A Recovery Plan, Research Phase,

for a threatened community at Mt Piper in Central Victoria

Australian National Parhs and Wildlife Seraice Endangered SpeciesProgrann

Prepared by Ann Jelineh

Noaember 7992 O

Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Victoria

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Disclaimer: The viewsexpressed in this report are thoseof the author and do not necessarilyreflect thoseof the Australian National Parks and wildlife service, canberra.

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Publication referenceand availabilitydetails: Jelinek, A. (1992).A RecoveryPlan, ResearchPhase, for a threatened butterfly community at Mt Piper in Central Victoria. Unpublished report to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service,Canberra.

Acknowledgements: Dr David Baker-Gabb, Department of Conservation & Natural Resources,Flora and Fauna Branch On David Crosby, 74 Gipps Street, East Melbourne Dr Tim New and David Britton, La Trobe university, zoologyDepartment Dr Alan Yen, Museum of Victoria

/ *1, TABLEOF CONTENTS

S[]MMARY currentspecies slatus...... Habitatrequirements and limiting factors...... ' ResearchObjective...... _.. ResearchCriteria A ^+i^-^ SUMMARY

Current species status A community, known as Butterfly Community .l is listed on Schedule2 of the Flora and Fauna GuaranteeAct 1g88. ' The community is an assemblage of flora and fauna characterised by the presence of significant, threatened and rare invertebrate species. o Acrodipsas brisbanensis cyrilus and A. myrmecophila arc listed as threatened taxa on Schedule2 of the Flora and Fauna GuaranteeAct 1g88.

Habitat requirements and limiting factors The only known occurrence of this community is Mt Piper in central Victoria. ' The summit of Mt Piper is used for hill-topping by at least ten speciesof butterflies and two speciesof day-flying . o Mistletoes growing on eucalypts and acaciasprovide food sourcesfor several speciesof butterfly larvae. ' Threats to the community include tree lopping on the summit for trigonometrical sight lines, mineral exploration and mining activities, rural subdivision,fire, pest plants and , livestock, salinity, fire wood collecting and tree dieback.

Research Objective The objective of the research is to study the ecology of two highly threatened butterfly species,the Large -blue Acrodipsas brisbanensis cyrilus (Anderson and Spry) and the Small Ant-blue Acrodipsas myrmecophllo (Waterhouse and Lyell), and the rare Genoveva Azure Ogyris genoueuagenoueud (Hewitson) at Mt Piper in central Victoria so that informed management actions can be undertaken to reduce threats to the butterflv cornmunity.

Research Criteria r 1 year - compare and assessrelative significance of previously known, currently known and potential sites for the target butterfly species. ' - 2 years compare and assessthe relative significanceof butterfly communities associatedwith hill tops in central Victoria. ' 2 years - determine critical habitat characteristics (e.g.food, host plants, oviposition sites, associatedant species,use oflandscape features), for the target species(adult and immature stages)on and surrounding Mt piper. . 2-3 years - develophabitat management guidelines ' years - 2-3 achieve community awareness about the significance of the butterfly/ant communities and the ANPws Endangered speciesprogram, and encourage involvement in habitat conservation. r 3 years - document the distribution patterns of ant speciesassociated with butterflies at Mt Piper. o years - 3 obtain baselineinformation on the target butterfly speciesat Mt piper: population dynamics, distributions, breeding habitats and interactive behaviour with and other fauna. r 3 years - complete a ConservationResearch Statement. o - 4-5 years monitor changesto butterfly populations and habitats. Actions needed 1. Survey previously known, currently known and potential sites of the three target butterfly species. 2. Locate and identify food sources, host plants, associated ant speciesand other fauna and flora which interact with the target butterfly species. 3. Record breeding habitats, oviposition sites and, immature stagesof the target species. 4. Identiff critical habitat characteristics for the flora and fauna community on and surrounding Mt Piper and compare these with other known and previously known sites of the target species. 5. Assess the significance of remnant bushland adjoining Mt Piper, including roadside vegetation, for the conservation of the butterfly community. 6. Monitor populations, distributions and behaviour of the target butterflies on Mt Piper, in surrounding remnant bushland and at other known or potential sites. 7. Obtain distribution, seasonal and habitat information on ants associated with butterflies at Mt Piper. 8. Establish field observation sites of each of the target butterflies and associatedant speciesto observetheir life cycles,interrelationships and behaviour, or separatecaptive breeding coloniesif field data are inadequate. 9. Develop detailed, practical and where possible,site-spegific, management guidelines for habitat conservation,based on research results. 10 Achieve community and landholder awareness,appreciation and involvement in habitat conservation works on public and private land and acknowledge ANPWS program.

