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NATIONAL PARK OREGON Contents MB LAB NATIONAL PARK OREGON Contents Welcome 2 Discovery and History 4 The Geological Story of Crater Lake 4 Wildlife 7 fflHER LAKE MaP 8 Forests and Wildflowers 10 Interpretive Service 12 What To See and Do 12 National Park How To Get to the Park 14 Accommodations and Camping 14 Open All Year—Regular Season, June 15 to September 15 Miscellaneous Services 15 Mission 66 15 Welcome Administration 15 tain discharged a tremendous quantity of ash and lava, causing the mountaintop Help Us Protect This Park 16 The superintendent and the staff of to collapse, and creating a caldera, which Visitor Use Fees 16 Crater Lake National Park welcome you now contains the unbelievably blue to this area of the National Park System. Crater Lake. It is the central feature of We hope that your stay here will be this 250-square-mile National Park on pleasant and inspiring. the crest of the Cascade Range in south­ Here in this park you encounter ern Oregon. beauty—beauty in a wonderful combina­ A major charm of Crater Lake is that tion of form and substance and sparking the whole lake and its setting can be color—great curving walls of rock and taken in by the eye at one time. Yet its sand, green spires of fir and hemlock, size is impressive. The lake is about 20 and the brilliant reflections of Crater square miles in area, 6 miles wide, and Lake. All this is a part of a remarkable The National Park System, of which this park is a unit, is dedicated to con­ volcanic story. has 20 miles of shoreline. The sur­ serving the scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States for the On this spot, a few thousand years rounding cliffs rise as much as 2,000 benefit and enjoyment of its people. ago, stood the mighty 12,000-foot vol­ feet to the uneven crater rim which aver­ cano, Mount Mazama. This great moun­ ages about 7,000 feet in elevation. WILD ANIMALS It is dangerous for you to get near wild animals though they may appear tame. Some have become accustomed to humans, but they still are wild and may seriously injure you if you approach them. Regulations prohibiting feeding, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR teasing, touching, or molesting wild animals are enforced for your safety. Fred A. Seaton, Secretary NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, Conrad L. Wirth, Director Cover: Wizard Island. Llan Rock in the background. 3 Discovery and History The Geological Story of Glacial ice, carrying sand, pebbles, and volcano and not finely divided fragments boulders, scratches and polishes rock of the original mountain walls. Crater Lake surfaces over which it moves. Glacial Following this eruption, the crater is polish and thick beds of glacial debris believed literally to have boiled over, The Klamath Indians knew of, but seldom visited Crater Lake. They re­ are common around the mountain. They pouring out great quantities of frothy garded the lake and the mountain as ORIGIN OF THE MOUNTAIN. The occur on the surface rock and between material as a series of glowing ava­ the battleground of the gods. The lake slope, which you ascend to view the earlier layers, showing that glaciers ex­ lanches. These avalanches must have was discovered on June 12, 1853, by lake, and the caldera wall rising 500 to isted at various stages in the history of traveled at a terrific speed down the val­ John Wesley Hillman, a young prospec­ 2,000 feet above the water, are remnants the mountain. leys, for those to the south and west of Mount Mazama. tor leading a party in search of a ru­ U-shaped valleys, such as Kerr Notch, did not begin to deposit their load until In comparatively recent geologic time, mored "Lost Cabin Mine." Having Sun Notch, and Munson Valley on the they had reached a distance of 4 to 5 failed in their efforts, Hillman and his numerous volcanic peaks were formed southeast slope of Mount Mazama, are miles. The greater quantity flowed party returned to Jacksonville, a mining near the western edge of a vast lava evidence of glaciation. The lava flow down the mountain to the south and camp in the Rogue River Valley, and plateau covering parts of Oregon, which formed Llao Rock filled an an­ southwest for distances up to 35 miles reported their discovery which they had Washington, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, named Deep Blue Lake. and California. These are the Cascade cient glacial notch. from the source. The total volume of On October 21, 1862, Chauncey Nye, Range, of which Mount Mazama was FORMING OF THE CALDERA. Many the ejected lava was about 5 cubic miles. leading a party of prospectors from east­ one of the commanding peaks. It was geologists