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Home , Anthony Hunt, Beijing Convention, Bundesgartenschau, Eden Project, Edmund Happold, ETFE

Issue 2 2016 The Arup Journal

1966

502016 Contents

4 1960s 50 2000s The Arup Journal is our ‘journal Snape Maltings Concert Hall Arup in York Minster The ‘Bird’s Nest’ of record’, documenting some of Emley Moor Tower The ‘Water Cube’ our more challenging projects and Concrete system building Central Television (CCTV) HQ A1 Viaduct, Gateshead Beijing Terminal 3 explaining how we approached them. Shahyad Aryamehr Beijing South station The focus on technical detail is a Beijing Convention Centre 14 1970s Channel Tunnel Rail Link hallmark of the publication and, in Opera House Hudson River Park my view, the reason for its longevity. Carlsberg Brewery Druk White Lotus School Byker Viaduct The Eden Project Since its launch in 1966, the Journal BedZED Bush Lane House Heathrow Terminal 5 has published more than a thousand OCBC Centre articles, whose common thread is Arts Centre 64 2010s Bundesgartenschau, The Fulton Center the quality of the work, reflecting the in 2012 creativity and calibre of the people 26 1980s Stratford and the Olympic Park HSBC Building, Hong Kong King’s Cross who worked on the projects. The British Library The Shard Lloyd’s of London Evelyn Grace Academy I would like to especially thank 1 Finsbury Avenue Leadenhall Building Stansted Airport Crossrail and acknowledge our clients and Ravenspurn North The Vegas High Roller collaborators who worked with us The Menil Collection Lake Mead Intake No.3 Lord’s Mound Stand Hong Kong’s waste-to-energy plant on the projects republished in this Sports Hub 50th anniversary edition. In every 38 1990s BIQ House Øresund Bridge article I am reminded that successful Glyndebourne Opera House 77 Image credits design in the built environment is Stockley Park always a product of teamwork. Phoenix Central Library 78 Front covers, 1966–2016 Yapi Kredi Bank, Turkey Kinali–Sakarya Motorway and Karasu Viaduct Eastgate, Harare Heathrow Transfer System

Gregory Hodkinson Chairman, Arup

2 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 3 Sir joined Arup in 1950, and was As the 1960s progressed we took advantage Co-Chairman of Arup from 1984 to 1989. of this rapidly developing technology and In this section acquired our own computers. We were one of Looking back, the 1960s were very formative the first consulting engineering practices to The projects described in this section are 10 Concrete system building times to be an architect or an engineer. We do so and people would come and gawp at based on the original articles listed below. Projects that shaped the way a generation didn’t necessarily have the sophisticated the seemingly amazing things we could get For full details, including project credits and of students lived and worked 1960s attributions, please see the original articles Issue 2, 1966: Architect’s approach to tools, the variety or choice in materials or as them to do. All this was many years before much money as we have today, but exciting the concept, advent and use of personal online at arup.com. architecture, P. M. Dowson ideas and ideals were bubbling across the computers. Issue 4, 1969: Rooms for students. industry. New concepts were taking hold. 6 Snape Maltings Concert Hall Tim Sturgis Prefabrication was the perceived means It was an incredibly formative decade in Converting a derelict malt house into whereby the country’s construction industry other ways too. A consequence of Ove a concert and opera venue 12 A1 Viaduct, Gateshead could become more productive and in articulating his ideas about integrating Issue 4, 1967: Snape Concert Hall, Arup’s first road and bridge project particular the housing crisis could be solved. architecture and engineering led to the Derek Sugden formation in 1963 of Arup Associates, where Issue 3, 1969: A1 Viaduct, Gateshead, This was also the decade when engineers these concepts were put into practice. It was Smyth and Srinivasan started using computers. During the 1950s also the decade when we were beginning to 8 York Minster Issue 1, 1970: Bridges on Gateshead Western Bypass, Keith Ranawake, we knew that computers were coming but widen our horizons into infrastructure A firmer footing for one of ’s Duncan Calkin, Ian McCulloch, Chris Slack were limited in practical applications. But by projects and a number of specialist great medieval cathedrals the 1960s some engineers had learnt to write disciplines. Issue 3, 1970: The use of prestressing in their own programs. Computers were foundation strengthening at York Minster, 13 Shahyad Aryamehr generally based at some universities and in But our work on David Dowrick An insight into its complex geometry the premises of their manufacturers. We used probably dominated these years and the firm Issue 1, 1970: The geometry of Shahyad the machines made by Ferranti in their became known more widely. That Sydney Aryamehr, Peter Ayres Newman Street offices, as well as one based Opera House happened at all is really quite 9 Emley Moor Tower at the Northampton Institute (now City miraculous. Jørn Utzon who won the Still the UK’s tallest freestanding structure University). Computers were in rooms full international competition with a sketchy and Issue 1, 1972: Emley Moor television of cupboards housing large numbers of ill-defined scheme left the project in 1966. tower, Andre Bartak and Mike Shears thermionic valves. One hired these Somehow, despite much controversy and Issue 3, 1974: Wind and vibration computers by the hour, some ‘runs’ taking many setbacks, it was completed in 1973 measurements at Emley Moor, Mike Shears many hours. One of the many hazards were and is now a World Heritage Site. It simply not infrequent power failures when one couldn’t happen today. would have to start all over again.

4 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 5 1. 2. 3.

Richard Cowell is an architect specialising in acoustics and related specialist fields. In the 1980s, he Snape Maltings Concert Hall co-founded Arup Acoustics with the late Derek Sugden. Of all the projects Arup worked on during Defining features How it all began the 1960s, the transformation of a disused Several factors contribute to the acoustic Describing the project as it was seen at the In my view, the enduring success of malt house into a world-class concert hall in quality of the hall: start, in an Arup Journal article published in Snape Maltings Concert Hall is founded the tiny English village of Snape, in , June 1967, Derek said: on Derek Sugden’s passionate dedication to realise its purpose, together with the must rank as one of the more unusual. First, the selection of the maltings building 4. 5. shell provided the classical ‘shoebox’ plan “The brief was for a concert hall to seat multidisciplinary support of his The project sprang from the need to create a geometry for a concert hall that could between 700 and 800. It was to be provided colleagues in Arup Associates. A careful new and permanent venue for the annual provide excellent lateral reflections. with lighting facilities for opera, an orchestra the desired hall volume meant retaining as because the whole architecture of the space amalgam of technical rigour and artistic Festival, founded in 1948 by pit, and with a removable proscenium. It was much of the roof height as possible. The in which music is made is as much insight created a performance space composer , singer Peter Second, the walls were grit-blasted, sealed, to have a restaurant and changing rooms. It slope designated for the roofline was, in fact, responsible for our whole response to the supportive of musicians and a listening Pears, and writer . This popular heightened and topped with a roof that is was to be wired for the BBC for recording a compromise between the two existing music. It is as dangerous to talk about only experience for audiences that was of the event had outgrown the local halls and relatively steep for a concert hall to achieve during the festival and for the Decca Record rooflines (see diagrams). the acoustics of a hall as to think we can rely highest standard. The acoustic reputation churches where it was originally hosted, so the preferred hall volume. This resulted in a Co. for stereophonic recording... The stage on only our intellect for judgement.” is first rate, and recognised globally. in a letter to in 1965, festival reverberation time of two seconds when the was to be the full width of the auditorium, to The smoke hoods that were once functional manager Stephen Reiss asked whether the hall is occupied. be 40ft deep, 4ft above auditorium level and for the barley malting process, and key to the This holistic approach meant the firm delivered The designers were pioneering when firm could examine the potential of a recently to have a 1ft rake.” character of the building, were retained as a concert hall at Snape that is as effective today it came to sustainable design and closed maltings for conversion into a concert Third, the roof lining was stiffened to avoid part of a low-energy ventilation system. as it was when it opened to the strains of construction. By reusing the maltings, hall, with opera facilities. excessive low-frequency absorption, and The Arup team agreed with the festival Benjamin Britten’s specially written overture use was made of valuable heritage. The traditional cane chairs were specified, also to committee that the hall should be designed Legacy ‘The Building of the House’ in 1967. ventilation system is low-energy, using Ove gave the job to Derek Sugden, an limit sound absorption. specifically as a concert hall, with certain Snape Maltings was a milestone project for natural air extract through modified engineer and a partner in Arup Associates, facilities for opera. It was strongly felt that Arup’s work in concert hall design, and it Snape Maltings: arup.com/journal41967 forms of the original smoke hoods. the firm’s integrated architecture and In addition, all the mechanical and electrical the whole conversion, inside and out, should paved the way for later acoustics consulting Many materials, including bricks and works were designed to noise and projects at Arup, including Glyndebourne 1. The interior of the concert hall shows the the seating, were made locally. There engineering practice. Derek later went continue to reflect the character of the sensitive transformation of a traditional malt on to found the firm’s now well-established running costs to a minimum. maltings and that as much of the existing Opera House (see page 42) and the house into a world-class classical music venue. was predominant use of local labour. Bridgewater Hall in . acoustics consultancy. The brief that Derek’s structure as possible should be preserved. 2. Cane chairs, made from locally sourced team developed in collaboration with Overall, however, it was the way the various materials, minimised sound absorption. Simplicity and very effective integration Britten and Pears defined Snape Maltings elements of the project came together that The overall design called for the removal of Derek’s philosophy for the project 3. The exterior was designed to align with the of architectural and engineering as it is today: a concert hall with distinctive created such an excellent balance of the long wall between two galleries of the embraced the concept of total architecture. hall’s historical context and rural location. disciplines, hallmarks of Arup Total and widely admired acoustics, in a building intimacy, reverberance, clarity and loudness. existing building, which in turn made it He said in his Arup Journal article: 4. Before conversion. Architecture, were fully realised here. that respects its rural surroundings and essential to relocate the ridge of the roof to “I believe it is also dangerous to talk about 5. After conversion: height was added to the industrial heritage. the central line of the new auditorium space. acoustics in an abstract way, to divorce walls and a relatively steep roof pitch gave the It was agreed that the best solution to achieve them from their physical surroundings, hall its required volume.

6 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 7 1. 1.

1. Foundations that were almost 800 years old needed to be strengthened. 2. Cutaway diagram demonstrating the York Minster prestressed concrete foundation solution. Emley Moor Tower

When York Minster was built between 1225 “It was decided to surround the Norman layers of main prestressing rods, two layers On a fine day, the Emley Moor television Key considerations included working with and 1472 AD, procedures for calculating the footings in concrete, incorporating the in each orthogonal direction passing right tower in West Yorkshire can be seen for ground conditions that incorporated required foundations were a thing of the north-west pier and the adjacent nave and under the main pier, thus providing the miles around. At 330m, it is the UK’s tallest sandstone and coal seams, and examining future. So it’s a tribute to the know-how of transept columns into one huge footing about tensile reinforcement necessary in the bottom structure (the top is higher than The Shard), issues such as how to protect the tower from the late-medieval constructors, therefore, that 14.5m square. This would utilise all the of this large spread footing. This main part of and more than 1.5 million people rely on it lightning in stormy weather and prevent ice the cathedral remained standing for so many cracked masonry footings as well as the new foundation is 2.1m deep with an for their digital terrestrial television channels. formation in the latticed and guyed years because in the mid-1960s, when Arup providing some completely new areas of average compression due to the prestress of structures in cold weather. The analysis of was asked to investigate cracks in the central footing in concrete. The total effect would be only 0.86 N/mm2.” Its height, in such an exposed location, wind and vibration measurements was tower area, the firm discovered the area of to spread the load from the columns over a makes the tower susceptible to the effects of careful and detailed, and led to the foundations was too small for the stratum of much larger area of clay. The new average After detailing the remainder of the ice and wind, yet research carried out by development of techniques that the firm clay immediately underlying the building. bearing pressure on the clay would be prestressing process, he went on to explain Arup in the 1960s means it is well equipped would further refine in future years as the The effective area of the footings was such approximately 290kN/m2, improving the that the prestressing hardware was made of to withstand the forces of nature. Since it was demand grew for tall structures. that the factor of safety against shear failure safety factor against shear failure in the clay stainless steel, specifically manufactured for constructed more than 40 years ago, it has in the clay was possibly as low as 1.3, and from about 1.3 to 2.5.” the purpose. It was recognised that this was, proved sturdy and resilient. Work on the project is recounted in two the masonry below floor level was badly in David’s words: “a once-for-all articles in The Arup Journal: ‘The Emley deformed in bending, and cracked in shear. David explained that the new concrete and conservation operation with a life expectancy The story of Emley Moor Tower goes back to Moor television tower’ by Andre Bartak and the ancient masonry were unified by of hundreds of years.” 1969 when the guyed structure collapsed due Mike Shears, March 1972; and ‘Wind and To make the superstructure safe for the next prestressing them together. “There are four to an accumulation of ice that increased the vibration measurements at Emley Moor’ millennium, the foundations of the four main York Minster: arup.com/journal31970 area exposed to wind. This resulted in the by Mike Shears, September 1974. piers supporting the central tower had to be loss of television programmes in a large and strengthened. Each pier was carrying a densely populated area of Yorkshire. Emley introduction: arup.com/journal11972 vertical load of about 3,850 tonnes at floor 2. Emley wind testing: arup.com/journal31974 level and with the masonry in delicate To restore the previous level of coverage and condition, it was essential to use a method of 1. Emley Moor Tower has broadcast TV signals enable new services, the UK’s Independent strengthening that would least disturb the across the Yorkshire landscape since 1969. Television Authority immediately authorised existing footings. The scheme Arup selected 2. The tower’s reinforced concrete structure was a feasibility study for a new structure, had prestressing as its central element. designed after careful analysis of wind and inviting Arup to undertake the study. It was vibration effects. the start of a project that involved the firm in David Dowdrick, writing in The Arup the fast-developing arena of telecoms and Journal in 1970, detailed the work on the broadcast infrastructure. north-west pier which was largely replicated on the other four corners of the tower: 2.

8 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 9 Concrete system building

1. 2. 4. 5.

Opportunities to test and refine radical ideas Mature Structures Category of the 2011 habitable bays are glazed, and service runs in In his 1966 RIBA speech, as construction residential blocks of precast concrete units, for using concrete systems abounded in the Concrete Society Awards. concrete.Ventilation is by louvres, with pairs was just getting under way, Sir Philip ranged across a hillside, facing out into a fast-expanding higher education sector of the of opening lights in each bay to provide a Dowson said: “Our brief was very open. river valley. mid-to-late 1960s. Seats of learning as varied Sir explained the fundamental current of cool air. The university is to expand up to certain as ancient Oxbridge colleges, Victorian principles of the construction method in a stages, over unpredictable periods of time The external joints between units were left redbrick universities, and the planned speech given to the RIBA in February 1966 Rooms for students and is to be fully residential… it can be built fully visible purposely to celebrate the campuses of entirely new institutions wanted that was later published in The Arup Journal: In his article ‘Rooms for students’ published very rapidly, and may have to be at certain prefabricated nature of the buildings. inspirational new buildings to accommodate in The Arup Journal in 1969, Tim Sturgis periods if funds are available. Speed, though, an influx of students. Teaching and living “The construction method, based on an summarised Arup Associates’ design work is not the primary consideration. The Architect’s approach to architecture: spaces built quickly and stylishly to a tight assembly of separate 17 ton, 20ft square, on residential buildings for five Oxford and repetition of elements, carefully designed arup.com/journal21966 budget were in high demand. precast concrete tables, was radically Cambridge colleges, including Leckhampton and embodying all the various functional Rooms for students: arup.com/journal31969 different from anything we had ever House at Corpus Christi, Cambridge. Each requirements, should, we hope, enable higher Loughborough University: arup.com/journal61967 Arup Associates’ total architecture approach attempted before. project demonstrated how imaginative and performance standards to be achieved within University of East Anglia: arup.com/journal21968 was well suited to meeting these briefs and expressive use of engineering systems results the same cost limit. We have tried to exploit there was no better test bed for applying “We had been thinking, for some time, in in unique and interesting buildings. the richness and variety of space that can be industrial processes to construction. The terms of ‘deep’ laboratories, with all the 3. created within the strict geometrical construction methods refined during these service rooms planned internally, to serve Leckhampton comprises two linked disciplines that are the reflection of an years transformed techniques for the design laboratories on the perimeter, as they do in comprising single coffered slabs supported at pavilions, glazed, so that there are views industrialised method.” and construction of large concrete buildings this building. Coupled with this, we have each corner by a single column. The columns from one pavilion to the other, and through in ways that were easily transferable to other been experimenting with a three-dimensional of adjacent towers are tied together. Services the corners to the gardens beyond. Loughborough University was completed in 1. Interwoven grids for Loughborough sectors, notably housing and office building. geometry of multiple grids, which were are run vertically at the centre of the column 1970. The Arup Journal published a detailed University. related but not co-incident, covering clusters, and horizontally between adjoining Loughborough University masterplan article on the design in 1967 called: 2. Leckhampton House, a hall of residence Metallurgy and Materials Building, planning, services, structure and so on. This Developing the masterplan for the proposed ‘Loughborough University of Technology: building at Corpus Christi College, slabs. Electrical trunking runs in grooves Cambridge. Birmingham University geometry is essential to the organisation of a under the coffer ribs. The towers are massed Loughborough University of Technology growth change and grid disciplines’ This seminal building was conceived as an highly disciplined and repetitive building of provided an opportunity to test the modular (David Thomas). 3. Birmingham University Metallurgy and into squares five or six bays wide. Teaching Materials Building. exercise to move the construction industry this nature.” rooms and laboratories are on the perimeter approach on a large scale. The design work was done in the early 1960s and work on site 4, 5. University of East Anglia: precast towards a modular approach. Completed in to maximise daylight and natural ventilation; University of East Anglia concrete halls of residence. 1966, it was Grade II listed in 1993, and The structural unit of the Metallurgy and circulation and dark rooms are at the core. started in 1965. At UEA, the brief to create more than 600 received a Certificate of Excellence in the Materials Building is a square tower, The elevations echo the structural pattern: rooms at speed resulted in 10 ‘semi-ziggurat’

10 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 11 A1 Viaduct, Gateshead 2.

1.