Totaf Estimated Cost of Research (Igg}prices in $000'Vyear)

Actions 1 2 3 4 5 6 I 8 9 10 Total t992 2 2 1 I 2 2 1 11 1993 3 5 o 3 3 3 D D 0.5 0.5 33 L994 2 5 5 5 o 10 0.5 0.5 33 1995 6 3 10 0.5 0.5 20 1996 3 5 8 1997 1998 1999 2000

a Total T t 11 I o 19 t4 30 1.5 1.5 105

Biodiversity benefits Understanding and conservation of the diverse and interdependent flora, fauna and ecologicalprocesses at Mt Piper will: o Protect the habitat of other rare or threatened speciessuch as the Regent Honeyeater. r Provide wildlife corridor links between areas of remnant bushland in this area. . Provide important vegetated recharge areas for salinity control. o Indicate changes to habitat quality through a detailed knowledge of the invertebrate community, particularly ants, which are sensitive to environmental changes and are good indicators of habitat quality. r fncrease community awarenessabout the significance of similar landscapefeatures, sites and ecologicalcommunities throughout , especiallyinvertebrates. 1. INTRODUCTION

Description A flora and fauna community, known as Butterfly Cornmunity No.-f is Dsted on Schedule 2 of the Flora and Fauna GuaranteeAct 1988as a threatened community. T'he community is an assemblageof flora and fauna characterised by the presence of a large number of significant, threatened and rare invertebrate species. It contains at least27 speciesofbutterflies including several rare and threatened speciessuch as the Large Ant-blue, Acrodipsas brisbanensis cyrilus (Anderson and Spry) 1897, Small Ant- blue, Acrodipsas myrmecophila (Waterhouse and Lyell) 1g1g and Genoveva Azure ogyris genoueuo,genoueud (Hewitson) 1853,butterflies which have restricted distributions and butterflies which occasionally occur at Mt Piper which is at the limit of their natural distribution. Several speciesof day-flying, hill-topping and grassland moths and numerous speciesof terrestrial and arboreal ants also occur at Mt Piper. Acrodipsas brisbanensiscyrilus and A. rnyrmecophilaarc listed as threatened taxa on Schedule2 of the Flora and Fauna GuaranteeAct 1988.

This community: . represents a unique co-occurrenceof the Small and Large Ant-blue butterflies, . is the southern-most occurrenceof several northern butterfly species, . involves interdependent relationships between somebutterlly speciesand ants, . includes butterfly and specieswhich exhibit hill-topping behaviour, e includes insectivorous birds, mammals and reptiles, butterfly food plants and other flora and fauna which are interdependent with the butterflies and ants.

Distribution The only known occurrenceof this community is Mt Piper, a steep,solitary mountain rising from 230m to 456m abovean undulating plain between the Tallarook and Mt William ranges in central Victoria.

Habitat Mt Piper is a quartz plug or epithermal deposit of quartz and other minerals depositedby hot solutions. The quartz capping at the summit is localised. Mt Piper is virtually an island ofnatural bushland surrounded by largely cleared grazing land. The vegetation on Mt Piper is a mosaic of open forest and woodland. Broad-leaved PeppermintEucalyptus diues, Long-leavedBoxE. goniocalyx, Red stringybarkE. rnacrorhyncha and Red Box E. polyanthenlos are widespread and also occur around the summit with MessmateE. obliqua. Small, scattered clumps of Eucalyptus rnacrorhyncha and small groups of live, partly dead and deadAcacia implexa occur on the elliptical-shaped summit covering approximately 2000m. Past clearing of eucalypts and acaciashas occurred on the summit surrounding the present Tligonometrical station located at the highest point but naturally treeless, rocky and grassy patches also occur. Red Ironbark E. sideroxylon subsp. tricarpa and Yellow Box .8. melliodora grow on the lower slopes. The cooler and moister south and south east slopeshave the richest variety of shrubs and herbs including the wattles diffusa, A. implexa and A. pycnantha, tea tree Leptospermurn myrsinoid,es,Silver Banksia Banksia marginata, Common Correa Correa reflexa, Common Heath Eparcris impressa, Spider Flower Greuillea alpina, Beard Heath Leucopogonuirgatus, Pea Bush Pultenaea gunnii, Showy Guinea-flower Hibbertia linearis, several speciesoforchids and native grasses. Two speciesof Mistletoe, Box Mistletoe Arnyema miquelii and Grey Mistletoe quandang uar. quanddng are comon and grow on eucalypts and respectively, mainly on the lower slopes of Mt Piper. They provide food sources for the butterfly larvae and hence, dense occurrencesof mistletoe are likely breeding areas for some speciesof butterflies. Small areas of bushland on private land link native habitat on Mt Piper with roadside and other remnant vegetation. A variety of fauna occur on and around Mt Piper, including many insectivorous birds, mammals and reptiles.

