Supplemental Technical Memorandum – Cultural Resources

SUPPLEMENTAL TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM – CULTURAL RESOURCES

TO: City of Santa Ana, Planning and Building Agency (Mr. Vince Fregoso)

FROM: URS Corporation

SUBJECT: Eligibility Assessment of 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, California; TAVA Development Company Project

ATTACHMENTS:

Past Studies Project Area Maps Project Plans Historic Research Record Search Site Conditions DPR 523 Series Update Forms

December 15, 2011

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This technical memorandum was prepared by URS Corporation (URS) at the request of the City of Santa Ana (City), to review previous studies and evaluations of the property at 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, California, conduct additional historic research, and evaluate the property for eligibility for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) and Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties (SARHP), and as a historical resource for purposes of CEQA. URS concluded that the property does not appear to be eligible under any of the CRHR criteria and therefore is not recommended as eligible for listing the CRHR; however, the property appears to be eligible for listing in the SARHP under Condition 6 for its status as a building or structure that was associated with the citrus orchard business, which was once common but is now rare due to the conversion of most of the City’s historic orange orchards to residential and commercial use by the mid- to late twentieth century.

INTRODUCTION

In July 2011, the City circulated for public comment the Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR) for the proposed TAVA Development Company Project (Applicant). The DEIR concluded that the historic- age residence and associated orchard in the project was not eligible for listing in the CRHR or SARHP, and consequently as a historical resource for purposes of CEQA. The DEIR was available for public comments from July 27 to October 10, 2011. During the public comment period, the City received comments from concerned parties requesting that the historic-age residence and orange grove within the project be re-evaluated as eligible for listing in the CRHR and SARHP, and consequently as a historical resource for purposes of CEQA. An extension to the public comment period was made to allow for additional time for the City to review the Cultural Resources technical appendix. Subsequently, the City concluded that a technical memorandum should be completed to re-evaluate the property for eligibility for listing in the CRHR and the SARHP and to re-analyze the project’s effects for purposes of CEQA should the property be determined a historical resource for purposes of CEQA.

The proposed project consists of the development and construction of 24 single-family residences on approximately five acres (see attached Project Area Maps). The project is located within the Single Family Residential (R-1) zoning district with a General Plan designation of Low Density Residential (LR- 7). Furthermore, the project proposes a vesting tentative tract map to subdivide the site into 24 parcels for single-family residences with living areas ranging from 2,340 to 2,777 square feet. The project proposes two variances for reduced street frontages for Lot 7 from 50 feet to 38 feet, and for Lot 8 from 50 feet to 45 feet. The project site is located at 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue, in the northeastern portion of the City of Santa Ana, County of Orange. The property is bounded roughly by East Santa Clara Avenue to the north, Portola Park on the east, East Avalon Avenue on the south, and Concord Street on the west. Photographs, plans, and maps depicting the project are attached.

This Technical Memorandum has been prepared in conformance with CEQA (California Public Resources Code Section 21000 et seq.), California CEQA Guidelines (California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Section 15000 et seq.) and the applicable rules, procedures, and regulations for implementing CEQA, as adopted by the City.

METHODS AND BACKGROUND RESEARCH

URS investigators reviewed the record search results reported in Padon and Marvin (2008), completed an updated record search, reviewed and incorporated relevant portions of the previous studies of the property, conducted additional historic research, and referenced standard guidance and technical guidelines by the National Park Service and Caltrans for the evaluation of orchard property types and agricultural properties.

Record Search Results

As part of this investigation, URS reviewed the records search completed by Padon and Marvin (2008) for the project and, subsequently, URS performed an updated record search in December 2011 to identity any previously recorded cultural resources or investigations that have been completed in the project or a half-mile search radius since 2008. Combined, the 2008 and 2011 records searches identified one previously recorded cultural resources in the project area (Sexlinger Residence, P-30-179880), and two previously recorded cultural resources in the half-mile search radius (Nunn House, SARHP #114 and Hasenyager House, SARHP #1151). The records searches identified one previous investigation in the project area (OR-3529, Padon and Marvin 2008) and five previous investigations in the half-mile search radius (OR-02024, Padon 1999; OR-02451, Huard-Spencer 2002; OR-02452, Huard-Spencer 2002; OR- 02704, Harper 2002; OR-03096, Thane 2001). More detail regarding the record searches is provided below and attached.

Padon and Marvin (2008) conducted a records search of the project site and a half-mile radius at the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC) in 2008. The SCCIC did not report records of cultural resources previously identiﬁed within the project area boundaries, and one record of a resource

1 The SCCIC reports this property on resource maps as P‐30‐176736; however, that identifier is for a property more than a half‐mile outside the half‐mile search radius at 507 Fee Ana St., Placentia, CA, based on a review of the DPR 523 site form for P‐30‐176736. (the Hasenyager House) within a half-mile radius of the project area. The Hasenyager House, located at 2139 North Grand Avenue, is listed in the SARHP (#116), and has been evaluated as potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP and CRHR. Padon and Marvin reported three cultural resource surveys that had been conducted within one-mile radius of the project area (Cason and Huey 1993, Drover 1976, and Padon 20012).

URS conducted a record search update in December 2011 of the project site and a half-mile radius at the SCCIC (see attached Record Search). In addition to the one resource identified by Padon and Marvin (2008) within the half-mile search radius, one new resource was reported in the project area since 2008: P-30-179880, Sexlinger Residence. No new cultural resources have been recorded in the half-mile radius. The SCCIC reported one new investigation that has occurred in the project area since 2008: OR- 3529 (Padon and Marvin 2008). The three cultural resource surveys reported by Padon and Marvin (2008) were not relocated within the half-mile radius in SCCIC records; however, the SCCIC reported in 2011 that five investigations have occurred within the half-mile radius (OR-02024, Padon 1999; OR- 02451, Huard-Spencer 2002; OR-02452, Huard-Spencer 2002; OR-02704, Harper 2002; OR-03096, Thane 2001).

In addition to completing a record search at the SCCIC, Padon and Marvin (2008) reviewed the following inventories to identify historical resources in the project area:

• Ofﬁce of Historic Preservation Historic Property Directory (12/03/07);

• California Inventory of Historic Resources (1976);

• California Historical Landmarks (CHL) (1990 et seq.);

• California Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) (May 1992 et seq.);

• County of Orange Historical Landmarks (1976); and

• City of Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties (SARHP) (2007).

The property was not listed on the above inventories. Within a half-mile search radius, Padon and Marvin (2008) reported the Hasenyager House at 2139 North Grand Avenue as listed in the SARHP as a Landmark (SARHP #116), which had also been identified by the SCCIC. The closest County of Orange Historical Landmarks, No. 54 and No. 55, were both campsites for Gaspar de Portolá’s 1769 expedition, and are more than a half-mile from the project.

URS reviewed the databases of the NRHP, CRHR, CHL, or CHPI, SARHP, and County of Orange Landmarks in December 2011 to identify any historical resources that may have been added to these inventories since 2008. URS identified one additional SARHP-listed property in the half-mile search radius: the Nunn House at 1414 East Fairhaven Avenue, which is listed as a “Key” property (SARHP #114). There are no new listings for Orange County since 2008 on the NRHP, CRHR, CHL, CHPI, or County of Orange Landmarks.

2 The full references for these reports could not be provided by Discovery Works, Inc. Padon and Marvin (2008) performed a paleontological records review at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County for the proposed project (Padon and Marvin 2008). No fossil remains were identified for the proposed project site. The nearest paleontological localities were identified in the City of Orange.

Previous Evaluations of the Property

Two studies have evaluated the residence and orange grove for eligibility for listing in the CRHR and the SARHP since 2007. One study concluded the property was eligible (Heumann and Howell-Ardila 2007) and one concluded that the property was not eligible (Padon and Marvin 2008). These studies are attached to this memo and summarized below.

In 2007, a Memorandum for the Record was prepared by Sapphos Environmental Inc. (Heumann and Howell-Ardila 2007) for the proposed project. The memo assessed the eligibility of the residence and orange grove in the project, based on a site inspection and historic research. The memo concluded that the property appeared to be eligible for listing in the CRHR and the SARHP as one of the last remaining examples of Santa Ana’s history as an important orange-growing region (CRHR under Criterion 1 - “associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history or the cultural heritage of California or the United States” and the SARHP under Criterion 6 - “buildings or structures that were connected with a business or use that was once common but is now rare”). The Initial Study (May 2011) for the proposed project incorporated these findings.

However, in 2008, Discovery Works, Inc. and Foothill Resources, Ltd. prepared the Cultural Study Report, Empire Homes Project, (Tentative Tract Map 17231), 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, Orange County, California (Padon and Marvin 2008) based on an archaeological records review conducted at the South Central Coastal Information Center, a paleontological records review at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, an archaeological and architectural field survey, and historic research. Padon and Marvin evaluated the property as not eligible for listing in the CRHR or SARHP, concluding that while the property was associated with the development of the citrus industry in the early decades of the twentieth century, small citrus operations did not play a significant role in the development of Santa Ana, either physically or culturally. The Draft EIR (July 2011) for the proposed project incorporated these findings. Copies of past studies are attached.

Historic Research

Padon and Marvin (2008) performed archival and oral-history research for the project area in the following repositories:

• City of Santa Ana, Planning Department;

• Orange County Archives, Santa Ana;

• Santa Ana History Room, Santa Ana Public Library, Santa Ana;

• Discovery Works, Los Alamitos; and

• Foothill Resources, Murphys. Padon and Marvin’s research focused on examining historical maps, written histories, the ofﬁcial records of Orange County, and census data to determine ownership, use, and dates of occupation for the residence within the study area. Oral interviews provided details about the property use and its history. Persons interviewed included local residents and historians Chris Jepson of the Santa Ana Archives; Carolyn Schoff, Board of Directors, Orange County Historical Society; Phil Brigandi, Historian; Skip Burch, former grounds supervisor; and Chad Brown, current property owner.

In December 2011, URS investigators completed supplemental research at the at the City of Santa Ana Public Library; Orange County Assessor Department; Orange County Department of Archives; City of Santa Ana, Permits and Plan Check Section; Orange County Clerk-Recorder Department; and numerous online resources (e.g., Calisphere – A World of Digital Resources, National Map – Historical Topographic Map Collection, Online Archive of California, ProQuest for Los Angeles Times articles). Researchers obtained several historic-period topographic maps, tract maps, and aerial photographs from various repositories. The research provided insight into the historic contexts and themes of the area and specific information concerning the potential cultural resources within the APE (e.g., date of construction, historic landownership) (see attached Historic Research).

Review of Standard Guidance and Technical Guidelines

In December 2011, URS investigators reviewed the following publications:

 California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). Historical Context and Archaeological Research Design for Agriculture Properties in California. Sacramento, CA: Caltrans.  McClelland, Linda Flint, J. Timothy Keller, Genevieve P. Keller, and Robert Z. Melnick. National Register Bulletin 30: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes. Washington D.C.: National Park Service, 1989, Revised 1999.  Birnbaum, Charles A. Preservation Brief 36: Protecting Cultural Landscapes, Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes. Washington D.C.: National Park Service (NPS), 1994.  Dolan, Susan. Fruitful Legacy: a Historic Context of Orchards in the United States, with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in the National Register of Historic Places. Washington D.C.: National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, Pacific West Regional Office, Cultural Resources, Park Historic Structures and Cultural Landscapes Program, 2009.

Of note, several of the above publications are considered standard guidance and technical guidelines by the National Park Service for the evaluation of certain resources and property types, specifically National Register Bulletin 30: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes; Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes; and, Preservation Brief 36: Protecting Cultural Landscapes, Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes. These publications are available free-of-charge to the general public, made available by the Federal Government, and can be found on a variety of federal and state agency websites, including the California Office of Historic Preservation.

The Fruitful Legacy: a Historic Context of Orchards in the United States, with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in the National Register of Historic Place was not available at the time of the original 2008 evaluation, and is a limited publication that is not readily available by any federal and state agency on the internet. Though published by the NPS, this context is not similar to the NPS National Register Bulletin and Preservation Brief series noted above.

Notably, the NPS guidance is particular to the application of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) criteria and integrity considerations and adherence to its guidance is not required for a CEQA project; however, NPS guidance is generally considered the professional standard for historic preservation in the United States and is therefore referenced in this memo to enhance and augment the original evaluation.

HISTORIC CONTEXT

The City of Santa Ana is located within the historic boundaries of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, which was granted to Jose Antonio Yorba and his nephew Juan Pablo Peralta in 1810 by the King of Spain. The land grant was 78, 941 acres (Padon and Marvin 2008). After the Mexican-American War ended in 1848 and California became a state in 1851, most of the Spanish and Mexican-era ranchos were broken apart and sold. The Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana was partitioned and gradually sold beginning in 1867 and 1868 (City of Orange N.d.).

In 1869, William Henry Spurgeon founded Santa Ana (named after the rancho) on a portion of a 750-acre parcel of rancho land that Jacob Ross, Sr. had purchased from the Yorba family. The new settlement was divided into 24 blocks with ten lots each, bound by First Street on the south, West Street (Broadway) on the west, Seventh Street on the north, and Spurgeon Street on the east (Goddard and Goddard 1988). The city was incorporated on June 1, 1886, with a population of 2,000 residents. The following March, it was reincorporated under the Municipal Corporation Act, after an additional 500 residents joined the city (Goddard and Goddard 1988). The subject property was annexed by the City of Santa Ana in 1888 although it remained on the City’s outskirts, as the adjacent land to the north and east were not annexed until the 1960s and 1970s (Padon and Marvin 2008). Santa Ana was selected as the County Seat after Orange County formed in 1889. By the 1890 census, the population of Santa Ana was 3,628. Although the surrounding area was rural, Fourth Street in Santa Ana had become a thriving commercial center by the end of the nineteenth century, with two-story brick buildings housing stores, banks, and professional ofﬁces (Marsh 1994:67).

The Santa Ana Valley, with its rich Placentia Sandy Adobe soil and inexpensive land, was ideal for the development of agriculture surrounding the City center in the late nineteenth century. Grapes were the area’s first staple crop in the 1870s and 1880s, and were followed by apricots, walnuts, avocados, and citrus. Albert B. Chapman, one of the founders of the City of Orange, imported the first Valencia orange trees to California in 1880. The trees were planted on five acres by Richard Gilman of Placentia, and this became the first commercial Valencia orange orchard in California (Padon and Marvin 2008:14). Though walnuts had previously been the banner crop of Orange County, in 1890 the City of Santa Ana shipped approximately 45,000 boxes of citrus to other cities (Marsh 1994).

Many Southern California communities grew into important towns because of oranges. These communities were filled with new settlers who came to Southern California from distant places. They came by railroad rather than covered wagon, and in greater numbers and at faster rates than their pioneer predecessors. They were the type of people who could afford to buy a railroad ticket–merchants, bankers, professional men, and farmers. When they purchased agricultural plots, they did so as commercial entrepreneurs, not as homesteaders wanting to carve out a living in the wilderness on a small family farm (Padon and Marvin 2008). Historian Diann Marsh writes, “Small ranches of 5 to 20 acres were gaining favor with the farmers and fruit growers” (1994).

At first, growers picked, packed, and sold their crop directly to independent buyers or large commercial produce houses. Packinghouses were established in the 1880s along railroad lines to facilitate transport of crops to the east, and in 1883, the first fruit was shipped east (Padon and Marvin 2008:15). The first cooperative association of orange growers was established in 1885 to harvest, pack, ship, and market on behalf of the grower. Many more associations were formed from the 1890s through the 1920s, two of largest being the Orange Growers’ Protective Unit and the Fruit Growers’ Union. In 1893, the Southern California Fruit Growers’ Exchange was organized, with the Orange Growers Association formed the following year. The California Fruit Growers’ Exchange was organized in 1905, a move that combined the associations from the north and south, and adopted the trademark “Sunkist” in 1907. Sunkist took over the advertising, sales, and setting of standards for the fruit. In 1952, the company’s name was changed to Sunkist Growers, Inc. Closer to the project area, the Santiago Orange Growers Association (SOGA) was established on North Glassell Street in 1893. The company originally contracted with local private packinghouses to handle the fruit, then built their own packinghouse in 1899. In 1918 they constructed a massive facility on South Cypress Street, and in 1929 shipped more than any other packing plant in the world. By 1933, there were over 40 different packinghouses in the Orange area, with over 200 packinghouses in the County (Padon and Marvin 2008). During the period between 1881 and 1945, historic landscape historian Susan Dolan writes that major changes in form, shape, and layout of orchards were “fueled by technological and scientific discovery, and led to the professional and commercial development of the orchard industry” (Dolan 2009:111). Orchard trees were changed to a less than three-foot-tall trunk (versus five-foot more common previously), the natural state was replaced with a central leader or open-bowl pruning style, and the orchard spaces was expanded to allow “for greater access to new machinery and equipment and to increase the yield from mature trees.” The use of synthetic fertilizers was also introduced. The period was characterized by a major reduction in the number of varieties grown and by the end of the period, approximately 50 percent of the fruit trees that had existed in 1880 were gone by 1930, with the exception of the West Coast, which had largely replaced small orchards with specialized commercial orchards that were managed by commercial growers rather than farmers (Dolan 2009:111-112). Dolan describes the citrus orchards of the period between 1880 and 1945:

Citrus orchards, or groves as they were also called, were laid out similarly to other orchards, with heads headed low and spaced according to the size of the species. Large-fruited trees, such as Naval orange and grapefruit, were laid out at the widest spacing of 25 x 25 feet. Smaller-fruited citrus, such as tangerines, mandarins, and lemons, were laid out at the smaller spacing of 15 x 15 feet (Dolan 2009:103).

The Southern California practice was to graft Valencia trees to a rougher rootstock, usually lemon, to protect against disease. Oranges were rather delicate, however, and suffered dramatically in freezing temperatures and desert winds. In the freeze of 1913, the Santiago Orange Growers lost 25% of their crop, and in 1937 only 50% of the crop was salvageable. To protect the orchards from freezing, many orchardists used smudge pots, oil-burning devices designed to prevent condensation and raise air temperatures, which created black walls of smoke for miles around. The ﬂoods of 1916 also decimated many orchards. Another natural hazard was the “Riverside Winds,” or Santa Anas, which could blow crops off the trees. Rows of Blue Gum trees were planted as protection in an effort to combat these winds, but this tactic was only somewhat effective. By far the biggest problem was the “Quick Decline,” or black scale, a virus which had to be controlled with fumigation and spraying (Padon and Marvin 2008).

The City’s surrounding agricultural lands supported the growing city, which rapidly became the trade center for the surrounding area (Marsh 1994). Historian Richard H. Barker writes:

Santa Ana was the county seat and the financial center for Orange County…Orange County’s economy solidly rested on the citrus industry and the county’s leading financial partner, the First National Bank of Santa Ana, was right in the center of the activity. From packinghouse laborers to the railroad switchmen to the auto dealer to the zanjero, all relied on the prosperity of the citrus crop (Baker 2009:108-109).

While the citrus industry had been launched by small growers, by 1930 115 commercial growers, constituting just 3.4% of the total number of growers, received 27.7% of the $20,000,000 income from citrus farms in Orange County. Small orchards typically had little inﬂuence upon the citrus industry market or operations. Commercial growers dominated the central exchange and its local and district branches. For years the managerial talent for the central, district, and local exchanges had been recruited from the personnel of the large commercial producers.

The groves also proved to be a handsome backdrop for a suburban home, and hundreds were built in the 1930s. To be an orchardist implied status, and the area was populated with gentleman farmers on two-acre plots calling themselves ranchers (Padon and Marvin 2008). Historian Leroy Doig describes the experience of the small orchard farmer thus (1966:147-148):

Orange growing was an attractive occupation in many ways. The owner of ten acres of unencumbered orange land, with healthy trees in full bearing, was a fortunate individual. The irrigation and cultivation of the orchard could be handled by one person with time to spare. Harvesting was taken care of by the Citrus Association. The beauty of a carefully-groomed orchard created an environment for living which cannot be matched by any of the fantastic arrays of residences which now almost entirely cover the land where orange trees once grew.