1. 3. Shahyad Aryamehr

Construction of the A1 viaduct started on site in days using computers often involved more Also in Gateshead, Arup was asked to design The monument of Shahyad Aryamehr, now Peter Ayres, writing in The Arup Journal in Gateshead in March 1969. It was Arup’s first work, rather than less, as strategies were the Gateshead Western Bypass. It was the known as the Azadi Tower, is Tehran’s most 1970, described this complex structural urban motorway in the UK and, in their 1969 devised for handling the data generated: firm’s first large road and bridge project in well-known landmark and it marks the west design project: article, authors Smyth and Srinivasan said it the UK, extending 5.5 miles from the new entrance to the city. Arup worked on was: “One of the most complex structures we “The prestressed concrete solution was Scotswood Bridge carrying traffic from the developing the geometrical forms used in the “The monument is essentially an external have designed and the culmination of years obviously sensible in structural form, but A1 to the west and the Team Valley Trading monument, all of which were inspired by the visual experience and the external surface of effort by a devoted team.” difficult to analyse. We had to be able to Estate to the east. architect, Hussein Amanat of Tehran. geometry is thus of the greatest importance. satisfy ourselves that our structure would Although the monument has the qualities of This stretch of motorway connects the be safe, but we did not feel that analytical The notable aspects of this project were the Constructed from reinforced concrete, in the a piece of sculpture, considerable north-east of England to the south and difficulties should stop us from designing difficult ground conditions, including areas form of an arch, the 45m-tall monument rationalisation of the details of the geometry extensive calculations were required for the right structure for the situation. of old mine working, that complicated the houses a museum, library and conference has occurred during its development, with no every aspect of the project, including the design and engineering of bridges and room. The surfaces are formed by slabs of loss of free form effect. The final geometry is initial decision over whether to build in “The really critical problem with our underpasses along the route. Again, it was marble as external cladding and the family controlled by a 3m (10ft) square module in prestressed concrete or, more expensively, electronic allies is to find ways of generating newly available computing power and the of defining curves is expressed in the form plan and elevation, with overall proportions in steel. With computer analysis still in the input so that the engineer fills in a small team’s programming skills that played a large of grooves running from top to bottom. The governed by a 21m (69ft) square grid.” its infancy, the team either had to take on amount of data instead of a large amount, part in performing the necessary calculations. depth and width of these grooves vary in 2. many months of calculations by hand or and of representing the output in such a form such a way that the ratio of depth and width Arup’s work on the project started in 1967 commit to developing ways to program the that the important information is readily Gateshead Bridges: arup.com/journal11970 to the horizontal extent of the surface at any and the monument was completed in computers to take on the burden. They chose available and doesn’t have to be picked out Viaduct model tests: arup.com/journal31968 level are constant. October 1971. 1. Shahyad Aryamehr. the latter. with great labour from a vast jumble of Gateshead Bypass: arup.com/journal41974 2. Detail within the arch. numbers.” A1 Viaduct: arup.com/journal31969 The monument is a beautiful articulation of Geometry of the Shahyad Aryamehr: Many of the computer-based techniques complicated geometry, first imagined by the arup.com/journal11970 1. The A1 motorway viaduct at Gateshead: developed on the A1 Viaduct would later Gateshead Western Bypass a significant new connection in the nation’s architect, then developed and realised with help streamline Arup’s approach to other The road network was expanding in the 1960s road network expansion. the assistance of mathematicians and infrastructure projects, including bridge 1960s. With the UK economy prospering, 2. An aerial view showing the smooth curves engineers. building. However, as The Arup Journal and increased transport of goods by road, of the new roadway. article from the time made clear, in the early came the demand for new bypasses to 3. Computer analysis of data was integral keep heavy traffic out of city centres. and essential to the success of this project.

12 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 13 Bob Emmerson joined the firm in 1960 sophistication but across the industry there as a graduate, and was Chairman of Arup was still a shortage of useful software for the In this section from 2000 to 2004. He instigated the firm’s kinds of problems we needed to solve. Arup development as a multidisciplinary practice formed its own computing group and by the 16 Sydney Opera House 22 Bush Lane House in the 1970s. middle of the decade the team had developed Engineering a 20th-century icon Innovation in fire engineering CADdraw, an early computer draughting Issue 3, 1973: Sydney Opera House Issue 4, 1976: Bush Lane House, 1970s Special Issue John Brandenburger, Michael Eatherley, By the end of the 1970s the world economy tool. The firm had opened an office in Hong had been badly hit by two oil crises. In Kong in 1976 and used CADdraw for the first Issue 1, 1988: Sydney revisited, Dick Raines addition to the uncertainty this introduced time on a hospital design project in the city. Sir Jack Zunz to project work, it also demonstrated how 23 OCBC Centre energy use was becoming a critical issue in The firm grew considerably in this period, 18 Carlsberg Brewery the design of buildings. At Arup we took this moving from a partnership to Trust Building tall with steel and as an opportunity to develop lower energy ownership structure in 1976. Interestingly, Designed to meet growing demand prestressed concrete use concepts for building design, like wind we didn’t fully appreciate how important this Issue 1, 1974: Carlsberg Brewery, Issue 3, 1976: The OCBC Centre, energy systems or orientating buildings so decision would become until much later. It’s Building Engineering Division, Group 3 Singapore, Peter Thompson they could take advantage of early solar still rare for firms in our industry to use the panels for heating water. employee-ownership model, but its benefits 19 Byker Viaduct 24 Barbican Arts Centre are considerable. It’s very motivating; the Apt design in a challenging location Deep excavation and extensive At the beginning of the 1970s we formed a Trust structure ensures our people feel that Issue 4, 1977: Byker Viaduct, Bill Smyth substructure multidisciplinary group to offer building they’re working for their own firm. And it Issue 4, 1975: The Barbican Arts Centre, engineering services: in other words, also meant we could preserve the firm’s Tony Stevens structural and service engineers working unique character, avoiding the mergers and 20 Centre Pompidou together with outside architects. We started acquisitions that are typical of the industry. One of France’s most famous cultural this in 1971 and immediately got landmarks 25 Bundesgartenschau, Mannheim commissioned on some influential projects By the end of the 1970s Arup had become an Issue 2, 1973: Centre Pompidou A lattice-shell roofed hall for a like the Carlsberg Brewery in Northampton incredibly exciting, innovating place to work. Special Issue garden show and the National Exhibition Centre in Everybody who joined, stayed. It had become Issue 2, 1977: Pictorial review Issue 3, 1975: Bundesgartenschau, Birmingham. the sort of firm that you turned up and Mannheim, , enjoyed working in. Despite the decade’s The 1970s was also the decade when desktop difficult economic climate, we seized every computers started to appear in offices for the opportunity to try new things. first time. They were gaining in power and

14 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 15 1. Sydney Opera House at sunset, October 2015. 2. This aerial view shows the spherical geometry that underlies the formation of the shells. 3. Sydney Opera House during construction. 4. On site at Sydney Opera House, from left: Michael Lewis (lead site engineer), Sir Ove Arup and Sir Jack Zunz.

1. 3. 4.

Many possible avenues were explored to Early analyses relied on the Pegasus MK 1 Sir Jack Zunz was the principal find a viable structure, with a clearly defined machine. Each run lasted many hours with designer of the geometric order that would keep the original frequent breakdowns of the hardware. Sydney Opera House. Sydney Opera House building profile and roof silhouette. The Results were in the form of punched tapes breakthrough came when Utzon embraced the or reams of numbers that required expert Most of us who were involved in the The history of Arup is inextricably linked lasting impact. Not only did they play a desire articulated by Arup’s engineers, for an interpretation, and the calculation and design and construction of Sydney Opera with the Sydney Opera House. The defining seminal role in solving the complex underlying geometrically regular shape from preparation of the input data would take House knew that they were working on feature of Jørn Utzon’s now iconic winning analytical and geometrical problems, but which the shells could be formed. He changed several weeks. The analysis of a structure something out of the ordinary. But no entry for the Sydney Opera House were also used on site for surveying the the roof profile, some say quite radically, to with 780 equations was thought to be a major one foresaw the magnitude of its social, competition was the roof structure: the emerging structure and controlling the accommodate a spherical geometry. Computer breakthrough, as it was one of the first architectural and technical impact, sails, generally referred to as the ‘shells’. tightly specified tolerances. analysis and model tests subsequently carried successful attempts in the analysis of nationally and internationally. That it Utzon resigned from the project before the out over several years provided the needed frameworks in three dimensions. became a World Heritage Site in the structure was fully erected, and Arup Designing Utzon’s roof structure information for the design and construction lifetime of some of us has been continued working, now with New South Utzon’s competition-winning scheme of the for the now-familiar structure . Computers were also extensively used in astounding. Wales Government-appointed team of roof’s forms was sculptural, free flowing and drawing production, during construction, architects, Hall, Todd and Littlemore. intuitive, without any geometric definition Making the calculations particularly in predicting the adjustments It has played a significant part in or order. There were four main pairs of It is difficult to imagine how the calculations necessary to achieve the specified tolerances shaping the firm’s history and deeply Utzon entered the international architectural curved surfaces for each hall and these necessary to design the roof could have been and general surveying. During the latter affected the lives of many. The story of competition without professional engineering surfaces – or shells, as they were incorrectly made without computers. At the time, slide stages of the project, computer uses became its genesis is complicated. It was, and advice. Yet to realise the complex called – were geometrically undefined and rules and calculating machines, both manual more widespread and increasingly necessary still is, the subject of books, films and configuration of the roof was a formidable connected to each other by a further series and electrically driven, were the engineer’s tools, particularly for the design of the glazed even an opera. 2. task that involved working at the very of surfaces called ‘side shells’ (again named basic tools. Access to electronic computers walls. The skills and experience gained using frontier of existing engineering expertise. incorrectly). There were no obvious solutions was limited and expensive. Early computers computers on the project would transform The challenges posed by the analysis and to designing structures that would with simpler structural forms that could occupied large spaces and were driven by the discipline of engineering design in geometric definition of the roof structure, and satisfactorily express the interplay between eliminate some of the large bending moments thermionic valves. Sydney Opera House was subsequent years. by developing appropriate construction the many complex surfaces. inherent in these roof shapes were considered: one of the first applications of this emerging methods and techniques, were unprecedented. non-pointed arches, curved shells covering technology. There was little or no relevant Opera House Special Issue: arup.com/journal31973 Thin reinforced concrete shell solutions, then each hall, and a single roof without software available and Arup’s engineers had Sydney revisited: arup.com/ Journal11988 So it was the use and applications of popular, were ruled out early on. The pointed discontinuities over both. But all these to learn quickly which analytical approaches electronic computers, then hardly used in the nature of the roof shapes implied forces that potential options would destroy the essential were best suited to the machines’ capabilities civil engineering world, that was to have a thin shells were unable to withstand. Solutions sculptural quality of Utzon’s concept. and write the appropriate programs.

16 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 17 Byker Viaduct

The Byker Viaduct, 800m long and shaped in plan like the letter ‘S’, is one of the most prominent features on the skyline, and a major feature of the Tyneside metro transport system. Completed in 1979, after a three-year build programme, the bridge won the Concrete Society Award for Civil Engineering in 1980.

The viaduct site was particularly challenging: it runs between two earlier structures (a road and a rail viaduct) and crosses a steep-sided valley with old mine workings underneath. The valley is also crossed by a fault and the river.

The viaduct design had to take into consideration the live loading conditions from passenger trains travelling quickly on both tracks, and from slower, but heavier, works trains. Centrifugal forces were particularly 1. significant for the tall valley columns. 1. 2.

After evaluating several different design options, the Arup team focused on an approach involving segmental construction Carlsberg Brewery with matched casting for epoxy resin joints. The spans on Byker Hill were designed to be built as continuous cantilevers using With growing demand for its beer, Carlsberg division – a prescient move because this was temporary props. commissioned Arup and Danish architect exactly the type of team that was required to Knud Munk to design its new flagship work on the Centre Pompidou project which Two prestressing systems were used: bars brewery in Northampton, on land reclaimed began not long afterwards (see page 20). that are coupled at each joint and used to from the River Nene. The brief was to build clamp segments together; and multi-strand a 100m-litre p.a. brewery in just over two A new management contractual form was cables threaded through ducts in a number of years that could double production capacity adopted, too, under which design and segments. Each segment was cast on site after the old brewery buildings were knocked construction could proceed at the same time, using the adjustable pallet technique, and down. The design of the brewery was and which would enable the advance because each segment was cast between a required to express the best aspects of purchase of equipment on long delivery fixed stop end and the end of the unit modern Danish architecture. schedules. In the first stage of the work, a previously cast, any measurement errors small team from the management contractor, could be adjusted for in the next cast. Although Arup’s initial appointment was G.E. Wimpey, worked with Arup’s designers for the design of the civil and structural to define the construction and installation Much care was given to the design and engineering work, together with mechanical sequence. Subsequently, Arup programmed proportions of the viaduct, including and electrical utilities, the role was later all site activities of the project with the detailing it for weathering. As a result, expanded to encompass managing the whole emphasis on flexibility of completion dates the columns and parapets were given a 2. 3. project, including providing quantity while maintaining meaningful targets. It vertically ribbed finish, with the outer face surveying and cost control. In addition, the was one of the first times that programme of the ribs tooled to expose the aggregate. specialist nature of the facility meant that a management methods from other industries 1. Carlsberg Brewery, Northampton: 1. The S-shaped Byker Viaduct carves its way very high standard of building finishes was – in this case the petrochemical industry – ambitious industrial facility design. Byker Viaduct: arup.com/journal41977 above and across Newcastle. needed, and the mechanical and electrical had been used on a major architectural 2. Despite its scale and complexity, the 2. The columns and parapets were detailed with new brewery was completed in 1974 a vertically ribbed finish. services had to be integrated to meet these building project. after just two years. requirements. This was now a project that 3. Metro system trains use the viaduct to cross the Ouseburn Valley. required an integrated approach to working Carlsberg introduction: arup.com/journal11974 with architects and designers. In response, Carlsberg completion: arup.com/journal41979 Arup established its ‘Structural and Services’

18 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 19 1. The Centre Pompidou, Paris, still futuristic in appearance 40 years after its completion. 2, 3. Cast-steel gerberettes are a key element of the structure. 4. Air-handling units on the roof channel air through vertical ducts on the exterior of the main façade. 5. Colourful for a reason: the Centre’s services use colours to denote function. 6. From external balconies, visitors have fine views of the city.

2. 4.

1.

Centre Pompidou 3. 5. 6.

The Centre Pompidou in Paris is one of gallery complex to serve as a focal point for were placed on the outside of the building to The spans involved are significant – spaces, the Pompidou Centre’s building the outside of the building, for , France’s most famous cultural landmarks, the regeneration of the Beaubourg area of provide flexible interior spaces that could be 48m between each of the structural columns, services requirements were complex. Arup are colour-coded for ease of identification: a still-relevant example of machine-age Paris. The high-calibre judging panel, changed to suit whatever exhibition spaces with tension ties 6m outside the principal designed all services: heating, ventilation and blue for air; green for fluids; yellow for architecture. Its ‘inside-out’ design – with chaired by French master engineer Jean were required. columns. The main horizontal circulation air conditioning, electrical, plumbing and fire electricity cables; red for movement and the structure and building services located Prouvé, included American architect Philip occurs in the space between. Between these protection. A total of 24 air-conditioning flow (elevators, stairs) and safety (fire on the outside – propelled Johnson, Sydney Opera House designer Jørn Key influences tension ties and the column line is a cast- plants were designed into the building, extinguishers). and into the architectural Utzon, and the Brazilian modernist architect After winning the competition, the steel cantilevered piece known as the ranging from single ducts of cold fresh air to stratosphere and reinforced Arup’s reputation Oscar Niemeyer. The competition attracted Rogers+Piano and Arup team were initially ‘gerberette’ (after Professor Gerber, a dual-duct variable-volume systems: the 13 After initial opposition to the project, the as a leading design collaborator. Arup played 681 entries from 49 countries. commissioned to develop their ideas further. German engineering academic). air-handling plants on the roof serve the public was quick to embrace the Centre a major role in bringing the design team A series of design iterations led to agreement building’s superstructure, channelling air Pompidou. Since it opened in 1977, more together, encouraging Rogers and Piano, The winning Rogers+Piano and Arup on the façade, the proposal to locate Because the steelwork is visible, the joints through 12.8m vertical ducts on the exterior than 150 million visitors have passed who were then just merging their practices, solution defined the Pompidou Centre as escalators and stairs on the outside of the and structural elements become part of the of the main façade. There are also electrical through its doors. It remains popular, and to join Arup in putting together an entry for a cross between an information-oriented, building, and the decision to construct much architectural language of the building, and substations, extensive medium voltage and was reopened after renovation and the French Government’s international computerised Times Square, New York, of the 10-storey structure in cast steel, in the because cast steel is a flexible material, it is light current installations, and even plumbing enlargement in 2000. design competition. and the , London, with the tradition of Gustave Eiffel, the French civil particularly useful in detailing. For example, systems for the provision of movable emphasis on interaction between people, engineer and architect of the Eiffel Tower. the gerberettes themselves have a pin lavatories. Centre Pompidou Special Issue: arup.com/journal21973 The project was conceived in 1969 by the activities and exhibitions. In plan, the The modern reference was the space-frame connection with a circular bearing between IStructE award: arup.com/journal21977 then president, Georges Pompidou, and the scheme encouraged strong pedestrian roof of Osaka Airport, designed by Japanese the gerberette and the column. Given this complexity, it is a surprise to international competition was launched by movement, with a high level of adaptability. architect Koji Kamiya, with cast-steel nodes discover that some aspects of the design the French Ministry of Culture in 1971. The So in order to create big expansive spaces, machined for connection. Complex building services solution are remarkably simple. The well- brief was for a new library and modern art the structure, escalators and building services With its emphasis on large and flexible known brightly coloured network of ducts on

20 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 21 Bush Lane House 2.

1. 2.

1. 3. OCBC Centre 3.

