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French-Indian Relations (1672-1701) : an Economic, Political and Military Study Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 10-1-1973 French-Indian Relations (1672-1701) : An Economic, Political and Military Study James Duncan Biggs Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Military History Commons, and the Other History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Biggs, James Duncan, "French-Indian Relations (1672-1701) : An Economic, Political and Military Study" (1973). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2009. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2008 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. 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Q.OOda ~ 11U#ltUa' ~CIt. u.. i_- tft . .. ....... ftt , ........ u.u t ... of .."'" .,' end ......1 elt&U.... ..,t-.. l1Uftene 0' 1Mt. fRENCH-INDIAN RELATIONS (1672-1701): An Economic, Political and Military Study by James Duncan 8iggs A-thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ur requirements for. the degree of MASTER·of,ARTS in HISTORY Portland state University 197~~ TO THE OFrICE or GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH: The members of the Committee approve the thesis of James Duncan Biggs presented October 1, 1973. Charles LeGuin APPROVED: Gilmore, Head, Department of History David T. Clark, Dean of Graduate Studies and Research TABLE Of CONTENTS PAGE Illustration of Frontenac • • • • • • • • • .. • • • •• v map of New france and Indian Nations. • • • • • • • •• vi Table I Lahontan's List of Rates (c1680 I s-90's). • •• 86-7 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. • • • .. .. 1 . · .. II A BRIEF DESCRIPTION or THE INDIAN TRIBES. • • 6 The Iroquois Stock. • • • • • • • • • • • 6 The Algonquins. • • • • • • • • • • · .. 8 The Sioux Stock • · .. 11 III THE fRENCH-INDIAN PROBLEm: BACKGROUND. • • • 13 IV FRONTENAC'S fIRST TERM (1672-82). • • • • • • 21 His Career Before 1672. • • • • • • • • • 21 His Arrival • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 The Building of fort frontenac. • • • • • 27 The rrontenac~renelon Episode · .". • • • 31 The Return of Jolliet • • • • • • • • • • 34 The Arrival of Duchesneau and Laval " .' . 36 The General Ass~mbly of 1678. • • • • • • 38 The Indian Wars of 1675-78. • • • • • .. 40 King Philip's War 1675-78 • .. • • •• 40 The Andastes War" 1675-77. • • • • •• 42 The Delay of 1682 • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 v PERIOD 1682-1689. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 Introduction. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 La Barre Administration • • • • • • • • • 56 Iv CHAPTER PAGE A Maladroit Expedition. • • • • • • • • 63 Denonville 1685-1689 • • • • • • • • • • • • 65 Hudson Bay Affairs • • • • • • • • • • • 68 Change of fur Trade Methods. • • • • •• 70 Expedition Against the Seneca. • • • •• 72 Second Peace Treaty 1687 • • • • • • • • 78 Treachery - 1688 • • • • • • • • • • • • an Lachine massacre • • • • • • • • • • • • 83 - VI FRONTENAC AND KING WILLIAm'S WAR (1689-98) S8 La Petite Guerre • • • • • • • • • • • • 89 Depression • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 109 Cadillac • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 110 The Expedition Against the Iroquois. • • 113 Peace ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 117 VII CONCLUSIONS. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 121 LIST or OOORKS CONSULTED ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • 126 • v I ) ( I rIGURE 1 : FRONTENAC Based on contemporary accounts as drawn by a modern artist ror the Frontispiece of Royal fort Frontenac. C.REE ~SSlNlBOIN 01A1<£ ~Il~~ C~Ee -0 Ft.. N;p:,.~ . .' Map' of Ne~ France and Indian Nafions ,', CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This essay is concerned with French and Indian rela­ tions in New France from 1672 to 1701. Major emphasis is placed upon the interpretation by the various French Govern­ ors and Intendants (administrative officers) of the policies of the French court regarding the treatment of the Indians, both friendly and hostile to New France. More specifically it focuses on trade and diplomatic relations between the French and the Indians and the French tensions with New York, the New England colonies, and the Hudson's Bay area. In general, the Indians were not "noble savages," but they did have a low level of culture as a rule and welcomed any chance to trade with the whites (be they English, Dutch or French) whereby they received guns, bolts of cloth for robes, Venetian beads, awls, and metal cookingware. l It was easy for them to shift alliances or to alter a peace agree­ ment in part due to the continual competition between the English-Dutch merchants in Albany and the French in Montreal IGustave LanctSt, A History of Canada, (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), It pp. 13 and 23. The social level of the In­ dians was at an elementary level. There were no recognized I' chiefs nor a force to maintain order for respect for rights inside and outside the tribe. An injustice was left to the offending individual or family to pay compensation to the 1n­ jured party. If no compensation was offered, or it it was too little in the eyes of the injured party, the latter could take revenge against the offender. The Algonquin language could not express abstract thought or ideas. 2 with their many small forts in the Great Lakes region. Unlike their treatment ,by the English colonies to the south, the Indians gained citizenship in New France once they became Catholics by conversion or marriage. However, there were very few religious conversions and even fewer marriages under church auspices. 2 There were, however, many "temporary" marriages of convenience of Indian girls to white men, but the Indians themselves never looked on these unions as "true" marriages. The basic reason for the lack of conversion was that the Indians felt they had a rich spiritual life and that their religion was everywhere, and not in a closed confined place
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