By 1923, over 40,000 acres of oranges had been planted in Orange County, with 1929 yielding the largest harvest ever for packinghouses. By 1932, 60,000 acres of Valencias had been planted, with a peak in 1948 of 67,263 acres. At that time, the SOGA was the largest packinghouse in the world, and in 1963 had $19,678,900 in sales. The SOGA folded in 1967 (Padon and Marvin 2008). During WWII and the immediate postwar period, the installation of military facilities adjacent to the City of Santa Ana brought on a renewed era of material and commercial expansion. Thousands of new jobs injected dollars into the local economy, and new housing was required to meet the demands of the newest wave of immigration into the City (City of Santa Ana 2007). When WWII came to a close, Santa Ana, like most cities in the western U.S., encountered a major population swell as veterans returned home, married, and began families. In response to these trends, developers began acquiring large portions of the agricultural lands surrounding downtown and laid them out in residential subdivisions.

By 1970, most of the packinghouses had closed, doomed by the economics of $2,000 an acre for land. The Villa Park Citrus Association, founded in 1914, closed in 1982. Two years later, the Olive Heights Citrus Association shut down, and in 1988, its building burned down. Freezing and pests represented large problems for farmers, but the biggest impact to the industry was the development of the new housing, which took the last major groves in the 1980s (Padon and Marvin 2008).

Historic aerial photographs reviewed by Heumann and Howell-Ardila (2007) illustrate how the character of northeastern Santa Ana shifted from 1938 to 1988 from primarily agricultural uses, with multiple parcels of orchards and orange groves, to residential subdivisions. As of 1938 and 1959, agricultural uses (in particular orchards and orange groves) covered most of northeastern Santa Ana. By 1970, residential subdivisions had replaced orchards and orange groves directly to the east, south, and west of the Sexlinger family property, which itself remained intact. The remaining orchards and orange groves as of 1970 were located to the north and northwest of the Sexlinger property. By 1988, the remaining orchards to the north and northwest had been replaced by residential subdivisions. As of 2006, the last remaining orange grove visible on aerial photographs in northeastern Santa Ana was the five-acre proposed project property. Moreover, a detailed examination of a 2006 aerial photograph of the City of Santa Ana did not reveal the presence of other remaining orange groves within City boundaries.

Several orchards from the twentieth century have been preserved in Orange County including: (1) the 16- acre Valencia orange grove (Oak Tree Ranch) now within the Santiago Oaks Regional Park, (2) the orchard and reproduction of the Irvine family ranch home at the Irvine Ranch Historic Park, (3) the orchard at George Creek Ranch Historic Park in Placentina, and (4) the Robert D. Hoyt Municipal Orange Grove in the City of Orange at the southwest corner of Hart Park. Numerous other orchards still exist nearby: Kimberly-Clark Fullerton Mill (2001 E. Orangethorpe Ave., Fullerton), Pressel Orchard (Santa Ana St. between Helena and Clementine St., Anaheim), Nission Ranch (corner of Walnut and Red Hill Ave., Tustin), Citrus Ranch Park (lemons; 2910 Portola Way, Irvine), Featherly Regional Park (24001 Santa Ana Canyon Rd., Anaheim), and the Estate of William Lyon (Coto de Caza Dr. between Fairway Lane and Via Colinas). Further, the California Citrus State Historic Park in Riverside County has been established to tell the story of the citrus industry in Southern California.

Property-Specific History

The property is located in the A.B. Chapman tract, which was filed in 1870 by Alfred Beck Chapman. Chapman was one of the founders of the City of Orange and a major real estate transaction lawyer in the region who managed and represented the partitioning of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana in 1867 and 1868 (City of Orange N.d.). The A.B. Chapman tract was one of many such tracts he developed. Most of the acreage was purchased by small growers, who had ﬁve, ten, or twenty-acre farms. Though no property records were located for the period between 1870 and 1911, according to a 1912 deed (Deed Book 217:139) the subject property was owned by Mrs. Mary B. and F.D. Smith by at least 1912. The Smiths were not listed in any of the reviewed City Directories (1899, 1903, 1913), so they likely did not reside in the area and may have simply owned the property as an investment. The Smiths sold the ﬁve-acre parcel on Santa Clara Avenue (Block A, Section 5, Lot 5) to Perry V. Grout on May 2, 1912.

Grout was listed alternately as a foreman and fieldman for the SOGA in City Directories during the 1910s. Perry and his wife Flora also purchased and sold other parcels of Orange County land during the years 1913-1918, apparently as investments, to other orange growers in the 1910s (Orange County Deeds, various). As Grout was a SOGA employee, it is likely that Grout planted the orchard in the project to improve the property’s value before selling it the following year. Grout was a resident of Orange according to City Directories, so he did not occupy the property.

Grout sold the property to George and Sophia Sexlinger on November 18, 1913 (Deed Book 2350:171). The Sexlingers constructed the residence in 1914 (per Heumann and Howell-Ardila 2007 and Padon and Marvin 2008). In 1890, George Sexlinger was residing in Saginaw, Michigan, where he was working as a clerk in the store of J. H. Shaw. Ten years later the census listed him as aged 29, a groceryman who rented a house. He evidently moved west to Southern California around 1910. By that time he had married Anna Sophia Weber, also a native of Michigan, and the couple had two daughters: Esther Marie, born in 1903; and Martha M., born in 1908, both in Michigan (1910 Census). In January of 1920, the Sexlinger family was listed as residing on Santa Clara Avenue in Tustin Township. George, aged 49, noted his occupation as “farmer,” while Sophia, also aged 49, was keeping house. The two girls Esther, aged 16, and Martha, aged 11, were residing in the household. The parents of both George and Sophia were born in Germany, and George and Sophia spoke German. Residing nearby were numerous others who listed their occupations as citrus growers, general farmers, and farmers. Most of them came from the Midwest: Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Michigan, etc., and the majority were of German ancestry. George was listed in the Orange County directories in 1925 and 1927 as a rancher, residing on Santa Clara Road. Due to the property’s former connection to Grout, who worked for SOGA, the Sexlingers may have sold their produce to SOGA, but that is unknown. Five acres would have been a rather small orchard to make a living on, so perhaps the family had other sources of income. One informant recalled that George worked for the railroad at one time (Padon and Marvin 2008).

George Sexlinger died on November 7, 1929, and the following year Sophia was noted as head of household and an “orchard farmer” (1930 Census). Esther was also residing in the house, but Martha had moved to San Bernardino where she worked as a maid in the household of the Frank Currie family. The Sexlinger property was still surrounded by numerous other farmers, and extensive orchards were depicted on maps of the area from Santa Ana on the west, to Orange on the north, and Tustin on the west (USGS 1949). In 1933 and 1940, Sophia was listed in the Orange County directories as an orange grower; Martha and Esther were residing with her in the family home on Santa Clara Avenue. Sophia Sexlinger died on April 12, 1952, and the two daughters continued to reside on the property. Although its citrus production is unknown, the orchard was regularly cared for by ﬁeld supervisor Skip Burch. Many of the trees were removed in the following decades, particularly between 1952 and 1980, during which approximately half of the trees were removed (Historicaerials.com 1952, 1972). Esther died in February 1995, and Martha died in July 2006. Relevant historic research is attached. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY

The 5-acre property is an historic-age orchard landscape of which the major features include the remnants of a Valencia orange orchard, a residence, and a garage (McClelland et al. 1989, Revised 1999:15-18; Dolan 2009:180). The land has been historically used as an orange orchard since c. 1913, when it was likely planted by Perry Grout, and as the Sexlinger family’s residence and orchard from 1914 to 2006. The boundary of the landscape is demarcated by the boundaries of the 5-acre parcel occupied by the Sexlinger family for 90 years. The landscape’s spatial organization is very simple with only two clusters of land uses: residential (the residence and garage) at the northwest corner of the parcel adjacent to a main thoroughfare, Santa Clara Avenue, and the orchard that fills the remaining northeast portion of the parcel.

The principal vegetation type is approximately 250 Valencia orange trees grafted to lemon rootstock. The trees appear to be low-headed with short trunks and pruned in the open bowl style, the common orchard tree form in the United States between 1881 and 1945 (Dolan 2009). Exact measurements were not taken as a part of this investigation; however, it appears based on a review of photographs of the trees in relation to the height of the residence and fence, that the trees are no more than 20 feet tall. The orange trees are arranged in a rectangular grid 20 rows wide (east to west) and 25 rows long (north to south). The paths between the trees, which represent the only obvious circulation network in the landscape, are approximately 20 feet wide and 400 feet (east to west) and 350 feet (north to south) long. Between 1952 and 1980 approximately half of the trees were removed, leaving the approximately 250 trees currently present (Historicaerials.com 1952, 1972). The orchard has not been occupied since 2006. Some of the trees appear to bear fruit based on a review of recent photographs of the property.

The residence was built in 1914 (per Heumann and Howell-Ardila 2007 and Padon and Marvin 2008) and is a Craftsman-style single-family residence. It occupies the northwest corner of the lot and has a north- facing orientation. It is one story with a rectangular plan. The building features a low-pitch cross-gabled and hipped roof, covered with non-historic fiberglass shingles (added in 1992 per City of Santa Ana Building Permit Counter) and a brick chimney. Two gables face northward: one offset to the west and detailed with king post truss, the other centered over a squared, projecting central bay and containing a double vent flanked by knee braces. The roof terminates in overhanging eaves with exposed rafter tails and triangular knee braces. The walls are clad with redwood vertical board siding. Louvers in the gable ends have vertical laths, which are arranged in pairs on the north elevation and in pairs flanking a six-light window on the east elevation. The building has wood-frame windows, with large tripartite windows in the primary façade and double-hung sash windows on the side and rear elevations. The windows are arranged asymmetrically. Most of the windows have been covered with sheets of plywood, leaving wood frames partially visible. A cutaway porch is located on the west half on the primary façade and is supported by a square column of manufactured brick. The elevated main entry, which is located under the porch and reached via two concrete steps, is filled with the original single oak door with vertical lights and recessed panels and is covered with a modern metal security door. A rear entry on the south elevation is elevated up concrete steps and is filled with a single door with lights and recessed panels, covered with a metal security door. To the south of the residence is a detached garage. The garage is one story with a rectangular plan. It features an intersecting-gable roof covered with composition shingles. The walls are clad with horizontal board siding and there is a double-hung sash window on the south elevation. The entrance is located on the north elevation and is filled with the original sliding sawbuck door with diagonal bracing, on a metal track. The land use, orientation of the clusters, construction materials, and design of the buildings and orchard are a response to the natural, flat topography of the area, the temperate climate that was conducive to citrus growing, and the cultural traditions of early twentieth century building in southern California. The flat topography permitted the orchard of Valencia trees, a popular and readily available crop in the area, to be planted in orderly and regularly spaced rows to the very edges of the parcel. The residence is a typical Craftsman bungalow style home of the period, found in both rural and urban environments in southern California. Its placement beside the road, which would have been the most convenient location for a residence that was on the far outskirts of early City of Santa Ana, allowed for the most efficient use of the rest of the parcel for an orchard.

There is no evidence of landscape related archaeological resources such as road traces, ruins, or complex irrigation systems. The landscape’s constructed water features that utilize water for aesthetic or utilitarian functions in the orchard are limited to a concrete standpipe and gate valve, located approximately 50 feet south of the garage. There are no water features such as a diversion dam, diversion channel, irrigation ditches, head gates, check dams, irrigation pipes, sprinklers, water storage tanks, ponds, reservoirs, berms, and water pumps. The landscape does not retain any small-scale elements such as foot bridges, paths, road markers, gravestones, isolated vegetation, fence posts, curbstones, trail ruts, culverts, foundations, minor ruins, windmills, fruit barrels or boxes, tree ladders, tree stakes, fences, and equipment or machinery for planting, mowing, tilling, pruning, spraying, fertilizing, fruit harvesting, packing, or fruit storage. The property is now surrounding by a non-historic chainlink fence approximately five feet tall. There are notable views and vistas that create or allow for a range of vision in the orchard which can be natural or designed and controlled.

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The property is over 50 years old but its age alone does not indicate that it has historic significance. The State of California and City of Santa Ana have finite criteria to assess a property’s historic value. The property was evaluated for its eligibility for listing in the CRHR and the SARHP; currently, the property is not listed on either directory. An updated DPR 523 series form is attached.

Criteria for Significance

In considering impact significance under CEQA, the significance of the resource itself must first be determined. At the state level, consideration of significance as an “important archaeological resource” is measured by cultural resource provisions detailed under PRC Sections 15064.5 and 15126.4, and the draft criteria regarding resource eligibility to the CRHR.

Generally under CEQA, a historical resource (these include built-environment and historic and prehistoric archaeological resources) is considered significant if it meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR. These criteria are set forth in PRC Section 15064.5 and are defined as any resource that:

(a) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage;

(b) Is associated with lives of persons important in our past; (c) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or

(d) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

Aside from meeting a CRHR criterion, a potential historical resource must also retain its historic integrity. Historic integrity is the ability of a property to convey its significance, and is comprised of seven aspects: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. The evaluation of integrity is sometimes a subjective judgment, but it must always be grounded in an understanding of a property’s physical features and how they relate to its significance.

Under CEQA Section 15064.5, a project would potentially have significant impacts if it would cause substantial adverse change in the significance of one of the following:

(a) A historical resource (i.e., a cultural resource eligible for the CRHR);

(b) An archaeological resource (defined as a unique archaeological resource which does not meet CRHR criteria);

(c) A unique paleontological resource or unique geologic feature (i.e., where the project would directly or indirectly destroy a site or resources); or

(d) Human remains (i.e., where the project would disturb or destroy burials).

The City of Santa Ana Municipal Code (2007) includes Chapter 30 – Places of Historical and Architectural Significance – which provides the definition of significant places and the regulations governing the alteration or demolition of historically and architecturally significant places. The criterion for designation includes:

1. Buildings, structures or objects with distinguishing characteristics of an architectural style or period, that exemplify a particular architectural style or design features; 2. Works of notable architects, builders, or designers whose style influenced architectural development; 3. Rare buildings, structures, or objects or original designs; 4. Buildings, structures, objects or sites of historical significance which include places:

- Where important events occurred; - Associated with famous people, original settlers, renowned organizations and businesses; - Which were originally present when the city was founded; or - That served as important centers for political, social, economic, or cultural activity.

5. Sites of archaeological importance; 6. Buildings or structures that were connected with a business or use which was once common, but is now rare.

In addition, Chapter 2, Section 5 of the Santa Ana Municipal Code (2007) mandates the formation of a historical resources commission to consider matters with relation to Chapter 30. CRHR Evaluation

CRHR Criterion 1The property was assessed under CRHR Criterion 1 for its potential significance as a part of a historic trend that may have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States.

The Sexlinger residence and orange grove appear to be associated with the development of the citrus industry in Orange County in the early decades of the twentieth century and the associated historical settlement of the region; however, as an example of an orchard landscape, the property demonstrates a very simple example of the property type within the state of California. While the property is one of the few remaining examples of orchards in the City of Santa Ana, where there were once thousands of acres of cultivated orchards, several orchards from this period have been preserved in Orange County including: (1) the 16-acre Valencia orange grove (Oak Tree Ranch) now within the Santiago Oaks Regional Park, (2) the orchard and reproduction of the Irvine family ranch home at the Irvine Ranch Historic Park, (3) the orchard at George Creek Ranch Historic Park in Placentina, and (4) the Robert D. Hoyt Municipal Orange Grove in the City of Orange at the southwest corner of Hart Park. Numerous other orchards still exist nearby: Kimberly-Clark Fullerton Mill (2001 E. Orangethorpe Ave., Fullerton), Pressel Orchard (Santa Ana St. between Helena and Clementine St., Anaheim), Nission Ranch (corner of Walnut and Red Hill Ave., Tustin), Citrus Ranch Park (lemons; 2910 Portola Way, Irvine), Featherly Regional Park (24001 Santa Ana Canyon Rd., Anaheim), and the Estate of William Lyon (Coto de Caza Dr. between Fairway Lane and Via Colinas). Further, the California Citrus State Historic Park in Riverside County has been established to tell the story of the citrus industry in Southern California. Research did not reveal that the property manifests the influence of important horticultural innovation, practice, or event, such as the discovery or cultivation of a new variety at the property or an improved method of production (Dolan 2009:157-158). It was an orchard that simply produced fruit, and was not innovative, or the first or largest in the area. It was similar to numerous other orchards and no distinctive activities occurred there. Therefore, the property is not recommended as eligible for listing in the CRHR under Criterion 1.

CRHR Criterion 2: The property was assessed under CRHR Criterion 2 for its association with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national history. The property is located in the A.B. Chapman tract, which was filed in 1870 by Alfred Beck Chapman. Chapman was one of the founders of the City of Orange and a major real estate transaction lawyer in the region who managed and represented the partitioning of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana in 1867 and 1868 (City of Orange n.d.). According to a 1912 deed (Deed Book 217:139) the subject property was owned by Mrs. Mary B. and F.D. Smith by at least 1912. The Smiths were not listed in any of the reviewed City Directories (1899, 1903, 1913), so they likely did not reside in the area and may have simply owned the property as an investment. The Smiths sold the ﬁve-acre parcel on Santa Clara Avenue (Block A, Section 5, Lot 5) to Perry V. Grout on May 2, 1912. Grout, a foreman and fieldman for SOGA, once the largest citrus packing house in the world, resided in Orange and may have just planted and maintained the orchard for a brief time before he sold the property to George and Sophia Sexlinger in 1913 (Deed Book 285:171) who constructed the Craftsman residence on the property. George Sexlinger was listed as living on the property as a farmer in 1920 and a rancher in 1925 and 1927. After George died, his wife Sophia Sexlinger was subsequently listed as an orchard farmer in 1929 and an orange grower in 1933 and 1940. After Sophia’s death in 1952, her children continued to reside on the property and the grove was maintained by the daughters and field supervisor Skip Burch. The property was left vacant after Martha Sexlinger died in 2006. Chapman, the Smiths, Grout, and Burch do not appear to have been significantly associated with the property. Review of the archives at the Santa Ana Library, History Room and at the County Archives found no mention of the Sexlinger family as prominent community leaders or active members of local associations such as church, school, or other community organizations. Rather, they simply owned an orchard in the City similar to numerous other families and property owners in Santa Ana. Further, the property does not appear to be associated with a person or persons who played an important role in horticultural history or in the horticultural development of the area, such as a major grower (Dolan 2009:160-163). Therefore, the property does not appear to be eligible for listing in CRHR under Criterion 2.

CRHR Criterion 3: The property was assessed under CRHR Criterion 3 for embodying the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or representing the work of a master or possessing high artistic values. This residence was constructed in 1914 in a modest Craftsman style, which was the dominant architectural style from about the late 1900-1910 years to the 1920s in Southern California. Due to its relatively mundane and common architecture, like many other Craftsman houses in Santa Ana and its vicinity, the Sexlingers could have built this house from a kit or used pre-designed plans. There were numerous kit homes built in the county at this time. Research has not revealed an architect associated with the property. Many examples of Craftsman period architecture can be found throughout the City. As an individual resource, the residence does not appear to be a notable example of the architectural style, retain high artistic values, or to be the work of a master architect. Further, the property as an orchard landscape does not appear to embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, horticultural system or style, or contain a rare or unusual genotype, such as a variety or strain of a variety. It does feature continuity of traditional use and occupancy. Nor is the orchard part of a historic designed landscape, designed for research, or designed for the demonstration of “good” horticulture (Dolan 2009:164-175). Research has not revealed a master horticulturalist associated with the property. Further detail regarding the property and its ability to embody distinctive characteristics of the type is below:

The NPS National Register Bulletin 30: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes (McClelland et al. 1999:15-17) identifies 11 characteristics of the rural historic landscape, which the NPS used as its base for a list of 13 landscape characteristics that apply specifically to orchards as historical resources (Dolan 2009:178):

 Natural Systems and Features: These are the natural aspects that influenced the development and resultant form of the orchard, such as climate, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, and physiology.

