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Routes Towards the Western & Central Mediterranean

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Routes Towards the Western & Central Mediterranean ROUTES TOWARDS THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA UNHCR’s Updated Risk Mitigation Strategy and Appeal January 2021 Contents Key Figures 4 Introduction 6 22 30 38 44 50 ACHIEVEMENTS IMPLEMENTATION OUTLOOK PRIORITIES COMPLEMENTARY AREAS OF 2019 – 2020 CHALLENGES for 2021 for 2021 PRIORITY ADVOCACY EFFORTS 2019 – 2020 Financial Requirements 2021 for Highlighted Activities 52 Sub-Regional Components 54 55 60 66 72 78 WEST AND CENTRAL EAST AND HORN OF NORTH AFRICA SOUTHERN OFFICE OF AFRICA REGION AFRICA REGION REGION EUROPEAN REGION THE SPECIAL ENVOY 2 UNHCR > ROUTES TOWARDS THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA > APPEAL JANUARY 2021 ROUTES TOWARDS THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA > APPEAL JANUARY 2021 3 At least 1,064 people are believed to have died or gone missing while trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea from North Africa in 2020 Key Figures ITALY 34,154 people arrived by sea to Italy 808 direct humanitarian in 2020, evacuations from Libya to Italy PORTUGAL SPAIN since Nov 2017 almost 3 times more than 2019 MALTA 1,567 refugees resettled from Libya 209% increase in since Nov 2017 sea departures from TUNISIA Algeria in 2020 as 23,023 arrivals in Canary MOROCCO compared to 2019 310% increase Islands, Spain, in 2020, 753% increase in sea in sea departures 58% increase from 2019 departures from Libya in 2020 from Tunisia in as compared to 2019 2020 as compared Canary Islands to 2019 ALGERIA LIBYA EGYPT Western 3,876 refugees and asylum-seekers At least 1,825 Sahara evacuated from Libya to Niger and people believed to have Rwanda since Nov 2017 died along land routes from Based on 4Mi survey data East and West Africa to Libya in 2018 and 2019. An estimated and Egypt in 2020 people are See UNHCR and MMC, 480 On this journey, no one cares if MALI believed dead or you live or die, July 2020. NIGER gone missing in the Atlantic coastal MAURITANIA Based on 4Mi survey data in 2018 3,961 new arrivals from Eritrea to Eastern and 2019, as well as additional waters in 2020 Sudan in 2020, including 331 UASCs At least 6,100 people affected by SGBV along the routes open sources. in 2018 and 2019 UNHCR and MMC, On this journey, no one cares if you live or die, ERITREA July 2020 CHAD SENEGAL SUDAN THE GAMBIA 18% BURKINA increase in persons of concern to UNHCR in GUINEA-BISSAU FASO the West and Central Africa region in 2020 55,000 refugees from Ethiopia GUINEA BENIN fled to Sudan in Nov and Dec 2020 due to clashes in Tigray region NIGERIA SIERRA LEONE COTE TOGO ETHIOPIA D’IVOIRE SOUTH GHANA CENTRAL AFRICAN SUDAN LIBERIA REPUBLIC 4 UNHCR > ROUTES TOWARDS THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA > APPEAL JANUARYCAMEROON 2021 ROUTES TOWARDS THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA > APPEAL JANUARY 2021 5 SOMALIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC KENYA REP. OF THE CONGO OF THE UGANDA GABON CONGO RWANDA BURUNDI Contents Key figures Introduction Achievements Implementation Outlooks Priorities Complementary Financial Sub-Regional Challenges Areas Requirements Components From Somalia, I was with other people leaving. I travelled from Introduction Somalia to Ethiopia in a car. Then I stopped in Addis Ababa. I spent five days there, and from there I found smugglers and I travelled to Sudan. To cross the border, I did not have to The dangerous irregular mixed movements of give a lot of money. After I arrived in refugees and migrants across the Sahara Desert Sudan, immediately we went to towards and through North African countries as Khartoum. We spent a few days also well as via the sea routes to Italy, Malta, and Spain there, then we found smugglers to take us from Sudan to Libya through continue to take a devastating toll on human life. the desert. From Sudan to Libya, they told us that we did not have to pay In 2020, some 1,5501 refugees and migrants were reported dead or gone The joint report by UNHCR and any money [prior to departing]. * missing in irregular movements at sea from West and North Africa to Italy, MMC highlighted these I spent only six days in the desert, Malta and Spain. While some 524 of these losses occurred as people tried to multiple risks, reflected some cross the sea from Libya, often on overcrowded inflatable boats which of the key locations where they some people spend much more time sometimes capsized or deflated, a further 201 people, majority West African, are more acute, and noted that AP, Shooting at like one month in the desert. I was drowned trying to cross the sea from Tunisia. Also, as the number of people refugees and migrants face the smuggling warehouse in Libya lucky. When you are crossing trying to cross to the Canary Islands from West and North Africa increased, possibility of violence from kills 30 migrants, 28 May 2020 so too did the number