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Macroinvertébrés Du Sol Dans Les Forêts Européennes

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Macroinvertébrés Du Sol Dans Les Forêts Européennes interactions plantes - macroinvertébrés du sol dans les forêts européennes : structuration des communautés et interactions avec la microfaune en contexte de changement climatique Pierre Ganault To cite this version: Pierre Ganault. interactions plantes - macroinvertébrés du sol dans les forêts européennes : struc- turation des communautés et interactions avec la microfaune en contexte de changement climatique. Sciences agricoles. Université Montpellier, 2020. Français. NNT : 2020MONTG064. tel-03329696 HAL Id: tel-03329696 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03329696 Submitted on 31 Aug 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE M ONTPELLIER En Biologie des Populations et Ecologie École doctorale GAIA Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive Interactions plantes - macroinvertébrés du sol dans les forêts européennes: structuration des communautés et interactions avec la microfaune en contexte de changement climatique. Présentée par Pierre GANAULT Le 8 Décembre 2020 Sous la direction de Thibaud DECAËNS Rapport de gestion et Johanne NAHMANI Devant le jury composé de 2015 Mme Claire Le Bayon, Professeure des universités, Université de Neuchâtel Rapportrice M. Michaël Aubert, Professeur des universités HDR, Université de Rouen Rapporteur M. Alain Brauman, Directeur de recherche HDR, IRD UMR Eco&Sol Examinateur, Président de Jury Mme Simone Cesarz, Chargée de recherche, Université de Leipzig Examinatrice M. Mickaël Hedde, chargé de recherche HDR, INRAE UMR Eco&Sol Examinateur 1 2 « Une multitude de petites personnes qui dans une multitude de petits lieux font une multitude de petites choses qui peuvent changer le monde » Eduardo Goleano Peinture murale sur le mur de Berlin 3 4 RESUME Les communautés du sol sont extrêmement diverses et comprendre leur distribution et leur structure est un défi scientifique car elles sont influencées par de nombreux facteurs abiotiques et biotiques. Etudier les organismes du sol est cependant primordial car ils interviennent dans de nombreux processus du sol, tels que la décomposition des matières organiques et le recyclage des éléments nutritifs. Cependant, nos connaissances des processus fins impliqués dans la structuration de leurs communautés et dans la façon dont ils influencent le fonctionnement du sol restent souvent limitées. Pour combler ces lacunes, ma thèse de doctorat se concentre dans un premier temps sur les facteurs abiotiques et biotiques qui façonnent les communautés de macroinvertébrés des sols forestiers tempérés, avant d'étudier leur rôle dans la décomposition de la litière et la manière dont ils influencent les autres organismes du sol dans le contexte des changements climatiques. Le premier volet de la thèse (chapitres 1 et 2) est une approche in situ, où les communautés de macrofaune ont été étudiées dans des forêts de composition et de diversité spécifique en arbres variables le long d’un gradient latitudinal européen (incluant des sites en Italie, Roumanie , Pologne et Finlande). Le premier chapitre étudie l'importance relative de la diversité des arbres, de leur type fonctionnel et de l’environnement physique dans la structuration des assemblages de macrofaune prédatrice et sapro-géophage. Dans un second chapitre, je me suis plus particulièrement intéressé aux communautés de coléoptères carabiques en appliquant une approche basée sur les traits fonctionnels à l’aide de mesure individuelles et de données tirées de la littérature. L’objectif étant de décrire comment l’environnement forestier et les ressources alimentaires influencent la structure fonctionnelle des communautés de ces insectes prédateurs. Le deuxième volet de la thèse développe des approches expérimentales et se concentre sur l’importance fonctio nnelle de la macrofaune sapro-géophage, et notamment les interactions qu’elle entretient avec les plantes d’une part (chapitre 3) et d’autres organismes du sol tels que les nématodes d’autre part (chapitre 4). Les préférences alimentaires de six espèces de macro-arthropodes sapro-géophages communément rencontrées dans les forêts européennes sont décrites dans un premier temps et discutées au regard des caractéristiques physiques, chimiques, et morphologiques des litières. Les conséquences de ces préférences alimentaires sur les propriétés des boulettes fécales produites par ces invertébrés d’une part, et leurs implications pour la décomposition des litières d’autre part sont