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Inistitute of Population Studies College Of ..Y:)t) •• , 7 • f • .....~"o~ (;fnIhI ' .. ~...- " . '. ' . INISTITUTE OF POPULATION STUDIES COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AMONG FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS I N ADD I S ABABA BY TEKLIT KIDANEMAR I AM A THESI S SUBM I TTED TO INI STITUTE OF POPULATION STUDIES COLLEGE OF DEVELOPME T STUDIES ADDI SABABA UNI VERSITY FOR THE REQUI REMENT OF DEGREE OF MASTEI< S. M ay. 2009 ::.v . , ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES The Causes and Consequences ofSexual Violence Among Female High School Students in Addis Ababa By Teklit Kidanemariam Beyene Institute of Population Studies College of Development Studies Approved by the Exam il/illg Board Dr. Eshetu Gurmu Chairman, Department Graduate Committee Dr. C. Ramanujam 6 9 Advisor ~\WlSi~~ tlJ(~ - . 0 Dr. Charles Teller Examiner ~~Signature Acknowledgment First of all I wo uld li ke to ex tend my profound app reciation to my adv iso r Dr. Ramananjum lor hi s in va luabl e comm ents and constructive suggestion s in my resea rch work . Then I wo uld like to acknowledge to the members or th e department of in stitute or population studi es fo r the ir in va luable effort in th e teachin g process in my stay in th e last two years. Finall y I wo uld like thank my family and fr ie nd s who prov ide me all ro und s help. Abstract In thi s stud y an attem pt was made to explore the ca uses and conseq uences o f sex ual violence aga in st female hi gh school students in Addis Ababa during January to May 2009 . The stu dy was cro ss -sect ional in design. Both qualitati ve through FGD and qu antitative through structured ques tionnaire were co llected. A total o f 63 I hi gh sc hool female students were participated in th e stud y, am ong th ose (2 I %) experie nced sex ual interco urse. amon g th ose who did sex ual intercourse (55%) started forcefu lly/raped. Accord in gly alco hol ic drinks. verbal threa t. false promise, use of auth ority and fri end s pre ss ure are th e major causes of rape. (37%) of th e vic tims were used alcohol at the time of rape. The res ult of thi s stud y al so reported that (45 %) of the respondents had experienced un wa nted sex ua l advances. According to th e stud y results, age of fema le students and habit of usin g substa nces, place of bi rth, livin g condition, parental marital condition, parent's education and parent's monthl y in co me have significant assoc iation with sex ual violence. The consequences of sex ual violence acco rd ing to th is result are se lf blame. anx iety, fear, alcohol/dru g dependency, school drop out. un wa nted preg nancy and abortion. To solve th e problem behavioral change of fem ale students. school co mmunity and in general th e soc iety is needed. ii Content Page Ac know ledge ment Abstract II List of tabl es V I Li st of fi gures V II Acronyms V II I C haptcr-I 1. Introduction 1.1. Backgroun d in fo rmation of the stud y 1 1.2. Statement of the problem 3 1. 3. Obj ecti ve of th e stud y 5 IA. Hypoth es is 6 1.5. Signifi cance of the stud y 7 1.6. Definit ion of term s 8 1.7. Organi zati on of th e study 9 Chapter-II 2. Review of literature 2. I. Literature Rev iew 10 2.2. Ca uses of sex ual violence 14 2.2. 1. Age of respond ents 14 iii 2.2.2. A lcohol and drug intake 15 2.2.3. Pee r pressure 16 2.2.4 . Educa ti onal and socio-economic statu s of pa rents 16 2.2.5. Multipl e se xual partner 17 2.2.6. Soc ial norm and va lue of th e soc iety 17 2.3. Conseq uences of sexual violence 18 2.3. 1. Psychological problem 19 2.3.2 . Reproductive health and sex ually transmitted disease ou t co mes 20 2.4. Th e Ethiopian situation 21 Chapter-III 3. Methodology of the study 3. 1. Back groun d information or the stud y area 24 3.2. St ud y pop ulation 24 3.3. St ud y design 25 3.4. Vari ab les and conce ptual frame work 26 3.5. Sampling proced ure 29 3.6. Samp le size determination 31 3.7. Data collection instrument 32 3. 8. Et hi ca l co nsid erations 32 3.9. Piloting the researc h quest ion naire 33 3. 10. Data col lec tion and manage ment 33 3. 1 I . Meth od of data analysis 33 3. 12. Strength and weakness of th e stu dy 34 iv Chapter-IV 4. Results 4. 