The property’s land use as an orchard was influenced by the temperate climate of the area that was conducive to citrus growing.

 Spatial Organization: This is the arrangement of elements creating the ground, vertical and overhead planes that define and create spaces in the orchard.

The landscape’s spatial organization is very simple with only two clusters of land uses: residential (the residence and garage) at the northwest corner of the parcel adjacent to a main thoroughfare, Santa Clara Avenue, and the orchard that fills the remaining northeast portion of the parcel.  Land Use: This is the organization, form, and shape of the orchard in response to land use.

The residence was placed beside the road, which would have been the most convenient location for a residence that was on the far outskirts of early City of Santa Ana, permitting the most efficient use of the rest of the parcel for an orchard. The flat topography enabled the orchard to be planted in orderly and regularly spaced rows to the very edges of the parcel.

 Cultural Traditions: These are the practices that influenced land use, patterns of division, building forms, and the use of materials in the orchard.

The land use, orientation of the clusters, construction materials, and design of the buildings and orchard followed the cultural traditions of early twentieth century orchard building in southern California. The residence is a typical Craftsman bungalow style home of the period, found in both rural and urban environments in southern California. The orchard was laid out in the same grid manner, extending to the edges of the parcels, as other orchards in the area.

 Circulation: This is the spaces, systems, and materials that constitute the systems for movement in the orchard.

The paths between the trees, which represent the only obvious circulation network in the landscape, are approximately 20 feet wide and 400 feet (east to west) and 350 feet (north to south) long.

 Topography: This is the three-dimensional configuration of the orchard ground surface related to land use, and characterized by features and orientation.

The land use as an orchard was influenced by the natural, flat topography of the area. The flat topography permitted the orchard of Valencia trees, a popular and readily available crop in the area, to be planted in orderly and regularly spaced rows to the very edges of the parcel.

 Vegetation: This is the fruit trees, ground covers, windbreaks, pasture vegetation, and other woody and herbaceous plant materials, both indigenous and introduced.

The principal vegetation type is approximately 250 Valencia orange trees grafted to lemon rootstock. The trees appear to be low-headed with short trunks and pruned in the open bowl style, the common orchard tree form in the United States between 1881 and 1945 (Dolan 2009). Exact measurements were not taken as a part of this investigation; however, it appears based on a review of photos of the trees in relation to the height of the residence and fence, that the trees are no more than 20 feet tall. The orange trees are arranged in a rectangular grid 20 rows wide (east to west) and 25 rows long (north to south). The paths between the trees, which represent the only obvious circulation network in the landscape, are approximately 20 feet wide and 400 feet (east to west) and 350 feet (north to south) long. Between 1952 and 1980 approximately half of the trees were removed, leaving the approximately 250 trees currently present (Historicaerials.com 1952, 1972). The orchard has not been occupied since 2006. Some of the trees appear to bear fruit based on a review of recent photographs of the property.

 Buildings and Structures: These are the three-dimensional constructs of the orchard, such as farmhouses, fruit storage barns, fruit cellars, pickers’ cabins, packing shed, and garages. The residence occupies the northwest corner of the lot and has a north-facing orientation. To the south of the residence is a detached garage. There are no fruit storage barns, fruit cellars, pickers’ cabins, or packing sheds.

 Cluster Arrangement: This is the pattern of nodes of clustered features in the orchard, such as buildings and structures, and rows or blocks of fruit species and varieties.

The landscape has only two clusters of land uses: residential (the residence and garage) at the northwest corner of the parcel adjacent to a main thoroughfare, Santa Clara Avenue, and the orchard that fills the remaining northeast portion of the parcel.

 Small Scale Features: These are the small elements that provide detail and diversity combined with function and aesthetics, such as a windmill, fruit barrels or boxes, tree ladders, tree stakes, fences, and equipment or machinery for planting, mowing, tilling, pruning, spraying, fertilizing, fruit harvesting, packing, or fruit storage.

The landscape does not retain any small-scale elements such as foot bridges, paths, road markers, gravestones, isolated vegetation, fence posts, curbstones, trail ruts, culverts, foundations, minor ruins, windmills, fruit barrels or boxes, tree ladders, tree stakes, fences, and equipment or machinery for planting, mowing, tilling, pruning, spraying, fertilizing, fruit harvesting, packing, or fruit storage.

 Constructed Water Features: These are the built features and elements that utilize water for aesthetic or utilitarian functions in the orchard, such as a diversion dam, diversion channel, irrigation ditches, head gates, check dams, irrigation pipes, sprinklers, water storage tanks, ponds, reservoirs, berms, and water pumps.

The landscape’s constructed water features that utilize water for aesthetic or utilitarian functions in the orchard are limited to a concrete standpipe and gate valve, located approximately 50 feet south of the garage. There are no water features such as a diversion dam, diversion channel, irrigation ditches, head gates, check dams, irrigation pipes, sprinklers, water storage tanks, ponds, reservoirs, berms, and water pumps.

 Views and Vistas: These are the features that create or allow for a range of vision in the orchard which can be natural or designed and controlled.

There are notable views and vistas that create or allow for a range of vision in the orchard which can be natural or designed and controlled.

 Archaeology Sites: These are the sites in the orchard containing surface and subsurface remnants related to historic or prehistoric use.

There is no evidence of landscape related archaeological sites such as road traces, ruins, or complex irrigation systems.

By definition, a cultural landscape is composed of landscape characteristics and features. A cultural landscape that retains integrity will possess an extant system of landscape characteristics (Dolan 2009:181). As a Valencia orange (grafted to lemon stock) farm orchard set in a rectangular grid with an associated residence and concrete standpipe and gate valve, the property is a common and simple example of the property type based on a review of historic aerials of the general area (historicaerials.com), and therefore does not demonstrate rare or unique examples of many of the characteristics of an orchard cultural landscape. Unlike a more complex orchard property, the property lacks a distinctive pattern of spatial organization, topography, clusters of buildings and structures, and circulation network. There is no organization reflected in the roadways, orchard patterns, spatial distance, and orientation. The property does not demonstrate a hierarchy or special plan, and is similar to numerous other orchards that do not reflect a response to the natural environment or a cultural tradition. The property does not have a distinctive or historic boundary demarcation; rather, it is a simple fence. The property also lacks distinguishing views and vistas both from the property and within, and does not have a cohesive visual narrative or context. Therefore, the property does not appear to be eligible for listing in the CRHR under Criterion 3.

CRHR Criterion 4: The property was assessed under CRHR Criterion 4 for the potential to yield or likelihood to yield information important to prehistory or history of the local area, California, or the nation.

Fruit trees, living or dead, have the potential to yield valuable information about the period in which the trees were planted or sown. Their tree form can provide information about species, the use of the site, the knowledge and skill of the users, and their life ways (Dolan 2009:176). The simplicity of the orchard in a statewide context and the historic research regarding the property’s house and orchard appears to be sufficient to identify any valuable information in this regard, and therefore, the property does not appear to be eligible for listing in the CRHR under Criterion 4. Since there was nothing unique, innovative, or valuable associated with the orchard’s history, there is no known likelihood for important information is associated with the property.

In addition to meeting one of the above criteria, a property must also retain sufficient historic integrity. The seven aspects of integrity, in this case particularly applied to orchards and fruit trees by the NPS (2009:179), follow:

 Location: This is the place where the orchard or fruit trees were sown or planted, and their distribution upon the land.  Design: This is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of an orchard or fruit trees in a horticultural system.  Setting: This is the physical environment of the orchard or fruit trees, including the land forms, rivers or streams, naturally-occurring vegetation, climate, elevation, and aspect.  Materials: These are the physical elements that were combined or deposited in a particular pattern or configuration to form the orchard or fruit trees, including the seedling or grafted plant materials, ground cover plant materials, stakes, fences, windbreak, and ditch materials.  Workmanship: This is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture of people during the period of significance, such as cultivation and care of an orchard (propagation, planting, pruning, fertilizing, irrigating, and harvesting) and protection of an orchard (pest control, animal husbandry, staking, fencing, and windbreaks).  Feeling: This is the orchard or fruit trees’ expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of the period of significance, evoked by sounds, smells, and the seasonal rhythm of horticultural activities, productivity, and change.  Association: This is the direct link or clear relationship between the important historic event, person, or distinctive characteristics of a period, and an orchard or fruit trees.

While the property appears to retain its integrity of location, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, it does not retain its setting as it is now surrounded by residential development while during the historic period the orchard was sited within a predominantly agricultural, citrus-producing setting.

In conclusion, though the property appears to retain sufficient integrity, it does not appear to be eligible under any of the CRHR criteria and therefore is not recommended as eligible for listing the CRHR.

SARHP Evaluation

SARHP Condition 1: The property was assessed under SARHP Condition 1 for eligibility as a structure or site with distinguishing characteristics of an architectural style or period, that exemplifies a particular architectural style or design features. The property as an orchard landscape does not appear to embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, horticultural system or style, or contain a rare or unusual genotype, such as a variety or strain of a variety. Nor is the orchard part of a historic designed landscape, designed for research, or designed for the demonstration of “good” horticulture (Dolan 2009:164-175). Further detail regarding the property and its ability to embody distinctive characteristics of the type is below:

 Natural Systems and Features: These are the natural aspects that influenced the development and resultant form of the orchard, such as climate, geology, geomorphology, hydrology, and physiology.

The property’s land use as an orchard was influenced by the temperate climate of the area that was conducive to citrus growing.

 Spatial Organization: This is the arrangement of elements creating the ground, vertical and overhead planes that define and create spaces in the orchard.

 Land Use: This is the organization, form, and shape of the orchard in response to land use.

 Cultural Traditions: These are the practices that influenced land use, patterns of division, building forms, and the use of materials in the orchard.

 Circulation: This is the spaces, systems, and materials that constitute the systems for movement in the orchard.

The paths between the trees, which represent the only obvious circulation network in the landscape, are approximately 20 feet wide and 400 feet (east to west) and 350 feet (north to south) long.

 Topography: This is the three-dimensional configuration of the orchard ground surface related to land use, and characterized by features and orientation.

The land use as an orchard was influenced by the natural, flat topography of the area. This topography permitted the orchard of Valencia trees, a popular and readily available crop in the area, to be planted in orderly and regularly spaced rows to the very edges of the parcel.

 Vegetation: This is the fruit trees, ground covers, windbreaks, pasture vegetation, and other woody and herbaceous plant materials, both indigenous and introduced.

The principal vegetation type is approximately 250 Valencia orange trees grafted to lemon rootstock. The trees appear to be low-headed with short trunks and pruned in the open bowl style, the common orchard tree form in the United States between 1881 and 1945 (Dolan 2009). Exact measurements were not taken as a part of this investigation; however, it appears based on a review of photos of the trees in relation to the height of the residence and fence, that the trees are no more than 20 feet tall. The orange trees are arranged in a rectangular grid 20 rows wide (east to west) and 25 rows long (north to south). The paths between the trees, which represent the only obvious circulation network in the landscape, are approximately 20 feet wide and 400 feet (east to west) and 350 feet (north to south) long. Between 1952 and 1980 approximately half of the trees were removed, leaving the approximately 250 trees currently present (Historicaerials.com 1952, 1972). The orchard has not been occupied since 2006. Some trees appear to bear fruit based on a review of recent photographs of the property.

 Buildings and Structures: These are the three-dimensional constructs of the orchard, such as farmhouses, fruit storage barns, fruit cellars, pickers’ cabins, packing shed, and garages.

The residence occupies the northwest corner of the lot and has a north-facing orientation. To the south of the residence is a detached garage. There are no fruit storage barns, fruit cellars, pickers’ cabins, or packing sheds.  Cluster Arrangement: This is the pattern of nodes of clustered features in the orchard, such as buildings and structures, and rows or blocks of fruit species and varieties.

 Views and Vistas: These are the features that create or allow for a range of vision in the orchard which can be natural or designed and controlled.

There are notable views and vistas that create or allow for a range of vision in the orchard which can be natural or designed and controlled.

 Archaeology Sites: These are the sites in the orchard containing surface and subsurface remnants related to historic or prehistoric use.

There is no evidence of landscape related archaeological sites such as road traces, ruins, or complex irrigation systems.

By definition, a cultural landscape is composed of landscape characteristics and features. A cultural landscape that retains integrity will possess an extant system of landscape characteristics (Dolan 2009:181). As a Valencia orange farm orchard set in a rectangular grid with an associated residence and concrete standpipe and gate valve, the property is a common and simple example of the property type based on a review of historic aerials of the general area (Land America Commercial Services 2007), and therefore does not demonstrate rare or unique examples of many of the characteristics of an orchard cultural landscape. Unlike a more complex orchard property, the property lacks a distinctive pattern of spatial organization, topography, clusters of buildings and structures, and circulation network. There is no organization reflected in the roadways, orchard patterns, spatial distance, and orientation. The property does not demonstrate a hierarchy or special plan, and is similar to numerous other orchards that do not reflect a response to the natural environment or a cultural tradition. The property does not have a distinctive or historic boundary demarcation; rather, it is a simple fence. The property also lacks distinguishing views and vistas both from the property and within, and does not have a cohesive visual narrative or context.

This residence was constructed in 1914 in a modest Craftsman style, which was the dominant architectural style from about the late 1900-1910 years to the 1920s in Southern California. Due to its relatively mundane and common architecture, like many other Craftsman houses in Santa Ana and its vicinity, the Sexlingers could have built this house from a kit or used pre-designed plans. There were numerous kit homes built in the county at this time. Research has not revealed an architect associated with the property. Many examples of Craftsman period architecture can be found throughout the City. As an individual resource, the residence does not appear to be a notable example of the architectural style, retain high artistic values, or to be the work of a master architect. Therefore, the property does not appear to be eligible for listing in the SARHP under Condition (1).

SARHP Condition 2: The property was assessed under SARHP Condition 2 for eligibility as a work of notable architects, builders, or designers whose style influenced architectural development. Research has not revealed a master architect or master horticulturalist associated with the property. Therefore, the property does not appear to be eligible for listing in the SARHP under Condition (2).

SARHP Condition 3: The property was assessed under SARHP Condition 3 for eligibility as a rare building, structure, or object or original design. The residence is an example of the Craftsman style, which was the dominant architectural style from about the late 1900-1910 years to the 1920s in Southern California. Many superior examples of Craftsman period architecture can be found throughout the City so the residence does not demonstrate a rare building or original design. As a Valencia orange (grafted to lemon stock) farm orchard set in a rectangular grid with an associated residence and concrete standpipe and gate valve, the property is a common and simple example of the property type in southern California.. Therefore, the property does not appear to be eligible for listing in the SARHP under Condition (3).

SARHP Condition 4: The property was assessed under SARHP Condition 4 for eligibility as a building, structure, object or site of historical significance, which includes places: a. Where important events occurred; b. Associated with famous people, original settlers, renowned organizations and businesses; c. Which were originally present when the city was founded; or d. That served as important centers for political, social, economic, or cultural activity. The Sexlinger residence and orange grove appear to be associated with the development of the citrus industry in Orange County in the early decades of the twentieth century and the associated historical settlement of the region; however, archival research did not reveal that the property was a site where important events occurred such as an important horticultural innovation, practice, or event, such as the discovery or cultivation of a new variety at the property or an improved method of production (Dolan 2009:157-158). The property is located in the A.B. Chapman tract, which was filed in 1870 by Alfred Beck Chapman. Chapman was one of the founders of the City of Orange and a major real estate transaction lawyer in the region who managed and represented the partitioning of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana in 1867 and 1868 (City of Orange n.d.). According to a 1912 deed (Deed Book 217:139) the subject property was owned by Mrs. Mary B. and F.D. Smith by at least 1912. The Smiths were not listed in any of the reviewed City Directories (1899, 1903, 1913), so they likely did not reside in the area and may have simply owned the property as an investment. The Smiths sold the ﬁve-acre parcel on Santa Clara Avenue (Block A, Section 5, Lot 5) to Perry V. Grout on May 2, 1912. Grout, a foreman and fieldman for SOGA, once the largest citrus packing house in the world, resided in Orange and may have just planted and maintained the orchard for a brief time before he sold the property to George and Sophia Sexlinger in 1913 (Deed Book 285:171) who constructed the Craftsman residence on the property. George Sexlinger was listed as living on the property as a farmer in 1920 and a rancher in 1925 and 1927. After George died, his wife Sophia Sexlinger was subsequently listed as an orchard farmer in 1929 and an orange grower in 1933 and 1940. After Sophia’s death in 1952, her children continued to reside on the property and the grove was maintained by the daughters and field supervisor Skip Burch. The property was left vacant after Martha Sexlinger died in 2006. Chapman, the Smiths, Grout, and Burch do not appear to have been significantly associated with the property. Review of the archives at the Santa Ana Library, History Room and at the County Archives found no mention of the Sexlinger family as prominent community leaders or active members of local associations such as church, school, or other community organizations. Rather, they simply owned an orchard in the City similar to numerous other families and property owners in Santa Ana. Further, the property does not appear to be associated with a person or persons who played an important role in horticultural history or in the horticultural development of the area, such as a major grower (Dolan 2009:160-163). Therefore, the property is not recommended as eligible for listing in the SARHP under Condition (4).

SARHP Condition 5: The property was assessed under SARHP Condition 5 for eligibility as a site of archaeological importance. The period from 1914 to 1940s is when citrus played an important role in the agriculture history of Orange County. Items from this time period such as farm equipment, tools, personal items, kitchenware, and features such as privies, debris deposits, cisterns, irrigation equipment would assist in telling the story of the Sexlinger family and its role in the citrus industry. Except for one standpipe and an irrigation valve, the archaeological field survey found no evidence for these features or artifacts. There is a possibility for finding buried resources, but the past disking between the remaining orange trees and the deterioration to the house and garage have obscured or demolished this evidence. Therefore, the property does not appear to be eligible for listing in the SARHP under Condition (5).

SARHP Condition 6: The property was assessed under SARHP Condition 6 for eligibility as a building or structure that was connected with a business or use, which was once common, but is now rare. The Sexlinger residence and orange grove appear to be associated with the development of the citrus industry in Orange County and Santa Ana in the early decades of the twentieth century. As a Valencia orange (grafted to lemon stock) farm orchard set in a rectangular grid with an associated residence and concrete standpipe and gate valve, the property is a common and simple example of the property type in southern California, but it is nevertheless a property type that is rare within the City of Santa Ana due to the conversion of most of the historic orange orchards to residential and commercial use by the mid- to late twentieth century. As of 2006, the last remaining orange grove visible on aerial photographs in northeastern Santa Ana was the five-acre property (Heumann and Howell-Ardila 2007). Moreover, a detailed examination of a 2006 aerial photograph of the City of Santa Ana did not reveal the presence of other remaining orange groves within City boundaries. Therefore, the property appears to be eligible for listing in the SARHP under Condition (6). In conclusion, the property appears to be eligible for listing in the SARHP under Condition 6 for its status as a building or structure that was associated with the citrus orchard business, which was once common but is now rare due to the conversion of most of the City’s historic orange orchards to residential and commercial use by the mid- to late twentieth century.

Historic District Evaluation

The potential for a California or Santa Ana Register Historic District was also considered when conducting research, survey, and evaluation, but there were no extant concentrations of architectural styles, orchard landscapes, or evidence of temporal periods of development observed in the vicinity of the property. Therefore, there does not appear to be potential for the property to be a contributor to a potential historic district.

