The New Normal China Model

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The New Normal China Model view in browser 2 3 M A R C H 2 0 1 5 the new normal China model among the wealth of weekly commentary, we track local issues with global impact Rarely has so much been read into the political demise of a middle-ranking official as is now extracted from the case of Qiu He 仇和. The fall of the Yunnan deputy Party secretary, declares People's Daily (see below), directly implicates the current development model. This 'old normal', riddled with coercion and illegality, has been a root cause of local government debt, overcapacity and civil unrest. Is People's Daily foreshadowing the theme of next week's Bo'ao Forum? We can expect to see the China model reinvented in the AIIB and 'belt and road' strategies; Qiu He and his model will be rejected and a 'new normal' of consensual, transparent and sustainable development declared. Mr Qiu, please stay behind after the meeting Lin Yichen 林亦辰 | People's Daily Overseas Edition Former Kunming Party secretary Qiu He symbolised an era in Party rule. Qiu's Kunming paralleled Bo Xilai's 薄熙来 Chongqing, major cities run on a mix of unscrupulous 'kiss-up, kick-down' and turbo-charged populist urban development. Eager to divest the Party image of such local strongmen, the current administration removed Qiu hard on the heels of this year's National People's Congress meeting, as it did with Bo two years ago. The fourth of Xi's 'four comprehensives'—comprehensively disciplining the Party—as well as Li Keqiang's 李克强 'unscrupulous behaviour will not be tolerated' (renxing) are underscored. short of opening fire, what can China do about Myanmar? Zhuge Dayu 诸葛大鱼 | People's Daily Overseas Edition Solidarity with ethnic Chinese under fire in Myanmar's northern Kokang region clashes uneasily with a key national interest: a Southwestern channel to the Indian Ocean. Without this corridor, China's 'Maritime Silk Road' strategy is liable to be thwarted. Non-intervention must be finessed as non-government intervention, finds this People's Daily op-ed. While restricted to diplomacy, China need not play its cards obsessively close, but adopt the practice of other actors, not least Japan, whose Nippon Foundation is acting as 'a front for expanding [Japan's] influence in Myanmar', asserts People's Daily. 'NGOs' from China should help African civil society Zeng Jianzhong 曾建中 | Economic Observer 'Firms are turning towards Africa ever faster on an ever-larger scale', finds CPPCC globalist Han Fangming 韩方明, 'yet we have got ahead of ourselves and problems are likely to occur'. Unimaginable a few years ago, the idea of Chinese NGOs being part of a solution, it seems, is one whose time has come. China's aid methods urgently need to be transformed, agree other specialists. Legislative and other support for NGOs setting up overseas is a first step, proposes one of them: next comes using them as vectors of aid in combination with Chinese firms abroad. Such reinvention of the NGO wheel is likely to be supported by the UN and other global agencies, and may propel rapid developments back on the home front. Drop me a line... 保持联系吧! David +86 10 6417 2551 Han Fangming 韩方明 CPPCC National Committee Foreign Affairs Committee Founder of the Charhar Institute, an independent foreign policy think tank, Han represents the increasing individualisation of thought and commentary in this field. He espouses universal values in the context of the national interest. Han's Charhar is one of the emerging global policy think tanks in China. Liu Guijin 刘贵今 former special representative for African affairs Cost-benefit analysis of aid to Africa, argues Liu, shows China benefits. His appointment in 2002 represented a commitment to African relations. Liu remains an expert with a large media presence. His recent commentary supporting Chinese civil organisations working in Africa to enhance China's international image signals a need to shift gears diplomatically in Africa. Wang Xingzui 王行最 China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation Over a long career shrewdly navigating China's complex regulatory and political climate, Wang has developed effective poverty relief strategies. He has, for example, encouraged peasants with scant collateral to negotiate loans in groups—their local knowledge of who is trustworthy helping to lower banks' risk overheads. Campaigning to end cost cutting that restricts civil organisation staffing, Wang contends that a Philanthropic Law should permit, and exempt from taxation, for-profit projects undertaken by NGOs. L E A D E R S H I P O N T H E M O V E Xi Jinping 习近平, accompanied by a record 80 senior leaders, 65 CEOs and presidents of China's Fortune 500 companies and the like, will attend the Bo'ao Forum from 26 to 29 March. Finance will as usual claim centre stage, but this year will be strongly flavoured by outward investment policies. On 28 March, Lou Jiwei 楼继伟 will meet the IMF, WB and others to discuss global monetary governance On 29 March, Zhou Xiaochuan 周小川 will meet counterparts from Germany, US and Australia to discuss economic and monetary policy The chairmanship alternates annually between the Premier and the General Secretary, this year's chairmanship falling to Xi Jinping. It is probably no accident that founding membership of the AIIB is closing just ahead of the Forum. The Chinese press expect Xi to hold aloft a large clutch of acceptances, including prized ones from close US allies South Korea and Australia. J U S T I N C A S E Y O U M I S S E D I T . cp.leads—geo-strategic trends Li Keqiang’s policy show Xi Jinping left with a world to win cp.signals—domestic policy signals judicial agenda: indicating East while turning West new Foreign Investment Law responds to the market cp.focus—exploratory analysis The project system: China's fiscal pacemaker and its cyclical legacy 4th Plenum: narrowing the space for special interests cp.record—systematic policy audits Social Policy Record Economy Record Governance and Law Record cp.public hip flicks for sinophiles Copyright © 2015 China Policy, All rights reserved. This email was sent to [email protected] why did I get this? unsubscribe from this list update subscription preferences China Policy · Chaoyang District · Beijing, Beijing 100027 · China .
Recommended publications
  • How China's Leaders Think: the Inside Story of China's Past, Current
    bindex.indd 540 3/14/11 3:26:49 PM China’s development, at least in part, is driven by patriotism and pride. The Chinese people have made great contributions to world civilization. Our commitment and determination is rooted in our historic and national pride. It’s fair to say that we have achieved some successes, [nevertheless] we should have a cautious appraisal of our accomplishments. We should never overestimate our accomplish- ments or indulge ourselves in our achievements. We need to assess ourselves objectively. [and aspire to] our next higher goal. [which is] a persistent and unremitting process. Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee member In the face of complex and ever-changing international and domes- tic environments, the Chinese Government promptly and decisively adjusted our macroeconomic policies and launched a comprehensive stimulus package to ensure stable and rapid economic growth. We increased government spending and public investments and imple- mented structural tax reductions. Balancing short-term and long- term strategic perspectives, we are promoting industrial restructuring and technological innovation, and using principles of reform to solve problems of development. Li Keqiang Politburo Standing Committee member I am now serving my second term in the Politburo. President Hu Jintao’s character is modest and low profile. we all have the high- est respect and admiration for him—for his leadership, perspicacity and moral convictions. Under his leadership, complex problems can all get resolved. It takes vision to avoid major conflicts in soci- ety. Income disparities, unemployment, bureaucracy and corruption could cause instability. This is the Party’s most severe test.