Ecology Surveys of butterflies and ants on Mt Piper (Crosby 1g88, B,ritton & New 1gg2) indicate that: o Butterfly activity is seasonal,especially for migratory speciesand is dependent on prevailing weather. optimum climatic conditions are clear, sunny days with temperatures above20oC and little wind. . Butterflies and ants are difficult to survey, they are sensitive to environmental conditions and occasional,unpredictable occurrencesofbutterflies occur. These factors necessitatemonitoring to be carried out over several seasons. . The summit of Mt Piper is used for hill-topping by at least ten speciesof butterflies, including the three target butterfly species,and two species of day-flying moths. Although the trigonometrical station on Mt Piper is one of the highest objectson the summit, it is not used for hill-topping by the butterflies or moths like the nearby eucalpyts and acacias(Britton & New 1gg2). . Males of hill-topping speciesare attracted to the isolated peak of Mt Piper where they congregate,establish and defend territories, find mates and breed. Females of these speciesspend little time on hill-tops,leaving immediately after mating. o Mistletoes growing on eucalypts and acacias,mainly on the lower slopesof Mt Piper and on the linking roadside reserves,provide food sourcesfor many speciesof butterfly larvae and hence, these are likely breeding areas for some butterfly species. o Native vegetation on the lower slopesof Mt Piper provides essentialfood, shelter and nest sites for butterflies, moths, ants and associatedfauna. Contiguity of native vegetation is important for wildlife movement and protection from predators and habitat changes. Native vegetation along Jeffrey's Lane, Three Chain Road and Taartooke Road also provides important wildlife corridors linking Mt Piper with remnant bushland areas.

The three target butterfly speciesbelong to the family which include many different associations between butterflies and ants. The butterfly larvae depend on specific ant speciesfor protection from parasites, disease,starvation and predators. fn somerelationships, the butterfly larvae feed on immature ants (eggs,larvae and pupae) in the ant nest. The lycaenid larvae attract ants by secreting fluids from specialisedglands in the cuticle. Carbohydrates and amino acids in the secretionsare essential to some ant species (Cottrell 1984,Pierce et al. 1987). The Large Ant-blue, Acrodipsas brisbanensiscyrilus (Anderson & Spry) is a subspecies unique to Victoria. It is a small butterfly with a wingspan of 22-26mm. The only two recent records are from Mt Piper and Genoa Peak in East Gippsland although it was previously recorded at Moe, Springvale, Cranbourne and Flinders Peak in the You Yangs. Little is known about the biology of its immature stages (Britton & New Lgg2). A subspeciesA.b.brisbanensis (Miskin) occurs in Southern Queensland and in New South Wales where it is also rare. Tlre Small Ant-blue, Acrodipsas myrmecophllo (Waterhouse & Lyell) is a small butterfly with a wing-span of 20mm. Common & Waterhouse (1981)describe the immature stages which are thought to be predatory on the immature stages of small black ants which nest in tree stumps.A. myrmecophila was previously recordedfrom only three localities in Victoria: Broadford, Ringwood and Ocean Grove. However, it has not been recordedfrom the latter two sites in recent times. This speciesis also known from New South Wales and Queensland (Common & Waterhouse 1g81,Quick 1g8g). The GenovevaAzure Ogyris genoueuagenoueua (Hewitson) is uncommon throughout its range. It has been recordedfrom Broadford, Melton, Bacchus Marsh, Dimboola, Horsham, Lake Hattah (Common & Waterhouse 1981),Tallarook (M. Braby) and Trawool (Britton unpub.). It is also present in New South wales and Queensland. A subspecies, O.g.splendido occursin and another, O.g.duarlngo occurs in inland South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland(Dunn & Dunn 1gg1). Many speciesof the Ogyris feed on mistletoes. The of O.g.genoueua have a closeassociation with sugar ants, Camponotus spp.. During daytime, they shelter and are attended by ants in the ants' nest, usually at the base or under the bark of a mistletoe-bearingtree (Common & Waterhouse 1981). At night, the caterpillars, protected from predators by ants, emergeto feed on the mistletoe.