Bush Lane House was a milestone project for the building envelope, meaning that the Completed in 1976, this 52-storey banking perimeter walls, but is actually supported Arup’s fire engineering services, being the office space is uninterrupted by the structure. and office complex in the commercial heart on prestressed beams that span 30m. Two first application in the UK of fire protection In order to protect the lattice system, the of Singapore is the headquarters of the self-supporting circular staircases provide by filling a building’s structure with water. tubular frames were water-cooled. Normally, OCBC Bank. It was the tallest building in a simple yet attractive way to access this It was significant for another reason too: it structural steelwork is insulated to prevent it the country at that time. mezzanine floor. demonstrated the importance of bringing from losing its strength in fires and to keep performance-based fire engineering to temperatures below the critical value of The OCBC Centre has a distinctive For the tower itself, Arup proposed a modern building design, helping to combat 550°C. Calculations and tests showed that as appearance largely because of the design construction method that involved service the shortcomings of traditional fire safety long as water remains in contact with the decision to place the lift cores and building cores being slipformed ahead of the floor methods and practices. steel throughout the fire, its temperature services in two 20m-diameter semi-circular structure, so that transfer girders could be would not exceed critical values except service cores, 35m apart at opposite ends of put in place as soon as possible at the 20th The client’s requirement for Bush Lane House under very unusual circumstances. The the building. and 35th floors. This allowed three banks was that it needed to provide the maximum Greater London Council approved the of typical floors to be built on the different permitted usable floor area for a high-quality Arup design. The architect for the project was I. M. Pei levels at the same time, which took around ‘let-able’ City office building. Not only were of New York, with BEP Akitek of Singapore. a third less time than conventional ‘from there constraints from planning restrictions Projects such as Bush Lane House showed Two particular factors played a role in the the ground up’ construction methods. and the relatively small plot, but the site’s how a fire engineering design approach could 4. architecture and construction methods for 4. close proximity to Cannon Street station influence the early design of a building, with the building: first, the bank’s wish that the OCBC: arup.com/journal31976 meant the substructure would need to be clearly defined fire protection objectives 1. Construction of Bush Lane House’s banking hall be column-free and as imposing 1. The placement of the lift and services cores at robust enough to allow tunnel and station integrated at the start. This approach avoids external lattice structure. as possible; and second, its desire to construct either end create the building’s semi-circular ends. construction to continue below the site. Arup the expense and inconvenience of patching-in 2. Prefabricated assembly of one of the as quickly as possible. 2. The completed building in 1976. Associates’ feasibility report showed that these measures at a later stage, and also makes the lattice elements. 3. The OCBC Centre is still a prominent feature conditions could be met, and designs were design more effective and more closely 3. Bush Lane House, above Cannon Street The banking hall is an impressive space with of Singapore’s skyline. commissioned to obtain planning permission. matched to the needs of the owner and users station, completed in 1976. a mezzanine floor 3.6m above ground floor 4. The airy, open central areas of the OCBC Centre of the building. 4. The water-cooled steel structure ensures level. It appears to cantilever from the were a distinctive feature of its 1970s design. The structural system for the building was comprehensive fire safety. based on a full-height lattice frame outside Bush Lane House: arup.com/journal41976

22 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 23 2.

1. 2. Bundesgartenschau, Mannheim

1. 3. For the 1975 garden show – or This Perspex model together with hand Bundesgartenschau – in Mannheim, calculations showed that the roof as tendered, , eminent architect and engineer, using 50mm-thick laths, would be unstable Professor , designed a lattice-shell and that 100mm-deep laths could not be bent roofed hall, the Mannheim Multihalle, to sit to the desired curvature. The lattice was Barbican Arts Centre at the heart of the show site acting as its changed to four layers of 50mm laths, two in focal point and housing a restaurant. each direction, bolted together with spring- A world-leading expert on lightweight loaded washers to clamp all four layers The centrepiece of the Barbican development Complex calculations had to be made to The jacking took place over two days in structures, Otto, learning from Antoni Gaudí, together where they crossed over. This for the Corporation of the City of London is predict the movements that were likely to September 1974 and both the pulling of the had developed particular expertise in using structure was subsequently justified by its the Barbican Arts Centre, a 2,000-seat occur, including finite element analysis, cables and the raising of the pressure in the hanging chain nets to define possible own Perspex model together with a bespoke concert hall, theatre, cinema, music and which showed that the amount of movement jacks was trouble-free. More significantly, structures in which, when inverted, the non-linear computer analysis written drama school. It was also one of the last would adversely affect the surrounding the team monitoring levels on the 42-storey self-weight would produce direct force especially for the project. major elements of the Barbican complex to buildings. The permeability of London Clay Cromwell and Shakespeare Towers as the only. Calculating and justifying the inverted be built, and Arup was charged with ensuring presented major design challenges, including jacking and excavations took place found no compression structure which is prone to The loose, unclamped lattice was assembled 3. that its substructure could be created without differences in soil pressures developed material difference in either the level or the buckling is a complex matter. flat on the floor then lifted using scaffold affecting the existing foundations of the against retaining walls. To overcome the inclination of the blocks – a significant towers in the centre, and fork lift trucks that buildings around it. notoriously difficult behaviour of the soil, the achievement. The original structural engineer having could both lift and move laterally around the team developed a positive system of restraint resigned from the project, Arup was perimeter. Once the lattice was in the correct As the Barbican redevelopment progressed, that would also be used as much as possible Barbican: arup.com/journal41975 appointed to justify the structure just as the doubly curved shape, which it could adopt the brief for the Arts Centre changed, and the in the permanent substructure. square lattice roof, using two layers of 50mm because of the shear deformation allowed by volume of the building increased several square laths, one in each direction, was sent rotation of the laths around the through bolt times. As a result, Arup’s challenge was to Flat jacks were to be used in order to 1. Much of the Barbican Arts Centre is below to tender. The team had three weeks in which at each node, the bolts were tightened and the 1. The swooping lattice roof of the multipurpose design and construct an extremely large pre-load the substructure system horizontally ground, beneath the rectangular building in the hall and restaurant at the 1975 Mannheim Garden centre of the picture which provides its entrance. to provide preliminary analysis before the boundaries fixed to lock it in position. Show (‘Bundesgartenschau’). excavation in London Clay – roughly in a north–south direction. Once the forces in tender returns were due. While waiting for 190,000m3 – in the centre of a development the props had been raised, soil could then be 2. Entrance is from the terrace with its 2. A detail of the lattice. ornamental pool and fountains. the geometry to be established from the The lattice roof is impressive for its unique that included two 42-storey tower blocks and taken out of the theatre auditorium 3. Perspex model of actual Mannheim grid shell. 3. Stairs down into the building. hanging chain net using stereo construction process and for its design a realigned underground railway. completely, and the process could begin on photogrammetry, they built a 1/16th scale durability, given the technological limits of the construction of the foundation slab. model of a simpler , at , in Perspex time in which it was designed and constructed. strips to find out what could be learnt. Mannheim: arup.com/journal31975

24 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 25 Alistair Guthrie is an Arup Fellow. designed the multifunctional platform roof. He joined the firm in 1979 as a designer Only by working in this very creative and In this section of building environments. He became a open-minded collaboration could we have proponent of environmentally and socially integrated the roof structure with the natural 28 HSBC Building, Hong Kong 34 Stansted Airport responsible design. light, to enable the artworks to be displayed A distinctive steel design, with many Fire safety in a terminal designed without damaging them. innovative features for growth 1980s Issue 4, 1982: Architect’s approach to Issue 1, 1990: Stansted The 1980s was the decade when the hi-tech architecture of the 1970s matured, and the The 1980s saw a continuing drop in the cost architecture, P. M. Dowson. – the structure, Jack Zunz, Martin big architecture practices started to develop and simultaneous growth in the power of Issue 4, 1983: Seawater intake, Manning, David Kaye, Chris Jofeh the style in new ways. Richard Rogers’ computers, and we were increasingly using Simon Murray Issue 4, 1985: Hong Kong and Shanghai Lloyd’s Building was a continuation of the them to solve engineering problems and take 35 Ravenspurn North externalised services idea. But for Norman on more ambitious work. This also meant Bank Special Issue Foster’s Stansted Airport design, hi-tech that we could start to model new dimensions A new approach to platform design Issue 3, 1989: Concrete gravity actually involved fewer exposed services, hid of our work, including a building’s 30 The British Library the services below the public level and used environmental performance. Instead of using substructure, John Roberts an innovative membrane roof. Similarly, traditional rule-of-thumb assumptions about Digging deep to develop basement storage Issue 1, 1979: The British Library: Renzo Piano went from the very hi-tech environmental conditions and lighting levels, 36 The Menil Collection design of the Pompidou Centre to something we could use software to make more A computer model for London Clay, David Croft, Brian Simpson, Nick O’Riordan An innovative ferrocement louvred more measured like the Menil Collection objective judgements about the experience roof design gallery in Houston, which represented a that would be produced by a given design. Issue 4, 1992: Soil behaves like bricks on strings, Brian Simpson Issue 1, 1983: Menil Collection, Tom quieter, more responsive approach to its Barker, Alistair Guthrie, Neil Noble, Despite the economic pressures of the 1980s, immediate environment. the firm had an optimistic atmosphere. 32 Lloyd’s of London Issue 2, 1987: Museum roof: evolving Actually, the Menil Collection was a As a young engineer, just starting his career, Flexible space for a unique insurance market the form, Peter Rice formative project for me and probably I was immediately struck by the freedom of Issue 2, 1982: Lloyd’s redevelopment, everyone who worked on it. It continued our expression everyone enjoyed within Arup. John Thornton, Martin Hall close relationship with Renzo Piano Building The firm liked to give you the opportunity to 37 Lord’s Mound Stand Workshop, one that endures to this day. This pursue new design ideas – it was never about Elegant fabric roof upgrade for a was the collaborative, Total Design approach simply repeating the past. 33 1 Finsbury Avenue famous cricket ground stand in action, which was particularly key as we High-specification offices, developed at Issue 3, 1987: Lord’s Mound Stand, speed, in steel John Thornton Issue 2, 1986: Arup Associates Group 2

26 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 27 Mike Glover was the project director for the HSBC Building.

HSBC Building, Hong Kong I understood, early on, that Norman Foster’s brilliant and hi-tech design As the 1970s drew to a close, Hong Kong’s would challenge our knowledge on many financial services sector was expanding levels. From the outset, research was rapidly. The Hong Kong Shanghai Bank vital. Norman always looked to push (later HSBC) needed a new headquarters technology in his design solutions, which building, one that could physically express meant we had to be out ahead on issues its ambition to be the best bank in the world. like aluminium and high-strength steel In response, Norman Foster and Arup technology and fabrication and fire engineering for expressed steel. collaborated on a truly revolutionary building, one that continues to mark out Also, you have to remember that most Hong Kong’s individuality nearly four tall buildings were concrete at this point. decades later. To use steel on a high-rise building of this scale and sophistication was unheard of. The completed design was a powerful Arup, or indeed anybody else, had never statement of high-tech architecture, a done anything like this before. We had to 200m-high steel-framed structure without a look at how steel was used by makers of central concrete core. The building embraced oil platforms and in the nuclear industry flexible floor planning, connecting its highly to see what was possible, and stretch it a sociable workspace ‘villages’ via escalators, bit! On completion, the building definitely creating a modern working environment. made the statement the bank wanted, and it also expressed something of our The steel structure was suspended above growing confidence and capability on the ground from eight steel towers, a daring the most ambitious of structures. design solution for such a large building at the time. Design ideas morphed through variations that included a triple chevron, a 2. multi-chevron, and what was known as the ‘coathanger’ until the final iteration was settled upon (see diagram).

The coreless structure helped to link departments to each other, and the design favoured escalators over lifts, which led to a tremendous sense of movement throughout. It was also a design that would lift the building up, to maximise the public space at ground level.

At heart, of course, this is a bank, so in Competition scheme Triple chevron Multi-chevron Coathanger Final scheme addition to a large banking hall and 1. 3. 4. supporting offices, the substructure and basement function were designed to contain safe deposit space, with secure access and granite base were susceptible to considerable construction industry. For the major international dimension that Arup had never nuclear power and offshore energy sectors 1. A powerful architectural statement: the movement under certain stresses. connections, thick with high fracture attempted before. The plant rooms, toilets where this approach was more common. HSBC Building is a 200m-high steel-framed storage for bullion. structure, without a central concrete core. toughness and spherical bearings were and storage facilities were constructed as 139 Steel feats The Hong Kong Shanghai Bank remains a 2. The core-less design creates an open, Construction of this highly distinctive required. By completion, the new bank completed modules by a consortium of major integrated and sociable workspace. The Hong Kong Shanghai Bank’s structure headquarters had changed the way in which Japanese companies, including Hitachi and forward-looking icon within Hong Kong’s landmark was complicated and drew interest 3. Various schemes for the steel structure from all quarters, right from the start. In represented the largest use of structural steel massive steelwork could be crafted to form a Mitsubishi, and shipped and lifted into the skyline, one that set new standards and were considered. in a building outside the USA, particularly expectations, from procurement to addition to the difficulties of creating such visually minimalist suspended building. steel frame as units. Steel elements also came 4. Using escalators, rather than lifts, increases a large steel building in a constrained space, the very large tubes more typically used in from the UK by ship before being assembled installation and operation. the feeling of movement within the building. the design also encompassed the boring of the industrial, offshore and petrochemical Space to work on site. And with so many prefabricated a 350m tunnel through granite, to bring in sectors. The Arup team pushed the use of Almost any construction site in Hong Kong elements being brought together from HSBC introduction: arup.com/journal41982 tubes to its limits, using steel tubes that were is hampered by a lack of space, so off-site foreign countries into a highly constrained HSBC seawater intake: arup.com/journal41983 cooling sea water from Hong Kong bay as HSBC Special Issue: arup.com/journal41985 part of the building’s air-conditioning and 100mm thick and rolled into a diameter of prefabrication of the steel elements was key. site, it was vital to institute a bespoke quality flushing system. Intensive ground analysis 1.5m. It was hard to get steel to form this Given the then less-developed state of Hong assurance system, to ensure everything was also important as previous experience way, so the team had to use different heating Kong’s own construction trades, the large- worked first time during assembly. In this the had established that Hong Kong’s soil and and rolling techniques, ones new to the scale prefabrication would take on an team took inspiration from the defence,

28 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 29 ab

cd 2.

1. 3. 4.

NORTH SOUTH Like bricks on strings

The British Library The Arup team learnt a lot about London Metropolitan Line Clay and soil behaviour during the 1. The stepped, low-rise exterior of the The British Library is the largest library in The geotechnical team immediately began +19mOD Fill British Library project. Indeed, Brian British Library hides multiple below- Simpson, an Arup geotechnical engineer the world, home to more than 170 million testing the soil below the site, taking samples B½ ground storage levels. B3 items, including books, maps, manuscripts, from more than 30m below. The clay basin who worked on the British Library, was 2. Understanding the effects of differing London Clay B3 asked to give the prestigious Rankine magazines, recordings and musical scores. and chalk layers, found under most of B3 soils via the analogy of someone pulling B4 +1.5mOD Lecture at the British Geotechnical bricks on strings (see sidebar). London’s buildings, presented a particularly W & R Clay Victoria Line Society in 1992 on this very subject. 3. The light and airy entrance hall. It was during the 1970s that the UK difficult challenge. The library’s foundations Northern Line -16mOD W & R Sand Government decided to commission a single needed to be strong enough to overcome -20mOD 4. Contiguous bored pile retaining wall. Thanet Sand In the lecture, Brian shared how the team home for the country’s most important clay’s natural capacity to shrink and swell in -24mOD 5. Cutaway of the soil structure showing collections of books and research. At that response to water presence and vertical Relief had discovered that soil stiffness is high the foundations. Walls when strains are small but reduces as the time, the collection was kept in poor-quality pressure. Chalk Central Area South Area storage on three separate and disparately straining proceeds. It turned out that this located sites. A dedicated and centralised A pioneering program 0 50m important feature of soil behaviour is facility was clearly the answer. To ascertain the likely behaviour of the strikingly similar to the movement of foundations, the team made extensive use of 5. bricks attached to different lengths of Working on a phased development its own special finite element computing tool. strings. This physical analogy proved programme, the first task for Arup’s SAFE was a computer program written at useful as the geotechnical team which became a useful benchmark for the Library London Clay: arup.com/journal11979 geotechnical engineers was to establish the Arup that helped the team model and test the attempted to understand the volumetric likely performance of the new library’s Library pile testing: arup.com/journal31979 limitations of the foundations, given that the basement’s viability. The program (still in and shear strains involved in the basement component. In order to Library introduction: arup.com/journal41978 site, on Euston Road adjacent to St Pancras use today) allowed a comprehensive and basement’s construction. successfully design the diaphragm walls and Like bricks on strings: arup.com/journal41992 station, was to be used for four basement confident testing and analysis of how the to predict the likely movements of the storage levels, which must be capable of basement’s retaining walls would perform at Brian’s findings were published in The tunnels and surrounding buildings, the team supporting seven storeys of public reading the required depth. Arup Journal in 1992, after the British had to understand the deformation behaviour and office space above. Development of the Library had been completed. of the structure, the response of the London site also had to take account of the nearby And the team’s analysis phase extended Clay and other underlying strata, and the underground train line tunnels running into beyond the library site itself. Back-analyses interaction between them. King’s Cross station. were undertaken from a comparable project, New Yard Underground Park,

30 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 31 Global insurance market, Lloyd’s of London, has always been a unique operation, bringing together brokers and products from every Lloyd’s of London conceivable insurance sector. Having expanded greatly in the 20th century, and being faced, once more, with increasing needs for space, Lloyd’s decided to commission a new headquarters on the site of its existing Lime Street building dating from the 1920s.

The new Lloyd’s Building, completed in 1986, gained Grade I listed status in 2011, and it echoes some of the inside-out structural philosophy Arup and Richard Rogers first employed on the Centre Pompidou in Paris. Once again, the idea of moving the building services to the perimeter was regarded as the best way to create spatial flexibility for the client. The air-conditioning system, described below, was revolutionary at the time and influential in the industry.