have concluded that the basin It is believed that an additional 1.5 cubic ern Oregon to Jacksonville, happened built by successive lava flows with some occupied by the lake resulted from the miles of old rock were carried away at upon the lake. Thinking that they had accumulation of volcanic ash. The cone collapse and subsidence of the volcanic the same time. made a discovery, they named it Blue thus formed was modified by streams cone of Mount Mazama. This explana­ Accompanying these eruptions, which and glaciers which carved valleys in its Lake. A third "discovery" was made tion was first proposed by J. S. Differ, occurred within the past 7,000 years, on August 1, 1865, by two soldiers sta­ sides and deposited rock debris on its of the United States Geological Survey, cracks developed in the flanks of the tioned at Fort Klamath, who called it flanks. The layered character and dif­ who considered that the support of the mountain so that the top collapsed, being Lake Majesty. In 1869 this name was ferent formations of the mountain are summit was weakened by drainage of changed to Crater Lake by visitors from now clearly exposed in numerous places engulfed in the void produced by the great quantities of molten rock through Jacksonville. within the caldera wall. ejection of the pumice and lava and the subterranean cracks. The pit thus formed withdrawal of 10 cubic miles of molten Before 1885 Crater Lake had few vis­ FORMING OF DIKES. In addition to grew progressively larger in all direc­ itors and was not widely known. On broad surface flows, it is common for rock into swarms of cracks that probably August 15 of that year William Glad­ molten lava to be squeezed into cracks, tions, as is indicated by the broken edges opened parallel to the axis of the Cas­ stone Steel, after 15 years of effort to or fissures, that develop in a volcano. exposed around its rim today. Exten­ cade Range. Thus was formed the great get to the lake, stood for the first time Such filling results in dikes, or walls, sive study by Prof. Howel Williams, of pit that was to become Crater Lake. on its rim. Inspired by its beauty, frequently harder than the enclosing the University of California, led him to By projecting the slopes of the moun­ Steel conceived the idea of preserving rock. At Crater Lake the destruction of practically the same conclusion. tain remnant upward, conforming to the it as a National Park. For 17 years, the mountain and subsequent erosion In his delightful, popular, and scien­ with much personal sacrifice, he devoted have exposed numerous dikes in the wall, slopes of similar volcanoes, it has been tifically accurate book, Crater Lake, The time and energy to this end. Success of which the Devil's Backbone on the estimated that approximately 17 cubic Story of Its Origin, Williams describes was realized when the park was estab­ west wall is an outstanding example. miles of the upper part of ancient Mount great quantities of pumice extending lished on May 22, 1902, with W. F. ACTION OF STREAMS AND GLACIERS. Mazama was destroyed by the collapse. Arant as its first superintendent. Steel In the layers forming the crater wall more than 80 miles northeast of Mount THE GROWTH OF WIZARD ISLAND. continued to devote his life to develop­ there is evidence of the action of water. Mazama. This pumice was blown from After the destruction of the peak, vol­ ment of the park, serving as its second In some places this is shown by the cut­ the mountain in a catastrophic event and superintendent and later as park com­ ting of valleys; in others, by the accu­ carried northeastward by the prevailing canic activity within the caldera produced missioner, which office he held until his mulation of water-carried gravel and winds. Analysis shows that this is ma­ Wizard Island and perhaps other cones. death in 1934. boulders. terial derived from the heart of the These cones rise above a relatively flat 4 5 floor, the lowest part of which is almost other small mammals without actual 2,000 feet below the surface of the contact because occasionally they carry present lake. diseases which can become serious if ORIGIN OF THE LAKE. The water of transmitted to humans. Crater Lake comes from rain and snow. The large fat-bodied marmot (a moun­ The average annual precipitation is 69 tain woodchuck) lives in high rocky inches. The lake has no inlet and no places and on roadsides. The plaintive outlet, except seepage. Evaporation, bleating "yenk, yenk" of the tiny "rock seepage, and precipitation are in a state rabbit" (cony) issues from crevices in of relative balance which maintains an the talus. Snowshoe hares, brown in approximately constant water level.
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