Reasonsfor Listing under the Ftora & Fauna GuaranteeAct 1988(decline plus threats) . Continued use of the summit as a trigonometrical station will hinder rehabilitation works, in particular, re-establishment of potential hill-topping and tenitorial eucalypts, acaciasand other vegetation or features. . Mining companieshave applied for mineral exploration licencesover Mt Piper on two recent occasions.Both applicationshave been rejected over the Reservearea but new applications may occur. Adjoining freehold properties and road reserveswhich contain native vegetation remnants and include potential butterfly breeding, oviposition sites and feeding areas, are also subjectto mineral exporation and mining. . Rural subdivision is occuning around Mt Piper, however the Broadford Shire Planning Scheme,L8 Amendment, will, if adopted,provide for Enuironmental Protection zoning of the immediate Mt Piper environs. . Salinity and tree dieback have potential to progressively degraderemnant native bushland habitats around Mt Piper, hence affecting breeding areas for butterflies. . Landholders are cunently encouragedto remove mistletoe, particularly from trees showing signs of environmental stress or dieback. o Fire, fire wood collecting, livestock and pest plants and animals have potential to significantly change or depletefood sources,shelter and nest sites of butterflies and ants. Existin g Conservation Measures Action Statement No.6 was prepared for Butterfly Community No.lin 1991in accordance with the Flora and Fauna GuaranteeAct 1988. Mt Piper Education Reserue,which includes the summit of Mt Piper, has been nominated for listing on the Register of the National Estate.

The following actions have since been implemented: o exclusion and eradication of cattle, horses, sheep and goats from the summit and upper slopesof Mt Piper, o restriction of vehicle accesson the upper slopesof Mt Piper, . removal of disused radio equipment from the summit of Mt Piper, . erosion control on the steepfire trail on Mt Piper, o increased community awareness about the significance of the butterfly community by providing a walking track, information display, brochure and media releases, . preliminary surveys of butterflies and ants during the spring, summer and autumn of L99U92. o preliminary survey of The Paps, a similar landscapefeature to Mt Piper, located approximately 100km to the north east.

Research Strategy Brief chronology of proposedresearch: o Survey previously known, currently known and potential localities of the target butterfly species. o Investigate, locate and assessbutterfly breeding habitats and oviposition sites. . Record habitat characteristics and butterfly life cycles and behaviour. . Record butterfly and ant, food and host plant intenelationships. . Monitor the population dynamics of tJrethree target butterfly species. . Develop management guidelines for habitat conservationworks. o Achieve community awareness and appreciation about the significance of the butterfly and ant communities and encourage involvement in habitat conservation. 2. RESEARCH

Objective The objective of the research project is to study the ecolory of two highly threatened butterfly species,the Large Ant-blue Acrodipsas brisbanensis cyrilus (Anderson and Spry) and the Small Ant-blue Acrodipsas rnyrmecophelo(Waterhouse and Lyell), and the rare Genoveva Azure Ogyris genoueudgenoueud (Hewitson) at Mt Piper in central Victoria so that informed management actions can be undertaken to reduce threats to the butterfly community.

Aims 1. To investigate the interrelationships between each of the three target butterfly species with ants, food, host plants and other habitat elements at Mt Piper: * record breeding habitats, oviposition sites and immature stages, * locate and identify food and host plants, * locate coloniesof ants associatedwith butterflies, * record butterfly breeding and territorial behaviour on the summit of Mt Piper, * record other butterfly speciespresent, * record other wildlife which interact with the butterflies, ants and food or host plants. 2. To monitor populations and distributions of the target speciesat Mt Piper and at other known localities. 3. To identify critical habitat characteristics for the flora and fauna community at Mt Piper. 4. To comparepreviously known localities and other potential sites of the target species with Mt Piper. 5. To assessthe relative significance of butterfly communities associated with hilltops in central Victoria. 6. To provide detailed management guidelines for habitat conservationworks. 7. To increase community awarenessand appreciation about the significance of the butterfly and ant communities and encourage involvement in habitat conservation.