Impacts

The project and all alternatives except the No Build and Urban Garden Alternatives will result in the removal of the orchard and residence, thereby causing a significant adverse change to the SARHP-eligible residence and orchard, which is considered a historical resource for purposes of CEQA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Armor, Samuel, ed. 1911. History of Orange County, California. Los Angeles: Historic Record Co.

Baker, Richard H. 2009. Citrus Powered the Economy of Orange for Over a Half Century Induced by “a Romance”: An Illustrated, Compelling History. Balbo, CA: Citrus Roots – Preserving Citrus Heritage Foundation.

Birnbaum, Charles A. Preservation Brief 36: Protecting Cultural Landscapes, Planning, Treatment and Management of Historic Landscapes. Washington D.C.: National Park Service (NPS), 1994.

California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). Historical Context and Archaeological Research Design for Agriculture Properties in California. Sacramento, CA: Caltrans.

Century I Historians. 1969. Santa Ana’s 100 Years, Prelude to Progress, 1869 to 1969. Santa Ana: Aladdin Litho & Art.

City of Orange. N.d. ‘The Plaza – People” http://www.cityoforange.org/localhistory/plaza/people.htm. Accessed 8 Dec. 2011.

City of Santa Ana. 2007. General Plan Draft Housing Element. http://www.ci.santaana.ca.us/housing_element/documents/2_HousingFramework_PR. Accessed 4 August 2010.

Doig, Leroy L. 1966. The Town of Garden Grove. Santa Ana, CA: Pioneer Press.

Dolan, Susan. 2009. Fruitful Legacy: a Historic Context of Orchards in the United States, with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in the National Register of Historic Places. Washington D.C.: National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, Pacific West Regional Office, Cultural Resources, Park Historic Structures and Cultural Landscapes Program. Donaldson, Stephen E. and Myers, William A. 1989-90. Rails through the Orange Groves; a Centennial Look at the Railroads of Orange County, California. Two volumes. Glendale: Trans-Anglo Books.

Emmons, Steve. 1988. Orange County, a History and Celebration. New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc.

Friis, Leo J. 1965. Orange County through Four Centuries. Santa Ana: Pioneer Press.

Goddard, Francella B. and Allen W. Goddard. 1988. A Hundred Years of Yesterdays: A Centennial History of the People of Orange County and Their Communities. Santa Ana, CA: Orange County Centennial, Inc.

Heumann, Leslie and Deborah Howell-Ardila. 2007. Memorandum for the Record. Sapphos Environmental Inc. Prepared for the City of Santa Ana. On file at the City of Santa Ana.

Historicaerials.com. 1946, 1952, 1972, 1980, 2003, 2004, and 2005. 1584 E. Santa Clara Ave., Santa Ana, CA.

Land America Commercial Services. 2007. Historic Aerial Photographs (1947, 1952, 1960, 1968, 1977, 1989, 2005) in Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Report, Vacant Property, 1585 Santa Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, California 92507. On file at URS Corp., Santa Ana, CA.

Marsh, Diann. 1994. Santa Ana – An Illustrated History. Encinitas: Heritage Publishing Co.

McClelland, Linda Flint, J. Timothy Keller, Genevieve P. Keller, and Robert Z. Melnick. 1989, Revised 1999. National Register Bulletin 30: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes. Washington D.C.: National Park Service.

Orange, County of. Various. Deed Books.

Padon, Beth and Judith Marvin. 2008. Cultural Study Report, Empire Homes Project, (Tentative Tract Map 17231), 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, Orange County, California. Discovery Works, Inc. and Foothill Resources, Ltd. Prepared for the City of Santa Ana. On file at the SCCIC, OR-3529.

Swanner, Charles D. 1953. Santa Ana, a Narrative of Yesterday, 1870-1910. Claremont: Saunders Press.

United States Federal Census. 1910, 1930. Census of the United States, Orange County, California.

United State Geological Service (USGS). 1949. Orange Topographic Quadrangle, 7.5-minute.

Attachment – Past Studies

October 16, 2007 Job Number: 1471-001 Historic Resources Consulting Services in support of City of Santa Ana Citywide Survey

MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD 2.6 1471-001.M05

TO: City of Santa Ana (Ms. Hally Soboleske)

FROM: Sapphos Environmental, Inc. (Ms. Leslie Heumann and Ms. Deborah Howell-Ardila)

SUBJECT: Eligibility Assessment of Sexlinger Family Farmhouse and Orange Grove, 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, California

ATTACHMENTS: 1. Figure 1, Sexlinger Family Farmhouse and Orange Grove, Area Vicinity 2. Figure 2, Sexlinger Family Farmhouse, Outbuilding, and Adjacent Orange Grove 3. Figure 3, Sexlinger Family Orange Grove 4. Figure 4, Sexlinger Family Farmhouse, Orange Grove, and Surrounding Area

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Memorandum for the Record (MFR) transmits information regarding the preliminary assessment of the Sexlinger family farmhouse and orange grove, a Craftsman Bungalow and associated 5-acre orange grove located at 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, California. The preliminary evaluation considered the property’s potential eligibility for the Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties (Santa Ana Register) and the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR). Based on a site inspection, examination of current and historic aerial photographs for the area and the City of Santa Ana, and review of tax assessor data and city directories, the Sexlinger family farmhouse and orange grove appear eligible for the Santa Ana Register under Criterion 6 (“buildings or structures that were connected with a business or use that was once common but is now rare”)1 and for the California Register under Criterion 1

1 City of Santa Ana, Planning and Building Agency. n.d. Municipal Code, Chapter 30, “Places of Historical and Architectural Significance.”

(“associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history or the cultural heritage of California or the United States”).2 The property therefore appears to qualify as a historical resource under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).3

METHODOLOGY

On October 10, 2007, Sapphos Environmental, Inc. (Ms. Deborah Howell-Ardila) performed a site inspection of the farmhouse and orange grove, took digital photographs from the public right-of-way, and conducted additional research on the property and its owners at the Orange County Archives in Santa Ana, California, and the History Room of the Santa Ana Public Library. Sapphos Environmental, Inc. (Ms. Laura Gallegos) also examined a recent (2006) aerial photograph of Santa Ana to note the presence of similar, extant orange groves. Criteria of significance described in the CRHR and Santa Ana Register were applied to the property. The results of the preliminary assessment are presented below.

Sapphos Environmental, Inc.’s cultural resources manager, Ms. Leslie Heumann, supervised the work effort and property evaluation. An architectural historian with over 30 years of experience conducting historic resource assessments in Southern California (and elsewhere), Ms. Heumann meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards for Architectural History. Ms. Deborah Howell-Ardila, senior historic resources coordinator with Sapphos Enviromental, Inc., carried out the site inspection, digital photography, research, and preliminary assessment.

PROPERTY LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

The Sexlinger family farmhouse and orange grove are located at 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue, in the northeastern portion of Santa Ana, California (Figure 1, Sexlinger Family Farmhouse and Orange Grove, Area Vicinity). The property is bounded roughly by East Santa Clara Avenue on the north, Portola Park on the east, East Avalon Avenue on the south, and Concord Street on the west. Spanning nearly 5 acres, the property consists of a 1,350-square-foot Craftsman Bungalow residence and adjacent orange grove (Figure 2, Sexlinger Family Farmhouse, Outbuilding, and Adjacent Orange Grove, and Figure 3, Sexlinger Family Orange Grove). The residence displays architectural features and massing typical of an early twentieth-century Craftsman bungalow. Sheathed in horizontal wood siding, the house is one story and displays a rectangular plan. A low-pitched, cross-gabled and hipped roof caps the residence. The roof terminates in overhanging eaves with rafter tails and triangular knee braces exposed. Two gables face front, one offset to the west and detailed with king-post truss, the other centered over a squared, projecting central bay and containing a double vent sandwiched between knee braces. A partial-length porch containing the entry is recessed into the west half of the facade. Brick piers support the porch roof. Most of the windows on the property are covered in boards, leaving plain wood surrounds partially visible. A rectangular outbuilding, sheathed in horizontal wood siding and featuring a sliding wood door with diagonal bracing is located southwest of the house. Although in poor repair, the farmhouse has retained most of its character-defining features. Flanking the house and outbuilding on the east and south, the orange grove consists of approximately 250 orange trees, arranged in a plot roughly 20 rows wide (east to west) and 25 rows long (north to south) (Figure 4, Sexlinger Family Farmhouse, Orange Grove, and Surrounding Area). The trees of the grove, while fallow, appear alive and still produce oranges.

2 California Public Resources Code, Section 5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852, California Register of Historical Resources. 3 California Environmental Quality Act, Section 15064.5, Determining the Significance of Impacts to Archeological and Historical Resources.

Preliminary Assessment: Sexlinger Family Farmhouse and Orange Grove Memorandum for the Record October 16, 2007 Sapphos Environmental, Inc. W:\PROJECTS\1471\1471-001\Memos\MFR 5 1584 Santa Clara\Santa Clara Ave 1584 E.doc Page 2 DISCUSSION

The farmhouse was constructed in 1914 for orange grower George Sexlinger and his wife Sophia, who resided in the house with their two daughters, Esther and Martha. Since its construction, the property has been owned by the Sexlinger family; Martha resided in the house almost until her death in 2006. Originally part of the A.B. Chapman Tract, the parcel was purchased by Sexlinger in 1913 from Perry Grout.4 Aerial photographs from 1938 through 20065 indicate that the borders of the parcel and its use as an orange grove have remained constant since Sexlinger purchased it.

Historic aerial photographs illustrate how the character of northeastern Santa Ana shifted from 1938 to 1988 from primarily agricultural uses, with multiple parcels of orchards and orange groves, to residential subdivisions. As of 1938 and 1959, agricultural uses (in particular orchards and orange groves) covered most of northeastern Santa Ana. By 1970, residential subdivision had replaced orchards and orange groves directly to the east, south, and west of the Sexlinger family property, which remained intact. The remaining orchards and orange groves as of 1970 were located to the north and northwest of the Sexlinger property. By 1988, the remaining orchards to the north and northwest had been replaced by residential subdivisions. As of 2006, the last remaining orange grove visible on aerial photographs in northeastern Santa Ana is the 5-acre Sexlinger property. Moreover, a detailed examination of a 2006 aerial photograph of the City of Santa Ana did not reveal the presence of other remaining orange groves within city boundaries.6 The Orange County 2005 Yearly Crop Report indicates that no remaining commercial orange groves exist in Santa Ana.7

As one of the last remaining examples of Santa Ana’s history as an important orange-growing region, the Sexlinger family farmhouse and orange grove appear to qualify for the CRHR under Criterion 1 (“associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of local or regional history or the cultural heritage of California or the United States”) and the Santa Ana Register under Criterion 6 (“buildings or structures that were connected with a business or use that was once common but is now rare”). Therefore, the residence and associated orange grove appear to qualify as historical resources under CEQA.

Should there be any questions regarding the information contained in this MFR, please contact Ms. Deborah Howell-Ardila at (626) 683-3547.

4 Orange County Book of Deeds. 10 November 1913. Book 235 pp., p. 171. Available at the Orange County Archives, Old Orange County Courthouse, Santa Ana, CA. 5 Department of Agriculture, 23 May 1938, Photo No. AXK-28-79 (aerial photograph of Santa Ana). Aerial Mapping Co., Boise, ID, 25 March 1959, Photo No. 261-3-16-149 (aerial photograph of Santa Ana). E.L. Pearson & Associates, Newport Beach, CA, 1970, Photo No. 12-23. Air Photo Services, Santa Ana, CA, 1988, Aerial Atlas of Orange County, Photo No. 17. Air Photo USA, 1 January 2006. Aerial image of Santa Ana, California, 1:4,000. Aerial photos available at the Orange County Archives, Old Orange County Courthouse, Santa Ana, California. 6 A remnant of an orange grove is known to be located between West Santa Clara and North Park, in the Floral Park neighborhood. 7 County of Orange, Resources and Development Management Department. 2005. Orange County 2005 Yearly Crop Report. Available at: http://OCagcomm.com. Accessed 12 October 2007. Deputy Agricultural Commissioner Mike Bennett indicates that reporting data to the crop report is voluntary. Bennett, Mike. 11 October 2007. Telephone communication with Deborah Howell-Ardila, Sapphos Environmental, Inc., Pasadena, CA.

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FIGURE 1 Sexlinger Residence and Orange Grove, Area Vicinity FIGURE 2 SEXLINGER FAMILY FARMHOUSE, OUTBUILDING, AND ADJACENT ORANGE GROVE

FIGURE 2 Sexlinger Family Farmhouse, Outbuilding, and Adjacent Orange Grove FIGURE 3 SEXLINGER FAMILY ORANGE GROVE

FIGURE 3 Sexlinger Family Orange Grove

FIGURE 4 SEXLINGER FAMILY FARMHOUSE, ORANGE GROVE, AND SURROUNDING AREA

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o 0 50 100 200 Feet 1 inch equals 100 feet SOURCE: Globe Explorer Q:\1471\ArcProjects\AerialPhotograph.mxd Date of Imagery: 2-1-05

FIGURE 4 Sexlinger Family Farmhouse, Orange Grove, and Surrounding Area Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (Tentative Tract Map 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, Orange County, California

Prepared for: City of Santa Ana Planning and Building Agency 20 Civic Center Plaza, Ross Annex (2nd Floor) Santa Ana, CA 92701

Prepared by: Beth Padon, M.S. Discovery Works, Inc. 10591 Bloomﬁeld Street Los Alamitos, California 90720 and: Judith Marvin, RPH No. 525 Foothill Resources, Ltd. P.O. Box 2040 Murphys, California 95247

Date: September 5, 2008 Management Summary Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) This Cultural Study Report presents the archaeological, historical, and paleontological ﬁnd- 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue ings and recommendations of the proposed Empire Homes Project, at 1584 East Santa Clara Santa Ana, California Avenue, City of Santa Ana, California. The project area is located east of the intersection of September 2008 Grand Avenue and East Santa Clara Avenue on the northeast side of the City. This cultural Page 2 resources report was conducted under provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and the City of Santa Ana guidelines for historic resources.

On April 7, 2008, Beth Padon conducted the archaeological records review at the South Central Coastal Information Center, which maintains archaeological records for Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura counties. On April 21, 2008, Judith Marvin conducted the architectural evaluation of the existing residence located on the property and examined the local historical archives at the Santa Ana History Room (Santa Ana Library) and at the Orange County archives (Old County Courthouse). Ms. Padon and Doug McIntosh conducted a systematic archaeological ﬁeld survey of the approximately 5-acre parcel on April 21, 2008.

Research into the known prehistory in the immediate vicinity revealed no significant recorded archaeological sites located within two kilometers (approximately 1.25 miles) of the project area, and the field survey found no surface indications of historic or prehistoric archaeological resources. The Native American Heritage Commission reviewed their files and found no Sacred Sites for the project. Review of the paleontological records showed fossil localities of Ice-age mammals within a two mile-radius of the project site.

Based upon the contextual history of Santa Ana and its citrus industry and the architectural history, the existing residence and property owned by the Sexlinger family is evaluated as not eligible for the California Register of Historical Resources, and it is evaluated as not meeting the requirements for listing in the Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties.

Based upon the known ethnographic and historical information for the region and the potential for ﬁnding buried remains in alluvium deposits, this project site is potentially sensitive for prehistoric and possibly historic remains. Because buried remains often go undetected during a pedestrian survey, archaeological monitoring during tree removal and grading is recommended.

Based upon the potential for finding significant fossils in the older Quaternary sediments, paleontological monitoring is recommended for excavations and removals that reach below five feet at the project site. Specific mitigation measures for archaeological and paleontological resources are provided in the following Cultural Study Report.

Table of Contents

Cultural Study Report Management Summary ...... i Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Table of Contents ...... ii 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Introduction ...... 1 Santa Ana, California Project Description ...... 1 September 2008 Project Setting ...... 1 Page 3 Project Personnel ...... 1 Research Methods ...... 3 Field Methods and Archaeological Field Survey ...... 5 Overview of Prehistory ...... 10 Historical Overview ...... 12 Santa Ana ...... 12 Transportation ...... 13 Agriculture and Settlement ...... 14 Citrus Industry ...... 14 Project Area ...... 17 Sexlinger Residence and Property ...... 17 Residential Architecture ...... 19 Description of Architectural/Historical Resources ...... 21 Architectural Description ...... 21 Findings ...... 25 Paleontological Resources ...... 25 Archaeological Resources ...... 25 Architectural/Historical Resources ...... 25 Historical Evaluation/CEQA ...... 25 Historical Evaluation/Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties ...... 27 Recommendations ...... 31 Recommendations for Architectural Resources ...... 31 Recommendations for Archaeological Resources ...... 31 Recommendations for Paleontological Resources ...... 32 Bibliography ...... 33 Archaeological Resources ...... 33 Historical Resources ...... 34 Interviews ...... 36 Appendix 1. Department of Parks and Recreation 523 Forms ...... 37 Appendix 2. Correspondence with Native American Heritage Commission . . . 41 Appendix 3. Paleontological archival review by Dr. Samuel McLeod, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County ...... 45

Introduction Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) This Cultural Study Report documents the Clara Avenue and Lyon Street, landscaping, 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue identification, recordation, and evaluation and excavation for dry and wet utilities. The Santa Ana, California efforts for cultural resources—archaeo- project also involves the demolition of the September 2008 logical, paleontological, and built environ- existing Sexlinger family house and garage Page 1 ment—within the project area of the pro- on the northwest corner of the property and posed Empire Homes Project (Tentative Tract the removal of the remaining orange trees. Map 17231) at 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue in the City of Santa Ana, California. This Project Setting report complies with the cultural resources requirements of the City of Santa Ana, the Topographically, the project varies slightly California Environmental Quality Act, and in elevation from approximately 180 to professional standards. This study addresses 182 feet above sea level, from northwest to the requirements of the California Environ- southeast. The project also lies near the Santa mental Quality Act (CEQA), by determining Ana River floodplain and south of Santiago California Register of Historical Resources Creek. The Santa Ana River passes approxi- (California Register) eligibility; and Chap- mately two and a half miles to the west and ter 30 of the City of Santa Ana’s Munici- Santiago Creek flows approximately one mile pal Code codified through Ord. No. 2739, north of the project. enacted April 2, 2007. Geologically, the site contains Quaternary- Project Description age alluvium deposits (GeoTex, Inc. 2007). These alluvial deposits are eroded materials The project is located within the northeast- from the Santa Ana Mountains. The alluvium ern portion of the City of Santa Ana, about soils consist of interbedded layers of gray- a half-mile west of the intersection of Grand ish-brown silty sand, to sandy silt materials Avenue and Santa Clara Avenue, at 1584 East and with some depth gravelly sand (GeoTex Santa Clara Avenue. The 4.8-acre parcel is 2007:4). rectangular in shape and includes a remnant orange grove and two structures, the Sex- Project Personnel linger family home and garage. Specifically, the project area covers an unsectioned por- Beth Padon of Discovery Works, Inc. con- tion of Township 4 South, Range 9 West on ducted the archaeological archival review the USGS Orange 7.5’Quadrangle (Figure and field evaluations for this study. Ms. 1). Padon meets all of the qualifications for Prin- cipal investigator and manager as detailed in The proposed subdivision of the property “Archeological and Historic Preservation; includes the development of 24-single family Secretary of Interior’s Standards and Guide- residences, road construction between Santa lines” (Federal Register, Vol. 48, No. 190, 1983). She has a M.S. in Anthropology and a historian and architectural historian who thirty years of cultural resources manage- has been practicing in California since 1983. ment experience in California. Douglas S. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from McIntosh, historical archaeologist, assisted the University of California, Berkeley, with with the archaeological field survey and with special emphasis in California History. She historical research of the property. is listed in the California Council for the Pro- motion of History Register of Professional Judith Marvin of Foothill Resources, Ltd. Historians (No. 525), and meets the Secretary (Foothill Resources) conducted the ar- of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Cultural Study Report chitectural study. Ms. Marvin conducted Standards as an architectural historian. Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) the architectural survey and recordation, 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue the historical research for the project area Dr. Samuel A. McLeod, Vertebrate Paleon- Santa Ana, California overview and the site-specific histories, and tology Department at the Natural History September 2008 prepared the historical study. Ms. Marvin is Museum of Los Angeles County, conducted Page 2 the paleontology archival review.