As a structure, a large and tall central atrium is enclosed within three main towers and three service towers, and escalators connect the highly modular floors that were designed to be reconfigured according to changing 1. 2. need. The main areas of insurance underwriting activity are busy, densely populated spaces, requiring large volumes of fresh air and good circulation. To achieve this efficiently, the building deployed a 1 Finsbury Avenue pressurised underfloor distribution system. 1. With such a significantly sized vertical atrium, air currents become a challenge 1 Finsbury Avenue was a key mid-1980s years. In essence, this constraint helped make because air temperature differentials between commission for Arup Associates. Unlike a big decision for the architects: the choice of top and bottom cause air turbulence within many of the signature structures of the a steel frame was a response to the need to the space. Some of the used, but still cool, air decade, where occupier and architect tied meet this assured completion date. The 1,500 from the underwriting levels was spilled into their fortunes to the particular design of a tonnes of steel made up the structural frame the atrium in a way that minimised this building, this was a speculative development. of the building and were put in place in just effect. Most of the return air was passed Taking this as a cue to do something different 13 weeks. This nimble solution meant that through the triple-glazed windows to reduce and new, the Arup team came up with an construction of the first 50,000m2 phase took solar heat gain. eight-storey steel-frame and glass solution only 21 months in total. set around a fully glazed atrium. The signature style of the building is in part Internally, the steel structure was encased embodied by the services arranged in The design was planned in three stages, and in concrete and the ceilings fire-treated with columns at the outside edges of the structure. this, combined with its comparatively sprayed vermiculite cement. High ceilings Flexibility and ease of upgrade were low-rise profile and central glazed courtyard, were another feature: a way of dealing with 2. designed into the services, meaning floors gave the sense that the project was more the the growing need for space for technology 3. could be used in different ways in the future design of an area than a building. Combining and services beneath floors. while retaining easy access to power, a subtle, confident appearance with appealing 1. Engineering as art: the Lloyd’s use of natural light and low energy usage The building won the 1988 Structural Steel 1. A subtle, yet confident, Arup Associates communications, lighting and related design that proved popular in the City of Building makes functional elements made the building contemporary and popular. Design Award and a prize from the Royal central to its overall aesthetic. facilities sourced from the edges. London in the 1980s. Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 2. Floor cutaway diagram showing 2. A spectacular skylight floods the atrium services location and ventilation flow. Lloyd’s of London: arup.com/journal21982 The client, Rosehaugh Greycoat Estates Ltd, 1987. It was Grade II listed in 2015. with natural light. had an ambitious schedule, wanting to go 3. Physical model of the proposed 3. Internal walkways were airy and open to Lloyd’s Building. from initial design to completion in just three 1 Finsbury: arup.com/journal21986 natural light within the building. 3.

32 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 33 1. 2. Angled installation

1. 3.

1. Arup’s first off-shore platform: an innovative CGS is towed out to the RavenspurnParallel installation North gas field. 2, 3. Angled installation, a cost-effective innovation Ravenspurn North on this project, later widely adopted in the industry.

2. The Ravenspurn North concrete gravity Parametric studies were undertaken to structure was ballasted initially only on one substructure (CGS), the firm’s first off-shore investigate the effects of the structure’s side to ensure that there were no sudden platform, was simple to design and construct geometry, weight and hydrodynamic changes in the hydraulic performance of the for certain sub-sea conditions. performance movement. Mathematical structure during sinking. If the structure had models were then used to optimise and been sunk traditionally there would have Stansted Airport 3. Concrete gravity platforms were not analyse the behaviour of the structure under been a sudden and destabilising effect at the uncommon in the North Sea in the 1980s, the various conditions it would experience moment the base became submerged. This especially for deep water, but they had during its service life, including float-out. installation technique was an extremely What is immediately striking about Stansted Plant and service machinery was placed in The diagrams (above) show how smoke gained a reputation for being complex to cost-effective initiative as it avoided having Airport, from both inside and out, is the vast underfloor storage below the concourse, spreads during an evacuation, how it spreads build, and expensive. The Ravenspurn design There were, however, limitations to reliance to design into the system additional floatation canopy roof, overarching an airy open rather than on the roof. And this meant the further, and how it looks at the point of ‘last was born out of a detailed assessment of such on mathematical modelling because of the for this critical transition. concourse. Less evident, but a critically roof could be more lightweight and light- person out’. For a full explanation of the structures and how they could be designed complexity of environmental loadings from important facet of the design, is the fire transmissive in design. concept, please see the article ‘Design for for shallower water applications. The wind and sea. To provide this additional The outcome of the project, delivered engineering concept that was essential to hazard – fire’ – link below. outcome was a simple rectangular assurance, extensive wave-tank testing was on time and under budget, led to the firm ensure safety in a large and busy public space The cabin concept arrangement, easy to build using carried out to validate the design, float-out designing and installing other concrete that is 198m long, 162m wide and 12m high. Evacuation and egress modelling was Stansted Airport: arup.com/journal11990 conventional construction techniques and and installation. gravity platforms around the world, each With architecture by Foster Associates, the important, and it was for this project that the Design for hazard – fire:arup.com/journal21991 dry docks, and capable of receiving post- posing different challenges, yet having the passenger terminal at this former military fire engineering team developed the ‘cabin installation heavy ballast, thus significantly With such structures, defining the size of the solutions that maintained the simplicity of airbase in Essex, designed and built in the concept’ – a strategy that would contain reducing the float-out weight. base is a key initial task as it needs to be the Ravenspurn North design. The project late 1980s, was innovative in many respects. smoke for sufficient time to enable escape. 1. The roof panels are independent lattice consisting of intersecting orthogonal barrel vaults. Thus sufficiently large to transmit the forces from demonstrated that concrete gravity It was almost certainly the first time the cladding could be singly curved. These lattice shells The sub-sea conditions at the site of Arup’s the vertical shafts into the seabed soils, and substructures could be highly cost-efficient Roof design computational fluid dynamics analysis was rely on their out-of-plane bending stillness for stability. client, Hamilton Brothers, at Ravenspurn capable of being floated out and installed where multipurpose platforms were needed, The roof comprises a grid of 18m-square carried out to assess smoke flow, and 2. Windows on all sides enable passengers to see the North in the southern North Sea, was ideal with safety and certainty; the latter aspect particularly for topside-heavy platforms panels, which was pre-assembled and erected combined with people movement predictions planes from the moment they enter the terminal. for a CGS design. And in 1987, following was the central challenge of the project. based in relatively shallow water. whole. It is supported by steel ‘trees’ placed it led to a solution that was widely regarded 3. Evacuation and egress models used to develop the extensive commercial, construction and in a grid at 36m intervals within the concourse, as a valuable new development in the world fire engineering strategy. installation feasibility studies, the project A particular innovation in the project was the Ravenspurn North: arup.com/journal31989 with branches above spanning out to 18m of fire engineering. moved forward to execution. use of an angled installation in which the and service risers housed within each trunk.

34 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 35 1. The multi-section canopy roof at Lord’s Cricket Ground. 2. The stretched fabric roof creates a lighter form of protection from the elements. Lord’s Mound Stand 3. Walkways underneath the coated PVC roof.

2.

2.

1.

The Menil Collection 3. 1. 3.

In 1981, the Menil Foundation commissioned Renzo Piano and Arup team jointly combined with the leaves to make the structure For its new stand at Lord’s Cricket Ground, 1930s character. Off-site prefabrication The roof fabric itself went through various Renzo Piano to design a permanent home for experimented with different materials for because the material offered more fluidity in London, the Marylebone Cricket Club was another way to save vital time. iterations, the final choice being polyester the Menil Collection of art and historic the roof structure, to create a solution that during casting than steel. The result meant it (MCC) staged a design competition. coated with PVC (polyvinyl chloride) artifacts in Houston, Texas. It was first transmitted yet controlled light within the was able to flow more easily into the fine and Perhaps the most significant part of the and treated with PVDF (polyvinylidene opened to the public in 1987, and ever since space. The solution turned out to be rows of detailed shapes with the required strength. Architects Michael Hopkins and Partners upgrade was the translucent fabric roof, difluoride) on its upper surface to improve has been a highly influential exemplar of thin, ferrocement leaves which, combined with worked with Arup on the winning solution which would provide an improved visual durability. Despite PVC’s limited lifespan, gallery design. ductile iron coatings, form the roof structure, The Menil Collection remains a touchstone that envisioned replacing the ageing steel experience within the stand, while providing its low cost meant that even at replacements provide the shading, and carry the glazing. project for Arup’s firm-wide commitment to and asbestos-roofed Lord’s Mound Stand shelter from the sun and rain. And as a at 15-year intervals the roof would cost no The client, Dominique de Menil, had They also support and hide the ductwork. design and engineering, with an innovative with an elegant and translucent fabric design choice, the fabric of the roof harks more than a PTFE () commissioned a gallery that could display and sensitive approach to materials and canopy, while retaining elements of the back to summer marquees on village greens, equivalent. her extensive collection of 20th-century art, The prototype developed by Renzo Piano design throughout. existing structure beneath. very much a cricket-friendly choice. lit naturally and predominantly from above showed promise, but manufacturing the The stand continues to be regarded as an by the ample and changing Texas daylight. leaves en masse was a challenge that Menil Collection introduction: arup.com/journal31983 The cricket season was a constraining factor The fabric roof went through various design elegant and inviting place to watch cricket. The gallery roof design therefore had to involved approaching a specialist English Menil Collection roof: arup.com/journal21987 that had to be considered by the programme, refinements, to keep costs down, as well as to conduct and control the sunlight without ferrocement developer. Many models were and the MCC. insisted that the chosen simplify the amount of structural framing Lord’s Mound Stand: arup.com/journal31987 also damaging the works. constructed, including a life-size mock-up 1, 2, 3. The leaves of the precisely engineered roof solution should take place in a single needed in order to preserve the elegance of of a gallery and roof section. Dominique de are made of ferrocement, a material traditionally off-season. By building around the existing its appearance. Eventually the team refined Daylight plays a powerful role in museums Menil even brought in works of art to hang used for boat building, and certain other thin-wall, terrace, the team had a solution that saved the the number of cables, masts and pickups and galleries because it has a very full within it, to test the visual experience. free-form structures. Ferrocement consists of a time and cost of demolition. The retention of needed to hold the fabric in place, a great number of fine steel meshes, impregnated with a spectrum, making objects look like they cement-rich mortar, and it exhibits properties some elements of the stand had the example of how reduced budgets can should. It varies too, with the weather, the Arup’s Peter Rice also saw that ductile sufficiently different from normal reinforced secondary and pleasing benefit of actually drive scheme innovation and time of year, and the time of day. So the iron could be used to make the frame that concrete to be classified as a separate material. maintaining some of the original stand’s design excellence.

36 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 37 Peter Chamley is a member of Arup’s country’s successful bid for the London Group Board and is the firm’s Infrastructure 2012 Olympic Games, and the improved In this section leader. rail services through Stratford were central to the visitor access strategy. It reminds us 40 Øresund Bridge 46 Yapi Kredi Bank, Turkey As the 1990s began, the UK’s speculative that the definition of engineering’s remit Linking Sweden and Denmark by a feat Utility and flexibility for a combined HQ office building boom finally came to an end should always encompass the potential of engineering and datacentre 1990s Issue 2, 1996: The Øresund Link, Issue 1, 1998: Ercan Agar, Tufan Aksoy, and there was a pretty bad recession in the social, environmental and economic value construction industry. It affected the firm of design choices. Jørgen Nissen Hamdi Ataoglu, Mehmet Ozaltinok, Vahap significantly, but looking back I think we Issue 3, 2000: The Øresund Bridge Samanli, Noyan Sancar, Harika Oyanik interpreted tough times as a chance to The 1990s was also the decade when completion, Jørgen Nissen, Klaus Falbe-Hansen diversify and broaden the nature of our construction’s environmental performance 47 Kinali–Sakarya Motorway work, particularly in infrastructure. came under increasing scrutiny and and Karasu Viaduct regulation. Across the world, environmental 42 Glyndebourne Opera House Fortunately, publicly funded infrastructure impact assessments were becoming a lot Geotechnical engineering in challenging projects have such long lifespans that they more detailed and rigorous, and as a result Harmonising silence and sound in a terrain often buck these kinds of commercial the firm’s consultancy services expanded world-class opera house Issue 3, 1993: The Kinali–Sakarya economic headwinds. In the UK in the 1990s to offer planning, land contamination Issue 3, 1994: Engineering an opera house: Motorway, Alan Hughes, Andrew Lord work on the Channel Tunnel Rail Link was expertise, flood protection and many the new Glyndebourne, Stas Brzeski, Derek Sugden, John Thornton, therefore a pivotal project. Beyond the core other related disciplines. 48 Eastgate, Harare value of the programme as a series of John Turzynski Innovative mixed-use design, adapted to transport and connectivity improvements, Returning to the possibilities of its climate we had a feeling that this project had the infrastructure, I also have to mention our 44 Stockley Park Issue 1, 1997: Eastgate, Harare, capacity to be quite transformative if the design work on the Øresund Link between Reinventing the business park Fred Smith route was chosen correctly. Copenhagen in Denmark and Malmö in Issue 3, 1998: Stockley Park, James Sweden. Øresund’s success wasn’t just the Burland, Damian Eley, Graham Goymour, In the face of initial opposition from bridges, tunnels and artificial islands that 49 Heathrow Transfer Baggage System Alan Ross, Peer Warburton institutions like British Rail, the government created a road and rail link between these Tunnelling and geotechnical challenge and others, we were able to establish the two nations. It also lay in something else that under a busy airport value of an engineer’s viewpoint, and in 1993 we’ve always pioneered: the conviction that 45 Phoenix Central Library Issue 3, 1996: Heathrow Transfer Baggage the changes to the route we suggested were a truly collaborative and cooperative Operational efficiency, designed for Tunnel, Bill Grose, David Kaye accepted. The finished route for HS1, as it relationship between client and designer will its locality became known, has driven immense social always lead to greater achievements. To have Issue 4, 1996: Phoenix Central Library, and economic benefits along its route been able to deliver the Øresund Link three Rob Bolin, Nancy Hamilton through Stratford and into King’s Cross ever months ahead of schedule is testimony to that since. The route’s regeneration effects in east cooperative approach. London also ended up strengthening the

38 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 39 3.

Alain Marcetteau was the head of geotechnics on the Øresund Bridge project.

A moment that I remember, as if it happened yesterday, occurred during the first visit to the site in Malmö, Sweden. I stood on the shore where the bridge abutment would eventually be, cleaning my glasses staring out over the Øresund strait and realised that I couldn’t see 1. 2. 4. where the bridge would end. That was the moment I realised how big it was Design and delivery the bridge above, and as no existing crane really going to be! Despite the original brief’s requirement for ship was strong enough to carry the bridge’s a side-by-side road and rail arrangement, the two main 19,000-tonne caissons, they had to We were lucky to work with such an Øresund Bridge consortium settled instead on a two-level be moved from dry dock into position on a enlightened client. During the bidding design, with trains travelling below the bespoke, specially constructed catamaran. phase, Øresundskonsortiet went out of 1. The rising form of the bridge, viewed The busy Øresund strait between Denmark response to one of the client’s central aims: motorway above. In addition to this Complete bridge spans, including the concrete their way to set things up well, carrying from the Swedish shoreline. and Sweden had long posed the question: that the new link should not damage the simplification, the team suggested a curving decks, were also constructed on land in out their own highly detailed ground 2. One of the cable-stayed bridge sections. could these two near nations be joined by environment, fishing or shipping. design to provide a more dramatic and Malmö. A variety of benefits resulted from investigations, doing foundation tests 3. The bridge sections were prefabricated an actual physical link? As far back as 1888, beautiful visual experience for people this: quality assurance, speed, and health and looking at friction and lateral movement and lifted into place from barges. a submerged tube tunnel had been proposed In an approach that had strong resonance crossing the bridge. safety were all improved by working in this issues. They then handed every bidding 4. The railway runs beneath the road deck. and the idea was refined and reworked with Arup’s total design philosophy, the controlled manner. Arup was deeply involved team this information and said: ‘These throughout most of the 20th century. With client, Øresundskonsortiet, adopted an A project of such scale, taking place in in the quality assurance part of the are the given ground conditions all Denmark’s accession to the EU in 1975, and innovative planning, design, contracting and incredibly busy shipping lanes, could only construction process, vital if the bridge was to bidders must assume. If you carry out any Sweden scheduled to join in 1995, a formal construction management process that be achieved with extensive use of on-shore meet the requirements of a 100-year lifespan. additional research that shows these agreement to create a physical link was emphasised trust and cooperation. The prefabrication. During the design phase, the assumptions are not valid, we will pay finally signed in 1991. design-and-construct contract developed by team established that the programme could The completed bridge opened on 1 July 2000 you for any extra construction work. the client worked well, allowing the best be met by incorporating factory-type and was finished on time without cost Arup was involved from the start of the contractor teams to find ways to solve prefabrication for the largest sections of over-runs, an incredible achievement for an This really set up the project effectively, design competition, working in joint venture problems without slowing down the project each element. infrastructure project of this scope and scale. and they were a pleasure to work for. with SETEC of France, and Gimsing & or creating unforeseen additional costs. The project won the coveted Outstanding Madsen and ISC Consulting Engineers of Commitments to the aesthetics and the The watertight retaining caissons, for Structure Award from the International Denmark. The selected scheme was a unique quality of workmanship required of the example, were built on shore in Malmö, Association for Bridge and Structural combination of a 3,500m undersea tunnel, project, already defined within the contract, Sweden, before being towed into place. Engineering in 2002. two artificial islands and a cable-stayed left enough flexibility for the contractors to These 2,500–4,700-tonne structures formed bridge with two side-spans, a creative adapt and succeed. the basis for the piers and pylons supporting Øresund introduction: arup.com/journal11996 Øresund completion: arup.com/journal32000

40 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 41 Extract air

Flytower

Air supply plenum

Return air ductwork riser Stage

Orchestra Air supply plenum Underground concrete ducts

2.

1.

Glyndebourne Opera House 3. 4.