of deaths and people gone missing with at least 480 multiple actors along the route. through the road, you find dead UNHCR and MMC, On this journey, no one reported in 2020. In addition, many others died along land routes through people who were killed. People who cares if you live or die, July 2020. the desert, in detention centres, or in the captivity of smugglers or traffickers. For example, according to survey data Based on media died of dehydration. Sometimes you A joint report by UNHCR and the Mixed Migration Centre (MMC) published presented in the report, the main reports, incidents spend 24 hours without water. All of earlier this year indicated that some 1,750 people may have died along the recorded in IOM’s perpetrators of gender-based violence land routes to and through Libya and Egypt between 2018 and 2019, an Missing Migrants against asylum-seekers, refugees, and these things happen. The worst was database, and * average of at least 72 deaths a month. At least a further 85 deaths have additional open migrants are human traffickers and seeing people on the side of the been recorded along land routes in 2020,* including 30 people killed by source reports. smugglers, while law enforcement road who had died of dehydration, traffickers in Mizdah, Libya, in May.* It is however important to note that many authorities, security forces, police or military more deaths are likely to go unrecorded. as well as border guards or immigration lack of water. I witnessed this. officials were reported to be primarily Because although the Libyan drivers Extrajudicial killings, being left to die in the desert, torture including to extract responsible for the incidents of physical have water, if you ask them to give AP, Shooting at smuggling ransoms, gender-based violence and exploitation, forced labour, forced violence, especially in West Africa. Criminal warehouse in Libya you some water, maybe they shoot kills 30 migrants, marriage and other gross human rights abuses are among the many risks gangs, often operating with the protection of 28 May 2020 faced by people as they travel from West Africa or the East and Horn of UN Security Council, armed groups, are also responsible for some you because they have guns. So you * Implementation of Africa to and through North Africa. resolution 2491 (2019), of these abuses. do not ask. 2 September 2020 1 Dead and missing figures are compiled from a variety of sources, the quality and reliability Unaccompanied Somali boy who arrived in Malta of which can vary. While every effort has been made to ensure that all statistical information is verified, figures on dead and missing at sea represent an estimate. Triangulation of information and sources is performed on a continuous basis. Therefore amendments in figures may occur, including retroactively. 6 UNHCR > ROUTES TOWARDS THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA > APPEAL JANUARY 2021 ROUTES TOWARDS THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA > APPEAL JANUARY 2021 7 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Contents Key figures Introduction Achievements Implementation Outlooks Priorities Complementary Financial Sub-Regional Challenges Areas Requirements Components DEVELOPMENTS IN 2020 Measures taken by several States to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus, such as border closures*, and the global UNHCR, COVID-19 decrease in remittances from diaspora communities due to the Platform: Temporary Measures and Impact on Protection, no date. impact of the pandemic may have temporarily interrupted or delayed some movements. However, many smugglers were quick to adapt and to offer alternative ways to bypass official controls by using different routes with adapted criminal business models. During 2020, people continued to embark on these dangerous journeys from their countries of origin for many different reasons. Primary movements from countries of origin are often due to very limited life prospects and thus people migrate in search of better economic, social or educational opportunities elsewhere. Among them are many who have been lured by attractive offers from traffickers about opportunities in Europe or people fed misinformation by smugglers about the ease of the journey. Sometimes diaspora groups abroad encourage people to embark UNHCR Associate Protection Officer on these journeys by concealing the risks involved and by financing the Tatiana Saade explains costs. Lack of efficient and inclusive access to family reunification the emergency cash assistance system to a procedures or to other legal migration pathways from the countries of Syrian refugee at a origin constitute in this regard a driver for some of these movements. Other community centre in people are forced to flee from persecution, conflict, and violence in their Nouakchott as part of financial aid for urban own countries to find refuge in countries that will welcome them, grant refugees during the them asylum, and protect them. COVID-19 lockdown.
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