Figure 1. Project location map. Source: USGS Orange 7.5’ Quadrangle (1978, photorevised 1981). (This map is the most recent USGS map of the area. Locations on USGS topographic maps are required for the archaeology archives.) Research Methods Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Archival and oral-history research for the • City of Santa Ana Register of Historical 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue project area was conducted on April 21 and Properties (2007). Santa Ana, California 22, 2008 at repositories in the City of Santa September 2008 Ana, and in the files of Discovery Works and The Sexlinger residence was not listed on Page 3 Foothill Resources on April 28 and 29, 2008. any of the above inventories. A Craftsman Research focused on examining historical residence in the vicinity, the Hasenyager maps, written histories, the official records of House located at 2139 North Grand Avenue, Orange County, and census data to determine was listed in the Santa Ana Register of His- ownership, use, and dates of occupation for torical Properties, and evaluated as potential- the residence within the study area. The City ly eligible for listing in the National Register of Santa Ana, Planning Department, provided of Historic Places (National Register), and site-specific information from previous stud- California Register of Historical Resources ies (Heumann 2007). (California Register) (Heumann 2002).

For this project, Beth Padon conducted a re- The County of Orange lists two local Histori- cords search of the project site and a 1/2-mile cal Landmarks, No. 54 and No. 55, within a radius at the South Central Coastal Informa- two-mile radius of the project. These are both tion Center (SCCIC). The archives contained campsites for Gaspar de Portolá’s 1769 ex- no records of cultural resources previously pedition, a Spanish exploration of the coastal identiﬁed within the project area boundaries, and inland areas. On July 27, 1769, they and one record of an historic resource (the stopped on the east side of Santiago Creek, Hasenyager House) within a 1/2-mile radius near the present-day intersection of Chapman of the project area. Three cultural resource and Walnut Avenues in Orange, and on July surveys had been conducted within one-mile 28, 1769, they camped on the east side of the radius of the project area (Cason and Huey Santa Ana River, near the historic town site 1993, Drover 1976, and Padon 2001). Ms. of Olive (Orange County Historical Land- Padon also reviewed the following inven- marks 1976). tories to identify historic resources in the project area: In 1965, Helen Smith reviewed the several • Ofﬁce of Historic Preservation Historic campsites made by the Portolá expedition Property Directory (12/03/07); in Orange County. She describes the Santa • California Inventory of Historic Resourc- Ana River campsite (Landmark No. 55) from es (1976); Portolá diary “as across from an Indian vil- • Historical Landmarks (1990 et seq.); lage on the west bank” (Smith 1965:31). As a • California Points of Historical Interest source of water, natural resources, medicine, (May 1992 et seq.); and food, the Santa Ana River would have • County of Orange Historical Landmarks been well known by the native people. (1976); and Foothill Resources conducted research in the following repositories to identify historic property uses and ownership: • Orange County Archives, Santa Ana; • Santa Ana History Room, Santa Ana Public Library, Santa Ana; • Discovery Works, Los Alamitos; and • Foothill Resources, Murphys.

Cultural Study Report Also Ms. Marvin conducted oral interviews Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) and correspondence with local residents as 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue part of this study. These interviews provided Santa Ana, California details about the property use and its history. September 2008 Persons interviewed included local residents Page 4 and historians Chris Jepson of the Santa Ana Archives; Carolyn Schoff, Board of Direc- tors, Orange County Historical Society; Phil Brigandi, Historian; Skip Burch, former grounds supervisor; and Chad Brown, current property owner.

Published histories and the citrus industry clipping ﬁles in the Santa Ana History Room provided useful information on the background of the citrus industry, land use, and change in Santa Ana. The ofﬁcial records, historical maps, city directories, and census data provided invaluable information on land development, dates of construction, and the Sexlinger family.

Field Methods and Archaeological Field Survey Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Discovery Works, Inc. and Foothill Re- ments, midden soil, and other indicators of 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue sources, Ltd. conducted their respective prehistoric use. We also looked for historical Santa Ana, California field studies on April 21, 2008. Ms. Marvin artifacts and features that could date to more September 2008 examined the architectural resources and Ms. than fifty years ago, especially in the imme- Page 5 Padon and Mr. McIntosh proceeded with the diate areas around the residence and garage archaeological field survey, after an initial built in 1914. Ms. Padon kept the field notes, field meeting with project representatives, and Mr. McIntosh took the photographs. Bill Apple (City of Santa Ana), Chad Brown (Empire Homes), and Youji R. Yasul (URS), Figures 2 through 4 show the overall condi- to share information regarding previous tions of the orange grove and property in two meetings and discussions about the property. overview photographs of the parcel, taken Ms. Marvin examined the exterior of the from the southeast corner of the property. We farm house structure, and recorded informa- observed that many trees are in poor condition on California Department of Parks and tion; a few trees, that appear to receive water Recreation (DPR) 523 record forms. The from the neighboring properties, are produc- interior was not visible because the win- ing oranges. Improvements made to Santa dows and doorways were boarded over. Ms. Clara Avenue removed the water connection Marvin also conducted a windshield survey that had been used by the grove on the Sex- of nearby streets in Santa Ana, Tustin, and linger property. Portola Park forms the east Orange to ascertain the location and relative side of the property and housing develop- numbers of other Craftsman residences. ments exist on the south and west boundaries. Figure 5 shows approximately the center Ms. Padon and Mr. McIntosh conducted a of the property where there are no orange systematic and intensive survey of the entire trees, and shows the recent weed clearing property by walking parallel transects, five from disking. Mr. Skip Burch, local resident meters (about 15 feet) apart, in a north/south and an individual interviewed as part of this direction from the east side of the parcel to study, stated that he has provided weed clear- the west side. This survey sought to iden- ing for the Sexlinger family for the past 20 tify any archaeological sites, features, or years (Skip Burch, personal communication, artifacts present on the surface. We looked April 16, 2008). for chipped stone tools, grinding imple- Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, California September 2008 Page 6

Figure 2. Looking north from the southeast corner of property. Portola Park is beyond the wall on the right.

Figure 3. Looking northwest from the southeast corner of property. Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, California September 2008 Page 7

Figure 4. Looking west from the southeast corner of property. Residential area is beyond the fence on the left.

Figure 5. Looking northeast, from the western boundary of the property, showing the central portion that has no trees. Along the west boundary and approximately pad with grape vines growing along the 50 feet from the garage, Figures 6 and 7 east side of this pad. We also noted a pile of show the remaining standpipe and gate valve modern debris near this concrete pad that in- in the grove indicating the type of irrigation cluded tires, bricks, and modern trash (Figure system used. Immediately behind the house 8). But we found no historic debris deposits and garage on the west side of the property, or items such as farming equipment, privies, we located a ﬁfteen by ﬁfteen foot concrete or refuse pits.

Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, California September 2008 Page 8

Figure 6. Doug McIntosh is inspecting the irrigation stand pipe and gate valve. View to the southwest. Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, California September 2008 Page 9

Figure 7. Close-up of irrigation stand pipe and gate valve. View to the southwest.

Figure 8. Beth Padon is standing on the concrete pad, with modern debris in foreground. View to the southwest, from behind the garage. Overview of Prehistory Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) The project is located within the general area sites representing this time period (7,000 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue of the floodplain east of the Santa Ana River year ago), typically yield large numbers of Santa Ana, California and south of Santiago Creek. Early topo- “metates” and “manos” (milling stones) as September 2008 graphic maps show that the project site lies well as unique artifacts of unknown use, Page 10 between the natural courses of these rivers. called discoidals and cogged stones. Nu- This general area was subject to seasonal merous Milling Stone Horizon sites are floods which created swamps and sloughs. known in Orange County. One of these sites, Prehistorically, the environmental condi- CA-ORA-83, known as the Cogged Stone tions would have been much the same. This Site, is located on the Bolsa Chica Mesa, on type of environment would have provided the northern side of Bolsa Chica Bay and abundant food and tool making resources, wetlands. Cogged stones are also recorded and undoubtedly served as a procurement for CA-ORA-145 and CA-ORA-163, located area for regional prehistoric populations and south of the project. possible a seasonal settlement. Most of the well-documented and investigated prehistoric By 5,000 years ago, coastal populations sites in Orange County that represent long- begin exhibiting greater reliance on marine term occupation and possible villages, are resources. Along the coast, deep sea fishing located on the mesas around the coastal bays begins in earnest (Koerper and Drover 1983). and estuaries or on knolls above the flood- Circular fishhooks and perforated stones plain. The archival research identified several (possibly associated with larger nets) appear. prehistoric sites located along the bluffs that Inland, and within the San Joaquin Hills overlook the Santa Ana River. These loca- canyons, acorn processing technology ap- tions were favored because they were more pears. The Intermediate Horizon is followed secure and less subject to periodic destruc- by the Late Prehistoric Horizon (Wallace) tion or disruption by flooding. or Shoshonean Tradition (Warren), beginning around 1500 years ago (Bean and Smith Some of the archaeological sites located 1978). Among the recognized archaeologi- within several miles of the project site date to cal changes is the presence of arrowheads, the earliest identified prehistoric traditions, soapstone bowls, callus shell beads, steatite termed either the Early Man Horizon (Wal- effigies and cremations. These innovations lace 1955, 1978) or the San Dieguito Tradi- have been linked to the arrival of Shoshonean tion (Warren 1968). The earliest, local cul- peoples in the area. tural tradition is a late San Dieguito compo- nent at the Irvine Site (CA-ORA-64), on the By 1,000 years ago, smoking pipes and bluffs above middle Newport Bay. The San Tizon brownware pottery also appear. This Dieguito/Early Man traditions are followed late prehistoric period ends abruptly when by the cultures termed either Milling Stone Spanish colonists begin establishing mis- Horizon or Encinitas Tradition. Prehistoric sions along the California coast. Disease and forced mission labor greatly reduced native and Smith (1978), and McCawley (1996). populations and destroyed most traditional These researchers report that villages were cultural lifeways. Early Spanish missionar- the focus of family life, with each individual ies, soldiers and explorers, however, did keep group linked to others by paternal kinship. diaries and records that provide us with much Kin groups affiliated into several village of our knowledge about the native inhabit- clans. Villages were exogamous, and after ants in the area at the time of contact. marriage the wife resided with her husband’s kin group. Ethnographically, the project site lies within Cultural Study Report the territorial boundaries of the Gabrielino Each Gabrielino village had a headman who Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Indians. The Gabrielinos were Shoshonean, paternally inherited his position. The vil- 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Takic language speakers, who resided in lage headman was assisted in religious and Santa Ana, California the general Los Angeles Basin and adjacent medical matters by a shaman, and in other September 2008 northern Orange County. Their name is activities, such as hunting, by male special- Page 11 derived from their association with Mission ists. The villages apparently were politically San Gabriel Arcangel. Spanish accounts and independent despite inter-village marriage historic interviews tell us that the Gabrielino and kinship ties. Gabrielino living near the were intensive hunter-gatherers who used coast had different subsistence practices than both inland and coastal resources. their inland relatives. Coastal Gabrielino (and by implication their ancestors, the “proto- The Gabrielino people lived in either per- Gabrielino”) were maritime hunter-gatherers, manent or semi-permanent villages at two exploiting bay and kelp bed fish, shellfish, types of locations, coastal estuaries or along and even, on occasion, sea mammals. Inland major inland watercourses, according to groups more intensively collected plants and detailed reconstructions of Gabrielino life hunted terrestrial game such as deer, bear and by Kroeber (1925), Johnson (1962), Bean quail (Hudson 1971).

Historical Overview Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) The following has been abstracted from sev- Santa Ana Valley, which had become home 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue eral sources, and the reader is referred to the to numerous settlers attracted to the rich Santa Ana, California referenced studies for additional information. cheap lands of the area. A school district September 2008 The economic and social development of the was formed that first year, with a Methodist Page 12 Santa Ana Valley has centered around several Episcopal Church South erected the follow- themes: Native American occupation, settle- ing (Marsh 1994, in Santa Ana Historic Time ment, agriculture, transportation, water, and Line 2008). Spurgeon became postmaster in residential architecture and development. The 1870, and served as the first mayor when the historical resources in the study area repre- town was incorporated on June 1, 1886, with sent themes of settlement, agriculture, and a population of 2000. It was re-incorporated residential and architectural development. under the Municipal Corporation Act the following March, when an additional 500 Santa Ana residents had moved in (Goddard and God- dard 1988). The area that is now the City of Santa Ana was located on a portion of the Rancho San- Most of the improvements in Santa Ana were tiago de Santa Ana, granted to Jose Antonio directed or owned by Spurgeon, including Yorba and his nephew Juan Pablo Peralta by the construction of a road to Anaheim and the the King of Spain in 1810. The grant totaled original water system from an artesian well. 78,941 acres and included what later became After Orange County was formed in 1889, the community of Santa Ana (Beck and Santa Ana was selected as the County Seat, Haase 1974:37; Hoover et al. 1990:252). with Spurgeon elected as president of the The town of Santa Ana was founded in Oc- Board of Supervisors. The new red Arizona tober of 1869 by William Henry Spurgeon, sandstone courthouse was completed in 1901 on a portion of a 750-acre parcel of land that on one of Spurgeon’s lots, and is now listed Jacob Ross Sr. purchased from the Yorba on the National Register of Historic Places family. Spurgeon, a native of Kentucky, (Goddard and Goddard 1988). A hospital was purchased 74.2 acres of land for $595 per opened the following year, and the Santa Ana acre, dividing it into 24 blocks of ten lots City Hall erected in 1904. each. The community was bounded on the south by First Street, West Street (Broadway) According to the 1890 census, the popula- on the west, Seventh Street on the north, and tion of Santa Ana was 3,628 (about the same Spurgeon Street on the east. He named his as the City of Pasadena). The census defined city Santa Ana, for the rancho (Goddard and towns with populations over 2,500 as “ur- Goddard 1988). ban,” (Gibson 1998) and Santa Ana certainly fit this description. Although the surrounding Spurgeon quickly set about constructing a area was rural, Fourth Street in Santa Ana general store to serve the residents in the was a thriving commercial center, with two- story brick buildings housing stores, banks, abandoned and the tracks removed. In 1953 and professional offices (Marsh 1994:67) the new Santa Ana Freeway was completed between Los Angeles and Santa Ana, sound- Transportation ing the death knell for passenger service on the railroad lines (Goddard and Goddard The advent of the railroad, was to forever 1988). alter the future of the Santa Ana Valley and Southern California and to provide the im- In 1928 Santa Ana joined the Metropolitan petus for the extensive agricultural develop- Water District, thus ensuring a steadier sup- Cultural Study Report ment of the area. During the 1870s, both ply of water than Spurgeon’s artesian sourc- Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Tustin and Santa Ana competed for the exten- es. By the early 1940s, the population had 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue sion of the Southern Pacific Railroad line reached almost 32,000. The attack on Pearl Santa Ana, California south of Anaheim. Luckily for Santa Ana, it Harbor in 1941, however, was to forever September 2008 was selected and the track was completed in alter the composition of Santa Ana’s popula- Page 13 December of 1877, where a depot was built tion and to portend its future. The Santa Ana north of the First Street crossing. The line Army Base, a training facility for the Army was extended to West Orange in 1880, and Air Corps, was established; the United States depots and packing houses were established Naval Air Station, Santa Ana, was located along its route through Orange County. near Tustin; the Orange County Airport was taken over by the Army and called the Santa By 1887-88, the Santa Fe Railroad reached Ana Army Airdrome; while Irvine Park was Santa Ana, thus connecting it with the closed and became an infantry training camp. burgeoning markets to the east. The section Santa Ana thus became the off-base center of the existing Burlington Northern Santa for servicemen and their families, offering Fe Railroad Co. (BNSF) (historically the off-duty entertainment and worship opportu- Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad nities (Santa Ana Historic Time Line 2008). [ATSF]) track was built by the Riverside, After the cessation of hostilities, Santa Ana’s Santa Ana, and Los Angeles Railroad Co., a population quickly grew to over 45,000. subsidiary of the ATSF, between 1885 and 1887. Additional track was built in 1897 and By far the greatest change in the Santa Ana 1910. This section represents a portion of the area was to occur after World War II. Soldiers Third District (San Bernardino Subdivision), from all over the United States who had been which connects San Bernardino (and the rest stationed at nearby bases and fields returned of BNSF’s transcontinental system) with Los after the war, armed with the G.I. Bill, and Angeles through Santa Ana Canyon. This purchased property throughout the Los An- section became the second main line for the geles County and Orange County basins. The ATSF between San Bernardino and Los An- communities of Santa Ana, Tustin, Orange, geles and continues in service at the present etc. were inundated with developments time (Marvin and Pletka 2003). (Orange County Subdivision Maps, various), as the area changed from agriculture (with a By the early 1890s a street railway system small population) to industry. connected Santa Ana with Orange and Tustin, and in 1891, the McFadden brothers inaugu- A 1954 newspaper article noted that hous- rated the Santa Ana and Newport Railway, ing tracts were squeezing out the orange connecting Santa Ana with the wharf. By groves, with 3,000 acres a year being lost to 1906, the Red Car from Los Angeles on the homes and factories. The assessments had new Pacific Electric line was running along been raised too high, and the best ground was Fourth Street, but by the 1950s the route was being developed for subdivisions. By 1960, the population had increased to over 100,000, nant agricultural product in Orange County although citrus was still the main industry. until the late 1930s (Bergandi 1997:82). With the flood of people, orange groves were pulled out to meet the demand for houses, Many Southern California communities grew resulting in the closure of most of the pack- into important towns because of oranges. inghouses (Marvin and Pletka 2003). These communities were filled with new settlers who came to southern California from A Civic Center, new Courthouse, and Library distant places. They came by railroad rather were completed in the 1960s. A new City than covered wagon, and in greater numbers Cultural Study Report Hall was erected in 1973, and the Orange and at faster rates than their predecessors. Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) County Civic Center Plaza continued to They were the type of person who could 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue develop. During the 1980s, immigration afford to buy a railroad ticket–merchants, Santa Ana, California from Mexico, Latin America, and southwest bankers, professional men, and farmers. September 2008 Asia spurred population growth, and in 1989 And when they purchased agricultural plots, Page 14 Orange County celebrated its centennial. In they did so as commercial enterprises, not as the 1990s the City’s population increased homesteaders wanting to carve out a living to over 293,000 and in the early 2000s had in the wilderness on a small family farm. reached about 338,000, 77 percent of whom (McWilliams 1946:127-128 were Hispanics (Santa Ana Historic Time Line 2008). Some towns started as planned, agricultural communities, such as Anaheim, and Today, Santa Ana’s historic core is being George Chaffey’s planned model colony that redeveloped, and residential construction he named after his home town of Ontario, continues at a rapid pace. Canada (Garcia 2001:28-31). Many other communities grew into cities because of the Agriculture and Settlement surrounding orchards, such as Riverside, Pasadena, Fullerton, Placentia, and Orange, With its rich Placentia Sandy Adobe soil even though they weren’t self-consciously and inexpensive land, the Santa Ana Valley started as agricultural colonies. And still quickly developed as an agricultural area. other communities, such as Los Angeles, Grapes, which had been planted in Anaheim Long Beach, and Santa Ana, grew because by the Anaheim colony in the late 1850s, they served as commercial and governmental were also the staple crop of the region by the centers (Marsh 1994). 1870s and 1880s. The phylloxera epidemic of the 1880s was to kill most of the vines, Citrus Industry however, thus eliminating that agricultural base (Carpenter 1977:72–73). In 1880, the Valencia orange was introduced into the area, planted by Richard Gilman of Apricots were planted ca. 1900, but went Placentia, who budded five acres of orange out of favor when World War I destroyed trees, the first commercial Valencia orchard the market in Europe. Walnuts were planted in California. The Portuguese (incorrectly in the 1890s-1910s, and were an important noted as from Spain) trees had been ordered industry until they went into a decline in by Albert B. Chapman, the founder of the the 1930s. Avocados were also an impor- City of Orange, from Thomas Rivers of Eng- tant crop, as were truck gardens. The citrus land. In 1883, the first fruit was shipped east, industry started in the 1880s, and after the and by 1909, 850 railroad cars of oranges formation and growth of the exchanges in the were shipped from the Fullerton-Placentia 1890s, it grew rapidly to become the domi- area. During different eras, Caucasians, Chinese, Japanese, and Mexican laborers orchardists used smudge pots, creating black harvested the crops, with most of the area’s walls of smudge for miles around. Other residents working in the packinghouses. disasters included the “Riverside Winds,” or Santa Anas, which could blow crops off the The Valencia orange, which originated in trees. To counter this, numerous rows of Blue the Azores, was remarkably suited to the Gum trees were planted as protection, but area, as they were juicier and were eas- were only partially effective. The floods of ily stored on the trees and ripened for the 1916 also decimated many of the orchards. important summer market, but could stay on By far the biggest problem, however, was Cultural Study Report the tree from May to October. When Valen- the “Quick Decline,” or black scale, a virus, Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) cia oranges were planted locally, they were which had to be controlled by fumigation and 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue protected from disease by grafting them onto spraying. Santa Ana, California tougher “sour” rootstock, often lemons. At September 2008 first, basins were made around the trees, with In the early years, the growers picked, Page 15 farmers carrying buckets to water them, but packed, and sold their citrus crops to inde- irrigation systems were soon developed and pendent buyers or commission agents for furrows dug in the orchards to flood-irrigate large commercial produce houses in Los the trees. Water was initially carried to the Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and groves through a series of open ditches, soon Chicago, who contracted to sell their crops. replaced by concrete pipes to prevent evapo- Packinghouses were established in the 1880s ration, then distributed to the trees through a along the railroad lines for transshipment series of furrows between each row. Concrete to distant markets. The commission agents, standpipes were connected to the system to however, were the bane of growers, taking a equalize the pressure. hefty commission, thus prompting the found- ing of marketing organizations (Brigandi An account written in 1947 noted that the 1997:76-77). cost of planting was $1,000 for ten acres, with total costs of $3,500 to the fifth year The first cooperative association began in when the orchards began producing. Origi- 1885, commencing the rapid development nally, about 48 trees were planted to an acre, of the associations in the 1890s–1920s. but by the 1960s they were planting 200 to The association did the harvesting, pack- the acre. Another account noted that a fair ing, shipping, and marketing for the grower, orchard averaged 300 boxes per acre, with with the most prominent growers sitting on a good one averaging 500 per acre, and a the boards of the co-ops. Two of the earli- few produced 800 per acre. A net return to est organizations were the Orange Growers’ the grower was considerable when prices Protective Union and the Fruit Growers’ were high, and even when not so good, were Union. In 1893, the Southern California Fruit enough to sustain the industry and the area Growers’ Exchange was organized, with the over a long period of time (Doig 1966:151). Orange Growers Association formed the following year. The California Fruit Growers’ Oranges were rather delicate, however, and Exchange was organized in 1905, combining suffered dramatically from freezing tem- the associations from the north and south, peratures and desert winds, especially in the and adopted the trademark “Sunkist” in 1907. freeze of 1913, when the Santiago Orange Sunkist took over the advertising, sales, and Growers lost 25% of their crop, and in 1937, setting the standards for the fruit. In 1952 the when only 50% of the crop was salvageable. name was changed to Sunkist Growers, Inc. To protect the orchards from freezing, many (Teague 1944). Closer to the project area, the Santiago The groves also proved to be a handsome Orange Growers Association (SOGA) was backdrop for a suburban home, and hundreds created on North Glassell Street in Orange were built in the 1930s. To be an orchardist in 1893. The company originally contracted implied status, and the area was populated with local private packinghouses to handle with gentleman farmers on two-acre plots the fruit, then built their own packinghouse calling themselves ranchers (Sleeper 1968). in 1899. In 1918 they constructed a massive As reflected upon in the 1960s: facility on South Cypress Street, and in 1929 Orange growing was an attractive oc- shipped more than any other packing plant cupation in many ways. The owner of Cultural Study Report in the world. By 1933 there were over 40 ten acres of unencumbered orange land, Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) different packinghouses in the Orange area, with healthy trees in full bearing, was 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue with over 200 packinghouses in the county a fortunate individual. The irrigation Santa Ana, California (Sleeper 1968). and cultivation of the orchard could be September 2008 handled by one person with time to spare. Page 16 The development of the orange industry Harvesting was taken care of by the Cit- was fueled by the Southern Pacific Railroad, rus Association. The beauty of a carefully which had land to sell and railroad cars to groomed orchard created an environment fill with oranges shipping east. In a 1917 for living which cannot be matched by publication touting the citrus industry and any of the fantastic arrays of residences promoting Sunkist, the company stated that which now almost entirely cover the one could make a net profit of 10% on an land where orange trees once grew (Doig acre valued at $2000 with 20% profit to be 1966:147-148). made annually, as most of the oranges were purchased for $1,000 an acre. Of course, the By 1923, over 40,000 acres of oranges had value was in the railroad’s “quick shipping been planted in Orange County, with 1929 over the Salt Lake Route.” the biggest year ever for packinghouses. By 1932, 60,000 acres of Valencias had been The company issued an “invitation to the planted, with the peak in 1948 of 67,263 peoples of the world to come to Southern acres (Brigandi 1997:81). At that time the California and see what it has to offer.” It SOGA was the largest packinghouse in the was the Arcadia of the West, playground for world, and in 1963 had $19,678,900 in sales. the weary, sanitarium for the ailing, land The SOGA folded in 1967. By 1970, most of outdoors, balmy breezes, genial skies of of the packinghouses had closed, killed by hospitality and good cheer. The ideal home the economics of $2000 an acre for land. of children, land of contrasts and achieve- The Villa Park Citrus Association, founded ments and Elysium of the artist. “It is God’s in 1914, closed in 1982. Two years later the Country—and man’s.” The booklet went on Olive Heights Citrus Association shut down; to note that travelers would see 80 miles of and in 1988, its building burned down. Freez- groves on the route from Cajon Pass to Los ing and pests were big problems, but the Angeles, and that 50,000 carloads of or- biggest impacts were the housing develop- anges were shipped in the 1915-1916 season ments, which took the last major groves in (Southern Pacific Railroad 1917). the 1980s.