1. The acoustic quality of the 1,200-seat The music may be timeless, but concert Every aspect of this project was a balance of Listening tests were conducted in Wagner’s increase in reverberation at lower frequencies the air flow effects. In addition, the London venue, is highly regarded. venues must sometimes change to keep pace practical and aesthetic considerations. A key Bayreuth opera house and London’s (cellos, basses, deeper brass). Solid pine was Philharmonic, led by Andrew Davis and 2. This diagram shows how air flow was with audience expectations. By the end of the requirement, for example, was that the new Coliseum, as part of their research. used around the space for its ability to reflect Bernard Haitink, conducted test optimised. 1980s, Glyndebourne, the annual opera venue would be isolated from the and enhance bass frequencies. performances, which were extremely useful 3. The seat base design assists the air flow festival staged by John Christie in his noise from nearby Gatwick Airport. The technology in settling on the correct geometry for the strategy. country house in Sussex, had outgrown its Designing a space for opera involves striking A great acoustic performance is also about performers’ rostra. 4. Traditional materials in complementary Attention to detail a judicious balance between creating clarity what’s missing, and achieving a near-silent colours create continuity between the new existing 300-capacity auditorium, so opera house and the existing manor. Christie’s son, George, commissioned a Hopkins Architects and Arup developed a for the high frequencies inherent in the air-conditioning solution was as important as More than 20 years later, Glyndebourne dedicated opera house in the grounds of the scheme that involved carving a horseshoe- sung-words, and the need to create volume the sound on stage. Arup designed an remains a cornerstone of opera house design, manor. shaped building into the hillside, in and resonance for the orchestra. The distance air-ventilation system into the seat pedestals, one that consolidated Arup’s reputation for brickwork sympathetic to the manor house. between pit orchestra and performer is which draws cooler air into the auditorium integrated design of high-performance Since its inception in the 1930s, the This made the choice of materials critical to pivotal. And the reverberation time of the without affecting the acoustic performance venues. Glyndebourne Festival has brought together every aspect of this project, from the colour music decreases with every additional seat of the space. The mechanical parts of the music, people, social occasion and and acoustic properties of the bricks to the and audience member soaking up the sound air-conditioning system were placed at a Glyndebourne: arup.com/journal31994 experience in a way that goes far beyond type of mortar needed to absorb differential waves. The scale of the new 1,200-seat distance outside the auditorium to preserve staging operas in a performance space. Arup’s movements between frame and cladding. venue at Glyndebourne therefore posed the PNC15 quietness rating. involvement in the concert hall was similarly complex issues of acoustic performance, broad ranging as it involved integrating Attention to detail extended into the air flow and temperature. An exacting testing phase was vital. The engineering and acoustic design with the complexities of the acoustic design. George individual seat designs were assessed for architecture, in a thoughtful and innovative Christie wanted the new auditorium to Working together with Glyndebourne’s their effects on the movement of sound way that set new standards for concert venue improve on the existing facility’s director Anthony Whitworth-Jones, the team throughout the space, and 1,250 100W lamps design while retaining the magic of combination of clarity and resonance, so the planned to design a space that would provide were deployed around the space at one point Glyndebourne. team set about creating the perfect balance a richer orchestral sound than is typical in to mimic the heating load of a full house. between performer and listener experience. opera houses, one that would provide a 25% Tracing smoke helped the team to establish

42 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 43 1. 2. 1. 2. Stockley Park Phoenix Central Library

Stockley Park shows how integrated design glazing, shading and natural materials to In the 1990s, Phoenix, Arizona, was one of a (a metaphor for the bags where a cowboy thinking turned a vast area of derelict land create sophisticated low-energy environments group of American cities undergoing a period everything he needs while he rides his into a landscaped business park set within an that were ahead of their time. of expansion and renewal. This led to horse). The saddlebags held the fixed service extensive country park. It is a good example demand for improved cultural facilities functions: elevators, stairs, rest rooms; the of how environmental engineering, For each building, the commonly used within the city, including developing a new mechanical and electrical rooms; and the successfully applied, creates land value. central atrium or ‘U’ shaped office plan was home for Phoenix Central Library. lateral framing for the structure. They inverted and floor plates were planned with embraced the east and west façades and, The business park, just north of Heathrow a central core similar to a typical high-rise 3. Local architect Will Bruder, in collaboration combined with heavyweight, dense, concrete 3. Airport, was developed in phases. Phase 1 building. Each plan was developed from a with DWL Architects, worked with Arup on walls, reduced heat gain. meant transforming the landfilled gravel pits cruciform shape to generate a long external a building that mirrored and respected the into parkland, playing fields, a golf course window for maximum views of the park. desert environment in its appearance. It is an Glazing on the north and south walls opened and the commercial development area. Most The ‘umbrella’ or ‘rain jacket’ of the external intentional echo of the mesas, the flat-topped the library to views of Phoenix and brought of the landfill was transferred to the north of wall was separated out in a single-glazed hills with steep sides that are prevalent across in the necessary daylight for reading. Heat the site to create the parkland, and it was square skin. This made it possible inside the the state. gain was minimised through the use of replaced by structural fill to create safe, skin to use materials for the office walls that external vertical sail shades. stable building sites, thus avoiding the were not necessarily weather-proof: warm The client, the City of Phoenix, wanted a necessity of providing the piled foundations timbers and richly patterned stone, for ‘library for the 21st century’ – designed to The saddlebags concept also allowed for and ventilated undercroft space normally example. This approach was environmentally accommodate digital resources, as well as floor-by-floor air-conditioning units that required when building on polluted sites. efficient, cost-effective and it contributed to books, a public reading room and special minimised cost through limited duct The transferred landfill was constructed as each building’s distinctive appearance. collection spaces. Yet they also wanted a distribution and increased library flexibility. semi-permeable membrane for ease of building that was inexpensive to build and methane gas release: graduated layers of old The business park quickly became popular, 4. cost-effective to run. Off-site prefabrication The building that resulted from this 4. landfill and site clay, and a final layer of particularly with firms from the information of most of the concrete components kept innovative approach was cost-effective, ‘manufactured topsoil’ formed with sludge technology and media sectors that were 1, 2. The double-walled construction of No.2 build costs down, while the key to containing pragmatic, and at the same time a poetic 1. External vertical sail shades minimise heat gain. cake and clay. burgeoning in the 1990s. While its location The Square meant the office could be clad in operational costs lay in finding passive or response to the Arizona landscape – an 2. The polished stainless steel skin above the entrances near the airport was a factor, so was the maple wood. Its entrance foyer lies within the design-based solutions to mitigate the effects intentional echo of the mesas. looks like a canyon cutting through a flat-topped hill. The office buildings in Phase 2 of the leading-edge nature of the office design. double walls, and the outer screen comprises of the sun. aluminium glazing elements on a lightweight 3. The reading areas benefit from passive air cooling. development, designed by Arup Associates, Stockley Park remains a prestigious address, steel frame. Phoenix Library: arup.com/journal41996 4. Extensive glazing brings daylight flooding into the are notable because their distinctive double the design concepts it pioneered having stood 3, 4. The masterplan for Stockley Park and an The key innovation was dubbed the building and affords attractive views of the city. skins were unusual at the time they were the test of time. aerial view of the development in the 1990s ‘saddlebags’ – service areas hanging off built. Also, the buildings are quite different before Phase 2 was constructed. the sides of the building’s steel frame from each other in appearance to enable Stockley remediation: arup.com/journal11987 tenants to reinforce their corporate identities. Stockley Phase1: arup.com/journal11990 Arup Associates’ designs involved the use of Stockley Phase2: arup.com/journal31998

44 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 45 1. Of the 18 viaducts, the longest was the 2km Karasu Viaduct, pictured here. 2.The Agadere Viaduct. Yapi Kredi Bank, Turkey 3 A section of the Camlica–Gebze stretch.

1. 1. 2.

Yapi Kredi Bank, one of the largest private banks in Turkey, had outgrown its headquarters in central Istanbul by the early Kinali–Sakarya Motorway 1990s. With more space needed for a combined headquarters and datacentre complex, the bank opted to move 50km south of the city to Gebze and, in so doing, and Karasu Viaduct develop one of the largest financial buildings in Europe. Arup’s Istanbul office was The Kinali–Sakarya motorway project in Turkey’s geology is complex, tectonically appointed as prime agent for the project, Turkey, which took 10 years to complete, dynamic, and the clay layers and high natural in of masterplanning, concept was truly a project where east meets west. groundwater table in the west were definition, detailed design, tender and 2. The resulting 247km roadway connects challenging. The team mitigated this by construction phases. Sakarya province in the east, with Kinali in redesigning the vertical alignment of the the west, via Istanbul. This extensive project motorway to reduce the maximum cutting Arup’s multidisciplinary skills were used in Arup’s project management skills proved comprised four separate contracts for depth, flattening the side slopes where a variety of ways on this project: buildings, pivotal throughout, running an adapted sections of motorway that involved different needed. Instabilities in the hillsides through façade, fire, acoustics and communications version of management contracting, operated mixes of infrastructure elements beyond the which the motorway was cut proved engineering were among the services the firm as a multi-package scheme, so that progress basic roadway, including tunnels, cuttings, complex to deal with, requiring metres of offered in collaborating with architects, John could be made as soon as possible after bridges and viaducts. rock to be added in some places to avoid McAslan & Partners. The final design designs were completed. dangerous landslips. captured the client’s varied requirements, Arup was engaged to provide geotechnical including a focus on utility and flexibility, The finished complex became an exemplar advisory services on two sections of the On the Agadere Viaduct, Arup’s geotechnical within a contemporary aesthetic in keeping for Yapi Kredi, a benchmark for future real project. These were: the Camlica–Gebze appraisal took on urgent relevance when a 4.5 with the bank’s brand. During the design estate developments within their portfolio. section, designed by Arup and ENET, Richter-Scale earthquake caused a 40m pier process the client’s aspirations for the project On its opening the then Turkish president, comprising 45km of dual three-lane to move out of place. Stabilising caissons grew, and the resulting building is Süleyman Demirel, who prior to politics had 3. motorways and 15km of dual-lane roadways, proved to be the answer, and the foundations 3. sophisticated as well as functional: a grid worked in dam construction, commented across both urban and rural areas; and the for the viaduct were extensively redesigned. approvingly: “As I approached the complex I structure with internal, glazed streets that 1. Combined headquarters and datacentre for Yapi 70km of motorway from the west of Izmit to provide an echo back to the traditional could see as an engineer that this was a Kredi Bank, Istanbul. the east of Adapazari through hilly terrain By working alongside local engineers in Kinali–Sakarya: arup.com/journal21993 masterpiece of architecture and engineering.” Turkish city experience. 2. The entrance to the office building.. and low-lying rural land. In addition, Arup Turkey on this project, Arup was able to 3. Internal walkways and stairways within the was engaged on structural engineering of the share knowledge and transfer skills and Yapi Kredi Bank: arup.com/journal11998 buildings are light and airy. largest viaduct of the project: the 2km-long technology, to mutual benefit. Much was Karasu Viaduct. learnt about designing and building motorways in seismic locations.

46 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 47 Heathrow Transfer Baggage System

2. Natural exhaust 28°C from offices

Heat energy Glass canopy absorbed by chimneys to improve stack effect

Stack effect draws air from atrium

2. Security and lighting Key segment Offices 24°C Baggage vehicle 26°C 34.1m

Cool shaded atrium

1. Air intake fans 2 x air changes per hour 7 segment Foodcourt wedgeblock tunnel Covered Shops mall Invert segment Maintenance walkway with drainage channel Eastgate, Harare 3. 1. 3.

At its most intuitive, engineering is a creative area would be less susceptible to the effects air exhaust out of the building, a design that are a focus for our sense of both each containing one piece of luggage 1. A micro-sized metro system for luggage. response to a project’s context. The Eastgate of sunlight but require more continuous and was further developed a few years later in distance and time. For airport operators, travelling on a narrow gauge railway 2. A narrow gauge railway runs between building in Harare is a major retail and expensive use of artificial lighting; a taller, Portcullis House at Westminster, London. being able to provide an efficient and between Terminals 1 to 4, and vice versa. terminals. office building in Zimbabwe’s capital city, narrower building would have better access effortless experience is essential, and a 3. A maintenance inspection platform runs developed in the mid-1990s. At over to natural light but cost more operationally Eastgate remains a powerful example of how rapid connection is vital for long-distance Wherever possible, it was preferable to avoid the length of the tunnel. 30,000m2 Eastgate’s adaptation to the local (for lifts, sprinklers, air conditioning, etc). engineering can bring together design and passengers on business or leisure flights. tunnelling under existing buildings, yet at the climate, energy-use profile and ongoing function to create environments that are well same time it was clearly more economical to operational costs were key factors in the Eschewing the modern staple of a large aligned to their context. London’s Heathrow Airport is vast, and by keep the tunnels as short as possible. And, as design. The client brief was a bold glass and steel tower, Eastgate is a creative the early 1990s BAA had realised that the tunnels are supported by ground access combination of requirements: a building solution: an eight-storey concrete structure, Eastgate: arup.com/journal11997 connecting baggage between terminals by points, electricity supply infrastructure and without air conditioning, aesthetically with only 25% external glazing to mitigate road was too slow to keep the airport ventilation support, it was better for them to impressive and yet inexpensive to build. the strong effects of solar glare. The most competitive. A feasibility study suggested a be as close to the surface as possible. Architect Mick Pearce and Arup’s structural, innovative feature, though, is the passive tunnel-based automated baggage transfer mechanical and electrical engineering team cooling system, which was a central driver system could be achieved, and Arup was The team adopted the New Austrian collaborated to produce the largest naturally of the overall design. appointed as lead design consultant in 1993. Tunnelling Method (NATM) for both ventilated, passively cooled building in the speed and simplicity. This involved applying A pattern of air shafts and air voids was 1. Eastgate’s design combines affordability with This project combined a number of a sprayed concrete and steel mesh directly world at that time. references to vernacular architecture, supported defined that would draw cool night-time air by a commitment to low running costs. challenges, including geotechnical to exposed soil to minimise the overall Harare, nicknamed the ‘Sunshine City’, sits through the building from the mezzanine 2. Inside, the design makes significant use of engineering and tunnelling in London Clay excavation volume required. The project in a subtropical, temperate zone with high floor 10m above ground, creating a natural natural daylight. and working within the constraints of live, was completed successfully in 1997. levels of sunlight. For such a large building stack effect, supported by fans to ensure a 3. Eastgate’s chimneys, a key part of its natural airside logistics. The scheme selected was the chosen form presented various trade-offs: controlled experience throughout. At the top ventilation and cooling system, the largest in the a sophisticated system of tunnels and Baggage tunnel: arup.com/journal31996 a shorter, squat building with lower surface of the building, chimneys conduct the natural world at the time. underground bogey-mounted hoppers, Baggage system:arup.com/ Journal21998

48 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 49 Alan Belfield is Chairman of Arup’s United challenged everyone in the industry to work Kingdom, Middle East and Africa region, more transparently and efficiently than ever. In this section and led the development of the firm’s consultancy services during the 2000s. The 2000s were also a decade when 52 Arup in Beijing 60 The Eden Project engineering’s role grew in scope and scale, Notable projects in a fast-growing city Climate controlled botanical environment In retrospect every decade has its ups and to tackle business operations more broadly. Issue 1, 2009: The Beijing National Issue 1, 2002: Creating the Eden 2000s Stadium Special Issue environment, Chris Barrett, Andy downs, but the 2000s were particularly prone We’d gained the confidence to say that if to dramatic swings, socially and engineers are great at understanding Issue 1, 2011: Beijing South Bascombe, Mark Bostock, Hugh Collis, economically. This was an era that began complexity, then that complexity doesn’t have Railway Station Geoff Farnham, Alistair Guthrie with the anxious scramble to solve the issue to stop at the structural or mechanical or Issue 2, 2005: CCTV Headquarters, Services engineering design of the millennium bug and its fears of electrical aspects of a project. The next 61 BedZED systemic risks, before being buffeted by more logical step was to understand the business For lists of authors, please see original concrete social, political and economic context better, which of course also helps you articles. Innovative, low-energy, sustainable change, particularly after 9/11 and the 2008 do a better job of designing the technical housing development Issue 1, 2003: BedZED, Chris Twinn global financial crash. element of a project. 56 Channel Tunnel Rail Link Establishing the best route for a key But amid all the unrest it was a good time to We carried out this business-plus-technical 62 Heathrow Terminal 5 be an engineer. We’re not scientists or purists role during the purchase out of administration rail investment Early use of BIM on a complex design – we’re interested in finding practical of the British car manufacturer MG Rover by Issue 1, 2004: Channel Tunnel Rail Link Issue 2, 2006: The main terminal building solutions to complex challenges and we’re Nanjing Automotive of China. It probably Special Issue envelope, Steve McKechnie used to collaboration. Somehow this meant surprised a lot of people at the time, but our Issue 1, 2006: 3D and 4D design in that in the 2000s it felt like our time, an thinking was simple. We understood the car 58 Hudson River Park a single model environment, Graham opportunity for design and engineering to design and production process, we understood Urban waterfront renewal for Beardwell, Tom Honnywill, step up and solve bigger problems. how factories are designed and built, we had Tarsem Kainth, Steve Roberts the management consulting and financial Issue 2, 2006: Hudson River Park, Clients’ attitudes to project delivery changed transaction advisory expertise, and therefore Cliff McMillan John Urquhart during these years. Big organisations started we would help our client to make a success to run their own procurement departments. of this car company. It was a step into a And they got better at assessing value-for- wider world, one that we’ve been operating 59 Druk White Lotus School money and more rigorous in their bidding in ever since. Culturally sensitive design in Ladakh, processes. These were changes that Northern India Issue 2, 2002: Jim Fleming, Rory McGowan, Dorothee Richter, Jonathan Rose

50 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 51 1. 2.

