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Diptera: Syrphidae) of the Americas South of the United States

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Diptera: Syrphidae) of the Americas South of the United States 15 May 1997 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 99(2), 1997, pp. 209-237 REVISION OF THE ERISTALIS FLOWER FLIES (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) OF THE AMERICAS SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560, U.S.A. Abstract.—Three new species are described (Eristalis alleni, E. gatesi, and Palpada eristaloides); lectotypes are designated for bogotensis Macquart, circe Williston, latifrons Loew, rufoscutata Bigot, stipator Osten Sacken; new synonyms noted {Eristalis tenuifrons Curran 1930 = Palpada semicircula Walker 1852; Eristalis aztecus Hull 1935 = circe Williston 1891; Eristalis colombica Macquart 1855 = tenax Linnaeus 1758); and all species redescribed {Eristalis bellardi Jaennicke and persa Williston). Key Words: key, neotropical The Biodiversity Crisis is now the rage servation is a process of saving it, then (NBS 1989; Wilson 1985a, 1988, 1992). knowing it, so that it can be used sustain- Much has been written in both the scientific ably (Janzen 1991). Costa Ricans have set and popular literature. The world biota is aside a significant portion of their land to disappearing at an alarming rate never be- conserve wild biodiversity. They have es- fore equaled in the history of this universe. tablished a national institute for biodiversity That is not disputed. What we do not really (INBio) to develop a cadre of professionals know is what is being lost as our knowl- to inventory Costa Rican biodiversity and edge of our biota is abysmal. The big crea- then to help others to find sustainable and tures, such as birds and mammals, as well profitable uses of this biotic wealth (Tan- as flowering plants, are known, named and gley 1990, Hovore 1991, Gamez and Gauld classified, but the little ones, from the small, 1993). This inventory requires a universal such as flies, worms and fungi, to the mi- naming system, which is provided by tax- croscopic, such as protozoans, bacteria and onomy (Thompson 1996). Taxonomy is viruses, are not well known, mostly unna- global science, as many organisms are wide med and poorly classified (Erwin 1992; ranging and the groups that they are placed May 1990, 1992; Wilson 1987). To make in are not necessarily defined by geography. them known will require the collaborative Taxonomists, who tend to be clustered in effort of many people, from collectors and the developed North (Gaston and May taxonomists to computer scientists, states- 1992), are themselves a dying breed (Wil- men and philanthropists (Raven and Wilson son 1985b, Holden 1989, Culotta 1992, No- 1992; Roberts 1988; Yoon 1993). Costa vacek 1992). So, for taxonomists, the chal- Rica has started to build this collaboration. lenge is not only to name and classify our Their view of conservation is that biodi- unknown biota before it is lost, but also to versity can only be conserved if people do it before they themselves are extinct! Or deem biodiversity to be of value. So, con- the alternative is to demonstrate more clear- 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ly their value. So, together some taxono- talis into a few monophyletic groups. Most mists have begun to work with Costa Ri- of the Neotropical species previously cans to inventory their biodiversity. This placed in Eristalis belong to Palpada; only paper, which describes two new and spec- a few belong to Eristalis, sensu stricto. A tacular flies known only from Costa Rica, key to separate the Neotropical components is one result of this unique collaboration. of Eristalis of prior authors is appended. The pair of new species herewith de- There has never been a revision of the Neo- scribed are most striking and beautiful spe- tropical species of Eristalis (sensu latd). cies of Eristalis (Figs. 1, 2) that I know. However, Curran (1930, 1934) did publish Hence, I have named them after the brilliant keys, which covered most of the species. pair of Paul Allen and Bill Gates, who have The Eristalis flower flies of Latin Amer- done more to bring power to the people ica present an interesting zoogeographic through computer software. That in turn has problem. Unfortunately, a character analy- allow for the blossoming of all of our tal- sis of the genus Eristalis as whole has not ents, not the least the ability of systematists been done, so a zoogeographic analysis of to more effectively and efficiently describe the Latin American species is speculative. our disappearing biota. What prior authors called E. bogotensis is Eristalis flower flies are common, some- a super species, consisting of E. bellardii in times abundant, in northern and montane Mexico, E. bogotensis in northern and cen- temperate habitats. The adults are pollina- tral South America and E. croceimaculata tors and the larvae, called rat-tailed mag- in southern South America. The E. bogo- gots, are filter-feeders in