In the first decades of the twentieth century, With only small acreages remaining in even more shivering easterners became Orange County, the packers were no longer enchanted with the western weather and to interested, as the orchards were too small to own an orange grove in Southern California merit the time and costs. Some communi- was the epitome of agricultural aristocracy. ties, however, determined to retain a least a vestige of the crop that had provided the was depicted on a map of the area (McBride sobriquet for the county and the basis of 1913). As Grout was listed alternately as a its economy for over 50 years. In 1984 the foreman and fieldman for SOGA, it appears City of Orange established the Hoyt Grove likely that the orchard had been planted by at Orange Park. In Tustin, the Nissan family that time. Grout was a resident of Orange, continued to operate their 1915 farm as late so he evidently just planted and maintained as 1999. Irvine, which had 80,000 acres of the orchard until it was purchased by the oranges at its peak, was reduced to 116 acres Sexlinger family that year. During the years by 2003, with a two-acre Incredible Edible 1913-1918, Perry and his wife Flora sold Cultural Study Report Park the only remaining orchard for public several parcels of land to other orange grow- Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) viewing. There are, however, a number of ers (Orange County Deeds, various). 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue little pocket orchards still in production in Santa Ana, California the area, the largest probably only an acre or Sexlinger Residence and Property September 2008 two. There are also a couple of larger groves Page 17 left in Orange County—in the Santa Ana On November 18, 1913, Perry V. Grout Canyon, and on the Irvine Ranch (Brigandi deeded the five-acre property on Santa Clara 2008). Avenue to George and Sophia Sexlinger (Deed Book 285:171), who constructed the Writing in 1968, Jim Sleeper noted that the residence shortly thereafter. Grout evidently citrus industry was beset with “blight, bugs, sold the acreage to the Sexlinger family so tracts, and taxes,” but that “with a century of that they would operate the orchard and sell citrus behind it, Orange County is far from their produce to the SOGA. As noted by reaping its last ‘Golden Harvest.’” The time, historian Phil Brigandi, five acres would have however, is now, as the Santa Ana Valley, been a rather small orchard to make a living once known as the best in the world for on, so perhaps the family had other sources oranges, has essentially been paved over and of income. One informant recalled that developed for residential, commercial, and George worked for the railroad at one time industrial use. (Skip Burch, personal communication, April 16, 2008). Project Area In 1890, George Sexlinger was residing in The lands in the project area were annexed Saginaw, Michigan, where he was work- to the City of Santa Ana in 1888, but those ing as a clerk in the store of J. H. Shaw. Ten on the north side of East Santa Clara Avenue years later the census listed him as aged 29, a were not annexed until the 1960s and 1970s, groceryman who rented a house. He evident- as were those located to the east (City of San- ly followed the advice of the Southern Pacific ta Ana Chronology of Annexations). As the Railway and moved west to Southern Cali- census enumerator identified the Sexlinger fornia shortly after 1910. By that time he had family as residing in the Tustin Township, married Anna Sophia Weber, also a native of they were evidently more closely aligned to Michigan, and the couple had two daughters: that community. The house is located in the Esther Marie, born in 1903; and Martha M., original A.B. Chapman tract, one of many born in 1908, both in Michigan. such developed by Chapman. Most of the acreage was owned by small growers, with In January of 1920, the Sexlinger family was five, ten, or twenty-acre farms. listed as residing on Santa Clara Avenue in Tustin Township. George, aged 49, noted By 1913, Perry V. Grout’s five-acre parcel on his occupation as “farmer,” while Sophia, Santa Clara Avenue (Block A, Section 5, Lot also aged 49, was keeping house. The two 5) had been purchased from Chapman and girls Esther, aged 16, and Martha, aged 11, were residing in the household. The par- torical comparison. This neighbor, Brennan ents of both George and Sophia were born Ahern, was noted as one of the few remain- in Germany, and George and Sophia spoke ing orchardists in the county. He resided on German. Residing nearby were numerous a six-acre parcel across from the Fairhaven others who listed their occupations as citrus Cemetery gates on Santa Clara Avenue. growers, general farmers, and farmers. Most Ahern also cared for a 60-acre citrus orchard of them hailed from the Midwest: Ohio, Il- on the grounds of the Fairhaven Memo- linois, Iowa, Indiana, Michigan, etc., and the rial Park, established in 1911 when orange majority were of German ancestry. George groves covered much of eastern Santa Ana Cultural Study Report was listed in the Orange County directories and nearly all of Tustin. In 1998, Ahern, then Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) in 1925 and 1927 as a rancher, residing on aged 79, worked on the orchard two days a 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Clara Road, two miles north of Santa week, watering the trees through furrows. He Santa Ana, California Ana. noted that a light crop produced 250 cartons September 2008 of oranges an acre, and a heavy crop 700. Page 18 George died on November 7, 1929, and the The cemetery was soon to bulldoze the trees, following year Sophia was noted as head of as when they aged the “quality gave way” household and an “orchard farmer.” Esther (Lynch 1998). Ahern’s orchard was recently was also residing in the house, but Martha developed as Portola Park. had moved to San Bernardino where she worked as a maid in the household of the The Sexlinger family orchard, at about five Frank Currie family. The Sexlinger property acres, was a small-scale operation. Small was still surrounded by numerous other farm- orchards typically had little influence upon ers, and extensive orchards were depicted the citrus industry market or operations. A on maps of the area from Santa Ana on the contemporary historian, Carey McWilliams, west, to Orange on the north, and Tustin on describes the roles of the fruit exchange and the west (USGS 1949). In 1933 and 1940, small-scale orchards (1946:211-212): Sophia was listed in the Orange County The tendency of the exchange to domi- directories as an orange grower; Martha and nate all phases of production has been Esther were residing with her in the family furthered by the circumstance that home. Many of the trees in the orchard are the typical orange–grove owner is a dead or dying, and may have suffered from gentleman-farmer who has purchased a the “Quick Decline” of the 1940s and 1950s, suburban estate as a means of acquiring or simply have reached their productive lifes- status. Today the local packing associa- pan, usually 30-50 years (Brigandi 2008). tions supply all the harvesting labor for their members, furnishing picking crews, Anna Sophia Sexlinger died on April 12, hauling facilities, and all equipment, and 1952, and the two daughters continued to undertaking, upon request, to take charge reside on the property. Although its citrus of pruning and insect control. Not only is production is unknown, the orchard was this procedure agreeable to the average regularly cared for by field supervisor Skip grower, but it enables the exchange to Burch. Esther Marie died in Santa Ana in rationalize production. Thus the harvest- February of 1995, and Martha in July of ing proceeds on a carefully worked out 2006. The house was then left to the vicissi- schedule, area by area, zone by zone, as tudes of time, weather, and vandals. a single collective year-round operation. So thoroughly has management been di- Although no site-specific information on the vorced from ownership that, in the words Sexlinger orchard was located, an account of of Dr. J. Eliot Coit, “there are many citrus the orchard of the neighbor to the east was farmers who do no manual work on their reported in a 1998 account and provides his- farms.”... However, there are some real farmers in the parents were born in Mexico. This category industry. These are the “commercial grow- was discontinued for the next census, but in ers,” who operate citrus farms, not for status, 1970, the census began recording Hispanic but for profit, the “determined agricultural- origin. The following table (from Gibson ists” who put the industry on a paying basis. and Jung 2005) shows that the proportion of Fabulously successful, these larger concerns Santa Ana residents of Hispanic origin grew dominate the central exchange and its local at a smaller pace from 1930 to 1970 than it and district branches. For years the manageri- did after 1970: al talent for the central, district, Cultural Study Report and local exchanges has been Year Total population Hispanic origin (of any race) Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) recruited from the personnel of 1930 30,322 3,633 (12%) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue the large commercial producers. Santa Ana, California Nor can there be any doubt that 1970 (15% sample) 156,483 38,505 (24.6%) September 2008 these concerns dominate the in- 1980 203,713 90,646 (44.5%) Page 19 dustry. In 1930, 115 commercial 1990 293,742 191,383 (65.2%) growers, constituting 3.4% of the total number of growers, received 27.7% of the $20,000,000 income from citrus farms Thus it appears that the major increase in in Orange County. Hispanic population for Santa Ana came after the decline of small-scale orchards, such as People of many nationalities worked in the the Sexlinger family orchard. citrus industry in Southern California. Ini- tially, Native Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Residential Architecture and Filipinos supplied much of the labor. This gradually changed, primarily as result The most dominant style in the decade of the of the Chinese Exclusion Act and Geary Act, 1910s, and continuing into the 1920s, was and the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution. the Craftsman Bungalow (also known as After 1900, most of the field workers came the California Bungalow). The style origi- from Mexico. Many Mexican immigrants nated in Southern California, inspired by the did not stay permanently, since it was easy to work of Charles Sumner Greene and Henry return the short distance for family concerns Mather Greene of Pasadena (McAlester and or because they had earned enough money McAlester 1984). With their low-pitched in the U.S. The number of Mexican immi- gable roofs, wide eave overhangs, exposed grants significantly declined during the Great roof rafters and knee braces, full or partial Depression of the 1930s, when growing width porches, and roofs supported by square unemployment fed hostility to immigrant columns, the homes were especially suited to workers. However, labor shortages during the California climate and more relaxed way World War II led the U.S. and Mexico to cre- of life engendered by the reaction against the ate the bracero program, which brought new flamboyance of the Victorian Era. Mexican laborers to Orange County. As described: World War II marked the beginning of many Craftsman (circa 1900–1925) significant changes in southern California, The craftsman movement, named after which eventually affected the cultural land- a magazine published by Gustav Stick- scape and ethnic mix of many communities. ley, was the American counterpart of The U.S. Census of 1930 created a one-time the English arts and crafts movement. designation of “Mexican” as a racial category In part a reaction against the excesses, for all persons born in Mexico or whose both aesthetic and otherwise, of the Victorian era, Craftsman architecture and foundations. The heyday of Crafts- stressed the importance of simplicity, of man design was the decade between 1906 adapting form to function, and of relating and 1916; after that the Craftsman style the building to its designer through the was simplified, often reduced to signature incorporation of craftsmanship and to the elements such as an offset front gable surrounding landscape through its hug- roof, tapered porch piers, and extended ging of the ground, massing and siting. lintels over door and window openings. It was an outgrowth of the Shingle Style In many cases, the Craftsman style incor- and certain variants were influenced by porated distinctive elements from other Cultural Study Report Japanese architecture. The Craftsman architectural styles, resulting in numerous Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) bungalow was usually characterized by a variations. During the 1910s and 1920s, 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue rustic aesthetic of shallowly pitched over- numerous companies sold plans and Santa Ana, California hanging gable roofs; earth-colored wood complete construction kits for Craftsman September 2008 siding; spacious, often L-shaped porches; homes, including Wardway (Montgomery Page 20 windows, both casement and double-hung Ward), Sears-Roebuck & Co., Wilson, sash, grouped in threes and fours; exten- Aladdin, and others (Starzak 1993). sive use of natural wood in the interior and for front doors; and exposed structur- It appears likely that the Sexlinger House al elements such as beams, rafters, braces, was constructed from a kit, or, at least, used and joints. Cobblestone or brick was pre-designed plans. favored for chimneys, porch supports, Description of Architectural/Historical Resources Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue The project is located about two miles north gable and hip roof with double front gables, Santa Ana, California of the original townsite of Santa Ana, on for- covered with fiberglass shingles, applied in September 2008 mer agricultural lands. The Sexlinger prop- 1992, which replaced the original. The roof Page 21 erty is on the south side of East Santa Clara features stickwork in the secondary gable, Avenue, east of Grand Avenue and southwest triangular knee braces, and exposed rafter of Fairhaven Memorial Park, on level land. tails. Louvres in the gable ends have verti- It consists of a five-acre parcel occupied by cal laths, doubled, and flanking a six-light an orange grove and a Craftsman residence window on the east elevation. The walls are constructed in 1914. clad in redwood vertical board lap siding. Two gables face north on the primary façade, Architectural Description one offset to the west and detailed with king-post truss, the other centered over a The Sexlinger residence is a one-story frame squared, projecting central bay and contain- Craftsman Bungalow residence with a rectan- ing a double vent sandwiched between knee gular mass containing 1350 square feet (Figs. braces. A partial-length porch contains the 9 and 10). The house has a low-pitched cross entry and is recessed into the west half of the

Figure 9. Sexlinger residence, view to the southwest, from E. Santa Clara Ave. Taken 21 April 2008. Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, California September 2008 Page 22

Figure 10. North façade facing E. Santa Clara Ave., showing intersecting gables with Craftsman details.

façade. The porch, supported by a square column of manufactured concrete brick, has a concrete ﬂoor and steps. The house has a concrete perimeter foundation, pierced with vents, and concrete walkways. Fenestration consists of frame windows, with large tripartite windows in the primary façade and 1/1 light frame sash on the side and rear elevations. Primary entry is via the original oak door from the porch; it features four vertical lights and recessed panels and is covered with a modern metal security door (Figure 11). Entry to the rear of the house is provided by a frame door with four lights and a recessed panel, accessed by a concrete stoop and steps. A metal security door also covers the rear Figure 11. Front porch and corner post, view to the southeast. entry and the windows on the rear elevation. As described by Chad Brown of Empire windows have been broken and the interior Homes, walls on the interior of the house are vandalized. covered with lath and plaster, while the ﬂoors are wood. The building has a parlor, dining A frame garage and work room/laundry is room, two or three bedrooms, a kitchen and located to the rear of the residence (Figs. 12 bath. A brick chimney pierces the center and 13). It has an intersecting-gable roof, of the building, and a metal stovepipe as with louvres on the gable ends, horizontal well. The house retains its integrity, but the

Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, California September 2008 Page 23

Figure 12. Garage and driveway, west and south of Sexlinger residence, view to the south.