1. Socio-demograph ic characteristi cs of respond ents 35 4.2. Socio-economic and demographic character istics ofrespondent's parents 37 4. 3. Preva lence of unwanted sexua l ad va nces 42 4.4. Prevalence of rape 45 4.5. Consequences of rape 49 4.6. Bi-variate analys is 51 4.7. Results of the foc us group di scussion 63 Chapter-V 5. Findings and discussion 66 Chapter-VI 6. Conclusion and recommendation 6.1. Co nclu sion 70 6.2. Recommendation 72 References 74 Appendix-I 81 Append ix -II 88 v List of Tables page Table 4.1. Socio-demographic characteri stics of the respondents 36 Table 4.2. Socio-econom ic and demographic characteristics of respondent's parents 38 Table 4.3. Respondent's having boy fri end and reason s 39 Table 4.4. Ex peri ence of sex ual intercourse and reasons 40 Table 4.5. Reasons for never had sexual intercou rse and in formation about sexua l matters 4 1 Table 4.6. Unwanted sex ual advances and indi vidu als involved 43 Table 4.7. Place where un wanted sexual ad vance s happened and re lated info rmation 44 Tab le 4.8. Magnitude of rape and related information 46 Tabl e 4.9. Causes of rape and place it happened 47 Table 4. 10. Age of perpetrator compared to victim 's age and substance use 48 Table 4. 1 I. Experi ence due to rape 49 Table 4.1 2. Knowledge of other gi rl s who dropped out of school , pregnant and undergone abort ion due to rape 50 Table 4. 13. Respondent 's characteristi cs by having bo y friend 52 Table 4.14. Respondent's parents characteristics by having boy li'iend 53 Table 4.15. Respondent 's characteristics by ever had sexua l in tercou rse 55 Table 4. 16. Respondent's parents characteristics by eve r had sex ual intercoUl"se 56 Table 4. 17. Respondent 's characteristi cs by un wanted sexual advances 58 Table 4. 18 . Res pondent's parents characteri stics by unwanted sexual advances 59 Table 4. 19. Respondent' s characteristics by occurrence of rape 6 1 Table 4.20. Respondent 's parents characteristics by occurrence of rape 62 VI List of figures page Figure I and 2. Conce ptual fram e wo rk of the stud y 27 Figure 3. Sa mplin g proced ure 30 Vii Acronyms A IDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Synd ro me CSA Central Statistical A uth ority ED HS Et hiop ian Demographic and Hea lth Surve y EJHD Ethiopi an Journal of Hea lth Development EMJ Ethi op ian Medical Jou rn al FORE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FGD Focu s Group Di sc uss ion HIV Human Immunodetlciency virus MDG Millennium De ve lop ment Goals MOE M inistry Of education MOH Ministry Of Health SPSS Statist ical Package for Social Sc ien ce ST D Sexua l Transmitted Disea se UN United Nation UN A I OS Un ited Nati ons Program on A I OS UN ICEF Un ited Nations Ch ildren 's Fund UNVAC United Nations Violence agai nst Children WHO World hea lth Organizat ion V III CHAPTER-I 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background information Sexual violence in and around the school is the serious problem through out the world that needs a great attention for policy makers and other organizations. In a global report of the 2006 world health organi zation 150 million girls and 73 million boys under the age of 18 have experienced sexual intercourse or other forms of violence around the world. This violence generall y carried out by offenders known to the victims who are relatives, school teachers, school authorities and authority figures. As the 2006 united nations violence against children(UNV AC) demonstrated the long tenl1 consequences of sllch high incidence sexual violence at and around schools compromises the rights to education, freedom from oppression and equality as set out in the universal declaration of human rights of 1948.For girls, sexual violence also undermines gender equality and prevents gi rl s and women from obtaining equal education and public share opportunities as oul lined in the millennium development goal(MDG3). Being denied to quality education, or feeling intimidated in or in route to the class room, leads to poverty by lowering school attend ant rates. This is not only threatens the achievement of universal primary ed ucation (MDG2), but also the long term risks of human development.
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