Criteria o 1 year - compare and assessthe relative significanceof previously known, cunently known and potential sites of the target butterfly species. . 2 years - compare and assessthe relative significanceof butterfly communities associatedwith hill tops in central Victoria. o 2 years - determine critical habitat characteristics(e.g. food, host plants, oviposition sites, associatedant species,use oflandscape features), for the target species(adult and immature stages)on and surrounding Mt Piper. . 2-3 years - develophabitat management guidelines. . 2-3 years - achieve community awareness about the significance of the butterfly/ant communities and the ANPWS Endangered SpeciesProgram, and encourage involvement in habitat conservation. o 3 years - document the distribution patterns of ant speciesassociated with butterflies at Mt Piper. o 3 years - obtain baselineinformation on population dynamics, distributions, breeding habitats and interactive behaviour with ants and other fauna of the target butterfly speciesat Mt Piper. r 3 years - completea Conservation ResearchStatement. r 4 years - monitor changesto butterfly populations and habitats. Description of ResearchActions

1. Survey known, previously known and potential sites of the three target butterfly species.

Survey butterflies at Mt Piper, Mt William, The Paps, Mt Samaria and Cathedral Peak during the summers of 199793,l9g3/94 and 1994/95. Survey these and other sites with potential for the target specieson 1 day/week over 4-6 weeks in the peak flying periods of the target species,during suitable weather conditions. Surveys at Mt Piper will occur throughout the main flying periods of the target butterfly species and will continue over the 1995/96summer. The surveys will concentrate around the summit of each mountain. They will involve direct searching using a butterfly net with extension handle and observing butterflies with binoculars. Weather conditions, habitat details and butterfly behaviour will also be recorded.

2. Locate and identify food sources,host plants, associatedant speciesand other fauna and flora which interact with the target specieson Mt Piper and at other known sites.

. Identify and record butterfly food sources,host plants and associatedants and other fauna. Estimate the relative frequency of host plants along four (north, south, east, west) x 2km transects on and around Mt Piper by censusingmistletoes every 0.lkm using binoculars and recording the presenceor absenceofassociated ant species. Photograph any oviposition sites located using permanent monitoring points and record in detail: date, location, habitat characteristics ( soil, aspect,associated flora and fauna, vegetation structure and compositionincluding dead or fallen timber, rocks and lichen) habitat condition and threats. Record butterfly behaviour.

3. Record breeding habitats, oviposition sites and immature stagesof the target species.

Systematically search suitable habitats on and surrounding Mt Piper for possible sites where breeding and immature stagesof the target butterflies occur. Accurately map the vegetation on the summit of each rnountain where the target speciesoccur. Identify and mark on a large scalevegetation map, trees, rocks or other features used regularly or defendedby the butterflies. Recordpercentage cover ofpest plants and disturbance. Observe ant and butterfly larvae activity by night and day around nest sites of small black ants or sugar ants. Photograph nest sites using permanent photographic points and record each on a large scalemap or air photograph of the area. Record details about each site and butterfly speciespresent. 4. Identiff critical habitat characteristics for the flora and fauna community on and surrounding Mt Piper and compare these with other known and previously known sites ofthe target species. r Use habitat characteristics identified in 1, 2 and 3 above and summarised into a tabular form to identify and record critical habitat characteristics ofbutter{lies, butterfly larvae and ants. r Identiff critical habitat characteristics for other fauna and flora which interact with the butterflies and ants.

5. Assessthe significance of remnant bushland a{ioining Mt Piper, including roadside vegetation, for the conservation of the invertebrate community.

. Make a comparative assessmentof habitats based on the presence of butterflies, particularly the target species,associated ants, food, host plants, vegetation compositionand structure, site condition, wildlife corridor links and other critical habitat characteristics in addition to existing and potential threats.

6. Monitor populations, distributions and behaviour of the target butterflies on Mt Piper, in surrounding remnant bushland and at other known or potential sites. o Make counts of butterfly numbers and speciesseen within defined limits along a pre- establishedtransect or route in relation to habitat condition and management. . Concentrate the surveys to direct searching on and around the summit of each mountain, especiallyduring the peak flying periods of the target species. . Record all sightings: species,behaviour, condition, associatedplants and animals and weather conditions. . Monitor butterflies over at least five consecutiveyears to accommodatedifficulties with surveying butterflies and ants, the sensitivity of invertebrates to environmental conditions and the occasional,unpredictable occurrencesof butterflies.

