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October 2010 Appraisal of existing structures (Third edition) October 2010 Appraisal of Existing Structures.indd 1 22/10/2010 10:22 Membership of Task Group for third edition B C Bell MA MSc DIC CEng FIStructE FICE (Bell Johnson Ltd) Chairman C J Bolton BSc CEng FIStructE MICE (Sellafield Ltd) Vice Chairman K S K Chan BSc CEng MIStructE (Phoenix Consulting Engineers Ltd) S L Matthews BEng PhD CEng CSci FIStructE FICE MCIWEM (BRE) R Stagg BSc CEng FIStructE MICE (Conisbee Ltd) F E Weare MSc DIC CEng FIStructE MICE MIMMM DMS MIHT (Consultant) J G M Wood BSc PhD CEng FIStructE MICE FIAgrE (Structural Studies & Design Ltd) Secretary to the Task Group B H G Cresswell Riol BEng (Institution of Structural Engineers) Acknowledgements Thanks also to Dr Florian Block, Dr Chris Burgoyne, Mr Michael Bussell, Dr John Cairns, Mrs Ann Campbell, Mr George Faller, Mr Mike Grantham, Mr Michael Green, Dr Susan Halliwell, Mr Peter Harris, Mr Richard Harris, Mr Chris Holland, Mr Chris Jofeh, Mr Martin Kealy, Mr Michael Kightley, Mr Hirohisa Koga, Mrs Deborah Lazarus, Mr Ian Liddell, Dr John Menzies, Dr John Morlidge, Mr Ian Morrison, Mr Brian Neale, Mr Chris Newman, Dr Rupert Pool, Mr Clive Richardson, Mr Norman Seward, Dr Bob de Vekey and Dr Martyn Webb for their contributions. Membership of Task Groups for previous editions E Happold* RDI BSc DSc FEng FIStructE FICE FCIOB J H R Haswell†† BSc CEng FIStructE FICE Chairman to First and Second Editions R A Heaton CEng FIStructE FICE MIMuNE A P Backler BSC(Eng) DLC CEng MICE I J Hume DIC DiplConsAA CEng MIStructE J A Baird CEng FIStructE FIWSc P K Jaitly BSc MA LLB CEng FIStructE P R Bartle CEng FIStructE M Law BSc FIFireE W D Biggs§ QBE PhD CEng FIStructE FCIOB S L Matthews BEng PhD CEng CSCI FIStructE FICE MCIWEM W A Black MSc CEng MIStructE FICE FRICS J B Menzies FREng, PhD, BSc(Eng), FIStructE, DipCU P Beckmann MSc(Eng) CEng FIStructE MICE HonRIBA Vice-Chairman to Second Edition G A Bettany MSc CEng MIStructE FRICS R J W Milne‡ BSc Secretary to Second Edition J L Clarke MA CEng MICE R M Moss BSc PhD DIC CEng MIStructE MICE M S G Cullimore# BSc PhD CEng FIStructE F Myerscough CEng MIStructE R J Currie BSc(Eng) CEng FIStructE MICE A L Randall CEng FIStructE W G Curtin† MEng CEng FIStructE FICE W H Sharp CEng FIStructE D K Doran DIC BSc(Eng) CEng FIStructE FICE FCGI R Stagg BSc CEng FIStructE MICE D L Eckett A Stevens CEng FIStructE FICE R J Evans MA(Cantab) LLB CEng MICE MHKIE FCIArb R J M Sutherland FREng BA CEng FIStructE FICE K W Gibson BSc CEng MIStructE MICE Fritz Wenzel M G Green BE CEng MIStructE MICE C J K Williams MA PhD CEng MIStructE † deceased December 1991 †† deceased October 1994 * deceased January 1996 § deceased March 1998 ‡ deceased August 2002 # deceased April 2007 Published by The Institution of Structural Engineers International HQ, 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London SW1X 8BH Telephone: +44 (0)20 7235 4535 Fax: +44 (0)20 7235 4294 Email: [email protected] Website: www.istructe.org First published 2010 ISBN 978-1-906335-04-5 © 2010 The Institution of Structural Engineers The Institution of Structural Engineers and those individuals who contributed to the publication of all editions of this Report have endeavored to ensure the accuracy of its contents. However, the guidance and recommendations given in the Report should always be reviewed by those using the Report in the light of the facts of their particular case and specialist advice obtained as necessary. No liability for negligence or otherwise in relation to this Report and its contents is accepted by the Institution, the members of the Task Group, their servants or agents. In this Report, the words 'ensure', 'must' and 'should' are not intended to imply legal obligations but are intended to convey the weight of the advice given. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of the Institution of Structural Engineers, who may be contacted at 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London SW1X 8BH. ii The Institution of Structural Engineers Appraisal of existing structures Appraisal of Existing Structures.indd 2 22/10/2010 10:22 Contents Tablesi v 3.14 Moisture ingress 18 3.14.1 Salt crystallisation 18 Glossary vii 3.14.2 Freezing 18 Foreword to the third edition ix 3.14.3 Organic degradation 18 3.15 Deleterious materials 18 1 Introduction 1 3.16 Fungal and insect infestation 19 1.1 Scope 1 3.17 Atmospheric conditions 19 1.2 Reasons for structural appraisal 1 3.18 Abrasion and erosion 19 1.3 Principles 1 3.19 Vandalism 19 1.4 Format of third edition 2 3.20 References 19 1.5 ‘Structural surveys’ 3 1.6 References 3 4 The appraisal process 22 1.7 Bibliography 3 4.1 General 22 4.2 Basic questions 22 2 The brief, legal implications and the report 4 4.2.1 Relevance