Figure 13. Back of garage and house, view to the north. board lap siding, the original sliding sawbuck The citrus orchard, with approximately 250 door on a metal track, and a concrete floor. Valencia orange trees grafted to lemon root- The residence is located on the northwest stock (Figure 13) are arranged in a plot ap- corner of the orchard, facing north towards proximately 20 rows wide (east to west) and East Santa Clara Avenue and northeast to 25 rows long (north to south), is located east Fairhaven Memorial Park. and south on the five-acre parcel. A concrete standpipe and gate valve, were identified in the orchard, approximately 50 feet south of the garage. Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, California September 2008 Page 24

Figure 13. Old orange tree in Sexlinger Orchard. View over existing chain link fence. Findings Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Paleontological Resources Architectural/Historical Resources 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, California Dr. McLeod, Vertebrate Paleontologist, con- The Sexlinger residence, older than 50 years, September 2008 ducted the paleontological records review at was evaluated for its eligibility for listing in Page 25 the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles the California Register and for listing on the County for the Empire Homes Project. Dr. Santa Ana Register of Historical Properties. McLeod’s letter report is included with this Currently, it is not listed on either directory. report as Appendix 3. He identified no fossil localities previously recorded for the project, Historical Evaluation/CEQA but the records show locality LACM 4943, located near the intersection of Glassell According to CEQA, resources eligible for Street and Fletcher Avenue, in the City of the California Register of Historical Re- Orange. This locality yielded fossil horse sources (CRHR) must retain enough of their from the older Quaternary sediments; it was historic character or appearance to be recog- found at a depth of 8 to 10 feet below the nizable as historical resources and to convey ground surface. Significant vertebrate fossils the reasons for their significance. According from this age include Ice-age mammals such to the CRHR guidelines (Title 14, Chapter as extinct camels, mammoths, mastodons, 11.5, California Code of Regulations (CCR) and ground sloths. §4852(c)), integrity is authenticity of physical identity of an historical resource. Integrity Archaeological Resources means that characteristics survive from the resource’s period of significance. Integrity The pedestrian survey found no archaeologi- is evaluated with regard to the retention of cal resources identified within the project location, setting, feeling, association, design, site. But recent plowing of the ground sur- material and workmanship. face for fire prevention has obscured ground visibility. The field crew found little evidence In addition to integrity, resources eligible of past activities except for one remaining for the CRHR must meet at least one of the standpipe and gate valve, which are typi- criteria for significance. We evaluated the cal of the orange groves, and one 15 by 15 Sexlinger house for historical significance, foot concrete, flat pad, south of the existing as defined by the CEQA Guidelines. An garage and laundry building. No early trash “historical resource,” as defined by Pub. Res. deposits were noted, but the recent and past Code 5020.1 plowing throughout the project site limited (j) is any object, building, structure, the visibility of the original ground surface. site, area, place, record, or manuscript which is determined to be historically significant in the architectural, engineer- The Sexlinger residence is associated with ing, scientific, economic, agricultural, the development of the citrus industry in educational, social, political, military, or the early decades of the twentieth century. cultural annals of California. But small citrus operations, such as the Sexlinger’s, are evaluated as not significant The criteria used for evaluation in these areas contributors to that event. By the 1910s, large include those criteria outlined in Pub. Res. commercial orchards dominated the citrus Code §5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4852 industry. Therefore, the Sexlinger residence for inclusion in the California Register of and grounds are evaluated as ineligible for Cultural Study Report Historical Resources (CRHR) and include the CRHR under Criterion 1. Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) any resource that fits the following: 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue (1) Is associated with events that have made CRHR Criterion 2, for its association with Santa Ana, California a significant contribution to the broad the lives of persons important to local, Cali- September 2008 patterns of California’s history and cul- fornia, or national history. Page 26 tural heritage; (2) Is associated with the lives of persons The Sexlinger family occupied the property important in our past; during its period of significance. Careful (3) Embodies the distinctive characteristics review of the archives at the Santa Ana of a type, period, region, or method of Library, History Room and at the County construction, or represents the work of Archives found no mention of the Sexlinger an important creative individual, or pos- family as prominent community leaders or sesses high artistic values; or active members of local associations such as (4) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, church, school, or other community organi- information important in prehistory or zations. No direct connections or references history. to the Sexlinger family for the period of significance were found. Recently, the estate of The Sexlinger residence, an architectural Martha Sexlinger made donations to Concor- resource older than fifty years, was recorded dia University and to Orange Lutheran High on California DPR Form 523 as part of this School (Ann Ashmon, Concordia University, study (Appendix 1) and evaluated accord- personal communication, June 27, 2008). ing to the California Register of Historical Further inquiries about the donations found Resources criteria. The evaluation includes no more information about the Sexlinger the analysis of its integrity, then the analysis family and their association with the history of its historical significance. of Santa Ana or these institutions. Therefore, the residence is evaluated as ineligible for the The Sexlinger residence has its original form CRHR under Criterion 2. and shape, and retains its historical setting. However, the orchard is no longer viable, CRHR Criterion 3, for embodying the dis- having reached an age of diminished produc- tinctive characteristics of a type, period, or tion. method of construction, or representing the work of a master or possessing high artistic The property was assessed under CRHR values. Criterion 1 for its potential significance as a part of a historic trend that may have made a This residence was constructed in 1914 in significant contribution to the broad patterns a modest Craftsman style. Residences such of local or regional history, or the cultural as this one were built between the 1890s heritage of California or the United States. and 1930s and these houses varied in size and grandeur. The evaluated residence is an example of the Craftsman, which was the Sec. 30-1. Register of historical properties. dominant architectural style from about the The historic resources commission may, late 1900-1910 years to the 1920s in South- by resolution and at a noticed public ern California. Although the building retains hearing, designate as historical property its integrity, it is not the work of a master, nor any building or part thereof, object, does it possess high artistic values or archi- structure, or site having importance to tectural significance. Like the other Crafts- the history or architecture of the city in man houses in Santa Ana and its vicinity, the accordance with the criteria set forth in Sexlingers could have built this house from section 30-2. The commission secretary Cultural Study Report a kit or used pre-designed plans. Better ex- shall maintain a register which shall Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) amples of Craftsman period architecture can consist of copies of each such resolu- 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue be found throughout the City. The property is tion and which shall be known as the Santa Ana, California evaluated as ineligible for the CRHR under city register of historical properties. The September 2008 Criterion 3. historic resources commission may at Page 27 any time repeal, revise, or modify any CRHR Criterion 4, for the potential to yield such resolution upon reconsideration of or likelihood to yield information important the historical or architectural importance to prehistory or history of the local area, of the places therein described. California, or the nation. (Ord. No. NS-1519, § 1, 3-17-80; Ord. No. NS-2338, § 1, 12-1-97; Ord. No. In order for buildings, structures, and objects NS-2363, § 3, 8-3-98; Ord. No. NS- to be eligible for this criterion, they would 2455, § 1, 12-4-00; Ord. No. NS-2521, § need to “be, or must have been, the principal 3, 1-21-03) source of important information.” This is not the case with this property. Therefore, it is Sec. 30-1.5. Definitions. evaluated as not eligible for the CRHR under Certificate of appropriateness means the Criterion 4. method by which the historic resources commission approves modifications to According to the criteria for historical re- a historic property pursuant to section sources under CEQA, the Sexlinger property 30-6. would not be defined as an historical resource Dangerous buildings shall have the and it is evaluated as ineligible for listing on same definition as the Uniform Code the California Register. for the Abatement of Dangerous Build- ings which may from time to time be Historical Evaluation/Santa Ana Register amended. of Historical Properties Historic property shall include a building, structure, object or site designated For the City of Santa Ana, we applied the as having historical significance and Santa Ana Register of Historical Proper- listed on the federal, state or local reg- ties (SARHP), which is found in Sec. 30-2, ister of historical properties, as well as Criteria for Selection, Chapter 30, Places Of those contributing properties located in Historical And Architectural Significance, of an historic district. the Municipal Code for Santa Ana (http:// Local historic district means a collection www.ci.santaana.ca.us/pba/planning/His- or group of historic properties within a toricPreservation.asp). defined area. Modification means any change, alteration, restoration, remodeling, rehabilita- tion, construction, or relocation of the physical exterior of a historic structure. (6) Buildings or structures that were con- Modification shall not include painting. nected with a business or use which was Register of historical properties means once common, but is now rare. the official list of historic properties in (b) The owner of a property(s) must be noti- the city. fied of its nomination upon receipt of an (Ord. No. NS-2338, § 2, 12-1-97; Ord. application by the planning and building No. NS-2455, § 3, 12-4-00; Ord. No. agency. Upon adoption and placement of NS-2521, § 4, 1-21-03) the property on the register, the resolution of designation shall be recorded Cultural Study Report Sec. 30-2. Criteria for selection. with the county recorder’s office pursu- Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) (a) Any person or group may request a ant to California Public Resources Code 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue building, or part thereof, structure, object section 5029, as it may be amended from Santa Ana, California or site, to be designated to be included time to time. September 2008 on the city register of historical proper- (Ord. No. NS-1519, § 1, 3-17-80; Ord. Page 28 ties (called “register” in this section). No. NS-2338, § 3, 12-1-97; Ord. No. The applicant must submit documenta- NS-2455, § 4, 12-4-00; Ord. No. NS- tion that demonstrates how the nomi- 2521, § 5, 1-21-03) nated building, structure, object or site satisfies the criteria for designation. A The Sexlinger property meets the City of building, structure, object, or site may be Santa Ana’s initial selection criteria for a designated for inclusion on the register historic property because it is older than 50 if the building, structure, object or site years. It was constructed in 1914. But in ad- is fifty (50) or more years old and if the dition, it must also meet one of the six, listed commission finds that one (1) or more of conditions in order to be listed on the Santa the following conditions are met: Ana Register of Historic Properties. (1) Buildings, structures or objects with distinguishing characteristics of an archi- SARHP Condition (1) a structure or site with tectural style or period, that exemplify distinguishing characteristics of an architec- a particular architectural style or design tural style or period, that exemplifies a par- features; ticular architectural style or design features. (2) Works of notable architects, builders, or designers whose style influenced The Sexlinger residence is an example of a architectural development; Craftsman style house. It retains its his- (3) Rare buildings, structures, or objects torical integrity, but it is not an important or original designs; or significant example of this architectural (4) Buildings, structures, objects or sites style or period. It is evaluated as not meeting of historical significance which include Condition (1). places: a. Where important events occurred; SARHP Condition (2) Works of notable b. Associated with famous people, architects, builders, or designers whose style original settlers, renowned organizations influenced architectural development. and businesses; c. Which were originally present Based upon archival research, the Sexlinger when the city was founded; or residence is not the work of a notable archi- d. That served as important centers tect, builder or designer. It is evaluated as not for political, social, economic, or cul- meeting Condition (2). tural activity. (5) Sites of archaeological importance; SARHP Condition (3) Rare buildings, struc- services in place for the harvesting, packing, tures, or objects or original designs. shipping, and marketing of the fruit.

As a Craftsman-style house, the Sexlinger When George Sexlinger worked the property residence is a modest example of this very (1914 to 1929), large orchards dominated the popular style. In the 1910s through the citrus industry, and controlled the exchanges 1930s, the Craftsman-style house was the where marketing, employment, packing prominent housing type constructed through- and harvesting decisions were made. Larger out southern California. This style appealed orchards could meet the growing demand for Cultural Study Report to the local needs of costs, resources, and oranges in the 1920s and 1930s. Colonias, Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) ease of building. The Sexlinger house then is where immigrant Mexican families lived, 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue not a rare or original designed structure, and were located near the larger orchards, where Santa Ana, California it is not architecturally significant to the City most of the workers were employed (O’Neil September 2008 of Santa Ana. It is evaluated as not meeting 1989:115). Page 29 Condition (3). Even though the citrus industry was impor- SARHP Condition (4) Buildings, structures, tant in Orange County, the Sexlinger property objects or sites of historical significance, represents a minor part of that industry. Ar- which include places: chival research showed that it was not a place a. Where important events occurred; where important events occurred, or associ- b. Associated with famous people, original ated with famous people, original settlers, settlers, renowned organizations and busi- renowned organizations and businesses, or nesses; present when the City was founded or served c. Which were originally present when the as an important center for political, social, city was founded; or economic, or cultural activity. It is evaluated d. That served as important centers for politi- as not meeting Condition (4). cal, social, economic, or cultural activity. SARHP Condition (5) Sites of archaeological Historically, the City of Santa Ana started in importance. 1869 by William H. Spurgeon. He laid out the town of 24 blocks of ten lots each near The period of significance of the Sexlinger the Santa Ana River with Seventh Street property ranges from 1914 to 1940s when as the northern border. By 1910 when the citrus played an important role in the ag- Sexlinger family arrived in Orange County, riculture history of Orange County. Items Santa Ana had grown into the commercial from this time period such as farm equip- and civic center of the County. The Sexlinger ment, tools, personal items, kitchenware, property lies two miles north of the found- and features such as privies, debris deposits, ing center of town. The area immediately to cisterns, irrigation equipment would assist in the east and north of the Sexlinger property telling the story of the Sexlinger family and remained outside of the City limits until the its role in the citrus industry. Except for one 1960s and 1970s. Agriculture served as the standpipe and an irrigation value, the archae- primary industry in Orange County from the ological field survey found no evidence for early 1870s to the 1940s. Many crops were these features or artifacts. There is a possibil- grown, but citrus dominated from the 1890s ity for finding buried resources, but the past to the 1940s, with the Valencia oranges disking between the remaining orange trees introduced in 1880 in Anaheim. By 1914, and the deterioration to the house and garage when the Sexlinger family bought the prop- have obscured this evidence. It is evaluated erty, the citrus industry was well-established as not meeting Condition (5). with grower associations, railroad lines, and SARHP Condition (6) Buildings or structures small orchards such as the Sexlinger property that were connected with a business or use, were not, in and of themselves, significant to which was once common, but is now rare. the growth and development of Santa Ana. The Sexlinger property is evaluated as not The citrus industry was responsible for the meeting Condition (6). development of several towns and agricultural areas in Orange County. In contrast, Santa Because this property does not meet Condi- Ana developed as a commercial and civic tions 1-6 for historic properties, the Sexlinger center that served the surrounding agribusi- property is evaluated as not eligible for list- Cultural Study Report nesses, including the citrus industry. The City ing on the Santa Ana Register of Historical Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) was not a major center of orange production. Properties. 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Santa Ana, California Small orchards did not play a significant The potential for a California or Santa Ana September 2008 role in the development of Santa Ana, either Register District was also considered when Page 30 physically or culturally. The existence of conducting research, survey, and evaluation, small family orchards such as the Sexlinger but there were no extant concentrations of orchard did not create an influx of immi- architectural styles or temporal periods of grants; this migration came later, as result of development in the vicinity of the Sexlinger federal decisions and opportunities created property. The Fairhaven Memorial Park was by large commercial enterprises. located to the northeast, with the Portola Park to the east, and modern residential subdi- Although it may be said that small orchard visions to the north, west, and east of the operations were once common in Santa Ana, property.

Recommendations Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Recommendations for Architectural 2. An Orange County Certified Archaeolo- 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Resources gist shall be retained to monitor grading Santa Ana, California activities, to observe and retrieve any buried September 2008 Although the Sexlinger House is evaluated prehistoric and historic artifacts or features Page 31 as ineligible for the California or Santa Ana that may be uncovered. registers, it is part of the history of the area. It is recommended that copies of this report, 3. If human remains are found during the in hard copy and on disk, should be filed with excavation, the Native American Graves Pro- the Santa Ana Historical Society, the Santa tection Act Guidelines and State law require Ana History Room of the Santa Ana Library, that construction personnel: and made available to any other repositories • Halt the work in the immediate area, which request them. • Leave the remains in place, • Contact the Manager, project personnel, Recommendations for Archaeological and the Orange County Coroner. Resources Until a representative of the Coroner’s office Based upon the GeoTex, Inc. report, it ap- reviews the remains in the field, they must pears likely that previously undisturbed soils not be removed. If the Coroner determines will be reached during the over-excavation of that the remains are prehistoric, the Coroner the project site. And because previous plow- contacts the Native American Heritage Com- ing masked the ground surface, archaeologi- mission and the most likely descendent from cal monitoring is recommended to reduce the the Native American community is informed. project’s potential of impacting significant The final deposition of remains is coordinat- cultural resources. The following mitigation ed by representatives of the property owner measures are recommended for new con- and the most likely descendent. struction at the Empire Homes Project. These mitigation measures will reduce any project 4. If prehistoric or historic artifacts or impacts to unknown buried archaeological deposits are uncovered, the Orange County and historical resources. Certified Archaeologist shall temporarily halt construction activities for the immediate 1. An Orange County Certified Archaeologist area until the archaeologist can evaluate the shall be present at the pre-grade and at the significance of the find. The archaeologist tree removal meetings to discuss the monitor- would immediately contact the field man- ing, collecting and safety procedures for the ager and project personnel. Implementation project. At this time, the archaeologist should of a recovery program would follow, if the review the construction plans and schedule. remains are determined potentially eligible to the California Register. 5. Any recovered artifacts shall be properly five feet or more below the existing ground collected with photographs, field notes, and surface. Paleontological monitoring includes: locations plotted on a USGS 7.5’topographic 1. During grading activities, a qualified pale- quadrangle. Artifacts will be identified and ontologist shall be retained to conduct part- catalogued, and stabilized for curation. Any time monitoring to observe and retrieve any recovered artifacts shall be offered, on a first significant specimen that may be uncovered right-of-refusal basis, to a repository with a in the older Quaternary sediments. retrievable collection system and an educational and research interest in the materials. 2. If vertebrate fossils or a buried deposit Cultural Study Report is uncovered, the paleontological monitor Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 6. A final monitoring report, including an shall temporarily halt construction activi- 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue itemized inventory and pertinent field data, ties for the immediate area until the monitor Santa Ana, California shall be sent to the Lead Agencies as well can evaluate the significance of the find. The September 2008 as copies of the report to the South Central monitor would immediately contact the field Page 32 Coastal Information Center at the California manager and project personnel. Implementa- State University at Fullerton. tion of a recovery program would follow, if the fossils are determined significant. Recommendations for Paleontological Resources 3. Any recovered fossils shall be properly collected with photographs, field notes, and Based upon the soils report, the new develop- locations plotted on a USGS 7.5’topographic ment for the Empire Homes Project probably quadrangle. Fossils will be identified and will not reach the older Quaternary (Pleis- catalogued, and stabilized for curation. Any tocene) sediments that underlie the younger recovered fossils shall be offered, on a first Quaternary Alluvium, except for the con- right-of-refusal basis, to a repository with a struction of sewerlines and utility lines that retrievable collection system and an educa- may reach a depth of 8 to 10 feet below the tional and research interest in the materials. existing ground level. These deep trenches may impact potentially sensitive sediments 4. A final monitoring report, including an for significant vertebrate fossils. itemized inventory and pertinent field data, shall be sent to the Lead Agencies as well as We recommend that paleontological moni- copies of the report to the Natural History toring would be appropriate for trenches or Museum of Los Angeles and to the Orange other deep excavations that extend at least County Curation Facility in Santa Ana.