The ‘Bird’s Nest’ ETFE ‘bubbles’ provides a colourful Michael Kwok is the Arup director who The international competition for the design counterpoint to the circular red stadium next led the firm’s Beijing Olympic projects. of the National Stadium – known widely as door and is often described as one of the Arup in Beijing the ‘Bird’s Nest’ was won by Herzog & de most innovative buildings in the world. Our Beijing office was opened in the Meuron Architekten AG, Ai Weiwei and same month that Beijing was awarded 1. Beijing’s ‘Bird’s Nest’ stadium adopts In 2001, Beijing won the right to host the Arup, with a scheme inspired by local The Water Cube uses resources efficiently. the hosting of the 2008 Olympic and a Chinese crazed pottery style in its 2008 Olympic and Paralympic Games. It was crackle-glazed pottery and veined scholar It needs 90% less potable water than an Paralympic Games. I remember the structural design. a pivotal moment for the People’s Republic stones, symbols of China’s cultural, sporting equivalent structure and uses 55% less moment when the announcement was 2. The National Aquatics Centre, known artificial lighting. It also captures 20% of the made by the International Olympic as the Water Cube, was creatively of China, setting in train a series of building and economic renaissance. designed, with energy efficiency in mind. and infrastructure projects that would incident solar energy and uses it to heat the Committee. The whole city went wild and 3. The form of the Water Cube’s EFTE together symbolise the nation’s coming of Like most modern stadia, the design began swimming pools. celebration on the streets carried on façade was the imaginative result of age and offer the country an unrivalled with the stadium bowl comprising the until the next morning. I was sitting in combining 19th-century research into opportunity to present itself as a major competitive field and the seating stands The design for the Water Cube was based on our small office thinking we’ll be very soap bubble formation with 21st-century cultural and economic force in the world. around it. The challenge was to balance the the natural formation of soap bubbles, which busy in the coming years. Gladly, I was computer modelling capabilities. needs of the spectator to have an unrestricted create the most effective subdivision of right. We were awarded many of the The projects view of the field as close to the action as three-dimensional space. This produces a high-profile Olympic-related projects Arup worked on several Olympic-related possible, with the needs of the stadium highly repetitive and buildable geometry, and the office grew to more than a projects, including the 91,000-seat National developer to fit in as many seats as the while appearing random and organic. hundred people within a few years. Stadium and the National Aquatics Centre. budget allowed. The Arup team worked with 3. Although the space-filling patterns on which These two buildings became instantly the International Olympic Committee and the structure is based are regularly seen in Preparing the city to host the recognisable to billions of people as global local organising committees to streamline nature, particularly in biological cells and Olympics led to an acceleration in symbols of the XXIX Oympiad. and rationalise the on-field activities, Acoustic performance is widely-regarded as mineral crystals, they hadn’t been used creativity that involved lots of new ideas creating a more compact stadium bowl a particularly successful feature of the venue previously in a major structure. in design, architecture, masterplanning The firm’s work in Beijing in the early 2000s with less distance between the spectators – vital in creating atmosphere and drama. and engineering. It was a great moment also included the structural design of the and the track. Contributing factors include the elliptical To make the design buildable, the integrated in time and Arup played a significant China Central TV headquarters; two major form of the bowl, the depth of its structure, design team used advanced 3D design tools part in it. transport interchanges: Terminal 3 at Beijing Once the form of the bowl was set, along the acoustic reflectivity of its envelope, and to create the required structural elements. Capital and the Beijing with the seating, the shape and structure of a special lining below the ETFE (ethylene The end result was an inherently strong and South railway station; and the design of the the roof could be designed. It needed to meet ) roof membranes. lightweight structure that is earthquake- Beijing Convention Centre, a prominent rigorous local seismic design codes, and be resistant. world-class exhibition centre at the heart stable enough to support a moving roof (later The ‘Water Cube’ of the Olympic Park. omitted). As a result, the design team decided Sharing centre stage on the Olympic Green The Water Cube was designed and built to keep the bowl structurally separate from with the Bird’s Nest, the National Aquatics by a consortium comprising Arup, PTW Collectively, these projects have helped the façade and the roof structure. Centre is often referred to as the ‘Water Architects, and China Construction Design to transform Beijing and affirm China’s Cube’. This rectangular blue box made of Institute. position on the world stage.

52 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 53 4. 5. 6. 8.

CCTV HQ the overhang, which prop and stabilise The project involved engineering one of the With the 2008 Olympic Games as a catalyst, the tower in its final condition, had to be largest roofs in the world to create column- China’s main state-run broadcaster, China connected when they would not be moving free spaces for the platforms at the station. Central Television (CCTV), commissioned a relative to each other due to wind or solar The elliptical shape was designed to mirror new headquarters building that would expansion of steelwork. So two massive the tiered roofs of the ‘Temple of Heaven’ combine its entire television-making process steel beams were site-welded together just complex, an important cultural reference. into one facility. The winning design – by before sunrise. It is split into two halves by the separate architects OMA and Arup – is based on a large-span, flat-topped roof over the central revolutionary building form that redefines the Beijing Airport Terminal 3 departure hall area. concept of high-rise buildings. With capacity for 35 million passengers a year, this is the world’s largest airport The unique structural system and complex The building’s structure is created from a terminal building. It has very few changes shape of the building meant the design team single loop of interconnected activities, of level, short distances between destinations had to convince the approval authorities, at divided around the four main elements of the and quick transfer times. It was designed to both the preliminary design stage and the building: the nine-storey base, the two be as welcoming and easy to use as possible, construction design stage, that the scheme leaning towers that slope at 6 degrees in each as well as one of the world’s most sustainable would work. As with CCTV, a performance- direction, and the overhang that is suspended airports. based approach to design was taken, and it at the height of the 36th floor and provides led to approval at both stages. In just 37 nine to thirteen storeys of further floor space. Foster & Partners was the architect for this months, the scheme went from design project and Arup’s design team created a competition to opening, in time for the The technical challenges inherent in central distribution system for the terminal Olympic Games. 7. achieving this astonishing design included building which simplified the distribution of 9. the fact that the entire façade structure had the building’s services, creating large open Beijing Convention Centre to be harnessed in order to provide the spaces for passengers. Natural daylighting is 4, 5, 6. Constructing the CCTV building Working with architects RMJM Hong Kong Traditional air conditioning is replaced by 8, 9. Beijing South station: its elliptical posed considerable technical challenges. necessary structural stability. This created, in complemented by angled roof lights that Ltd, Arup provided structural, acoustic, fire, an innovative energy-saving system based roof is delicately designed, inside and The tower is propped and stabilised by the essence, an external continuous tube system. capture the thermal energy used to heat the façade, civil and geotechnical engineering around a garden that is 7m below ground out, to create a tiered effect that overhang at the height of the 36th floor. building on winter mornings and reduce services in the construction of the Beijing resembles the roof of the Temple of level. Because the garden is cooler than the Heaven in the Forbidden City. 7. The CCTV building at night, the offices Convincing CCTV and the Chinese cooling needs during warm summer months. Convention Centre. The venue for fencing interior of the building, it acts as a passive in the overhang clearly visible with the Government that the design would withstand Beijing T3 opened in March 2008. and pentathlon events, and the international cooler to the indoor space, saving almost lights on. seismic activity was important. So Arup broadcasting and media centre, during the 400,000kW of energy per year. proposed a performance-based design Beijing South station Olympics, it subsequently became an approach from the outset, adopting first This is the largest railway station in China exhibition, convention, banqueting and retail CCTV services: arup.com/journal22005 principles and state-of-the-art methods and and Arup worked with Terry Farrell & centre. The curved roof shape pays homage CCTV structure: arup.com/journal32005 guidelines to achieve set performance targets Partners Ltd and the Beijing authorities to to traditional Chinese architecture and acts CCTV: arup.com/journal22008 at different levels of seismic event. design an upgrade that would significantly as a giant rainwater collector. Water is : arup.com/journal12009 improve the capital’s inter-urban and channelled into a treatment facility and used Beijing South station: arup.com/journal12011 Constructing the building presented further high-speed rail infrastructure, ahead of around the site. unprecedented challenges. The two halves of the 2008 Olympic Games.

54 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 55 Why rails crack Arup’s contribution to the UK’s rail network is wide ranging, spanning infrastructure strategy, project delivery and safety issues. A good example of this, recorded in detailed articles in The Arup Journal, is the work done after a high-speed train derailed at Hatfield on 17 October 2000 leading to four deaths and over 30 injuries.

It soon became clear that cracks on the running band surface of the rail had penetrated to the base of the railhead, causing the track to disintegrate over a 30m stretch. So the rail infrastructure operator at the time, Railtrack, appointed Arup to look at the risk of track failure across the rest of the UK network.

Direction of translation

Flakes/ Direction of cracks rotation 1. 2.

Ratchetting Rail material St Pancras strain deformation Stratford Microstructure laminates Ebbsfleet Longitudinal Channel Tunnel Rail Link shear force Normal force Contact patch Together with Transportation Technology The first new railway in the UK for more the then publicly owned national rail connection between London and the Ashford Folkestone Center Inc, the team’s five-year study than 100 years and the country’s first operator, British Rail (BR), to begin a continent, developing the concept of a found that the Group Standards for high-speed rail line, Channel Tunnel Rail consultation process that resulted in the domestic high-speed commuter service that tracks and rail vehicles weren’t enough Link (CTRL) was opened in November publication, in March 1989, of its preferred would share the line with international trains. to prevent rail contact fatigue (RCF) 2007. Operating under the High Speed One route for international-only trains from the happening and that Sustainable (HS1) name, it provided the infrastructure for Channel Tunnel to Waterloo, passing under Three urban areas would be regenerated as a Operational Limits were necessary to international services from London to Paris, south-east London. result: north Kent, Stratford in east London, 3. 4. reduce RCF to acceptable levels. Brussels and beyond, together with high- and King’s Cross in London. This would speed commuter rail services from the On its own initiative and at its own cost, encourage wider private-sector interest, in Arup’s work helped Railtrack create a south-east of England, to London, via Arup dedicated a small team of economists addition to political support, and grant- Halcrow and Systra to take on the project procurement, quality management, and practical solution to rail safety that was Stratford International station. and planners to examine BR’s proposal. funding for public facilities, from the management, consenting, design, communications and IT within major projects. also affordable. They concluded that alternative routes government. The regeneration aspect procurement, construction management Arup was involved in the design and should be explored to overcome some of the transformed the project into a feasible, and commissioning of the CTRL. Non-design roles for Arup staff included Why rails crack 1: arup.com/journal32005 construction of the project, with key roles difficulties of the proposal and suggested sustainable, and economically attractive project management, cost control, Why rails crack 2: arup.com/journal12006 in planning, project management and building a new international railway that proposition. Although no one knew it at the It was a major multidisciplinary project engineering management, risk management, engineering design across the length of maximised the use of existing rail and road time, the regeneration of Stratford and requiring substantial technical commitment project planning, environmental the 109km railway. What many regard as corridors. The other driving force for the King’s Cross was also later to become a in the primary and detailed design of management, and the consents processes. Arup’s most significant contribution occurred different route was that it could provide significant factor in London’s successful tunnelling, foundations and earthworks, The firm also led the engineering many years earlier, however, when the firm opportunities for substantial urban bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games. bridges and structures, rail permanent-way, management, including the major helped the government to select the route regeneration. overhead line electrics, signalling and geotechnical, structural, tunnelling, building 1. The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) for the CTRL. Project creation communications, highways, utilities, engineering, and architectural disciplines. created the infrastructure for a high-speed connection between London, Brussels and The right route? It took four further years of consultation after architecture, building structures and services, Paris, and high-speed domestic commuter Initial ideas Arup published its proposed alternative in the route was selected, and a Parliamentary and environmental engineering, particularly The full story services to London. The process for linking the UK to mainland March 1990 and after considerable lobbying, Bill, before the concession to finance, build in ecology and acoustics. A special issue of The Arup Journal was 2. St Pancras International station became the Europe began with the 1986 Channel Tunnel negotiation, discussion and the deliberations and operate CTRL was granted. Arup worked published in 2004, which details how the London terminal for the CTRL. Act, the legislative framework for a short- of a commission, the government decided, in with the winning bidder, London & More than design. CTRL project took shape. To read it, follow 3. New tracks and tunnels were built to speed term upgrade of existing rail infrastructure. October 1991, that ‘the Arup route’ should be Continental Railways Ltd, in developing its CTRL was significant in introducing many the link below. trains between London and the south coast of It fell short of granting the powers required selected. This route expanded the scope of strategy, and subsequently set up the Rail new initiatives into the UK construction England. to build a brand new rail link, but prompted the train link beyond a simple international Link Engineering consortium with Bechtel, industry, particularly with regard to CTRL Special Issue: arup.com/journal12004 4. Arup helped redefine the route of the CTRL.

56 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 57 Hudson River Park

Spanning 550 acres, and extending five miles along historic waterfront, Hudson River Park is the most significant park development in New York City for several decades. In progress since 2000, the project is regenerating the waterfront area west of Manhattan and providing public access to the river. Very nearly completed, and with the benefits already clear, work continues in 2016 on the final stages of the project.

Arup was appointed by the Hudson River Park Trust (HRPT) in 2000 to work with Bovis Lend Lease in a project management role, providing design coordination services and employing 19 sub-consultants across a wide range of disciplines. The scope of the Arup team included establishing overall design guidelines for all aspects of the project to ensure consistency in meeting the Trust’s goals and standards park-wide. This included adherence to HRPT’s target of a 50-year design life for all materials to ensure 1. 2. durability and sustainability, and keep maintenance and operational costs low.

Early in the project, Arup supervised four sub-consultants to survey the bulkhead over Druk White Lotus School most of the park length, and inspect the front 1. face above and below the waterline. The design teams then used these surveys to Set high in the Indian Himalayas, the Druk encircled by peaks rising to over 7,000m and rehabilitate the bulkheads to satisfy the White Lotus School was commissioned by overlooked by two important monasteries, required 50-year design life. The history, UK-registered charity the Drukpa Trust, and the masterplan achieves a unique sense of ecology and culture of the river and its designed as a model for sustainable place for the school buildings. surrounding areas are reflected in the modernisation that could be emulated in masterplan, with 13 existing or former piers similar locations in other parts of the world. The ecological context is fragile, so the site reconstructed for passive and active public Though the project is a local initiative, it has strategy aimed to ensure an entirely self- use. This includes venues for concerts, art an international context, with funding from regulating system for water, energy and performances and other public events. charitable donations in Europe, as well as waste management. Arup’s design for the the local community. school combines sustainable local materials Along West Side Highway to the pier-head and traditional construction techniques with 3. line, bikeways and walkways provide public Arup and Arup Associates started work on leading-edge environmental design. There access to the Hudson from a landscaped the project in 1997, on a largely pro-bono are gardens and extensive tree-planting, and waterfront esplanade. Boat piers and water basis, providing masterplanning, concept and the related water infrastructure is drawn from 2. taxis encourage water-based activities, with detailed design services. The first phase of a borehole by a solar-powered pump. floating platforms, get-downs and beach the school opened in 2001 and work has been Classrooms face the morning sun to make the areas allowing contact with the river’s edge ongoing ever since. most of natural light and heat and the school 1. Piers 45 and 46 of the Hudson River Park, for recreation, sailing and canoeing. is largely self-sufficient in energy. 1. Masterplanning for the school was looking west to New Jersey across the mouth The school is located in a remote, seismic, sensitive to its high-altitude setting, close of the Hudson. to two important monasteries. The waterfront has become a vibrant high-altitude (3,700m) desert region, cut off The design team embraced the project in a 2. The green open space on Pier 45. 2. Sustainable local materials and traditional environment over the past 15 years. Dynamic by snow for around six months of the year, culturally-sensitive way, developing designs 3. Pier 95 at Clinton Cove Park. construction techniques were allied to new connections have been forged with with winter temperatures dropping as low as and construction methods that would fit with leading-edge environmental design. -30°C in some areas. Yet in summer, the hot local skills, techniques and traditions. nearby neighbourhoods, improving access 3. The school educates up to 750 pupils, to, and enjoyment of, this majestic river. sun and snowmelt from the River Indus bring the youngest of whom are nursery age. the rich, fertile valleys alive. With the site Druk White Lotus: arup.com/journal22002 3. Hudson River Park: arup.com/journal22006

58 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 59 1. BedZED 1. 3. Beddington Zero (fossil) Energy

Development (BedZED) is one of the earliest Ventilation and infiltration and most influential examples of community- scale sustainable housing in the world. Built 6.1 The Eden Project on a brownfield site in south London, the Heat recovery 7.4 project was conceived in the late 1990s to show a sceptical construction industry how 5.6 Fabric The Eden Project, one of ’s most Sustainability was a major consideration on 22.2 Fabric sustainability is possible and can be cost- loss popular visitor attractions, is the result of this project, well before it became a common 11.8 storage 12 effective. With 83 mixed-tenure homes and 43 transforming a 60m-deep, disused china-clay prerequisite on building projects. Eden’s 2 Bio-fuel Typical building regs pit into a spectacular climate-controlled environmental effects were analysed and around 1,500m of live/work spaces, the CHP low-carbon development is an influential 8.9 botanical environment. It features a series of presented in three separate studies: To showcase for the One Planet Living concept, waste biomes that follow the contours of the former Environmental Statement, Traffic Impact 13.1 developed by environmental consultants 10.9 quarry, in which major global habitats – from Assessment, and Planning Supporting 4. mediterranean to tropical – are recreated on a Statement. Arup also conducted specialist BioRegional. The concept addresses the huge scale for education and research. studies of water resources, geology, ecology, sustainability ‘triple bottom line’ – social landscape, noise, air quality, cultural amenity, financial effectiveness and reduced environmental impact. 1. From its solar-panelled roof down, Working with Nicholas Grimshaw & heritage, socio-economics and construction BedZED set new standards for affordable Partners as architect, and as impact. Energy use on the project was a Appointed to the design team in 1999 by UK sustainable social housing. structural engineer, Arup advised project major consideration, as was the material used housing association client, the Peabody 2. BedZED’s homes feature sustainable founders – horticulturist Tim Smit and to create the striking biomes, with the Trust, Arup continued its long-standing work materials combined with passive solar Cornish architect Jonathan Ball – on their transparent film material, ETFE (ethylene energy. on the ideas exemplified at BedZED with the initial ideas for what is effectively the tetrafluroethylene) co-polymer, chosen to 3. A typical home interior from the estate. architect Bill Dunster, an environmental biggest in the world. Also, after help create the necessary environmental design specialist, and Pooran Desai of 4. Energy flows through the development. the first proposed site was discounted for conditions to grow the plants. 2. 2. being structurally unstable and not BioRegional. The project was completed in sufficiently well orientated to exploit After opening in March 2001, the Eden Self cleaning Light 80% 2002, offering occupants the opportunity to 10% live a carbon-neutral lifestyle in a practical BedZED featured a major advance in the use of than 50% and to treat waste water on site, sunlight, the firm worked with them on the Project’s visitor numbers reached two million reflected Solar gain 90% and replicable way. heat-recovery wind cowls. The solution used with less resources used and the water business plan that would make their new in its first year, showing that it had certainly had been developed by Arup over a 10-year available for recycling. Within a year of the alternative location commercially viable and captured the public’s imagination. Techniques to harness renewable natural period to harness low-velocity wind for heat development being finished, monitoring popular with the public, and enable resources, and achieve closed-loop material recovery. Positive and negative wind pressure studies showed that hot water heating was applications for funding to the National Eden Project: arup.com/journal12002 200 microns use and site resource autonomy, were can therefore be used to deliver and extract air. 45% less; electricity used for lighting, Lottery and the ’s regional 1. The Eden Project is a public greenhouse complex, developed. Renewable energies were Enough pressure is generated for it to be ducted cooking; and all appliances was 55% less; funds. Work to deliver the successful able to recreate different growing environments. matched to energy requirements by mapping into the building, delivering preheated air to and water consumption around 60% less. business case was as far-reaching and 2. The biome’s ETFE roof structure conducts sunlight to demand and availability. And homes were each living room and bedroom, and extracting BedZED continues to show how low-carbon significant as the creativity needed to deliver help generate each zone’s individual climate experience. designed that had no need for conventional air from each kitchen, bathroom and toilet. living can work in practice. the designs for the project within the capital 3. The ETFE bubbles transmit light and heat and keep Air to maintain Insulation 1.4W/m2°C pressure room-space heating. Bio-fuelled combined spending limits. the space warm. 3. 200-600 pa heat and power (CHP) encourages local BedZED was also designed to reduce BedZED: arup.com/journal12003 community autonomy. demand for treated drinking water by more