discutées. Enfin, dans une expérience contrôlée en mésocosme, nous avons étudié la réaction des communautés de nématodes à une sécheresse simulée et la manière dont la diversité fonctionnelle de la macrofaune saprophage peut limiter les effets délétères de la sécheresse. L'importance de la biodiversité du sol, à différents niveaux trophiques et dans ses dimensions taxonomiques et fonctionnelles, est discutée du point de vue du fonctionnement du sol et des écosystèmes forestiers tempérés. Les résultats sont ensuite discutés afin d’identifier des pratiques de gestion sylvicoles permettant d e préserver la biodiversité des sols et les fonctions qu’elle assure à l’échelle de l’écosystème, en dépit des changements globaux. 5 ABSTRACT Soil communities are extremely diverse and understanding the drivers of their distribution and structure is challenged by the multitude of abiotic and biotic factors that might influence them. However, studying soil organisms is essential because they are involved in many soil processes, such as organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. However, our knowledge of the fine processes involved in the structuring of their communities and how they influence soil functioning is often limited. To fill these gaps, my PhD thesis first focuses on the abiotic and biotic factors shaping macroinvertebrate communities in temperate forest soils, before studying their role in litter decomposition and how they influence other soil organisms in the context of climate changes. The first part of the thesis (chapters 1 and 2) is an in situ approach, where macrofauna communities were studied in forests of varying tree composition and specific diversity along a European latitudinal gradient (including sites in Italy, Romania, Poland and Finland). The first chapter examines the relative importance of tree diversity, tree functional type and physical environment for predatory and sapro-geophagous macrofauna communities. In a second chapter, I focused on carabid beetle assemblages by applying a functional trait-based approach using individual measurements and data obtained from the literature. The objective was to describe how the forest environment and the characteristics of their food resource influence the functional structure of their communities. The second part of the thesis develops experimental approaches and focuses on the functional importance of the sapro-geophagous macrofauna, and in particular the interactions it maintains with plants on the one hand (chapter 3) and with other soil organisms such as nematodes on the other (chapter 4). The feeding preferences of six species of saprophagous macroarthropods commonly found in European forests are first described and discussed with regard to the physical, chemical and morphological trait-based characteristics of the litter. The consequences of these feeding preferences on the properties of the faecal pellets produced by these invertebrates on the one hand, and their implications for the decomposition of litter on the other, are discussed. Finally, in a controlled mesocosm experiment, we studied the response of nematode communities to a simulated drought and how the functional diversity of the sapro-geophagous macrofauna can limit the deleterious effects of drought. The importance of soil biodiversity, at different trophic levels and in its taxonomic and functional dimensions, is discussed from the point of view of soil functioning and temperate forest ecosystems. The results are then discussed in order to identify silvicultural management practices that preserve both soil biodiversity and the functions it performs at the ecosystem level, despite global changes. 6 REMERCIEMENTS Après ces trois années, je suis heureux de pouvoir enfin exprimer toute ma gratitude à mes deux encadrants de thèse. Thibaud, merci d’avoir cru en moi tout au long de la thèse, ta dévotion et ton énergie m’inspire ront toujours. Johanne, merci pour ta confiance et présence qui aura été décisive à de nombreuses occasions. Vous avez été des encadrants que je souhaiterai à tout le monde d’ avoir et j’espère transmettre votre rigueur et gentillesse à l’avenir. Je remercie sincèrement les membres du jury Claire Le Bayon, Michaël Aubert, Alain Brauman, Simone Cesarz et Mickaël Hedde pour avoir accepté d’évaluer mon travail de thèse. Merci également aux membres de mon comité de thèse, David Mouillot, Sébastien Barot at Franck Richard pour avoir suivi mon travail et aidé à le rediriger quand nécessaire. Je tiens également à remercier l’ensemble du personnel du CEFE, laboratoire qui m’a accueilli pendant
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