16 619.23 4. Drink Offerings Gen. 2818 Lv. 2318 3514 Ex. 2940-42 Nu. 155,7,10 5. Showbread Lv. 245-9 6. Incense Ex. 307-9 Ill. Different Kinds of Offerings 31SIQ r. Peace Offerings Dt. 12P,17,26 Lv. 2221-25, Lv. 31-17 29,80 711-21,28-34 Lv. 195-8 2. Guilt Offerings Lv. 192D0-22 31-17 Lv. 514-19 61-7 Nu. 5M- Lv. 71-7 Nu. 189 3. Sin Offerings Lv. 51-13 Nu. 1522-31 Lv. 41-3 814,15 97-111016-20 624-30 4. Yearly Sin Offering Lv. 181-28 5. The Red Heifer Nu. 191-22 3121-24 6. Leprosy Offerings Lv. 142-52 7. Jealousy Offerings Nu. 511-31 8. Daily Sacrifice Nu. 281-8 Ex. 29342 307,8 . THE PRE-EXILIC SACRED CALENDAR

I.Passover Ex. 3425b Dt. 161,2,4b-7 2318b II. Sabbath 1 221-23,25-27a Ex. 34212312 Dt. 512-15 Ill. The Three Annual Festivals 208-11162-30 Ex. 3423 Dt. 1616,17 z. Feast of Unleaven bread 2314-17 Ex. 34182315 -Dt. 163,48 2. Feast of Weeks or Harvest 133-10 Ex. 3422a Dt. 169-11 2316a 3. Feast of Ingathering or Taber- nacles Ex. 342M Dt. 1613-15 IV. Sabbatical 2316b Year Ex. 2310,11 Dt. 151-6 2110-13 J. SACRED CALENDAR OF THE POST EXILIC HIERARCHY

I. New Moon Nu. 2811-15 YALE LA W JOU.RNAL.

CEREMONIAL LAWS Classification and Approximate Dates of the Codes 1s00-800 B. C. 800-600 B. cB. C. 600-400 B. C. (Continued) Primttive Deutero- Holiness Priestly Codes nomic Codes Code Codes II. Sabbath Lv. ! 9j3,3o Ex. 351- 262 Gen.31 1,17 2!8 Lv. 238 Ex. 1611-31 Nu. 15 ,. 289,10 III. Feast of the Passover and Unleaven Bread Lv. 235 Ex. i 21-14,43- Nu. 91 14 Lv. 23-8 Nu. 2816-25 Ex. 121s-2D IV. Feast of Weeks or First Fruits Lv. 231ob-2i Nu. 286-3l V. Feast of Trumpets (New Year's Day) Lv. 2323-2 Nu. 291-6 Lv. 161-84 VI. Day of Atonement 23 Nu. 297-11 Ex. 3010 Lv. 2339-44 VII. Feast of Tabernacles 33-6 Nu. 291.M8 VIII. The Sabbatical Year Lv.251-7,2o-22 2627W,43 IX. The Year of Jubilee Lv. 258-19,23- 84,89-42,47-M3

Charles Foster Kent.