60 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 61 Main Rail station Multi-storey terminal building planners car park planners planners

Rail station Multi-storey Main construction car park terminal building programme programme programme

Integrated programme

Integrated 3D model

Multi-storey Main Rail station car park terminal building 3D model 3D models 3D models

Integrated 4D model Feedback

Planning 3D model Planners coordinator coordinator 1. 2. 3. 4.

language of exposed welds, as-cast steel information it produces. Any discipline can surfaces, and visible bolts giving a feeling of access the information of another for its own scale and a grain to the building. Above all, purposes, but only after that information has Heathrow Terminal 5 the DfMA approach led to reduced site been officially released by the author. The programme risks and cost. Roof construction key to the SME is organisation. Although On Heathrow Airport Terminal 5, the British capability to handle more than 30 million started on site in December 2003 and the simply stated, it is difficult to achieve in Airports Authority (BAA) set up a project passengers per year, to create a significant building was watertight by November 2005, practice because CAD users from different team intent on putting into practice the statement on the world travel scene. beating the programme milestone by three organisations use different standards, limiting recommendations made in Sir John Egan’s months, and coming in on budget. the benefits of sharing data. It only works if 1998 ‘Rethinking Construction’ report that The project included the main terminal everyone adheres rigorously to one set of aimed to improve the efficiency of the UK building, two smaller satellite terminals, an Single Model Environment standards and processes. In practice, this construction industry by establishing extension to the rail lines for the Heathrow From the outset, BAA wanted to harness the approach helped with decision-making by partnerships in which architect, contractor, Express and London Underground Piccadilly collective experience of each CAD team to consolidating information and presenting it engineer and client took joint responsibility line, 60 aircraft stands and associated airfield develop an effective tool for computer-aided in a clear and consistent way for the project’s successful completion. infrastructure, a 4,000-space multi-storey car design, draughting, and manufacture. The park, a control tower, an energy centre and a system should not only help design Time saved, time gained On the Terminal 5 project, Richard Rogers 600-bed hotel. coordination and drawing production, but Additional tools such as 4D planning were Partnership was the architect and Arup was also help plan the terminal’s construction and used in a number of areas and one prime the structural engineer. Arup also supplied a The main terminal building, the most future maintenance. Central to the whole example was at the Terminal 5A interchange range of specialist services and design prominent and well-known element of the enterprise was the creation of a single CAD plaza. This area was complex because it was 5. management across the entire programme. project, has a single-span roof enclosing system to create, store and share data, called at the interface of the terminal, rail station, car many activities in a single space. By the Single Model Environment (SME). When park and landside teams and it was difficult In essence, this project witnessed the first 1. Structural engineering of Terminal 5’s curving The popularity of the terminal with passengers adopting ‘Design for Manufacture and the concept design process began in 2000, no to reconcile the needs of the different teams in successes of Building Information Modelling single-span roof was a central challenge of the design. is testament to the successful outcome of the Assembly’ (DfMA), the construction such system existed, so with BAA’s vision this relatively confined space. The tool linked (BIM), an approach that gathered pace 2. The control tower: one of the most technically collaborative approach. Since it opened, it process could be optimised and built safely and the support of their supplier partners it CAD data from the different schedules, quickly from the early 2000s and is now challenging aspects of the project (see link). has regularly been voted the winner of a and efficiently. In fact, the frame design was developed. helping to identify potential clashes between becoming standard practice on most projects. 3, 4 and 5. Designing and constructing the Terminal 5A variety of travel industry awards indicating was carefully tailored such that it was hard interchange plaza: the flow chart and BIM model led to contractors, and saved £2.5m in the first nine the efficient construction of this important link between how well it meets the needs of travellers and to say where the design ended and the Fundamentally, the SME is a simple concept: months of use. Because the 4D models could 3D and 4D design: arup.com/journal12006 terminal, car park and rail station. those who work or do business there. construction method began. a set of directories and folders that store the be viewed in standard digital formats, Terminal Building: arup.com/journal22006 CAD data for every discipline on the project. everyone involved in the project could see Control Tower: arup.com/journal22008 Modern methods of construction The structure and its connections and details Folders are protected to ensure that each several years of work unfolding in less than a BAA wanted the new terminal, with its became sculptural objects in themselves, the discipline maintains authorship over the minute and could resolve issues in advance.

62 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 63 is Deputy Chairman of incredible detail about people’s behaviour and Arup having joined as a graduate in 1981. needs. So in this new era designers and In this section He has pioneered the use of computers in engineers are able to understand land use in design and is widely known for his work on multiple simultaneous dimensions. This in turn 66 The Fulton Center 72 Hong Kong’s waste-to-energy plant the ‘Water Cube’ for the Beijing Olympics. is changing the nature of our work, expanding A transit hub that looks to the future, Using BIM to develop a world-leading 2010s engineering’s horizons from the individual yet links to a heritage building waste-to-energy plant This has been the decade when digitalisation project level into true ‘systems thinking’. Issue 1, 2014: The Corbin Building Issue 2, 2015: Carrie Chu, Giuseppe has really started to redefine and transform the restoration, Ian Buckley, Craig Covil, Mollica, David Pegg, Simon Pickard, way we design and engineer projects, This decade has crystallised several long-term Ricardo Pittella David Pickles, Kamal Siriwardhana, James accelerated by revolutionary consumer global trends. Sustainability and climate Issue 2, 2014: The Fulton Center, Design Sowden, Susanne Sugiarto, Chris Tidball, technology that has leapfrogged business IT change have both become accepted facts of of the Cable Net, Zak Kostura, Erin Young Wong to set new standards for connectivity. As an life, ones that we’re responding to in our work. Morrow, Ben Urick industry, built environment design and Sustainability has expanded and grown as a 74 Singapore Sports Hub construction wasn’t made much more concept to encompass overall resilience to 68 London in 2012 productive by the first micro-computer age in threats economic and social, as well as natural Parametric design to develop the world’s the 1980s. By contrast, the new digital era is and physical. Tackling these issues requires the A showcase of Arup projects in London largest free-spanning dome structure bringing together visualisation, operational kind of multidisciplinary approach Arup is Issue 2, 2012: The London Special Issue Issue 1, 2015: Andrew Henry, Chia Wah data and analytics to allow us to become much well-organised to deliver. Kam, Clive Lewis, Malcolm Smith, Mike King, Nick Boulter, Peter Hoad, Ruth more ambitious in our work. 70 The Vegas High Roller And in an era of rapid change it’s also worth Wong, Scott Munro, See Lin Ming Circular flights in the City of Lights We’re seeing the effects of the digital saying something positive about continuity. Issue 2, 2014: Ibrahim Almufti, Nicholas revolution most clearly in our work in cities. For 50 years, The Arup Journal has been Christie, Adrian Crowther, Mary Ferguson, 76 BIQ House The data we now have is making cities far dedicated to explaining the processes that go Brandon Kluzniak, Jason Krolicki, John Micro-algae and sunlight combine into more intelligible to designers, engineers and into our work, capturing the specifics of our Lyle, Hugo Mulder, Rob Smith, Brandon an innovative renewable power source their citizens. We’re able to shape public projects. As our work deepens in its scope, Sullivan, Michael Willford Issue 2, 2013: Jan Wurm transport projects using public data, able to sophistication and meaning, the role of pinpoint the best route for trains or metro The Arup Journal in sharing what we’ve services. We have projects where anonymised learnt, is as critical as ever. 71 Lake Mead Intake No.3 phone data or Twitter heat maps can tell us in The world’s highest-pressure subaqueous tunnel Issue 1, 2016: John Hurt, Luis Piek

64 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 65 The Fulton Center

1. 2. 3.

Skylight support On the corner of Fulton Street and Broadway, consultant for the project, to provide overall Arup’s role as lead consultant helped Oculus ring Craig Covil, was the project director the Fulton Center unites 12 subway lines and planning, project and design management, significantly in fostering a creative for the Fulton Center. six stations beneath Lower Manhattan into a engineering and risk advice. collaboration that fully involved the client, single transit hub. Arup created MassMotion the approving authorities, and the several We had such an important undertaking, pedestrian simulation software specifically to Corbin Building architectural firms that worked on the overall extensive in scale and lengthy in project understand how people would move through Retention of the Corbin Building depended development. duration, that for me the epitaph has Top tiebacks this complex interchange. The connections on whether it could be made compliant with Top tension ring been the journey to becoming a trusted Paired cable net developed between the lines, as a result, modern building standards. One of the first Oculus and Sky Reflector-Net (centreline geometry) advisor to our client. We were allowed enable commuters to negotiate it with ease, challenges was how to structurally integrate The superstructure of the Fulton Center, to engage in things way outside our leading to a smooth flow of people. it with its new neighbour. Initial investigation designed by Grimshaw Architects, is a original brief, and our holistic strategies,

Third floor anchorage of the site established that it would have to three-storey glazed pavilion set around a Bottom tension ring robust and rational, endured the many Bottom tiebacks Above the stations, the Fulton Center offers be supported. So Arup developed two 3D central eight-storey cone structure Second floor anchorage vicissitudes of project delivery. It’s a multi-storey retail crowned by a distinctive structural analysis models to interrogate and surmounted by the inclined circular skylight 5. privilege to work for clients and earn circular cone and glass skylight – the oculus predict the building’s movement and stability known as the oculus, which collects and 4. their trust, it empowers and enables us – that has become a city landmark. The cone given its limited foundations and the need to redirects sunlight through the building. The to do greater things. is lined with a stainless steel cable net, a connect it to the new transit hub. central space beneath the dome and oculus is Extending the full height of the central interior temperature and building movement permanent art installation of almost 1,000 occupied by a large-scale artistic installation space, the cable net is suspended from 56 would influence the movement of the net, reflective panels that direct light downwards Ultimately it was decided to build a new – the Sky Reflector-Net. connection points around the compression then developed 815 unique scenarios that 1, 2. Many thousands of people transit through to illuminate the subterranean space. lateral stability frame attached to the ring of the oculus and anchored to as many each produced a slightly different cable net the Fulton Center every day. The exterior blends Corbin’s west edge, to support it by The Sky Reflector-Net is the result of an cantilevered beams at levels 2 and 3. It is a shape. Finally, Arup analysed the intensity the modernity of the glass frontage and oculus Next door, and attached to the Fulton Center, absorbing some of the lateral shear forces engineering, architectural and artistic skewed hyperbolic paraboloid, or hypar, in and distribution of the light that would filter skylight with the historic redbrick Corbin is the historic Corbin Building – Manhattan’s created by the new Fulton Center, and also collaboration between Arup, Grimshaw and form; but, unlike a regular hypar, it has into the space below. The result is a bright, Building. tallest when it was built in 1888. Lavishly provide a location for the Corbin’s upgraded James Carpenter Design Associates to double curvature. Moreover, the skewed uplifting space that welcomes visitors and 3. MassMotion pedestrian simulation software was developed specifically to understand how decorated with ornamental terracotta and services. Given the narrow wedge shape of develop a reflective lining that is independent form has only one axis of symmetry, so each cheers the daily commute of thousands of people move through the levels down to the steelwork, it had fallen into disrepair and was the building, there was little flexibility to of, and offset from, the dome’s interior. The four-sided infill panel has a unique shape, New Yorkers. station platforms underground. scheduled for demolition until it was restored remodel the interior for these upgrades, result is a steel cable net structure supporting defined by the lengths and intersecting angles 4. Even in the base of the station, commuters as part of the project. so an external frame was beneficial in this nearly 1,000 coated aluminium infill panels of the cable segments along each side. Fulton cable net: arup.com/journal22013 can look up through the oculus to see the sky. regard. And as the models predicted, the using flexible, universal node connection Corbin Building: arup.com/journal12014 5. The steel cable net structure of the Sky Arup was commissioned by the Metropolitan dead weight of the new frame added greatly assemblies. Arup worked with architect and artist to Reflector-Net that gathers light from the oculus Transportation Agency (MTA) as prime to its stability. understand how factors such as air pressure, to illuminate the spaces below.

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to be supported, and the firm provided Crossrail multidisciplinary services on the project. While there were many eye-catching designs on the city’s skyline, a big story was shaping London in 2012 Other projects featured in The Arup Journal up underground. Crossrail – the most 2012 Special Issue include: extensive civil engineering project in Europe The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Speed 1 (HS1), has reconfigured London’s – was finally hitting its stride. This is an Games meant the eyes of the world were transport landscape. The shift in its centre of The Shard Arup tunnelling project and by mid-2012 two focused on the UK capital that year, and gravity towards the north and east is a lasting A striking addition to the London skyline, of the tunnel boring machines (TBMs) began beyond the Games there was much to legacy, both socially and economically. The Shard’s spire-like shape, 310 metres their journey from Royal Oak, near celebrate in the revitalised infrastructure of tall, with constantly varying geometries, Paddington in the west, to Farringdon in the the capital. The Arup Journal, in a special Stratford and the Olympic Park presented unique challenges in terms of the east. Arup is involved in many parts of the issue of the magazine, showcased projects The masterplan for Stratford and the Queen position and implementation of its services, continuing programme, including the new that demonstrate how Arup’s reputation for Elizabeth Olympic Park was developed with including the requirement for additional station within the deck of Canary Wharf. collaborative innovation made the firm a the intention of leaving a lasting legacy: a high-speed evacuation lifts. The ever- player in many of the city’s milestone vibrant residential and business area that decreasing floor plate sizes meant the The London Special Issue: arup.com/journal22012 achievements. would thrive after the Games. Arup team that worked on this project had 2. 4. to design plant and MEP functions that Masterplanning for London 2012 And this was to be done on a site scarred by worked compactly. The opportunity to redevelop land east of years of heavy industry. In the south of the The firm’s visualisations showed plans for Employing powerful gaming technology, the London was spawned many years previously Olympic Park – an area that became an urban the Olympic Park site in realistic detail and team used this model to create a real-time Evelyn Grace Academy by Arup’s plan for the Channel Tunnel Rail park after the Games – planning focused on this helped the design teams and stakeholders simulation that let stakeholders ‘fly through’ ’s ambitious Evelyn Grace Link (CTRL) route (see page 56). how to redevelop the complicated landscape of to make important decisions. Using bespoke the park. The simulation proved an ideal tool Academy, Lambeth, provides 1. Stratford City in the foreground with the existing watercourses, roads and railways that software, Arup brought together information to help choose between options and for accommodation for two schools in a three- Olympic Stadium beyond. When the UK government adopted the firm’s were interwoven along the border of the new from across the park to create virtual and stakeholder and public consultation. storey curving shape. Arup, as structural 2. A model of the approved masterplan for Stratford City. proposal to run CTRL into the north of Stratford City development. Contaminated land physical models, animations and still engineer, made the design workable within London from the east, it not only connected and groundwater was an issue in many parts of visualisations. King’s Cross the tightly constrained budget. Natural or 3. The new King’s Cross station roof. the UK with the European rail network, but the site and remediating successfully, swiftly In addition to masterplanning for the passive ventilation keeps down the building’s 4. Evelyn Grace Academy, a challenging operating costs. structure Arup delivered with Zaha Hadid also made available three large sites of and comprehensively was a crucial element Initially, the visualisation supported the King’s Cross area, Arup worked on the Architects. largely derelict land at King’s Cross, of the plan, essential to the success of the structures, bridges and highways modernisation of the station. The original Leadenhall Building 5. Design and implementation of the Stratford and Ebbsfleet. Arup’s range of roles Games and to underpin the legacy proposals. workstream: clear communication was Victorian façades were retained and a building services and communications in transforming these sites included the essential to achieve planning permission, and vaulting canopy roof over the western Arup worked with Rogers Stirk Harbour + infrastructure on The Shard meant creating masterplan for Stratford, the regeneration Infrastructure for the new Stratford City visualisations enabled planners to see exactly concourse was added. Partners on this project, known to most solutions that tapered with its shape. principles for King’s Cross, and preparing retail development was reclaimed from what was proposed. This worked so well that Londoners as ‘the cheese-grater’. A massive the cost–benefit study for the government former railway land. With the bare minimum later in the project Arup built a coordinated The roof was described approvingly by steel diagrid-framed building tapering to a that paved the way for the Olympics. of existing infrastructure on the site, Arup computer model of the whole Olympic Park architectural critic Kieran Long as “like narrow summit, it presented challenges in drew up a plan encompassing earthworks, site, set in a wider model of London, some kind of reverse waterfall”. Arup’s terms of location and layout of its building CTRL and the revitalisation of east London bridges, retaining walls, highways, drainage, bringing together information from GSA structural analysis software proved an services. Arup’s solution was to integrate were significant factors in winning the lighting and utilities, including combined architects, engineers, landscape designers important tool in establishing the viability them into the architecture of the building Games; and CTRL, now known as High cooling, heat and power (CCHP). and other specialists. of the roof design, given the massive loads from the outset.