    [Show full text]
  • Hong Kong SAR
    China Data Supplement November 2006 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries 47 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations 50 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR 54 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR 61 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan 65 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Affairs Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 November 2006 The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU Jen-Kai Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes CCP CC Chinese Communist Party Central Committee CCa Central Committee, alternate member CCm Central Committee, member CCSm Central Committee Secretariat, member PBa Politburo, alternate member PBm Politburo, member Cdr. Commander Chp. Chairperson CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CYL Communist Youth League Dep. P.C. Deputy Political Commissar Dir. Director exec. executive f female Gen.Man. General Manager Gen.Sec. General Secretary Hon.Chp. Honorary Chairperson H.V.-Chp. Honorary Vice-Chairperson MPC Municipal People’s Congress NPC National People’s Congress PCC Political Consultative Conference PLA People’s Liberation Army Pol.Com.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    3/2006 Data Supplement PR China Hong Kong SAR Macau SAR Taiwan CHINA aktuell Journal of Current Chinese Affairs Data Supplement People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: Institute of Asian Affairs Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax:(040)4107945 Contributors: Uwe Kotzel Dr. Liu Jen-Kai Christine Reinking Dr. Günter Schucher Dr. Margot Schüller Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU JEN-KAI 3 The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC LIU JEN-KAI 22 Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership LIU JEN-KAI 27 PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries LIU JEN-KAI 30 PRC Laws and Regulations LIU JEN-KAI 34 Hong Kong SAR Political Data LIU JEN-KAI 36 Macau SAR Political Data LIU JEN-KAI 39 Taiwan Political Data LIU JEN-KAI 41 Bibliography of Articles on the PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, and on Taiwan UWE KOTZEL / LIU JEN-KAI / CHRISTINE REINKING / GÜNTER SCHUCHER 43 CHINA aktuell Data Supplement - 3 - 3/2006 Dep.Dir.: CHINESE COMMUNIST Li Jianhua 03/07 PARTY Li Zhiyong 05/07 The Main National Ouyang Song 05/08 Shen Yueyue (f) CCa 03/01 Leadership of the Sun Xiaoqun 00/08 Wang Dongming 02/10 CCP CC General Secretary Zhang Bolin (exec.) 98/03 PRC Hu Jintao 02/11 Zhao Hongzhu (exec.) 00/10 Zhao Zongnai 00/10 Liu Jen-Kai POLITBURO Sec.-Gen.: Li Zhiyong 01/03 Standing Committee Members Propaganda (Publicity) Department Hu Jintao 92/10 Dir.: Liu Yunshan PBm CCSm 02/10 Huang Ju 02/11
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    China Data Supplement October 2006 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries 44 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations 48 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR 49 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR 56 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan 60 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Affairs Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 October 2006 The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU Jen-Kai Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes CCP CC Chinese Communist Party Central Committee CCa Central Committee, alternate member CCm Central Committee, member CCSm Central Committee Secretariat, member PBa Politburo, alternate member PBm Politburo, member Cdr. Commander Chp. Chairperson CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CYL Communist Youth League Dep. P.C. Deputy Political Commissar Dir. Director exec. executive f female Gen.Man. General Manager Gen.Sec. General Secretary Hon.Chp. Honorary Chairperson H.V.-Chp. Honorary Vice-Chairperson MPC Municipal People’s Congress NPC National People’s Congress PCC Political Consultative Conference PLA People’s Liberation Army Pol.Com.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Politics in the Xi Jingping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership
    CHAPTER 1 Governance Collective Leadership Revisited Th ings don’t have to be or look identical in order to be balanced or equal. ⃺ڄ Maya Lin — his book examines how the structure and dynamics of the leadership of Tthe Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have evolved in response to the chal- lenges the party has confronted since the late 1990s. Th is study pays special attention to the issue of leadership se lection and composition, which is a per- petual concern in Chinese politics. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, this volume assesses the changing nature of elite recruitment, the generational attributes of the leadership, the checks and balances between competing po liti cal co ali tions or factions, the behavioral patterns and insti- tutional constraints of heavyweight politicians in the collective leadership, and the interplay between elite politics and broad changes in Chinese society. Th is study also links new trends in elite politics to emerging currents within the Chinese intellectual discourse on the tension between strongman politics and collective leadership and its implications for po liti cal reforms. A systematic analy sis of these developments— and some seeming contradictions— will help shed valuable light on how the world’s most populous country will be governed in the remaining years of the Xi Jinping era and beyond. Th is study argues that the survival of the CCP regime in the wake of major po liti cal crises such as the Bo Xilai episode and rampant offi cial cor- ruption is not due to “authoritarian resilience”— the capacity of the Chinese communist system to resist po liti cal and institutional changes—as some foreign China analysts have theorized.
