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Masteroppgave

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Masteroppgave Forord Animasjonsfilmer som Snehvit og de syv dvergene (1937), Lady og Landstrykeren (1955), Skjønnheten og udyret (1991), samt de utallige andre Walt Disney-klassikerne som faller inn før og etter på tidslinjen, har spilt en betydelig rolle i mange menneskers liv, og mitt er intet unntak. Jeg var bare seks år gammel da jeg fikk Løvenes konge (1994) på VHS. I dag fins bilder av magiske tepper, syngende dverger, og et ensomt rådyr i snøen, blant veldig mange eksempler på filmscener som har satt seg som kjerne-minner fra en lykkelig barndom. Til tross for at den ekstensive VHS-samlingen gikk i søpla da jeg følte jeg hadde vokst fra tegnefilmer, lot jeg meg imponere på ny da jeg begynte å studere film, og ble introdusert for en hel verden av animasjonsfilm. Min spesielt sterke interesse for filmlyd stammer fra mine første år som filmstudent. Med en forkjærlighet for å fortelle historier var filmlyd i utgangspunktet ikke et fokusområde for meg, men takket være en engasjert lydforeleser lot jeg meg overtale til å betrakte filmlyden som et av de filmproduksjonsområdene hvor fortellerevne og kreativitet spiller spesielt stor rolle. Det har siden den gang forundret meg at filmlyden er såpass underrepresentert innen filmvitenskapen, og jeg gleder meg derfor over å kunne bidra til å snu den ufortjente trenden. Stine Lund 1 2 Takk til familie, venner og kjæreste for støtte og tålmodighet underveis. Spesielt stor takk til mentor Asbjørn Tiller for ekstraordinært god veiledning. 3 4 Innholdsfortegnelse 1 INNLEDNING ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 PROBLEMSTILLING .......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 FILMENE .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 TEORI .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.4 METODE ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 1.5 AVGRENSNING .............................................................................................................................................. 11 1.6 BEGREPSAVKLARING .................................................................................................................................... 12 1.7 TEKSTENS OPPBYGGING ................................................................................................................................ 12 2 LYD ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 LYDFILM ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 FILMLYD ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Lyddesign ............................................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Foley ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 3 ANIMASJON ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.1 TYPER ANIMASJON ........................................................................................................................................ 17 4 LYD I ANIMASJONSFILM ............................................................................................................................. 19 4.1 WALT DISNEY ANIMATION STUDIOS ............................................................................................................ 19 4.2 MICKEY-MOUSING ..................................................................................................................................... 21 4.2 ANIMERTE MUSIKALER ................................................................................................................................. 23 4.4 MUSIKALSKE LYDEFFEKTER ......................................................................................................................... 25 4.5 LYDKONVENSJONER OG KLISJÉER ................................................................................................................. 26 4.6 DIALOGOPPTAK OG STEMMESKUESPILL ........................................................................................................ 27 5. LYD I AMERIKANSKE PIXARS FILMER ................................................................................................. 28 5.1 PIXAR ANIMATION STUDIOS ......................................................................................................................... 28 5.2 TOY STORY (JOHN LASSETER, 1995) OG TOY STORY 3 (LEE UNKRICH, 2010) ................................................. 28 5.2.1 Dialog ................................................................................................................................................... 28 5.2.2 Lydeffekter ............................................................................................................................................ 30 5.2.3 Bakgrunnslyder .................................................................................................................................... 32 5.2.4 Musikk .................................................................................................................................................. 33 5.3 WALL-E (ANDREW STANTON, 2008) ............................................................................................................ 34 5.3.1 Dialog ................................................................................................................................................... 34 5.3.2 Lydeffekter ............................................................................................................................................ 35 5.3.3 Bakgrunnslyder .................................................................................................................................... 36 5.3.4 Musikk .................................................................................................................................................. 37 5.4 OPPSUMMERING ............................................................................................................................................ 38 5 6. LYD I JAPANSKE STUDIO GHIBLIS FILMER ........................................................................................ 41 6.1 STUDIO GHIBLI .............................................................................................................................................. 41 6.2 MIN NABO TOTORO (HAYAO MIYAZAKI, 1988) ............................................................................................. 41 6.2.1 Dialog ................................................................................................................................................... 41 6.2.2 Lydeffekter ............................................................................................................................................ 42 6.2.3 Bakgrunnslyder .................................................................................................................................... 43 6.2.4 Musikk .................................................................................................................................................. 43 6.3 CHIHIRO OG HEKSENE (HAYAO MIYAZAKI, 2001) ......................................................................................... 44 6.3.1 Dialog ................................................................................................................................................... 44 6.3.2 Lydeffekter ............................................................................................................................................ 45 6.3.3 Bakgrunnslyder .................................................................................................................................... 47 6.2.4 Musikk .................................................................................................................................................. 48 6.4 VINDEN STIGER (HAYAO MIYAZAKI, 2013) ................................................................................................... 49 6.4.1 Dialog ................................................................................................................................................... 49 6.4.2 Lydeffekter ............................................................................................................................................ 50 6.4.3 Bakgrunnslyder .................................................................................................................................... 51 6.4.4 Musikk .................................................................................................................................................
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