of codes of practice 23 2.1 Introduction 4 4.2.2 Serviceability and structural safety 23 2.2 The brief 5 4.2.3 Acceptable level of risk 25 2.3 Commercial aspects 5 4.2.4 Limitations of calculations 25 2.4 Legal responsibilities 6 4.2.5 International standards 25 2.4.1 Introduction 6 4.3 Path of appraisal 25 2.4.2 Law of contract 6 4.4 Initial stage of appraisal (see Figure 4.5) 26 2.4.3 Law of tort 7 4.5 Second stage of appraisal (see Figure 4.6) 28 2.4.4 General 7 4.6 Third stage of appraisal (see Figure 4.7) 28 2.5 Appraisal findings 7 4.6.1 Principles behind third stage assessment 28 2.6 Report 7 4.6.2 Further on-site investigation work 31 2.6.1 Introduction 7 4.6.3 Composition of partial safety factors 32 2.6.2 Caveats 8 4.6.4 Rigorous analysis further to distribute the load 32 2.6.3 General considerations 8 4.7 Future performance 32 2.6.4 Practical aspects 8 4.8 Calculations requiring special consideration 32 2.6.5 Format 9 4.8.1 General 32 2.7 References 11 4.8.2 Brittle materials 33 2.8 Bibliography 11 4.8.3 Combined stresses 33 4.8.4 Fatigue 33 3 Preparation and influencing factors 12 4.8.5 Buckling 33 3.1 General 12 4.8.6 Connections 33 3.2 Desk study 12 4.8.7 Bolted and riveted connections 33 3.3 Reconnaissance and site inspection 12 4.8.8 Welded joints 34 3.4 Dimensions 13 4.8.9 Assessment of the effects of fire 34 3.5 Structural arrangements and materials of 4.8.10 Non code based assessments 34 construction 14 4.9 References 34 3.6 Condition 14 3.7 Actions and loadings 15 5 Testing and monitoring 35 3.7.1 Introduction 15 5.1 Commissioning of testing and monitoring works 35 3.7.2 Dead loads 15 5.2 Determination of testing and monitoring 3.7.3 Imposed loads 15 requirements 35 3.7.4 Storage loads 15 5.3 Simple on-site testing 37 3.7.5 Dynamic loads 15 5.4 Materials testing 38 3.7.6 Dynamic crowd loads 15 5.5 Load testing 43 3.7.7 Loads arising from machinery, appliances and 5.6 Monitoring of structures 43 equipment 15 5.7 References 43 3.7.8 Wind loads 16 3.7.9 Snow and ice loads 16 6 Use and properties of materials 44 3.7.10 Foundations 16 6.1 Introduction 44 3.7.11 Highway and railway loads 16 6.2 Masonry 44 3.7.12 Extreme events 16 6.2.1 Natural stone 44 3.7.13 Fire 16 6.2.2 Bricks and blocks 49 3.7.14 Earthquake loads 17 6.2.3 Mortars 51 3.7.15 Strains induced by fabrication, assembly, 6.2.4 Masonry construction 51 erection and movement 17 6.2.5 Strength of masonry, characteristic strength, 3.8 Lateral stability 17 c-factors 53 3.9 Soil pressures and ground movement 17 6.2.6 Other walling materials 54 3.10 Aggressive ground conditions 17 6.3 Timber 55 3.11 Thermal effects 18 6.3.1 General 55 3.12 Changes of humidity 18 6.3.2 Strength of timber, permissible stresses 56 3.13 Creep 18 6.3.3 Period of fire resistance 56 The Institution of Structural Engineers Appraisal of existing structures iii Appraisal of Existing Structures.indd 3 22/10/2010 10:22 Contents 6.4 Metals and alloys 57 7 Health and safety considerations 89 6.4.1 Ferrous alloys 57 7.1 Introduction 89 6.4.2 Brittle fracture 59 7.2 Risk management 90 6.4.3 Appraisal of structural ironwork and 7.3 Hazards 91 steelwork 60 7.4 UK legislation 91 6.4.4 Stainless steels 61 7.5 Personal protective equipment (PPE) 92 6.4.5 Aluminium alloys 62 7.6 Specialist training 93 6.4.6 Bronzes and brasses 63 7.7 Checklist – what the engineer should consider 93 6.4.7 Ropes and cables 64 7.8 References 93 6.5 Concrete 66 6.5.1 History of modern use 66 Appendix 1 Sources of UK-based information on design, 6.5.2 Identification 67 construction and history 95 6.5.3 Mechanical properties 67 A1.1 Introduction 95 6.5.4 Durability 67 A1.2 Building-specific information: primary sources 97 6.5.5 Plain (mass) concrete 67 A1.2.1 Points to note 97 6.5.6 Reinforced concrete 68 A1.3 Building-specific information: secondary sources 97 6.5.7 Prestressed concrete 69 A1.4 Explanatory information 98 6.5.8 Precast concrete 70 A1.4.1 Trade literature and Third Party Certification 98 6.5.9 Glassfibre reinforced concrete (GRC) 70 A1.4.2 Contemporary Codes of Practice 98 6.6 Steel/concrete composite construction 71 A1.4.3 Contemporary textbooks, papers, and 6.6.1 Definition and history of use 71 periodicals 99 6.6.2 Types and properties 71 A1.4.4 Guides to the identification and appraisal of 6.6.3 Appraisal of composite action 72 systems, products and particular structures 99 6.7 Polymeric materials 72 A1.5 Record sources 99 6.7.1 History of use 72 A1.5.1 Possible record sources 99 6.7.2 Identification 72 A1.5.2 National record centres for ancient monuments and 6.7.3 Mechanical properties 72 historic buildings 101 6.7.4 Durability 73 A1.6 Materials 102 6.8 Fibre-reinforced polymer composites 73 A1.7 Government agencies 103 6.8.1 History of use 73 A1.8 Other organisations
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