    [Show full text]
  • Promotion of Qiu He Raises Questions About Direction of Reform
    Fewsmith, China Leadership Monitor, No. 17 Promotion of Qiu He Raises Questions about Direction of Reform Joseph Fewsmith For the last two years, the Chinese media have widely discussed the ‘Qiu He Phenomenon,’ attempting to understand the significance of a local county party secretary’s using autocratic methods to jump-start the economy of Jiangsu’s poorest county. Qiu He has been both praised and criticized; now he has been promoted to vice governor of Jiangsu, and at 50 years of age he could rise farther in China’s political system. So, whereas promotions to vice governships rarely raise eyebrows, Qiu He’s promotion has been widely discussed. Known as an “official with personality” (gexing guanyuan), Qiu He stands out among the ranks of China’s generally staid bureaucracy and makes us think about what types of officials might be promoted under Hu Jintao and what this means for the building of institutions in China. On January 20, the Xinhua News Agency reported that Zhang Jiuhan and Qiu He had been elected vice governors of Jiangsu Province. Zhang’s election raised no eyebrows. His career reflects a steady climb through the ranks, though his long experience in the provincial Communist Youth League (CYL) suggests the ever-increasing importance of that group as a route to career advancement. Born in 1950 in Jiangdu City, on the north bank of the Yangzi River just east of Yangzhou (the city where Jiang Zemin was raised), Zhang began work in 1970 on a branch farm of the Laoshan tree farm (linchang), and he has spent most of the rest of his career in agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    China Data Supplement February 2007 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries 43 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations 45 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR 48 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR 55 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan 59 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 February 2007 The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU Jen-Kai Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes CCP CC Chinese Communist Party Central Committee CCa Central Committee, alternate member CCm Central Committee, member CCSm Central Committee Secretariat, member PBa Politburo, alternate member PBm Politburo, member BoD Board of Directors Cdr. Commander CEO Chief Executive Officer Chp. Chairperson COO Chief Operating Officer CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CYL Communist Youth League Dep.Cdr. Deputy Commander Dep. P.C. Deputy Political Commissar Dir. Director exec. executive f female Gen.Man. General Manager Hon.Chp. Honorary Chairperson Hon.V.-Chp. Honorary Vice-Chairperson MPC Municipal People’s Congress NPC National People’s Congress PCC Political Consultative Conference PLA People’s Liberation Army Pol.Com.
    [Show full text]
  • China and Myanmar's Peace Process
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 2301 Constitution Ave., NW • Washington, DC 20037 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Yun Sun This Special Report examines China’s role and interests in Myanmar’s peace process. Funded by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) and integral to USIP’s Asia Center programming, the report is based on more than eighty interviews with officials in China and representatives from China and Myanmar’s ethnic armed groups in Myanmar. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Peace Process Yun Sun is a senior associate with the East Asia Program at the Henry L. Stimson Center and a nonresident fellow at the Brookings Institution. Summary • China’s interest in the Myanmar peace process is focused on the armed ethnic groups along the border in Kachin and Shan states—in particular, the Kachin Independence Army, the United Wa State Army, and the Kokang Army. These organizations have historical and cultural ties with ethnic groups across the border in China as well as political and economic connections. • China’s official position follows the principle of noninterference and its official policy is “persuading for peace and facilitating dialogues.” In practice, its attitude has been more ambiguous. • Beijing does not necessarily believe that comprehensive peace is attainable for the foreseeable future. Its priority is therefore to prepare for different uncertainties and maximize its flexibility in the process. • China’s role is complicated by the behavior of certain Chinese special interest groups and individuals who have offered direct financial support for ethnic armed organiza- tions in Myanmar.
    [Show full text]
  • Autocrats Untying Their Hands-Political Prosecution of Corruption In
    ISA Hong Kong 2017 Jia Li June 15 [email protected] Autocrats Untying Their Hands: Political Prosecution of Corruption in a Limited Autocracy Jia Li, University of Chicago Abstract Autocrats have an incentive to purge rival elites in the course of anticorruption. But can an autocrat purge his rivals by political prosecution in a limited autocracy where power-sharing arrangements tie his hands? Empirical observation from China, an institutionalized autocracy with a history of politicized anticorruption, sheds light on this question. Xi Jinping’s anticorruption campaign provides network evidence that the autocrat is untying his hands and purging rivals despite the constraints on his power. Studying the network where purged elites are nodes and their colleague relations are ties, this paper argues that the emphasis on political prosecution against an elite explains his centrality in the purged network, which suggests that political prosecution drives the campaign as much as cleansing graft does. The independent variable, emphasis on political prosecution, is estimated by the ratio of intraparty duration to procuratorial duration. Centrality, as the dependent variable, is constructed by PageRank algorithm. The finding suggests that an autocrat in a limited autocracy is capable of reneging on power sharing. Keywords: limited autocracy; network analysis; corruption; China 1 ISA Hong Kong 2017 Jia Li June 15 [email protected] Autocrats with hands tied: can they purge rivals by political prosecution? Autocrats have an incentive to purge rival elites in the course of anticorruption. As a strategy to enforce political order, they manipulate judicial processes and employ courts to monitor regime elites (Magaloni, 2008b).