organically rich tensis superspecies is characterized by a waters, such as ponds, pools and ditches, monomorphic abdominal pattern which aiding in nutrient recycling. Because of consists of large reddish to orange lateral their diverse life-cycle, the species are good maculae, the extent of which varies clinally: indicators of the health of their environ- Eristalis bellardii has the most extensive ments. pale maculae, whereas E. croceimaculata Eristalis was a broadly defined group has the least extensive pale maculae, and E. when first established by Latreille (1804) bogotensis is intermediate. This clinal vari- and that definition was further enlarged by ation in color has been noted in other flies Fabricius (1805), whose interpretation was and insects (see Zuska and Berg 1974) and characterized as "ein mischmasch" by Mei- is related to temperature. There is no com- gen (1822: 382). Meigen restricted the ponent of the E. bogotensis superspecies in name to those species with sinuate vein Central America. In Middle America, there R4+5 and a petiolate cell Rl (although he are 4 species. In northern areas (Mexico didn't use these characters). Except for Zet- (Chiapas) and El Salvador), there is a pair terstedt (1837, 1838, 1842-60), who incor- of sympatric sexually dimorphic species, E. rectly used the name for Cheilosia of au- circe and E. persa, in which the male has thors, all subsequent workers have followed an orange abdomen and the female has a Meigen's definition of Eristalis. Later, some black abdomen. In the south (Costa Rica), authors, such as Rondani (1845, 1857) and there are two sympatric monomorphic spe- Mik (1897), did subdive Eristalis into cies, one with an orange abdomen and the smaller components, but most authors con- other with a black and yellow abdomen. tinued to the use the name in the broad The scenario these distributions and char- sense. The first and only modern attempt at acters suggest is that there was a wide- subdivision of Eristalis was by Kanervo spread ancestral species, which vicariated (1938), but his work was ignored. Vocker- into 4 allopatric components, with the Mid- oth (in litt.) and Thompson (1972) re-ex- dle American component undergoing fur- amined Kanervo's work, and divided Eris- ther vicariance [Ancestral species = E. bel- VOLUME 99, NUMBER 2 211 © Thompson 1993 Figs. 1-2. Adult, dorsal view. 1, Eristalis alleni. 2, E. gatesi. ©Thompson 1993. lardii + ((E. circe + E. persa) + (E. gatesi America have richer and more diverse fau- + E. alleni)) + E. bogotensis + E. crocei- nas that those to the north or south, which maculata]. The significance of such a sce- is not unusual given the isolated nature of nario is that the higher elevations of Middle these areas (Fig. 3). Unfortunately, these ar- 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 3. Middle America showing in black the areas of 2,000 meters or higher. eas are limited in size and threatened by vittae of darker, contrasting pile; arista pilose development. basally Eristalis (s.s.) - Katepimeron bare; eye uniformly pilose, with- out darker vittae; arista bare or pilose KEY TO GENERA OF ERISTALIS-LIKE FLOWER E. (Eoseristalis) FLIES FOUND IN THE NEW WORLD 1. Postalar pile tuft present; eye maculate; ane- KEY TO ERISTALIS-LIKE FLOWER FLIES OF pimeron with dorsomedial and posterior por- AMERICAS SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES tions pilose; katepimeron bare; arista bare . Eristalinus 1. Katepimeron pilose 3 - Postalar pile tuft absent; eye plain, without - Katepimeron bare 2 dark maculae; anepimeron with dorsomedial 2. Meron without pile anterior to or ventrad of and posterior portions bare 2 spiracle; arista with short but distinct pile on 2. Meron with pile anterior to and/or ventral of basal Vi\ eye densely pilose, with 2 vertical posterior spiracle; katepimeron pilose. Eye vittae of darker pile; wing bare with uniform pile; wing microtrichose or bare Eristalis tenax Palpada - Meron with pile anterior to and/or ventrad of - Meron without pile near posterior spiracle; spiracle; arista bare; eye pilose dorsally, with- wing bare Eristalis 3 out contrasting fascia of pile; wing microtri- 3. Katepimeron pilose; eye pilose, with 2 vertical chose or bare Palpada species VOLUME 99, NUMBER 2 213 3. Arista bare 7 trally partially to entirely black pilose; male - Arista pilose at least on basal half 4 with orange abdominal color extending only 4. Legs entirely black; pleura and femora black to base of 4th tergum; front of female par- pilose; frons extensively yellowish-white pi- tially black pilose on ventral %; male eye con- lose (Costa Rica) Eristalis gatesi tiguity shorter than vertical triangle (0.9 - Legs partially orange, at least on basal % of times) (South America) 11 tibiae; pleura orange to yellowish pilose; fem- 11. Female: 3rd tergum completely black; 2nd oral and frontal pile variable, usually femora tergum with sides narrowly dark and posterior partially yellow pilose and frons with at least margin black on medial % or more.
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