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Intake No.3 (EL 260m)

Intake No.3 Water treatment facility connector tunnel Intake No.1 (EL 320m) Intake No.2 (EL 305m)

LAL AKEA MEEAA D

1. 3. 1. 3. The Vegas High Roller Lake Mead Intake No.3

In a city as visually arresting as Las Vegas, In the absence of a full design-build passengers experience a continuous flat- Orchestrating the design and construction 6.1m-diameter tunnel safely, given the The new intake won’t draw more water from it takes a remarkable structure to make an contractor, the client asked Arup to develop floored experience. Each of the 28 cabins is of the world’s highest-pressure subaqueous pressure from above and the need to avoid the lake than before, or make the surface impact. The 550ft-high Vegas High Roller, the design of the wheel, its structure, the suspended from a V-frame that connects back tunnel, bored down into the bed of Lake Mead flooding the new tunnel before the level drop any faster, but it will keep the opened in 2014, is an elegant response. The platforms and foundations. The scope of to the rim of the wheel. reservoir, South Nevada, involved Arup’s connection was complete. The Arup team water flowing even if drought-stricken Lake structural design of this giant observational works called for a highly integrated response international tunnel engineering team working opted to prefabricate the intake structure in a Mead drops to its lowest-ever levels. It will wheel, particularly the ‘V frame’ that to the reference design, using many The cabins were extensively prototyped for under an unprecedented 17 bar from above. hole at the bottom of the lake, surround it ensure quality and security of water supply in attaches cabin to rim, is deceptively simple connected disciplines: structural wheel manufacturing ease, performance and The tunnel takes water out of the bottom with concrete, and bore the tunnel towards it, Nevada, and the knowledge gained on this and highly efficient. design, wind engineering and occupant stability, and safety was a major driver within of the reservoir into the water supply system connecting intake and tunnel using a project has informed other Arup tunnelling comfort assessment; geotechnical the design: the Roller features full for Las Vegas. remote access vehicle only when both commissions around the world. The wheel was commissioned by Caesars engineering and foundation design; the High redundancy, a backup ‘sloth mode’ in the were complete. Entertainment for its LINQ development Roller’s drive mechanism and controls; cabin case of general power failure, and emergency With water levels in the lake falling Lake Mead Intake: arup.com/journal12016 on the Vegas Strip, and Arup worked in design including glazing and heating; fire supplies for passengers in each cabin should drastically over the past 10 years through An initial access tunnel was built, wide collaboration with specialist contractors, engineering and safety systems; acoustic they get stuck for an extended period. drought and increased demand, the two enough to allow assembly and operation of fabricators, suppliers and other consultants and noise consulting; failure mode analysis existing intake tunnels were placed too high the 1,500-tonne tunnel boring machine to deliver the project’s aspiration: an and documentation. Vegas High Roller: arup.com/journal22014 to offer continued access to quality drinking (TBM). As the TBM moved slowly forward, 1. The new intake tunnel runs deep below unforgettable passenger experience. The water, so a third deeper intake was deemed 2,400 precast concrete rings, each weighing Lake Mead to supply Las Vegas with water. firm’s involvement followed its success in Beyond the structural engineering of the vital. For Arup, this was an eight year 30 tonnes, were lowered into place behind it 2. Boring the tunnels was complex and 1. After the London Eye and the Singapore Flyer, difficult work, performed under immense engineering two similar observation wheels wheel itself, it was clear that the cabin Arup designed and delivered the Vegas High Roller. tunnelling project, a perilous operation to to form the tunnel. Meanwhile, the concrete pressure of up to 17 bar from above. – the London Eye and the Singapore Flyer, experience would be critical to making the 2. The rotational cabins in production, the result of bore through the bottom of the lake. and steel intake was fabricated on shore 3. Schematic of the first two shallower intakes, the latter being a close comparison for the High Roller a success. So, as the wheel many design iterations and prototyping. before being floated out on the lake and sunk with Intake No.3 placed further offshore in High Roller at 541ft tall. operates the cabins are designed to actively 3. CGI model of the cabins, showing the V-frame A precise and innovative methodology to the concrete base already installed on the one of the deepest areas of the reservoir. rotate relative to the rim, ensuring the connecting to the main rim. was defined to excavate the 5km-long, lake bed.

70 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 71 +71.5m

+46.5m

3.

+6.0m 360m

2.

Buildings Information Modelling (BIM) Architecture BIM techniques played a central role in this Inspired by Chinese mythology, the multidisciplinary project. BIM proved key to building’s flowing roofline is fashioned in understanding how the design would deliver the shape of a dragon’s wings or the rising on requirements and represent a viable waves of the sea. And the design is intensely solution for all stakeholders. With so many practical, its shape ideally suited to the linear complicated and interconnected technologies production line within. The 400m-long roof and structural elements within the design, spans over, and unites, the two incinerator 4. these ‘buildability’ insights were invaluable. plants and the centrally located The entire design process followed a detailed administration tower. In the longitudinal 3D BIM model that could coordinate direction, the roof height varies from 6m to packages, simulate operation of key features 35m above ground level, with the highest and help define a successful construction points housing two incinerators. To achieve process in virtual space. It also meant the natural light penetration into the building, a team could resolve issues with the design series of varying-height north-lights project implementation dynamically, inside the from the roof surface, forming a stepped computer, at every stage. profile to the transverse roof cross-section.

This project was an exemplar of how Fire engineering powerful a comprehensive use of BIM can Fire safety design was an important facet of be. The modelling tools comprised detailed this project for Arup. As well as the industrial designs of the entire project from the plant, the sludge treatment facility has a 1. geotechnical engineering at the rock head, visitors’ centre, so strategy had to be 5. to the engineering and mechanical design of developed with public access in mind. In high-pressure pipework, power and lighting addition, the high-temperature incineration – all within a single model. that is part of the sludge treatment process is new to Hong Kong. Prescriptive fire codes Hong Kong’s waste-to-energy plant Site formation and foundations could not be applied fully to the facility and The seven hectare site of the facility, in therefore fire engineering assessments were 1. With a flowing roofline, the structure blends Hong Kong’s waste-to-energy plant at Tsang steam turbines that create enough power to Tuen Mun district on the northern coast of conducted to demonstrate the appropriate fire elegantly into its surroundings on Stonecutters Tsui Ash Lagoons, is a critical element of the run the facility and export to the grid. At full the New Territories, is in an area that had safety level. The fire engineering aspect of Island, Hong Kong. Hong Kong Government’s strategic approach operational capacity, an excess of 2MW of been used for disposing of pulverised ash the project is detailed in the full Arup 2. The plant fits into the undulations of the roof. to managing sewage sludge. Arup worked power is available daily. The site has also fuel (PFA) from the nearby Black Point Journal article. 3. BIM model showing flue gas treatment area with the Veolia–Leighton–John Holland joint committed to a zero fluids discharge policy: Power Station. and support steelwork coordination with Sustainability equipment. venture and Vasconi Architects to devise and water recovered from desalination is used on deliver what is the world’s largest sludge site for drinking and industrial processes, and Since none of the PFA material could be Hong Kong’s waste-to-energy sludge 4, 5. Comparison between as-built flue gas duct exported off site, the nominal site formation and 3D BIM model of the same area. treatment facility of its type. all wastewater is reused. treatment facility combines state-of-the-art was carefully selected so that PFA could be engineering with a stylish architectural 6, 7. 6, 7. The pipe bridge, after construction and as a 3D BIM model. Operational since early 2015, the plant Designing and constructing the new plant used as fill in low-lying areas. Once it was approach. A key building block in the Hong processes 2,000 tonnes of waste daily and meant closely integrating civil, structural, established that the corrosive qualities of Kong Environmental Protection Department’s is a model of sustainable infrastructure, geotechnical, process and power generation the fuel ash layer would not damage steel sewage treatment strategy, it will play an diverting its own heat into power generation disciplines. Having won the tender in 2009, piles over time, a combination of 15m- and important role in protecting sea water quality and reducing the amount of sludge that goes Arup mobilised a team from different parts of 30m-deep driven H-piles was selected as and also provide a steady supply of electrical to landfill by 90%. The heat generated by the the firm to work on delivering this technically the most appropriate solution. power to the residents of Hong Kong. treatment process is sufficient to power challenging waste treatment facility. Sludge treatment facility: arup.com/journal22015

72 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 73 1.

Reducing dead load wherever possible was a key goal and the team estimated that for every 10kg of weight added to any part of Singapore Sports Hub the shell structure, a further 4kg would need to be added to hold it up. This was a strong Singapore celebrated the opening of Asia’s influence in the design of the moving roof first integrated sports, leisure, entertainment structure as well as the moving/fixed roof and lifestyle destination – the Singapore cladding design. The result is a dome that Sports Hub – in June 2014. uses one-third of the steel weight per square metre compared with other large-span Located on a 35-hectare waterfront site, structures of this scale. 2. within easy reach of the city centre and international airport, the Sports Hub is key Moving roof cladding to the Government of Singapore’s urban For the moving roof, Arup’s architects development plan and central to its 2020 wanted a lightweight cladding system that vision for a sustainable, healthy and provided shade to the seating bowl and 1. A panoramic view of the Singapore Sports expanding population. Since opening, the reduced solar heat gain. At the same time Hub in its waterfront location. The National venue has been in use for at least 100 days the team wanted the moving roof to appear Stadium at the heart of the development is per year, demonstrating its popularity as an 3. 4. translucent to create a naturally lit event oriented to provide a magnificent view of the space during the day. city when the roof is opened. event facility. The dome roof form was chosen as it is The model was used to control a multitude Roof design 2. A conceptual sketch of the stadium. At the heart of the Sports Hub is the new structurally the most efficient for a roof of other relationships between elements, The initial target was to reduce steel weight A multi-layer ETFE pillow was chosen to 3. The seating bowl is designed for optimised meet these design requirements and at the viewing of football, rugby, cricket and athletics: National Stadium conceived as a unifying structure of this scale, especially one that which would have been impossible to by leveraging the inherent efficiencies of the 30,000 of the seats are retractable. protective canopy that connects all parts of integrates a retractable roof. Singapore is a achieve using conventional software. Each shell roof form. One outcome of this was same time provide the opportunity to the Sports Hub masterplan. The dome to the unique location – no seismic activity, low parameter was treated in the same way – reduction in the depth of the primary structure illuminate the moving roof at night. Sized 4. Detail of the cladding systems between the 2 fixed roof of the stadium and the giant louvres stadium has a span of more than 310m, wind and no snow load – so it presented the structural and architectural requirements as it came to ground. Two control surfaces at 20,000m , the moving roof is one of the that shelter the promenade around its perimeter making it the largest free-spanning dome Arup team with a unique architectural and were considered, an optimised parameter were established to define this – one sphere largest addressable LED screens in the showing how the structure is reduced to structure in the world – an awe-inspiring structural opportunity. agreed and inserted into the geometric to the top and an offset sphere to the bottom world and an unmistakable feature on the something more in keeping with the human Singapore skyline. scale at ground level.. event space. Air-cooled, and designed with control model for the roof. surface – with the roof structure reducing a movable roof and retractable seating for a Parametric model from a maximum depth of 5m to the centre of wide range of sport and leisure events, it is The latest parametric modelling software was In time, a fully editable 3D model of the the dome, to 2.5m at the base. This optimised Singapore Sports Hub: arup.com/journal12015 a state-of-the-art stadium. essential to the integrated architectural stadium roof was completed that defined structural solution provided an architectural design and engineering of the Sports Hub, every constraint imposed on the roof and benefit at ground level as the proportions of Within the team that developed this project, particularly the stadium roof. So a model was could be used independently by every the structure reduced to something more in Arup’s client was Dragages Singapore. built that allowed the roof structure to be member of the team. keeping with the human scale. Arup Associates worked with DP Architects assessed structurally and redefined as the on the architecture. design developed.

74 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 75 BIQ House Image Credits

1960s 1990s Snape Maltings Concert Hall: 1 Jeremy Young; 2, 3, 4, 5 Arup Associates Øresund Bridge: 1 Shutterstock/Kimson; 2 Niels Poulson; 3 Øresundkonsortiet; 4 Arup York Minster: 1 Shutterstock/Jerome Whittingham; 2 Arup Glyndebourne Opera House: 1 Martin Charles; 2 Martin Hall; 3, 4 Arup Emley Moor Tower: 1 Dave Foord, www.thebigtower.com; 2 Arup Stockley Park: 1, 2 Andrew Putler; 3, 4 Arup Associates Concrete system building: 1, 2, 3 Arup Associates; 4 Hugh J Pocock; 5 Arup Phoenix Central Library: 1, 2, 3, 4 Bill Timmerman A1 Viaduct, Gateshead: 1, 2 MT Walters & Associates; 3, Arup Yapi Kredi Bank: 1, 2, 3 Peter Cook/VIEW Shahyad Aryamehr: 1 Shutterstock/rickyd; 2 Shutterstock/rasoulali Kinali–Sakarya Motorway and Karasu Viaduct: 1 IGLE ()/STFA (Turkey); 2, 3 Harry Sowden 1970s Eastgate: 1, 2 Arup; 3 Martin Hall Sydney Opera House: 1 Shutterstock/GagliardiImages; 2 David Messent; Heathrow Transfer Baggage System: 1, 2, Arup; 3 Martin Hall 3 Robert Baudin, Courtesy Australian Air Photo; 4 Max Dupain Carslberg Brewery: 1, 2 Arup 2000s Byker Viaduct: 1, 2, 3 Arup Arup in Beijing: 1, 3 Ben McMillan; 2 Marcel Lam; 4, 5, 6 OMA; Centre Pompidou: 1 Shutterstock/Dmitry Brizhatyuk; 2 Bernard Vincent; 7 Fu Xing Architectural Photography; 8 Zhou Ruogu Architecture Photography; 3 Shutterstock/d13; 4, 5, 6 Arup 9 Fu Xing Architectural Photography/TFP Farrells Bush Lane House: 1, 2, 3, 4 Arup Channel Tunnel Rail Link: 1 Daniel Clements; 2 Paul Childs; 3 Mac Hawkins/Hawk Editions; 4 Martin Hall OCBC Centre: 1, 2 Arup; 3 Paul McMullin; 4 Arup Hudson River Park: 1, 2, 3 Luca Vignelli/HRPT Barbican Arts Centre: 1 Arup/Roger Ridsall Smith; 2 Shutterstock; 3 Raf Makda Druk White Lotus School: 1, 2, 3 Arup Bundesgartenschau, Mannheim: 1 Frei Otto; 2 Raul Lieberwirth; 3 Arup The Eden Project: 1, 2 Graham Gaunt; 3 Martin Hall BedZED: 1 Raf Makda/VIEW; 2, 4 Arup; 3 Graham Gaunt 1980s Heathrow Terminal 5: 1 Shutterstock/pio3; 2, 5 BAA Ltd; 3 Martin Hall; HSBC Building, Hong Kong: 1, 2 Ian Lambot; 3 Arup; 4 Shutterstock/WaitForLight 4 David J Osborn The British Library: 1 Shutterstock/Alistair Scott; 2, 5 Martin Hall; 3 Shutterstock/Gabriele Gelsi 4 Arup 2010s 1. 2. Lloyd’s of London: 1 Shutterstock/Bikeworldtravel; 2, 3 Arup The Fulton Center: 1, 2, 4 James Ewing; 3, 5 Arup Associates 1 Finsbury Avenue: 1, 2, 3 Arup Associates London in 2012: 1 Arup; 3, 4 Hufton+Crowe; 2 Arup Associates; Rainwater storage From heating to lighting to air conditioning, absorption of carbon dioxide and light, thus Stansted Airport: 1, 3 Arup; 2 Richard Davies 5 Thomas Graham buildings are some of the biggest consumers boosting the production of biomass while Ravenspurn North: 1, 2 Arup; 3 Martin Hall The Vegas High Roller: 1 Arup; 2 Shuttrstock/Leonard Zhukovsky; 3 Arup of energy. As building design embraces simultaneously washing them clean from the Photovoltaic panels The Menil Collection: 1, 2, 3 Richard Bryant Lake Mead Intake No.3: 1 Shutterstock/photogolfer; 2, 3 Arup to generate operating net-zero carbon goals, the race to create new inside. Up to 40% of the incident solar Lord’s Mound Stand: 1 Shutterstock/Ron Gerard; 2 Richard Bryant; 3 Arup power post-carbon energy sources is under way. energy is recouped from the hot water in the Hong Kong waste-to-energy plant: 1 Sky Eye Co Ltd; 2, 3 Arup; 4 Marcel Lam Solar thermal Singapore Sports Hub: 1 Darren Soh; 2, 4 Arup; 3 Cavin Teo collectors panels and burning the algae that’s grown. The BIQ (Bio Intelligent Quotient) House, BIQ House: 1, 2 Colt/Arup/SSC; 3 Jan Wurm built in 2013 for the IBA International When other partners, including Colt Building Exhibition in , Germany, International, with their expertise in façade

Bioreactors Heat buffer is a four-storey residential apartment block and climate engineering components, came in winter with a bio-responsive algae façade to into the collaborative partnership, the team generate heat and energy. finessed the panels. The resulting façade component was a glass louvre the height of The façade technology, now marketed by a whole storey of the BIQ House, which Printed by Pureprint Group using The Arup Journal Micro combined its ® environmental print Vol50 No2 (2/2016) heat and power Active thermal Colt International as ‘SolarLeaf’, is the result pivots to track the position of the sun. The plant insulation using technology. The printing inks are made Editor: Angela Swann geothermal heat of a collaborative project launched by Arup frame containing the supporting technology from vegetable based oils and no Layout design: Martin Hall and Austrian architects Splitterwerk when includes a pressurised air supply, inlets harmful industrial alcohol is used in the Cover design : hanselldesign.co.uk they came together to develop an entry for and outlets. printing process with 98% of any dry Editorial: Tel: +44 (0)20 7755 4838 Decentralised harvesting unit and the IBA ‘Smart Materials House’ waste associated with this production email: [email protected] combined heat and power plant diverted from landfill. Pureprint Group Published by at neighbourhood/district scale competition. The work they started resulted The BIQ House was the first pilot project is a CarbonNeutral® company and is Arup, 13 Fitzroy Street, 3. in a working prototype within just two years. and Arup developed the energy concept, the certificated to Environmental London W1T 4BQ, UK. energy control centre and the mechanical Management System ISO 14001 Tel: +44 (0)20 7636 1531 Arup and Splitterwerk brought together systems for it. The success of the apartments, and registered to EMAS, the Eco Fax: +44 (0)20 7580 3924 1. The SolarLeaf panels that clad the exterior of Management and Audit Scheme. We shape a better world | www.arup.com BIQ House. hydrobiology specialists Strategic Science which are now occupied, has been widely 2. Using natural biological processes the cladding Consult GmbH, with Immosolar GmbH, to heralded as a great example of the rethinking panels generate heat and power from sunlight develop flat-panel bioreactors, similar to solar needed to decarbonise building design. 3. The BIQ House: the completed, fully assembled thermal collectors. SSC’s technology created competition entry was a successful proof-of-concept. air bubbles within the panels to stimulate the BIQ House: arup.com/journal22013

76 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 77 1966

2016 78 The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue The Arup Journal 50th Anniversary Issue 79 The Arup Journal 180 issues 50 1,000 + years articles

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