    [Show full text]
  • Scavenging Effects of Echinacea Purpurea Extract and Active Ingredient Against Peroxynitrite
    2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2009) Beijing, China 11 – 13 June 2009 Pages 1-605 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP0929C-PRT ISBN: 978-1-4244-2901-1 Copyright © 2009 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc All Rights Reserved Copyright and Reprint Permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limit of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For other copying, reprint or republication permission, write to IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854. All rights reserved. ***This publication is a representation of what appears in the IEEE Digital Libraries. Some format issues inherent in the e-media version may also appear in this print version. IEEE Catalog Number: CFP0929C-PRT ISBN 13: 978-1-4244-2901-1 Library of Congress No.: 2008935829 Additional Copies of This Publication Are Available From: Curran Associates, Inc 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: (845) 758-0400 Fax: (845) 758-2633 E-mail: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Scavenging Effects of Echinacea purpurea Extract and Active Ingredient Against Peroxynitrite...........................................................1 Yun-Jing Luo, Jing-Lin Pan, Yan-Shu Pan, Ru Gang Zhong Spatial
    [Show full text]
  • Tournaments of a Regional Tiger
    tournaments of a regional tiger 26 march 2015 The relentless rise of the ‘one belt one road’ strategy and the engage- ment of nations around the world in China’s new club, the Asian Infra- structure Investment Bank, betoken a new phase in China’s develop- ment. Simultaneously, a domestic hullabaloo is highlighting lingering deep troubles with the last phase. As the National People’s Congress wound up on 15 March 2015, the detention and investigation of Qiu He 仇和 Yunnan deputy Party secretary and NPC member, was announced by the Central Discipline Inspection Commission. Taken down on the now routine charges of ‘serious discipline and law violations’, Qiu joins a long line of officials deemed corrupt. Much about Qiu He is in fact far from routine, not least the massive barrage of commentary on his career. This is appearing in official and unofficial media of right, left and centre. Inferior in status to the sim- ilarly fallen Bo Xilai 薄熙来, a ‘Red Inheritor’ or princeling, Qiu is, if QIU He 仇和 anything, more archetypal. As People’s Daily, Global Times and other Yunnan deputy Party secretary official media wasted no time in pointing out: Qiu sums up an entire and NPC member growth model (cp.leads 150323). Indeed Qiu sums up the China model in its heyday, the fat years of the Hu-Wen administration. Cutting him down, Xi and his attack dogs seek to cut themselves loose from a series of stains on the Party’s purity that culminated in the rampant brutality of Zhou Yongkang 周永 康, Bo Xilai and their ilk.
    [Show full text]
  • How China S Leaders Think
    How China’s Leaders Think The Inside Story of China’s Reform and What This Means for the Future Robert Lawrence Kuhn John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd ffirs.indd iii 8/28/09 10:35:26 AM ffirs.indd ii 8/28/09 10:35:26 AM How China’s Leaders Think The Inside Story of China’s Reform and What This Means for the Future ffirs.indd i 8/28/09 10:35:25 AM ffirs.indd ii 8/28/09 10:35:26 AM How China’s Leaders Think The Inside Story of China’s Reform and What This Means for the Future Robert Lawrence Kuhn John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd ffirs.indd iii 8/28/09 10:35:26 AM Copyright © 2010 by Robert Lawrence Kuhn. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd. 2 Clementi Loop, #02-01, Singapore 129809 All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as expressly permitted by law, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate photocopy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center. Requests for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop, #02-01, Singapore 129809, tel: 65-6463-2400, fax: 65-6463-4605, e-mail: [email protected] This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered.
    [Show full text]