Bibliography Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Bibliography for Archaeological Resources Archaeological Society Quarterly 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue 7(2): 449-476. Santa Ana, California Bean, Lowell J., and C. R. Smith September 2008 1978 Gabrielino. In Handbook of North Johnston, B. E. Page 33 American Indians, Vol. 8, California, 1962 California’s Gabrielino Indians. edited by R. F. Heizer, pp. 538-549. Frederick Webb Hodge Anniversary Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Publication Fund 8, Southwest D.C. Museum, Los Angeles.

Casen, George and Gene Huey Koerper, Hank C., and Chris E. Drover 1993 Historic Property Survey Report for 1983 Chronology Building for Coastal Route 55 Measure M Improvements Orange County, The Case from from Route 22 to Route 91 in the CA-Ora-119-A. Pacific Coast Cities of Orange, Anaheim, and Santa Archaeological Society Quarterly Ana, Orange County, California. 19(2):1-34. On file at South Central Coastal Information Center, California State Kroeber, A. L. University at Fullerton, OR3115. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Drover, Chris E. Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. 1976 Archaeological Reconnaissance for Smithsonian Institution, Washington, the Santiago Creek Specific Plan. D.C. (Reprint, Dover Publications, Ms. on file, South Central Coastal New York, 1976.) Information Center, California State University at Fullerton, OR778. McCawley, William 1996 The First Angelinos, The Gabrielino GeoTek, Inc. Indians of Los Angeles. Malki 2007 Preliminary Geotechnical Evaluation Museum Press/Ballena Press 4.8 acres residential development, Cooperative Publication, Novato, City of Santa Ana, County of Orange, California. California. Prepared for, and on file with, Empire Homes, 20 Corporate Padon, Beth Park, Suite 240, Irvine, California. 2001 Cultural Resource Assessment for Grand Avenue Widening Project, City Hudson, D. T. of Santa Ana, Orange County. On file 1971 Proto-Gabrielino Patterns of at South Central Coastal Information Territorial Organization in Southern Center, California State University at Coastal California. Pacific Coast Fullerton, OR2452. Smith, Helen Transportation Regarding Compliance 1965 The Portolá Expedition Revisited, With Section 106 of the National Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Historic Preservation Act, as it Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 4, July, 1965. Pertains to the Administration of the Federal-Aid Highway Program in Wallace, W. J. California. Caltrans, Sacramento. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Carpenter, Virginia Lee Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1977 Placentia, A Pleasant Place. Friis- Cultural Study Report 11(3). Pioneer Press, Santa Ana, California. Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1978 Post Pleistocene Archaeology 9000- 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue 2000 B.C. In Handbook of North Doig, Leroy L. Santa Ana, California American Indians, Vol. 8, California 1966 The Town of Garden Grove. Pioneer September 2008 edited by R. F. Heizer, pp. 25-36. Press, Santa Ana, California. Page 34 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Garcia, Matt 2001 A World of Its Own: Race, Labor, and Warren, C. N. Citrus in the Making of Greater Los 1968 Cultural Tradition and Ecological Angeles, 1900-1970. The University Adaptations on the Southern of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill California Coast. Eastern New and London. Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology 1(3):1-4. Gebhard, David, and Robert Winter 1977 Guide to Architecture in Los Angeles Bibliography for Historical Resources, and Southern California. Peregrine Books, Publications, and Maps Smith, Inc., Santa Barbara and Salt Lake City. Beck, Warren A., and Ynez D. Haase 1974 Historical Atlas of California. Gibson, Campbell University of Oklahoma Press, 1998 Population of the 100 Largest Cities Norman and London. and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990. Population Brigandi, Phil Division Working Paper No. 76, U.S. 1997 Orange, the City Round the Plaza. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. Heritage Media Corporation, Accessed July 2, 2008 at . 2008. Gibson, Campbell, and Kay Jung California Department of Transportation 2005 Historical Census Statistics On (Caltrans) Population Totals By Race, 1790 2004 Programmatic Agreement Among to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, the Federal Highway Administration, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities and the Advisory Council on Historic Other Urban Places In The United Preservation, the California State States. Population Division Working Historic Preservation Officer, Paper No. 76, U.S. Census Bureau, and the California Department of Washington, D.C. Gleye, Paul, in Collaboration with the Lynch, Stephen Los Angeles Conservancy, Julius 1998 “Brennan Ahern, One of Few Shulman, and Bruce Boehner Remaining Orchardists in County.” 1981 The Architecture of Los Angeles. Orange County Register, April 28, Rosebud Books, Los Angeles. 1998.

Goddard, Francella B. and Allen W. Goddard Marsh, Diann 1988 A Hundred Years of Yesterdays: A 1994 Santa Ana, an Illustrated History. Centennial History of the People Heritage Publishing. Cultural Study Report of Orange County and their Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Communities. Orange County Marvin, Judith, and Nicole Pletka 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Centennial, Inc. In, Santa Ana 2003 Historic Resources Evaluation Santa Ana, California History, Santa Ana Historical Report for the Orange County September 2008 Preservation Society. Accessed April Gateway Project, Cities of Placentia, Page 35 2008 at . County, California. Prepared for Praveen Gupta, Caltrans District Hayes, Derek Environmental Branch Chief, 2007 Historical Atlas of California, District 12, Irvine, California. LSA With Original Maps. University Associates, Inc., Irvine, California. of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. McAlester, Virginia, & Lee McAlester 1984 A Field Guide to American Houses. Heumann, Leslie Albert A. Knopf, New York. 2002 Primary and Building, Structure, and Object Record forms for the McBride, J.L., County Surveyor Hasenyager House, 2139 North Grand 1913 Plat Book of Orange County, Avenue, Santa Ana, California. SAIC, California. Compiled from County Pasadena, California. and Government Surveys and 2007 Memorandum for the Record. County Records. H.S. Crocker Co., Eligibility Assessment for the Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Sexlinger Family Farmhouse and Sacramento. On ﬁle, History Room, Orange Grove, 1584 East Santa Santa Ana Public Library, Santa Ana. Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, California. Prepared by Leslie Heumann, McWilliams, Carey Sapphos Environmental, Inc., for 1946 Southern California Country: An submittal to the City of Santa Ana Island on the Land. Buell, Sloan & (Ms. Hally Soboleske). Pearce, New York.

Hoover, Mildred Brook, Hero Eugene O’Neil, Stephen Rensch, Ethel Grace Rensch, William 1989 The Role of Colonias in Orange N. Abeloe, revised by Douglas E. County, In, Proceedings of the Kyle Conference of Orange County History 1990 Historic Spots in California. Stanford 1988, edited by Robert A. Slayton University Press, Stanford. and Leland L. Estes, published by Chapman College, Orange, California. Orange, County of Teague, Charles Collins var. Deed Books 1944 Fifty Years a Rancher. The var. Ofﬁcial Record Books Recollections of Half a Century Devoted to the Citrus and Walnut Orange County Directory Industries of California and 1925 South Orange County to Furthering the Cooperative 1927 South Orange County Movement in Agriculture. California 1933 South Orange County Fruit Growers Exchange. 1940 South Orange County Cultural Study Report United States Federal Census Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) Santa Ana, City of 1900 Census of the United States, Orange 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue 2007 Santa Ana Register of Historical County, California. Accessed April Santa Ana, California Properties. 2008 at . September 2008 2008 Historic Time Line. Accessed April 1910 Thirteenth Census of the United Page 36 2008 at www.ci.santa-ana.ca.us/ States, Orange County, California. library/history/timeline.asp. Accessed April 2008 at www. Ancestry.com. Santa Ana Library, Santa Ana History Room 1920 Fourteenth Census of the United var. Citrus Industry Files. States, Orange County, California. Accessed April 2008 at www. Sleeper, Jim, Irvine Company Historian Ancestry.com. 1968 “Orange Empire, Then and Now.” 1930 Fifteenth Census of the United States, Orange County Register, November Orange County, California. Accessed 17, 1968. April 2008 at .

Southern Pacific Railroad United States Geological Survey 1917 The Story of the Orange. Published by 1949 Orange, California Quadrangle. 7.5 the Passenger Department of the Salt minute series. Lake Branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Los Angeles, California. Interviews (with Judith Marvin, notes on file, Foothill Resources, Ltd., Murphys, Starzak, Richard California, and Beth Padon, Discovery 1993 Historic Property Survey Report, Works, Inc., Los Alamitos, California). Riverside County: Interstate 215 Improvement Project, O8-RIV- Burch, Skip (field supervisor, Sexlinger 215/P.M. 37.9-43.9, 08-RIV-91/P.M. property) 20.3-21.6, and 09-RIV-60/P.M. Interviewed 16 April 2008 11.7-13.3. EA 466900, Contract No. 08218-466900. Prepared for Riverside Jepson, Chris (Orange County Archivist) County Transportation Commission Interviewed 21 April 2008. (RCTC), California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) Schoff, Carolyn, Board of Directors, Orange – District 8, and Federal Highway County Historical Society Administration (FHWA). Prepared by Interviewed 21 April 2008. Myra L. Frank & Associates, Inc., Los Angeles. Cultural Study Report Appendix 1. Department of Parks and Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue Recreation 523 Forms Santa Ana, California September 2008 Page 37 State of California The Resources Agency Primary # ______DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #______PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial ______NRHP Status Code __ 6Z ______Other Listings Review Code ______Reviewer ______Date Page _1_ of _ 3__ *Resource Name or #: (Assigned by recorder) ___ Sexlinger Residence______P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location: � Not for Publication � Unrestricted *a. County Orange and (P2b and P2c or P2d. Attach a Location Map as necessary.) *b. USGS 7.5’ Quad Orange, Calif. Date 1979 PR 1981 T S R E, XX Unsectioned � of � of Sec. ; SBBM c. Address 1584 East Santa Clara Avenue City Santa Ana Zip 92705 d. UTM: (Give more than one for large and/or linear resources) Zone 10 mE/ mN e. Other Locational Data: e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate) *P3a. Description: Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries). The Sexlinger Residence is a one-story frame residence with a rectangular mass, containing 1350 square feet. The house has a low-pitched cross gable and hip roof with double front gables, covered with fiberglass shingles, which replaced the original. The roof features stickwork in the secondary gable, triangular knee braces, and exposed rafter tails. Louvres in the gable ends have vertical laths, doubled, and flanking a six-light window on the east elevation. The walls are clad in redwood vertical board lap siding. Two gables face north on the primary façade, one offset to the west and detailed with king-post truss, the other centered over a squared projecting central bay and containing a double vent sandwiched between knee braces. A partial-length porch contains the entry and is recessed into the west half of the façade. The porch, supported by a square column of manufactured concrete brick, has a concrete floor and steps. The house has a concrete perimeter foundation, pierced with vents, and concrete walkways. Fenestration consists of frame windows, with large tripartite windows in the primary façade and 1/1 light frame sash on the side and rear elevations. Primary entry is via the original oak door from the porch; it features four vertical lights and recessed panels and is covered with a modern metal security door. Entry to the rear of the house is provided by a frame door with four lights and a recessed panel, accessed by a concrete stoop and steps. A metal security door also covers the rear entry and the windows on the rear elevation. Walls on the interior of the house are covered with lath and plaster, while the floors are wood. The building has a parlor, dining room, two or three bedrooms, a kitchen and bath. A brick chimney and a metal stovepipe pierce the center of the building. The house retains its integrity, but the windows have been broken and the interior vandalized. A frame garage and work room/laundry is located to the rear of the residence. It has an intersecting-gable roof, with louvres on the gable ends, horizontal board lap siding, the original sliding sawbuck door on a metal track, and a concrete floor. *P3b. Resource Attributes: (List attributes and codes) _HP2, single family residence; HP33, farm______*P4. Resources Present: � Building � Structure � Object � Site � District � Element of District � Other (Isolates, etc.) P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.) P5b. Description of Photo: (View, date, accession #) View north, 21 April 2008 *P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: � Historic �Prehistoric � Both 1914

*P7. Owner and Address: Empire Homes, Santa Clara 20 Corporate Park, Suite 240 Irvine, CA 92606 *P8. Recorded by: (Name, affiliation, address) Judith Marvin Foothill Resources, Ltd. P.O. Box 2040 Murphys, CA 95247 *P9. Date Recorded: 21 April 2008 *P10. Survey Type (Describe): Intensive survey *P11. Report Citation: (Cite survey report and other sources, or enter “none.”) Cultural Study Report Empire Homes Project (Tentative Tract Map 17231), 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, Orange County, California. Beth Padon and Judith Marvin, September 2008. *Attachments: � NONE � Location Map � Sketch Map � Continuation Sheet � Building, Structure, and Object Record � Archaeological Record � District Record � Linear Feature Record � Milling Station Record � Rock Art Record � Artifact Record � Photograph Record � Other (List) ______

DPR 523A (1/95) *Required Information �� 2 �� 3 �� 6Z �� Sexlinger Residence

�� Sexlinger Residence �� Residence �� Vacant �� Craftsman Bungalow �� Constructed 1914, original roofing replaced with fiberglass shingles, 1992; no other alterations noted. �� Frame garage and work room/laundry, located to the south rear of the residence. �� Unknown �� Unknown �� Settlement, agriculture, residential and architectural development �� Santa Ana �� 1914-1950s �� Residence/orchard �� N/A �� The lands on which the Sexlinger Residence was built were annexed to the City of Santa Ana in 1888 (City of Santa Ana Chronology of Annexations). As the census enumerator identified the Sexlinger family as residing in the Tustin Township, they were evidently more closely aligned to that community. The house is located in the original A.B. Chapman tract, one of many such developed by Chapman. Most of the acreage was owned by small growers, with 5, 10, or 20-acre farms. By 1913, Perry V. Grout purchased a 5-acre parcel on Santa Clara Avenue (Block A, Section 5, Lot 5) from Chapman and was depicted on a map of the area (McBride 1913). During the years 1913-1918, Perry and his wife Flora sold several parcels of land to other orange growers (Orange County Deeds, various). As Grout was listed alternately as a foreman and fieldman for the Santiago Orange Growers Association (SOGA), it appears likely that the orchard had been planted by that time. Grout was a resident of Orange so evidently just planted and maintained the orchard until it was purchased by the Sexlinger family that year. On November 18, 1913, Grout deeded the 5-acre property on Santa Clara Avenue to George and Sophia Sexlinger (Deed Book 285:171), who constructed the residence shortly thereafter. Grout evidently sold the acreage to the Sexlinger family so that they would operate the orchard and sell their produce to the SOGA. Sexlinger, his wife and two daughters had moved west to Southern California from their native Michigan shortly after 1910. The property remained in the Sexlinger family after George’s death in 1929, Anna Sophia’s in 1952, until the last daughter passed in 2006. Under Criterion 1, although the residence is associated with the development of small family citrus farms in the Santa Ana vicinity in the early decades of the twentieth century, an important event in the history of the region, the house does not appear to be a significant contributor to that event. There are much better architectural examples elsewhere in the community, and the orchard no longer appears to be viable, having reached an age of diminished production. Under Criterion 2, the residence is not associated with any persons important in history. Although retaining its integrity to its period of construction, the Craftsman residence is a typical example of a common resource type, not the work of a master, nor does it exhibit high artistic values (Criterion 3). There are a plethora of such residences in Santa Ana and the neighboring communities, most of which are better prototypes. The farm is also lacking in historical context, as all of the original citrus orchards in the area have been ripped out and replaced with residential development. Under Criterion 4, the information potential on the residence and orchard has been recovered through this recording. �� Orange County Deeds, Maps, Official Records, on file, History Room, Santa Ana Public Library and Office of County Recorder, Santa Ana. �� Slated for demolition. �� Judith Marvin, Foothill Resources, Ltd. �� 2 May 2008

��

�� Cultural Study Report Appendix 2. Correspondence with Native Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue American Heritage Commission Santa Ana, California September 2008 Page 41 Wo Discovery www.discoveryworks.com 10591 BloomﬁeldStreet Los Alamitos, 90720 CA rks

Cultural Resources (562) 431-0300 ,

I Management& Outreach nc Bloomfield Street,Los Alamitos, CA 90720.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleasedon’t hesitate Please sendtheresultsofSacredSitesinventorytoDiscovery ment oftheexisting5-acreproperty. Clara Avenue, Santa Ana, California.Pleaseseetheattachedmapthatindicatesspecific South, Range9 West, unsectionedportionofthisquadrangle. The addressis1584EastSanta Archaeologist Beth Padon Sincerely, your assistance. to contactusat(562)[email protected] This projectincludesconstructionofhousingpads,streets,andutilitylinesforthedevelop project location. in Santa Ana, California.Itislocatedonthe We wouldliketorequestaSacredLandsfile searchfortheEmpireHomesprojectlocated Sacred LandsFileSubject: Search for aFive-acre Ana, inSanta California project Dear Native American HeritageCommission, Sacramento, CA 95814 915 CapitolMall,Room364 Native American HeritageCommission May 16,2008 Orange USGS7.5’ quadranglein Township 5 Works, Inc.10591 -

Cultural Study Report Appendix 3. Paleontological archival review Empire Homes Project (TT 17231) 1584 E. Santa Clara Avenue by Dr. Samuel McLeod, Natural History Santa Ana, California September 2008 Museum of Los Angeles County Page 45

Attachment – Project Area Maps

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County Boundary Interstates [_

SOURCES: Street Map (ArcGIS Online 2010), FIGURE 1: PROJECT VICINITY TAVA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PROJECT: O 1584 EAST SANTA CLARA AVE. CITY OF SANTA ANA

50510Miles DATE: 12-09-2011 SCALE: 1" = 10 Miles (1:633,600) SCALE CORRECT WHEN PRINTED AT 8.5X11 Path: G:\gis\projects\1577\29870568\map_docs\mxd\Project_Vicinity_Map.mxd Path: Project Location ocation.mxd, Colin_Mattison, 12/9/2011, 1:53:06 1:53:06 PM 12/9/2011, ocation.mxd, Colin_Mattison,

SOURCES: Street Map (ArcGIS Online 2010). PROJECT LOCATION TAVA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY PROJECT O 1584 EAST SANTA CLARA AVE CITY OF SANTA ANA 1000 0 1000 2000 Feet CHECKED BY: CM DATE: 12/9/2011 FIG. NO: SCALE: 1" = 2,000' (1:24,000) 2 SCALE CORRECT WHEN PRINTED AT 8.5X11 PM: ML PROJ. NO: 29870568.30000 Path: G:\gis\projects\1577\29870568\map_docs\mxd\Project_L Path: Aspen St N. Wright St N. Wright N. Lyon St N. Lyon

E. Santa Clara Ave

Concord St. Concord Project Location

E. Avalon Ave

SOURCES: Street Map (ArcGIS Online 2010). AERIAL IMAGE TAVA DEVELOPMENT COMPANY O 1584 EAST SANTA CLARA AVE CITY OF SANTA ANA 100 0 100 200 Feet CHECKED BY: CM DATE: 12/9/2011 FIG. NO: SCALE: 1" = 200' (1:2,400) 3 SCALE CORRECT WHEN PRINTED AT 8.5X11 PM: ML PROJ. NO: 29870568.30000 Path: G:\gis\projects\1577\29870568\map_docs\mxd\Aerial.mxd, Colin_Mattison, 12/9/2011, 1:40:57 PM Colin_Mattison, 12/9/2011, G:\gis\projects\1577\29870568\map_docs\mxd\Aerial.mxd, Path: Attachment – Project Plans

Attachment – Historic Research

Attachment – Record Search

Attachment – Site Condition Photographs

Attachment – DPR 523 Update Form