7. obtain distribution, seasonal and habitat information on ants at Mt Piper.

. IJse the establishedtransects on Mt Piper, direct searchingfor ant nests and test-tube pitfall traps to record ant speciesand distributions. The emphasis will be to locate ant specieslikely to be associatedwith the target butterfly species. o Collect and identify unidentified species. . Locate and monitor potential nest sites for immature butterflies on a large scalemap. o Prepare an identification guide to the ants of Mt Piper. 8. Establish field observation sites or separate captive breeding coloniesof each of the target butterflies and associatedant speciesto observetheir life cycles, interrelationships and behaviour, if field data are inadequate.

o If feasible and not destructive, modifu ant nest sites to allow for observation and photography of ants and butterfly larvae in the wild. . If field data are inadequate, establish small, captive coloniesof each of the target butterflies and associatedants to monitor their behaviour and record completelife histories, feeding, breeding and interactive behaviour ofthe butterflies. . Describe progressive stages of development of the butterfly larvae/pupae. . Record diurnal and nocturnal behaviour ofbutterfly adults and larvae. o If feasible, film and,/or photograph butterfly/ant interrelationships and butterfly larvae development.

9. Provide specificmanagement guidelines for habitat conservation.

. Analyse the survey and monitoring results and develop detailed, practical and site- specificmanagement guidelines for habitat conservation.

l0.Achieve community support for involvement in butterfly conservation and implementation of habitat conservation works on public and private land.

. Assessand map, at 1:25,000,priority areas for rehabilitation and habitat conservation on public and private land. . Consult with Councils and other land management organisations,including the Country Fire Authority and Survey and Mapping, which have interests in the important sites for other purposes like survey, mapping, radio communications and fire protection and negotiate a management strategy for each site. r Consult with the local community and landholders and encourageinvolvement in high priority habitat conservation works. . Seek monetary incentives to assist landholders and land management organisations with implementing habitat conservation works. . Provide management guidelines, assist with planning and cost estimates and give on- site advice to landholders during implementation of habitat conservationworks. . fmplement an on-going program of publicity about the significance of the butterfly communities, research results and habitat conservation . Acknowledge the ANPWS Endangered SpeciesProgram in publicity activities.

10 3. IMPLEMENTATIONSCHEDULE

Task Task Priorib Feasibilit Resp. Cost Estimate Description party L99A9i 7993/91 r994/95 1995/9(L996/g',, 1 Surveys 1 100 LT Uni $2000 $3000 $2000 2 fnteractions 1 60 L TUn $2000 $5000 3 Locate 1 60 LTUni $1000 $5000 $5000 breeding sitt & immature stages 4 Critical 1 70 LT Uni $1000 $3ooo$5000 habitats 5 Significance 2 50 LT Uni $2000 $3000 of remnant bush 6 Monitor 2 70 LTUn $2000 $3000 $sooo $6000 $3000 butterfly populations n I Distribution, 2 70 LTUni $1000 $5000 $5000 $3000 seasonal& habitat info. 8 On-siteor 2 50 LT Uni $5000 $10000 s10000$sooo captive breeding 9 Management 2 100 DCNR+ $500 $500 $500 guidelines fo rehabilitatior 10 Community 2 80 DCNR $500 $500 $500 awareness TOTAI-S $11,ooo$33,000 $33,000 $20,o00 $8,ooo Total $105,000

* LT Uni - Department of Zoology,La Trobe University # DCNR - Alexandra Region, Department of Conservation & Natural Resources.

