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Differential Effects of Low Light Intensity on Broccoli Microgreens Growth and Phytochemicals

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Differential Effects of Low Light Intensity on Broccoli Microgreens Growth and Phytochemicals agronomy Article Differential Effects of Low Light Intensity on Broccoli Microgreens Growth and Phytochemicals Meifang Gao , Rui He, Rui Shi, Yiting Zhang, Shiwei Song , Wei Su and Houcheng Liu * College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (R.H.); [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (W.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-020-85-280-464 Abstract: To produce high-quality broccoli microgreens, suitable light intensity for growth and phytochemical contents of broccoli microgreens in an artificial light plant factory were studied. Broccoli microgreens were irradiated under different photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD): 30, 50, 70 and 90 µmol·m−2·s−1 with red: green: blue = 1:1:1 light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The broccoli microgreens grown under 50 µmol·m−2·s−1 had the highest fresh weight, dry weight, and moisture content, while the phytochemical contents were the lowest. With increasing light intensity, the chlorophyll content increased, whereas the carotenoid content decreased. The contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, free amino acid, flavonoid, vitamin C, and glucosinolates except for progoitrin in broccoli microgreens were higher under 70 µmol·m−2·s−1. Overall, 50 µmol·m−2·s−1 was the optimal light intensity for enhancement of growth of broccoli microgreens, while 70 µmol·m−2·s−1 was more feasible for improving the phytochemicals of broccoli microgreens in an artificial light plant factory. Citation: Gao, M.; He, R.; Shi, R.; Keywords: light intensity; broccoli microgreens; growth; phytochemicals Zhang, Y.; Song, S.; Su, W.; Liu, H. Differential Effects of Low Light Intensity on Broccoli Microgreens Growth and Phytochemicals. 1. Introduction Agronomy 2021, 11, 537. https:// Microgreens are a kind of vegetable emerging in recent years for their higher contents doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030537 of phytochemicals such as vitamin C, carotenoid, and flavonoid, than their mature stages [1]. Among these, broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) microgreens are one of the most Academic Editor: Krishna Nemali popular vegetables for their rich phytochemicals, especially glucosinolates [2,3]. Broccoli exhibited the highest total glucosinolates content in seeds (110.76 µmol·g−1) and sprouts Received: 29 January 2021 (162.19 µmol·g−1) compared to some Brassica species, including cauliflower, cabbage, Accepted: 9 March 2021 Published: 12 March 2021 radish, baemuchae, pakchoi, Chinese cabbage, leaf mustard, and kale [3]. Glucosinolates are classified into aliphatic, indolic, and aromatic glucosinolates according to the side-chain Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral structures. The defensive function of broccoli in many cancers is due to the hydrolysis of with regard to jurisdictional claims in glucosinolates, isothiocyanates. Sulforaphane, a product of the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin published maps and institutional affil- (GRA), is known to be the most promising anticancer agent. Vitamin C, carotenoid, and iations. flavonoid are also health-promoting phytochemicals with antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects [4]. Light intensity plays a crucial role in plant growth and development, including phyto- chemicals synthesis [5]. Artificial lighting conditions allow using varying light intensity to regulate plant growth and phytochemicals accumulation, which is a kind of environmentally Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. friendly and effective method to produce high-quality products. Light-emitting diodes This article is an open access article (LEDs) are one of the promising lighting technologies for plants, which can adjust light distributed under the terms and intensity to affect the growth and the phytochemical contents of the plant [6,7]. In tatsoi, −2 −1 conditions of the Creative Commons 100 and 200 µmol·m ·s were most beneficial to enhance total protein content [8]. In leaf −2 −1 Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// lettuce, anthocyanin content was observed to be the highest under 290 µmol·m ·s and −2 −1 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ the lowest under 200 µmol·m ·s [9]. The effects of light intensity on the growth and 4.0/). phytochemicals of microgreens have been often reported. In hypocotyl length, red pak choi Agronomy 2021, 11, 537. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030537 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 choi and kohlrabi microgreens grown under 110 μmol·m−2·s−1 had longer hypocotyl length than those grown under 220–545 μmol·m−2·s−1, and hypocotyl length of two microgreens grown under 220–545 μmol·m−2·s−1 had insignificant difference [10]. In phytochemical con- tents, higher vitamin C content of red pak choi and tatsoi was observed under lower light Agronomy 2021, 11, 537 intensity (110 μmol·m−2·s−1), while higher phenols content was found under2 of 14 higher light intensity (440 μmol·m−2·s−1) [10]. Total carotenoid content in microgreens of red pak choi and tatsoi was higher grown under 330–440 μmol·m−2·s−1 and in mustard microgreens un- µ · −2· −1 andder kohlrabi110–220 microgreens μmol·m− grown2·s−1 [11]. under The 110 ferricmol mreducings had antioxidant longer hypocotyl power length (FRAP) than in micro- those grown under 220–545 µmol·m−2·s−1, and hypocotyl length of two microgreens grown undergreens 220–545 of redµ molamaranth·m−2·s− 1andhad leafy insignificant vegetable difference amaranth [10]. In enhanced phytochemical with contents, the increased light higherintensity vitamin (130, C content180, 230, of red 280 pak μ choimol·m and−2 tatsoi·s−1), wasand observedanthocyanin under lowercontent light in intensity red amaranth mi- (110crogreensµmol·m significantly−2·s−1), while higherincreased phenols unde contentr the highest was found light under intensity higher light of 280 intensity μmol·m−2·s−1 [12]. (440 µThemol· mlight−2·s −intensities1)[10]. Total from carotenoid 100 to 300 content μmol·m in microgreens−2·s−1 photosynthetic of red pak choiphoton and flux density −2 −1 tatsoi(PPFD) was often higher used grown for under microgr 330–440eensµ molproduction·m ·s andin the in mustardliterature. microgreens Few studies under on minimum µ · −2· −1 110–220PPFD formol microgreensm s [11]. have The ferric been reducing conducted antioxidant [6]. Low power light (FRAP) intensity in microgreens can potentially de- of red amaranth and leafy vegetable amaranth enhanced with the increased light intensity (130,crease 180, electrical 230, 280 µ molenergy·m−2 ·costs−1), of and growing anthocyanin microgreens content in redin amarantha plant factory. microgreens With dimming significantlyoption available increased for under LED thefixtures, highest power light intensity consumption of 280 µmol can·m be−2 ·lowereds−1 [12]. by decreasing the lightThe intensity light intensities provided from to 100 microgreens. to 300 µmol·m Lower−2·s−1 electricalphotosynthetic energy photon costs flux can density increase profits. (PPFD)However, often limited used for information microgreens production is available in theon literature.the effects Few of studieslow light on minimum intensity on growth PPFDand phytochemical for microgreens have concentration been conducted of broccoli [6]. Low light microgreens. intensity can The potentially purpose decrease of this study was electrical energy cost of growing microgreens in a plant factory. With dimming option to investigate the effects of light intensity (lower than 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD) on the available for LED fixtures, power consumption can be lowered by decreasing the light intensitygrowth and provided phytochemicals to microgreens. accumulation Lower electrical of broccoli energy costsmicrogreens can increase and profits. to provide infor- However,mation for limited the informationhigh-quality is availableproduction on the of effectsbroccoli of low microgreens light intensity in onthe growth emerging micro- andgreen phytochemical industry. concentration of broccoli microgreens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of light intensity (lower than 100 µmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD) on the growth and2. Materials phytochemicals and Methods accumulation of broccoli microgreens and to provide information for the high-quality production of broccoli microgreens in the emerging microgreen industry. 2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions 2. MaterialsThe experiment and Methods was conducted in an artificial light plant factory, South China Agri- 2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions cultural University. Seeds of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica cv. Lvhua) were steri- lizedThe with experiment 5% sodium was conducted hypochlorite in an artificialsolution light for plant10 min factory, and Souththen Chinawashed Agri- with purified cultural University. Seeds of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica cv. Lvhua) were sterilized −1 −1 withwater 5% (pH sodium = 7.0, hypochlorite EC = 20 μ solutionS·cm , R.O for 10 = min0.6 μ andS·cm then). washed Then seeds with purified were soaked water in purified (pHwater = 7.0, for EC 5 =h. 20 TheµS· cmseeds−1, R.O of broccoli = 0.6 µS·cm were−1). Thensprayed seeds evenly were soaked into the in purified seedling water plate (39 cm × for39 5cm) h. The with seeds two of layers broccoli of were gauze, sprayed purified evenly wa intoter the was seedling added plate to the (39 cmplate,× 39 and cm) the water at withthe bottom two layers of the of gauze, seedling purified plate water was renewed was added every to the two plate, days. and About the water 20.0 at g the broccoli seeds bottomwere sowed of the seedling for each plate treatment was renewed with every three two days. replications About 20.0 using g broccoli a seeding seeds were density of 3 sowed for each treatment with three replications using a seeding density of 3 seeds·cm−2. seeds·cm−2. The seedling plates were placed on the bench equipped with blue/red/green The seedling plates were placed on the bench equipped with blue/red/green LED tubes.
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