11 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andersen,A.N.(1986b)Patterns of ant community organization in mesic southeastern Australia. Aust.J.Ecol., Ll:87 -97. Andersen,A.N.(1991)The Ants of Southern Australia. CSIRO Publications, East Melbourne. Ashton,D.H.(1976)The vegetation of Mount Piper, Central Victoria: a study of a continuum. J.Ecol., 64:463-83. Britton,D.R. and New,TR (1992) Ecology of the butterfly and ant community at Mt Piper, Victoria. A report for the Dept. Cons. & Env. (unpubl.). Common,LF.B.(1991)Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. Common,I.F.B. & Waterhouse,D.F.(1981)Butterflies of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Sydney. Cottrell,C.B.(1984)Aphytophagy in butterflies: its relationship to myrmecophily. Zool.J.Linn.S oc., 7 I :L-57. Crosby,D.F.(1988)The entomologicalsignificance of Mt Piper, Broadford. Report to the Department of Conservation,Forests and Lands (unpubl.). Dept. Conservation and Environment (1991)Butterfly Community No.l. Action Statement No.6, Dept. Cons. & Env., Melbourne. Douglas, F. and Braby, M.F. (1992)Notes on the distribution and biology of some Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae () in Victoria. Aust. ent. Mag., L9(4):Ll7-124. Dunn, K.L. & Dunn, L.E. (1991)Review of the Australian Butterflies. Privately published, Melbourne. Htilldobler,B. & Wilson,E.O.(1990) The Ants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. McCubbin,C.( 1985) Au stralian B utterflies. Sawas Publishing, Adelaide. McFarland,N.(1976) Hilltopping and defencebehaviour in a diurnal agaristid moth. Aust.ent.Mag.,325-29. New,T.R.(199L)Butterfty Conseruation.Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Pierce,N.E.(1984)Amplified SpeciesDiversity: A case study of an Australian lycaenid butterfly and its attendant ants. pp. 197-200. In The Biology of Butterfties. ed. Vane- Wright, R.I., Academic Press, London. Pierce,N.E. & Easteal,S.(1986)The selectiveadvantage of attendant ants for the larvae of a Lycaenid butterfly, Glaucopsy che lyg damu s. J.Anim.Ec oI., 55:45I -62. Pierce,N.E.,Kitching,R.L., Buckley,R.C., Taylor,M.F.J. & Benbow,K.F.(1987)The costs and benefits of cooperationbetween the Australian lycaenid butterfly, euag or ds, and its attendant ants. B ehau.EcoI. S ociobiol., 2t23 7-48. Quick,W.N.B.(1989)The Victorian "Ant-blues" - Acrodipsos spp. (Lepidoptera:Lycaenidae). Report to the Department of Conservation,Forests and Lands (unpubl.).

L2 APPENDIX1 List of butterfliesand mothsrecorded from Mt Piper (Britton & New 1992)

Ifesperiidae (Skippers) TYapezitesphigalioides Waterhouse Phigaliodes Skipper Dispar compacta (Butler) Dispar Skipper) Signeta flarnmeata fButler) Bright Shield Skipper

Papilionidae (Swallowtails) anactus W,S .Macleay Dingy Swallowtail

Pieridae (Whites) aganippe (Donovan) Wood White D. harpalyce (Donovan) fmperial White Anaphaeis jaua teutonia (Fabricius) Caper White Pieris ra,pde(Linnaeus) CabbageWhite Appias paulina ego+ (Boisduval) Common Albatross Eurema smilax+ (Donovan) Small Grass Yellow

Nymphalidae (Browns, Nymphs) Geitoneuraklugii (Guerin-Meneville) Klug's Xenica Heteronympha merope(Fabricius) Common Brown kershawi (McCoy) Australian Painted Lady V. itea (Fabricius) Australian Admiral Acraea andrornacha andromacfta+ (Fabricius) Glass wing

Lycaenidae (Blues) Acrodipsas brisbanensiscyrilus*(Anderson and Spry) Large Ant-Blue A. rnyrmecophila* (Waterhouse and Lyell) Small Ant-Blue) Hypochrysopsdelicia delos* (Waterhouse and Lyell) Blue Jewel Jalmenus icilius Hewitson Icilius Blue# Ogyris plane ocela* Waterhouse Olane Azure Ogyris genoueudgenoueud+ (Hewitson) GenovevaAzure Neolucia agricola agricola* (West wood) Fringed Blue Theclinesthesmiskini miskini* (T.P.Lucas) No commonname Lampides boeticus*(Linnaeus) Pea Blue labradus (Godart) Common Grass-blue biocellata biocellata+ (Semper) Double-spottedLineblue Candalides hyacinthinus simplex+ (Tepper) Northern Dusky Blue

Noctuidae:, - Day flying, hill-topping moths Comocrus behri (Angas) and Phalaenoidesglycine Lew and a grassland speciesSynemon sp.(identification to be confirmed, D. Britton (pers. comm.).

* found only on summit. + not seenin the course of the study by Britton & New, 1gg2,but reported by other authors. # larvae and adults recorded on on the lower slopesof Mt Piper by David Britton, Dec'92 (pers. comm.).

13 APPENDIX2

Mt Piper envi & habitatof Butterfly CommunityNo.1

Scale1.:10,000 app